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Race and language.
15. FUNGI Their Nature, Influences, Uses, etc. By M. C. Cooke, M. A., LL. I/,
:
m. VOLCANOES: What they Are and what I hey Teach. By John W. Judd,
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50, THE COMMON SENSE OF THE EXACT SCIENCES. By the late Will
lAM KlNGBON ClIFFOED. $1.50.
BACE
AND LANGUAGE
BY
ANDRE LEFEVEE
rnoFEsaoB in the anthb!5pologioal school, fakis
NEW YOEK
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY
1894
Authorized Edition.
.
^ CONTENTS
PART I.—TUB EVOLUTION OF LANGUAGE.
OHAP. piOj.
I. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS I
GUAGES 44
PART I.
CHAPTER I.
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.
Method of evolution — Ancient and modern theories of the origin nf
articulate speech —Eleim-nts (if sound —Vowels and semi-vowels
— Explosives or consonants proper — Long uncertainty between
gutturals, dentals, and labials — The four classes of language
Isolating or syllabic, agglutinative, inflected, analytic ; correspond-
ing originally to different degrees of intellectual capacity.
the evil and all the good, of which the source remains
unknown. Briefly, it is he whom men invoke or evoke
when all other explanations fail. The writers of 1 830,
poets, novelists, and historians, vie with each other in
summoning this dmis ex machina. Even men of science
intrench themselves behind his inscrutable designs. Is
it necessary to state that we merely confess our igno-
rance every time that we have recourse to the deity to
explain any fact ? The dictum that God gave to man
breath, memory, speech, is a meaningless phrase.
There are those who, while they do not admit it, yet
see the inanity of such an assertion but they return ;
that we
recognise in the physical constitution of man
the principle of his speech, we are bound to admit that
the development of language has accompanied, step by
step, the development of the brain and of the organs
of speech. But if it be language which makes man,
— ;
General Considerations. 7
General Considerations. 9
General Considerations. 1
General Considerations. 1
General Considerations. 1
lies —
some of them very rich and very varied called —
Mongolian, Uralo- Altaic, Dravidian, Malay, in the in-
numerable dialects of Oceania, Africa, and America,
the root or central syllable remains as a rule unchanged;
the accessory syllables, whether prefixed or suffixed, are
more or less obliterated according to the laws proper
to each family and dialect. These are called the agglu-
tinative languages. Here again the classification is
purely formal, since it ranges in the same category
types as diverse as Japanese and Basque, Mandchu
and Tamil, Polynesian and Turkish, Algonquin and
Kaffir or Bashman. We insist the more on this in-
coherence because a false air of kinship has been given
to this class of languages by bestowing on them the
fantastic name of the Turanian family.
The Semitic and the Indo-European languages make
the fusion of the agglutinated syllables more complete,
alter and inflect the root itself, and often reduce
suffixes and prefixes to unrecognisable fragments.
The Semitic group, however, respect the root conso-
nants so much so, that if we disregard the termina-
;
General Considerations. 17
General Considerations. 1
CHAPTER II.
EMBRYOLOGY OF LANGUAGE.
The cry, the first element of language —The cry of animals : expressive
of emotion, the forerunner of the verb, and the name of a state or
an action ; the call, germ of the —
demonstrative roots The human
cry : variety of intonation, stress, reduplication —
Onomatopceia
Traces of direct onomatopoeia —Approximative, symbolical, or
generic onomatopoeia— Onomatopceic theories of Plato, Leibnitz,
De Brosses, and of Court de Gobelin —
Onomatopoeia defended
—
by Whitney, rejected by Paul Regnaud Metaphor, founded on
mistaken analogies, has vitiated language from its very birth.
Embryology of Language. 27
Embryology of L anguage. 3
Embryology of Language. 35
in German, means now a place which is often flooded,
a water-meadow, and more particularly an island. . . .
Formation of Words. 45
sound is susceptible of numerous different meanings.
Thus the form tao means indifferently to tear away,
to reach, to cover, flag, corn, to lead, road, &c. And
the form 1%, jewel, dew, to forge, vehicle, to turn
aside, road. How then discover the sense ? Usually,
by a method which is a trifle childish but very accurate,
the Chinese determine the sense by placing two syn-
onyms in juxtaposition the one certifies the other.
;
a tall man jin ta, the man grows, or the man is tall,
;
proverb, " Notre enTiemi c'est rwtre maitre " (our master
is our enemy). There are innumerable similar cases
sufficiently what is called dialectal
which characterise
change. They belong to a series which has been
summed up in the convenient formula the law of :
all useless effort, for this is the sense and value which
we should attach to the " law " of least resistance.
Before an almost irresistible argument from analogy
had revealed the origin of the suflSxes, the effacement
of the verbal and case endings had misled one of the
precursors of comparative philology, Frederic Schlegel.
Schlegel believed that the terminations grew from the
body of the word through some mysterious evolution,
as the branches grow from the trunk of a tree, or else
as elements which had no proper meaning, but were
employed arbitrarily and conventionally to modify the
sense of words. This mystical conception of the life
Formation of Words. 5
words others,
; such as Kaffir and the whole Bantu
group, prefix them in some gender is wanting, in
;
seize^through —
as far as, that is, to seize from a
distance, from afar. There remains the termination,
which is very obscure. We note, in the first place,
that oir is very often the French form for the Lat. ere,
not only long, as in habere, avoir, apparere, apparoir,
but short, as in capere, sapere, recevoir, percevoir, savoir.
Formation of Words. 57
than the roots cap and spec, since the derivatives from
it include such words as ^lire (elect), Mite, election,
Formation of Words. 6
not exclude the first, the third does not eliminate the
second, and knows how to use the first. Vocabularies
are maintained by heredity, difierentiated by selection
—
and adaptation that is to say, by phonetic change and
dialectic variation. Language begins by a vague pro-
position, without apparent cohesion, continues by syntax
(the order of words), attains to grammar by the use of
inflexions,and when construction and wear and tear
have altered the word and destroyed the verbal and
case-endings, tends to return to the purely syntactic
order, and even to the rudimentary proposition, to the
telegraphic style which is the stenography of thought.
But a wide interval separates the starting-point and
the goal. To traverse this interval language has in-
vented all the combinations, all the copulatives which
aid thought, all the artifices of declension and conjuga-
Formation of Words. 63
PART IX
GEOaRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF LANGUAGES
AND RACES.
CHAPTER I.
from Oceania.
With Attila, Zengliis Khan, and Timour these
idioms made a vigorous attempt to recover the ground
they had lost but they failed sooner or later, conquered
;
ing, but use alone can teach it, since memory is not
aided by grammar or by derivation. To complete the
indications given in the chapter on vocabulary, we
refer the student to the Linguistique of Hoyelacque
and to the Dictionnaire des Sciences Anthrcypologiques
and pass on to give some supplementary information.
The language is by no means homogeneous and uni-
form. Not only does the Chinese of the educated class
differ from that of the peasant, of the sailor, of the arti-
san or the trader, but each region has There
its dialect.
—
Kamschatkans, Tchonktches, Youkaghirs Uralo-Altaio family :
—
group The language of the Shumirs or Accadians Brahui dialect —
•
—Non-Aryan India Kol-Aryan group (Djuangs, Birhors, Korvas,
:
been Aryanised.
The Djuangs are the most savage ; their solemn oath
is made upon an ant-heap or upon a tiger-skin. Little,
naked, tattooed, red-brown in colour, bowmen or slingers,
these poor wretches can neither spin nor weave, are
ignorant of the potter's art and of the use of metals. The
Birhors of the district of Hazaribagh and the Korvas
of Chota Nagpur dispute the lowest place with them
little, dark, tattooed, they live in the forest and build
huts on steep rocks. The neighbours of these last
Kols or Mundas, Hos and Bhumidjs (the name of the
Bhumidjs seems Aryan it comes from bhumi,
to be ;
very da.rk skin, and fragile lower limbs, and the Khonds,
who are smaller, but equally dark they live in the
;
Polynesians, Malays —
The spread of the Malays on the Indo-
Chinese coasts and in the Indian Archipelago —
Softness and
simplicity of the Malay dialects (Eastern group 'l^gala, with
:
—
Malayo-Javanese) Character, manners, and literature of the
Malays — The Polynesians physical indolence ; effacement of
:
The friend takes the knife, kills the child, and him-
self rubs the sickman with the blood of the victim.
" Such were the friends of old time," sighs the Malay
writer " there are none like them now."
;
M^r^.^
;
CHAPTER V.
work the cold iron with flints. The dog is their only
domestic animal. The Bushman is little, pot-bellied,
his skin of a dirty yellowish-brown. His forehead is
nk, nd, nt, mb, mp, &c. ; these commonly occur at the
beginning of words.
In so far as they are agglutinative and alliteral, the
African tongues resemble the Dravidian, Malay, Fin-
nish, and Turkish groups. It is a moral resemblance,
the signof the same intellectual level, manifested
;
f, s.
The consonantal diphthongs of Kaffir and the
Mpongue group, such as mb, ts, are hardened in
1 68 Distribution of Languages and Races.
CHAPTER VI.
POLYSYNTHETIC LANGUAGES.
The Basques — Complete isolation of the Basque or Uskara tongue
Incorporating or abbreviating character of this agglutinative idiom
— Persistence of Basque customs —
Origin of the Basques —
Songs of Altabiscar —
and of the Cantabri The American races
— —
and idioms Has America an indigenous race Probable Asiatic
origin of the successive strata of the population —
Fanciful com-
parisons between the American religions and the Hindu or Egyp-
—
tian beliefs Table of races, general characteristics, and variety of
—
the families of languages Examples and decomposition of poly-
synthetic terms —Life and language of the Inuit or Esquimaux
—
Iroquois and Algonquin group The plateau of Anahuac Central —
—
America Peru — General review of the agglutinative languages.
Polysynthetic Languages. 1 8
Polysynthetic Languages. 1
87
girls; he fears the spirits of the dead and their great chief
Togarnsuk ; he aspires to a paradise situated beneath
the at the depths of the sea, where unnumbered
ice,
Way verb, but his eyes must have deceived him at that-
moment. The possessive pronoun and the first adjec-
tive are prefixed to the noun kuligatchis, thy pretty
;
one for gods and men, the other for everything else,
women and children, animals, plants, or mountains.
Yet there are particles and affixes to distinguish
animate and inanimate. The vocabulary is poor in
abstract terms, and even with the aid of borrowed-
words from English, Spanish, French, or German, the
orator is condemned to have recourse to the strange
metaphors which travellers have remarked with admira^
tion without always understanding them.
Iroquois is strongest in numeration it has separate ;
CHAPTER VII.
two shores of tlie Red Sea the vile Gush," said the
;
"
CHAPTER VIII.
THE INDO-EUROPEANS.
The science of language leaves untouched the domain of ethnography
Inattention of the ancients with regard to the manners, languages,
—
and origin of their neigh bciurs Philology, long forbidden by Chris-
tian prejudice, —
was thrown open by Leibnitz Discovery of Sanscrit
— The Indo-European family of languages constituted by F. Sohlegel
— Summary sketch of its eight branches; Celtic, Teutonic, Slav,
Lettic, Italic, Hellenic, Iranian, and Hindu — Original unity,
dialectic alteration — The mother-tongue and the organic forms
The cradle of the language should be sought between the two
great sub-groups, Eastern and —
Western The social, moral, and
intellectual condition revealed by the elements which are common
to all the Indo-European idioms —
The Semitic history of Bossuet
is effaced by the history of the Indo-Europeans —
The Aryans
reign throughout the world.
77 and
of our era, they were driven partly into Sweden,
in part between the Dniester and the Balkans, whence
they hurled themselves upon Greece, Italy, and Southern
Gaul. Gothic became extinct in the .ninth century.
By its less mutilated forms it may be classed almost at
the same stage as Latin and Greek it is not the father,
;
dictionary.
The organic form so discovered becomes the term of
comparison among all those which are more or less
different from it, without, however, losing all trace of
it. And it becomes clear at once that no idiom tends
towards the organic state, but that all tend away from
it ; all in varying degrees are, not sketches, but modi-
fied effigies ; not embryos, but remnants and vestiges of
an earlier unknown type.
Again, it is easy, as we compare root with root,
termination with termination, to show that the altera-
tion, the wear of the elements common to the different
vocabularies, increases as we go westwards, from the
Sanscrit of the Vedas to Zend, from Zend to Slav,
from Zend to Greek, from Slav to German, from Greek
to Latin, from German and Latin to Celtic. Partial
exceptions are assuredly numerous, but there is a
general law. Avoiding absolute formulas, we may say
that the eastern branch of the Aryan tongues, Sanscrit
and Persian, is in a far better state of preservation, far
nearer the organic state than the north-western and
south-western branches.
If, then, Indo-European has existed, with its roots
insist upon the fact that the numerous and very rich
languages of these peoples could not have been framed
in the lands where they are now spoken, or have issued
the one from the other ; they betray their close rela-
tionship with the organic Indo-European.
As long as no sign shall have been discovered of a
Western origin in the case of the Slavs and Iranians,
of the two groups which remained together longest in
the neighbourhood of the common cradle, so long as it
forms and its rules. None can explain itself, but all
the slaf, all the KKri% the chl%, the Mod, and the Jirua,
labourer.
This last acceptation is universal. Lat. arare, ara-
trum, aratio ; Gr. apouv, apoTpov, ApotrK ; Litli.
The Indo-Europeans. 26
18
;
PART III.
CHAPTER I.
INDO-EUROPEAN ROOTS.
Inflexion a higher degree of agglutination — The Indo - European
material consists of full roots and empty demonstrative or
roots,
pronominal, and attributive or verbal — Pronominal roots pronouns
:
—
and suffixes Attributive roots, primary, secondary, and tertiary —
Reduction of the variants to a small number of ancestral forms
— Roots expressing an action of the mind the ma family The
: —
naked root, the tlieme or radical, often preserved by the com-
position of words.
to, this, that ; sya, tya, sva, snia ; ma, me, tu, te, I,
thou ;
ya, ka, ku, who, which ; dva, tri, two, three
da, ga, as in the Greek and German particles ge, de
often they have acquired case-endings, s, m, t, hliyam,
hhyas, which are easily detached ; often again they are
agglutinated and coagulated together, without chang-
ing the indicative relation or personal meaning : for
instance, in Sanscrit, ima, esa, ata, eta, ana, ena, eva,
eka, into which enter the simplest sounds that man can
utter, a, t, and which are naturally reinforced, doubled,
CHAPTEE II.
persons of the verbs in mi, si, ti, did not prove the
290 The Indo-European Organism.
20
294 ^'^^ Indo-European Organism.
is Peter who is •
the possessor of the book. It would
not therefore be surprising if the sign of the genitive
were derived from an enclitic relative sufiBx, " The
book, Peter, which," " the book which Peter " (under-
stand possesses, or wrote) hence the frequent con- ;
i, 0, u, to Hence an in-
every species of alteration.
tolerable and fatiguing confusion among a number
of words which ought to occupy different offices in
the logical construction. For the rest, the ablative is
CHAPTER III.
know ;
yna, to know ; stha, to stand ; svap, to sleep
bhu, to grow, to be. Disregarding the various con-
jugations into which all can enter, we shall find them
everywhere with their fundamental meaning.
21
—
3IO The Indo-European Organism.
essetis ; dites, faites, vous ites. The third person, nti, has
been atrophied in various fashions ; it is almost un-
altered in the present Sanscrit, Zend, Lithuanian, and
even in the Greek ovtL, afterwards elcri, ova-i, wcri, acri
;
veloped myths.
—
CHAPTER IV.
free, they are the ligaments of the sentence, and supply advan-
—
tageously forgotten terminations Notes on the indeclinables sa,
saha, sama ; abhi, afupi, and — Original or acquired diversity of the
vocal organs.
fied by faith ;
pitrisadriga, like his father ; naustha,
which is contained in the vessel ; Greek : /jlovo/xu^os,
nated, such as ana, ima, tava, sva, sma, sya, and noted
how. they take the value of demonstratives and of
; ;
'
In Greek becomes an aspirate, and according to
sa'
123,7: ajpa anyad eti, abhi any ad eti (obit aliud, adit,
venit aliud), "one thing
goes, another comes." But
it is also used in
ihe sense of against, upon, in, for.
While ahhi-mukha, " turned towards," means favour-
able, ahhimdti means ambush, enemy ; abhikram,
abhitchar, abhijug, abhikr, to walk, to act against, to
attack ; abhibhu, to be above, abhirasJitra, he who
rules afar ; sa maniishir abhi vigo bhati, he shines on or
in the dwellings of men ; abhi lomani, in the hair
abhi subhagam, for riches. This comprehensive word
has also the sense of around : abhi-tas, on either hand,
from all sides. Tam abhitas dstnds, being, seated all
round him. SarvS Pradjapatim abhita(s) upaviganii,
all approacli Pradjapati from all sides.
Zend and Persian have retained abhi under the
forms aibi, aiwi, ahis, with the meaning towards,
upon. Greek has adopted afxdl, aficpli, and with the
dual a/xcpui, in, for, round, afar, from both sides, both ;
:
spring ;
yet he employs it alone, as a rule : afi(pl Se
XeifjLwv, the marsh extends all round ofAcfn §e eraipoi
;
CHAPTER V.
INDO-EUROPEAN PHONETICS.
I. THE COXTINUOCS LETTERS.
liquid )•— —
The nasal n both liquid and dental The labial nasal m.
In and the
fiae, theproceed alike from a and
e
But
I would insist upon the primitive confusion of
vowel sounds, and on the insensible transitions which
connect the variants, U
stands half way between a
356 The Indo-European Organism.
ou, u (u) ;
movement of the veil of the
the slightest
palate is enough to change a into e, i into o, ou into u
and i; but a keeps the summit of the double ladder;
it may be exchanged for one of the other vowels, but
Sanscrit Smi, Mi, Greek eim, Latin ire, to go. Gd, for
gau, Greek ySoi/j, Latin dative hubus. Root 6g, to shine,
Greek avyri, brilliancy. It is curious to remark in
Latin the transformation of ai, ai (materai, terrai,
rosai) into ae (teirce, rosce) ; of oi into oe and u,
Greek iromi, Latin poena, punire (Fr. peine, punir) ;
Indo-European Phonetics. 37
qui and quis, with the German kea, " who," we shall see
that they only differ by the abandonment or the feten-
tion of the semi-vowel v. The original theme appears
to have been Jcva. The sam.e observation applies to
the forms kvwv, canis, gvan, Zend cpan. The root kvit,
gvU, to shine, retained in the Sanscrit gvetas, Gothic
hveits, German weiss, English white, gives in Zend
gpaeto, brilliant. Whence are these w, v, p, if the v,
vocalised into u or hardened into p, be nob part of the
original root ? The ^ of the Zend and Sanscrit words
qvan and gpan always represents a primitive Tc, as in
Greek owcyy, aqva, Latin eqaus.
agu, rapid, The Zend
aqpa, vigpa,all, helps us to understand 'hnros. The
Greeks received the horse from Asia, where it was
already called aspas or ispas (Ispahan) ; the s, a weak
representative of the primitive k, became assimilated
to the p, in which the Greeks no longer distinguished
the original v; certain dialects, which confused the
Bounds p and k, adopted the form uckos, which corre-
Indo-European Phonetics. 373
spends only in appearance with equus. The two words
are in truth derived from the same root, but they
have a different descent. But the point of departure
of these changes is the presence of a v in the root. So
with quatuor, tchatvar, Tecrcrap, irlcrvp, patur, fidvor,
the type is hvatrar.
The soft guttural g, often palatalised into the Sans-
crit dj, frequently corresponds in Greek and Latin to a 5
or to&v: gaus is ;8oi/j, hos; ga (Sans. gam),to go, becomes
in Greek /3a/i/co, in Latin va-do ; djiv, to live, becomes
/3/oy, for ^Ifo^, vivere, vita. Zend has zbayemi, I in-
voke, for ghvaydmi, hvaydmi (whence hotar,
Sans,
the priest, in Zend zaotar) in the same way the ;
sedeo {vooi sad, Gr. e^), sudare, sudor {root svid, Gr. vSayp),
sonare (svan), sequi, septem, serpere (ep-rrw, epireTov),
servus, scdmos {sarva, oXos), sum, &c.
and and
soUios, ;
the orator.
The primitive liquid was a sound which hesitated
between r and I. In the Veda the Sanscrit root lith,
Greek \e[-^oo, Latin lingo, French lecher, is still written
rih ; flu (vrXeo), pleure, Jluere) appears as pru. Zend
and Persian are without the letter I. In other lan-
guages there is a perfect equivalence between the two
liquids at least, in the middle of a word euphonic
;
OHAPTEK VI.
—
The three periods of German Numerous exceptions to the law of
permutation —A sixteenth-century English lesson.
dv, sv, sr, gn, but there are others, which are often
explained as contracted syllables, and the juxtaposi-
tion of explosives which are already distinct. This is
the soft labial, did not yet exist, but was included in
the aspirate bh, the transitional part which we attribute
to the aspirates will be more readily admitted. They
are intermediate between the groups of consonants and
the distinct utterance of the explosives.
We will consider them in Greek, where they are still
marked; in Latin, where they tend to disappear, chang-
;;
hard, t, k, p.
Before showing how far this new change is real and,
how far it is imaginary, we will mention the most,
ancient documents which remain to us in" Old High
German. ;
—
Anglian texts Anglian has felt the influence of Danish Low —
—
Latin and rural Latin formation of French The Oath of Stras-
:
—
burg, &e. —
The Song of Roland French introduced into England
by the Normans and by the Angeviiis (Plantagenets) The French —
vocabulary permeates and disorganises Anglo-Saxon (twelfth to
— —
the fifteenth centuries) Old and Middle English Two languages
in English — The two stages of French popular and learned
:
— —
French Lament of the Komanibts Doublets French words —
borrowed from Italian, Spanish, German, and English Greek —
—
siaiiixes Vitality of derivation in French, of juxtaposition in
English — Coneluaion.
cist meon fradre Karle in damno sit " (and with Lothair
no accord will ever take, which, of my will, shall bring
harm to my brother Charles).
This is most ancient document not only in
the
French, but of the whole Romance family. Poor as it is,
it is yet so precious that we might pass hours in analys-
4 8
1 The Indo-Europeati Orgamsm.
\
Two Analytical Languages., 421
their solemnity.
Which of these two languages, French or English,
both disengaged from the trammels of grammar, both
arrived at the term of the linguistic cycle, shall obtain
the prize ? It is not for us to say. English, justly
proud of its wealth and of its immense expansion
French, with its ancieat origin, its early literary de^
velopment, its lucidity, its pronunciation, clear without
undue emphasis, have both had a career which need
fear no comparisons both have been employed in evert
;
cally complete, and is based upon the solid foundations of science. 'I'he sstuaifhing
development of knowledge in this branch of natural history is due to the extension of
marine research, the perfecting of the microscope, and the general diffusion of informa-
tion regarding what has been ascertained concerning the origin of species. This
. . .
ismaster of an engaging style, and offers words of cheer and counsel to the beginner
who may be dismayed lay the bewildering riches of the crustacean world. Every branch
of the subject treated is presented in the most interesting and significant light." Lcn-
don Saturday Review.
classics, as well as specialists in palseography, will find something of value in this sys-
tematic treatise upon a rather unusual and difficult study." Review 0/ Revieuus,
" A, well-arranged manual from the hands of a competent authority. ... Of the
nineteen chapters contained in the volume, seven deal with preliminary topics, as the
history of the Greek and the Latin alphabets, writing materials, the forms of books,
punctuation, measurement of lines, shorthand, abbreviations, and contractions; five
are devoted to Greek paleography, seven^to Latin." The Critic.
" Covering as this volume docs such a vast period of time, from the beginning of the
alphabet and the ways of writing down to the seventeenth century, the wonder is how,
within three hundred and thirty-three pages, so much that is of practical usefulness has
been brought together."—iVifw VorM Times.
E VOLUTION
AND
IN
ART, With
SCIENCE, PHILOSOPHY^
3 Portraits.
CONTENTS.
Large 12 mo. Cloth, $2.00.
*jOf all modem bonks of travel it is certajnly one of the most original, and many,
we are sure, will also find it one of the most interesting and suggestive." Neiv York
Tribune.
" Mr. Hudson's remarks on color and expression of eyes in man and animals are re-
served for a second chapter, 'Concerning Eyes.' He is eloquent upon ihe pleasures
afforded by ' Bird Music in South America,' and relates some romantic tales of white
men in captivity to savages. But it makes very little difference what is the topic when
Mr. Hudson writes. He calls up bright images of things unseen, and is a thoroughly
agreeable coTapa.mon."-~'PAzladel/Aza Ledger
teresting his readers in whatever attracts him, and of being dissatisfied with mere ob-
servation unless it enables him to philosophize as well. With his lucid accounts of
bird, beast, and insect, ,no one will fail to be delighted." London Academy.
"A notably clear and interesting account of scientific observation arid research.
Mr. Hudson has a keen eye for the phenomena with which the naturalist is concemedf
and a lucid and delightful way of writing about them, so that any reader may be
charmed by the narrative and the reflections here set forth. It is easy to follow him,
and we get our information agreeably as he conducts us over the desert pampas, and
makes us acquainted with the results of his studies of animals, insects, and birds.''
New York Sun.
and distinct. He tells of the wonders of tropical growth so that you can understand
them all." New York Times.
record of his work ought to awaken the interest of the generation growing up, if only
by the contrast of his active experience of the resources of Nature and of savage life
with the background of culture and the environment of educational advantages that
are being rapidly formed for the students of the United States. Prof. Dyche seems,
from this account of him, to have thought no personal hardship or exertion wasted in
his attempt to collect facts, that the naturalist of the future may be provided with com-
plete and verified ideas as to species which will soon be extinct. This is good work
work that we need and that posterity will recognize with gratitude. The illustrations
of the book are interesting, and the type is clear." New York Times.
" The adventures are simply told, but some of them are thrilling of necessity, how-
ever modestly the narrator does his work. Prof. Dyche has had about as mHny expe-
riences in the way of hunting for science as fall to the lot of the mcst fortunate, and
this recountal of them is most interesting. The camps from which he worked ranged
from the Lake of the Woods to Arizona, and northwest to British Columbia, and in
every region he was successful in securing rare specimens for his museum." Chicago
Times,
**
The literary construction is refreshing The reader is carried into the midst of
the very scenes of which the author tells, not by elaborateness of description but by the
directness and vividness of every sentence. He is given no opportunity to abandon
the companions with which the book has provided him, for incident is made to follow
incident with no intervening literary padding. In fact, the book is all action." Kansas
City Journal.
"As an outdoor book of camping and hunting this book possesses a timely)
interest, but it also has the merit of scientific exactness in -the descriptions of the
habits, peculiarities, and haunts of wild animals." Philadelphia Press.
" But what is all in a narrative of this kind— for it seems to uil
most important of
that 'Camp-Fires of a Naturalist' was written first of all for entertainment— these
notes neither have been dressed up and their accuracy thereby impaired, nor yet re-
' '
tailed in a dry and statistical manner. The book, in a word', is a plain narrative of
adventures among the larger American ^T^\m2\&." —Philadelphia Bulletin.
" We recommend it most heartily to old and young alike, and suggest it as a bcauti
ful souvenir volume for those who have seen the wonderful display of mounted animal?
at the World's Pair."— Topeka Capital.
the long chronicle the salients likely to be most interesting, and has obviously taken
much pains to sift the fact carefully out oi the rather confused mass of fact and fable in
the Musiem chronicles."—A^grw VorM Co mviercial Advertiser.
" Nowhere in history are there to be found such records of conquest, such frightful
tales of blood, such overwhelming defeats or victories, as in the Irves of the Asiatic
sovereigns. The author is a hiitorinn who tells his siory and stops. He has done
. . .
of contemporary letters. The plan of the book is well conceived, and the subjects are
those of general human interest." New York Critic.
New York •
D. APPLETON & CO., 72 Fifth Avenue.'
— — — —— — —
p6ro stands the front rank, and his Jearning is so well digested and sc admirably sub-
in
dued to the service of popular exposition, that it nowhere overwhelms and always in-
terests the reader." London Times,
" Only a writer who had distinguished himself as a student of Egyptian and As-
syrian antiquities could have produced this work, which has none of the features of a
modem book of travels in the East, but is an ai tempt to deal with ancient life as if one
had been a contemporary with the people whose civilization and social usages are
very largely restored." Boston Herald,
A most interesting and instructive book. Excellent and most impressive idea?,
also, of the architecture of the two countries and of the oiher rude but powerful art of
the Assyrians, are to be got from it." Brooklyn Eagie4
**
The ancient artists are copied with the utmost fidelity, and verify the narrative so
attractively presented." Cincinnati Times-Star,
and manners and customs in the Orient, by one who is to the manner bom, the book is
prolific in entertainment and edification." Boston Gazette,
*'The interest of the book centers chiefly in its minute description of the daily life
of the household from the time of rising until the time of retiring, giving the most com-
plete details of dress, meals, ceremonies, feasts, weddings, funerals, education,
slave service, amusements, in fact everything connected with the daily and yearly
routine of life." Utica (N, V,) Herald.
note the immense territory which he has explored. To read these books carefully
and studiously is to become thoroughly acquainted with the most advanced thought
on a large number of topics." New
York Herald.
"The be a welcome one. There are few writings on tlie more abstruse
series will
problems of science better adapted to reading bj; the general public, and in this form
the books will be well in the reach of the investigator. . The revisions are the last
. .
expected to be made by the author, and his introductions are none of earlier
date
than a few months ago [1893!, so they may be considered his final and most
tive utterances. —
Chicago Times.
authorita-
"It was inevitable that his essays should be called for in a completed form, and they
Will be a source of delight and profit to all who read them. He has
always commanded
a hearing, and as a master of the literary style in writing scientific essays
he is worthy
of a place among the great English essayists of the day. This
edition of his essays
will be widely read, and gives his scientific work a permanent
iarm." —Boston Herald.
"A man whose brilliancy is so constant as that of Prof. Huxley will always
mand readers; and the utterances which are here collected are not the least in com-
weight
and luminous beauty of those with which the author has long delighted
= e. the reading
" "s
iiaAi.."—Philadelphia Press.
services which his friend rendered In the capacity of a breaker of the bread of science
to the multitude." Neiv York Sun.
"The selection of Prof. John Fiske as the biographer of the late Prof. Youmans
was the best thing that could be mads. Prof. Youmanshas done more for the dis-
semination of scientific information, and the cultivation of a taste for such knowledge,
than any other American of his day." Cleveland Plain Dealer.
" We be misunderstood as agreeing with all the views recorded here by
shall not
Prof. Youmans, from whom we were often compelled to differ while he lived, when we
say that we have
read the book with great interest, and are thankful that one who
truly and unselfishly labored in the cause of popular science has so worthy a memo-
rial." New York Observer.
" He had the broad democratic spirit, and the absolute unselfishness which it
reveals at every moment and in every act of his life ; and Mr. Fiske has written a biog-
raphy which is tender and true, and rich and strong. To it are appended some of his
writings which have a fitting place here, and fully illustrate his mental gifts and con-
victions." Boston Herald.
" Edward Livingston Youmans was a remarkable character, and the world could
afford to lack a history of his life.
ill Fortunately, the best biographer possible has
undertaken to write that history, and all thoughtful leaders may rejoice thereat for
;
John Fiske came to this task well fitted in every way by his intimate personal acquaint-
ance wiih Mr. Youmans, extending through many years." Chicago Inier-Ocean.
"Prof. John Fiske has performed a labor of love for the firiend whose name is its
title, and one of whose closest intimates he was. The volume is a good example of
friendly but not unwholesomeiy laudatory biography." Boston Congregationalist.
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.
Hon. WILLIAM L. WILSON, Chairman of the Ways and Means Committee,
Fifty-third Congress.
Hon. J. R. SOLEY, formerly Assistant Secretary of the Naw.
EDWARD ATKINSON, LL. D Ph. D. ,
CoL. T A, DODGE, U. S. A.
Col. GEORGE E. WARING, Jr.
^"fessor of History in the University of Pennsylvania.
i'J'; ^t'^KAIS™'
CHARLES DUDLEY WARNER, LL D.
Majoh J. W. POWELL, Director of the U. S. Geological Survey and the Bureau of
'
Ethnology.
"^ ^^ Commissioner of Education.
L^'.WAN'A3B0TTfD!D.'^^°'
5i5i>5M%^^^'T^Sft?r°f,"^^''^= ^="5 of the Pacific Coast."
^,t J^xhomII °==" "f *= Colleges, Univer ity of Chicago.
Judge THOMAS ^S^^?.?.i Jf?'?formerly
M. COOLEY, Chairman of die Interstate Commerce
Commission.
CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS.
°' ** °' °'''"'" "' ""= Hemenway Gymnasium, Harvard Uni-
tersft^^^'^'^'
CHARLKS HORTON COOLEY.
A. E. KENNELLY, Assistant to Thomas A. Fdison
'^0^4.
SCIENTIFIC SERIES