14.

330 SOIL MECHANICS

Effective Stress

EFFECTIVE STRESS CONCEPT

NO SEEPAGE
Total Stress () at Point A
  H w  ( H A  H ) sat
from Water from Soil
Where:
w = Unit Weight of Water
sat = Saturated Unit Weight of
Soil
H = Height of water above Soil
HA = Depth of Point A below
Saturated Soil Column (Figure 6.1. Das FGE (2005))
Revised 02/2013
water table Slide 1 of 28
 14.330 SOIL MECHANICS
Effective Stress

EFFECTIVE STRESS CONCEPT

NO SEEPAGE
Total Stress ()
can be divided into 2 Parts:
1. Portion carried by water in
void spaces. THIS IS THE
PORE PRESSURE (u).
2. Portion carried by soil
solids at points of contact.
THIS IS THE EFFECTIVE
Saturated Soil Column (Figure 6.1. Das FGE (2005))
STRESS (´).
Revised 02/2013 Slide 2 of 28
 14.330 SOIL MECHANICS
Effective Stress

EFFECTIVE STRESS CONCEPT

NO SEEPAGE

Forces acting at Soil Particle Points of Contact

at level of Point A (i.e. along Line a-a)
Figure 6.1. Das FGE (2005)

Effective Stress (´) along

Line a-a
P1(v )  P2( v )  P3( v )  ...  Pn (v )
Saturated Soil Column (Figure 6.1. Das FGE (2005))
 
Revised 02/2013
A Slide 3 of 28
 14.330 SOIL MECHANICS
Effective Stress

EFFECTIVE STRESS CONCEPT

NO SEEPAGE
Effective Stress (´)
along Line a-a
P1(v )  P2( v )  P3( v )  ...  Pn (v )
 
A

Where:
P1(v) = Vertical Component of P1
Forces acting at Soil Particle Points of A = Cross-sectional Area of Soil
Contact at level of Point A Mass Under Consideration
(i.e. along Line a-a)
Figure 6.1. Das FGE (2005)

Revised 02/2013 Slide 4 of 28

 14.330 SOIL MECHANICS
Effective Stress

EFFECTIVE STRESS CONCEPT

NO SEEPAGE
Total Stress () along Line a-a
u( A  as )
      u (1  a s )
A
Where:
as = Cross-section Area of Soil
Contacts = a1+a2+a3+…+an
Forces acting at Soil Particle Points of A = Cross-sectional Area of Soil
Contact at level of Point A Mass Under Consideration
(i.e. along Line a-a)
Figure 6.1. Das FGE (2005). a´s = as/A = Fraction of unit cross-
sectional area of soil mass
occupied by solid to solid
Revised 02/2013 contacts. Slide 5 of 28
 14.330 SOIL MECHANICS
Effective Stress

EFFECTIVE STRESS CONCEPT

NO SEEPAGE

Total Stress () along Line a-a

u( A  as )
      u (1  a s )
A
a´s ≈ 0 (i.e. very small), so therefore:

 u or   u
THE EFFECTIVE STRESS
Figure 6.1. Das FGE (2005)
Revised 02/2013 EQUATION Slide 6 of 28
 14.330 SOIL MECHANICS
Effective Stress

EFFECTIVE STRESS CONCEPT

NO SEEPAGE
THE EFFECTIVE STRESS
EQUATION
  u
   H w  ( H A  H ) sat   H A w

 = Total Stress
u = Pore Pressure

 '  ( H A  H )( sat   w )

( sat   w )   
´ = Submerged unit
Height of soil column weight of soil
Figure 6.1. Das FGE (2005)
Revised 02/2013 Slide 7 of 28
 14.330 SOIL MECHANICS
Effective Stress

EFFECTIVE STRESS CONCEPT

NO SEEPAGE: EXAMPLE PROBLEM
GIVEN SOIL PROFILE (NTS): FIND:
Total and Effective Stresses
CL 5ft
9ft
at Pts. A, B, C, & D.
 = 102 lb/ft3 A

sat = 105 lb/ft3

B

6ft
SM
C
sat = 115 lb/ft3 12ft

Revised 02/2013 Slide 8 of 28

 14.330 SOIL MECHANICS
Effective Stress

EFFECTIVE STRESS CONCEPT

NO SEEPAGE: EXAMPLE PROBLEM
FIND:
GIVEN SOIL PROFILE (NTS):
Total and Effective Stresses
at Pts. A, B, C, & D.
CL 5ft
9ft @ Point A:
 = 102 lb/ft3 A
lb
sat = 105 lb/ft3
B
 A   CL  Z A  102 3
(5 ft)
ft
lb
6ft  A  510 2
SM ft
C
sat = 115 lb/ft3 12ft  A   A  uA
uA  0
D
lb
 A   A  510 2
Revised 02/2013 ft Slide 9 of 28
 14.330 SOIL MECHANICS
Effective Stress

EFFECTIVE STRESS CONCEPT

NO SEEPAGE: EXAMPLE PROBLEM
@ Point B:
GIVEN SOIL PROFILE (NTS):  B   A  ( sat,CL X 4 ft)
lb lb
CL 5ft  B  510 3
105 3
(4 ft)
 = 102 lb/ft3 A 9ft ft ft
sat = 105 lb/ft3 lb
B  B  930 2
ft
 B   B  uB
6ft
SM lb lb
C uB   w  4 ft  62.4  4 ft  250
sat = 115 lb/ft3 12ft ft 3 ft 2
lb lb
 B   B  uB  930 2  250 2
ft ft
D
lb
 B  680 2
Revised 02/2013 ft Slide 10 of 28
 14.330 SOIL MECHANICS
Effective Stress

EFFECTIVE STRESS CONCEPT

NO SEEPAGE: EXAMPLE PROBLEM
@ Point C:
GIVEN SOIL PROFILE (NTS):  C   B  ( sat,SM  6 ft)
lb lb
 C  930 3
115 3
(6 ft)
CL 5ft ft ft
9ft
 = 102 lb/ft3 A
 C  1620 2
lb
sat = 105 lb/ft3 ft
B
 C   C  uC
lb lb
6ft
uC   w 10 ft  62.4 10 ft  624
ft 3 ft 2
SM
C lb lb
sat = 115 lb/ft3 12ft  C   C  uC  1620 2  624 2
ft ft
lb
 C  996 2
ft
D
lb
 C  1000 2 (round to nearest 5 psf)
Revised 02/2013 ft Slide 11 of 28
 14.330 SOIL MECHANICS
Effective Stress

EFFECTIVE STRESS CONCEPT

NO SEEPAGE: EXAMPLE PROBLEM
@ Point D:
GIVEN SOIL PROFILE (NTS):  D   B  ( sat,SM 12 ft)
lb lb
 D  930 115 (12 ft)
CL 5ft ft 3
ft 3

9ft
 = 102 lb/ft3 A lb
 D  2310 2
sat = 105 lb/ft3 ft
B
 D   D  uD
lb lb
6ft uD   w 16 ft  62.4 3 16 ft  998 2
ft ft
SM
C lb lb
sat = 115 lb/ft3 12ft  D   D  uD  2310 2  998 2
ft ft
lb
 D  1312 2
ft
D
lb
 D  1310 2 (round to nearest 5 psf)
Revised 02/2013 ft Slide 12 of 28
 14.330 SOIL MECHANICS
Effective Stress

EFFECTIVE STRESS CONCEPT

NO SEEPAGE: EXAMPLE PROBLEM TOTAL STRESS PORE PRESSURE EFFECTIVE STRESS
() (u) (')
0 2000 0 2000 0 2000
0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CL
 = 102 pcf
sat = 105 pcf
Depth from Existing Ground Surface (ft)

Depth from Existing Ground Surface (ft)

A 510 0 510
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

B 930 250 680

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

SM
sat = 115 pcf

C 1620 624 996

15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15
Use 1000

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
D 2310 998 1312
Use 1310

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
0 2000 0 2000 0 2000
Revised 02/2013 Slide 13 of 28
 14.330 SOIL MECHANICS
Effective Stress

EFFECTIVE STRESS CONCEPT

UPWARD SEEPAGE
Stresses @ Point A:
 A  H1 w
u A  H1 w
 A   A  u A  0

Stresses @ Point B:
 B  H 1 w  H 2 sat
u B  ( H1  H 2  h) w
 B   B  u B
 B  ( H 1 w  H 2 sat )  ( H 1  H 2  h) w
 B  H 2 ( sat   w )  h w
Figure 6.3a. Das FGE (2005).  B  H 2   h w
Revised 02/2013 Slide 14 of 28
 14.330 SOIL MECHANICS
Effective Stress

EFFECTIVE STRESS CONCEPT

UPWARD SEEPAGE
Stresses @ Point C:
 C  H1 w  z sat
h
uC  ( H1  z  z ) w
H2
 C   C  uC
h
 C  z ( sat   w )  z w
H2
h
 C  z   z w
H2
h Change in Head
NOTE: i  
H 2 Length of Water Flow
Figure 6.3a. Das FGE (2005).
Revised 02/2013
  C  z   iz w Slide 15 of 28
 14.330 SOIL MECHANICS
Effective Stress

EFFECTIVE STRESS CONCEPT

UPWARD SEEPAGE
CRITICAL HYDRAULIC GRADIENT
(icr)

 C  z   icr z w  0
NO EFFECTIVE STRESS!
Known as Boiling or Quick Condition


icr 
w
For Most Soils:
icr ranges from 0.9 to 1.1,
Figure 6.3a. Das FGE (2005).
Revised 02/2013
with an average of 1 Slide 16 of 28
 14.330 SOIL MECHANICS
Effective Stress

EFFECTIVE STRESS CONCEPT

UPWARD SEEPAGE

Revised 02/2013 Figure 6.3b. Das FGE (2005). Slide 17 of 28

 14.330 SOIL MECHANICS
Effective Stress

EFFECTIVE STRESS CONCEPT

DOWNWARD SEEPAGE
Stresses @ Point A:
 A  H1 w
u A  H1 w
 A   A  u A  0
Stresses @ Point B:
 B  H1 w  H 2 sat
u B  ( H 1  H 2  h) w
 B   B  u B
 B  ( H1 w  H 2 sat )  ( H 1  H 2  h) w
 B  H 2 ( sat   w )  h w
Figure 6.4a. Das FGE (2005).
Revised 02/2013
 B  H 2   h w Slide 18 of 28
 14.330 SOIL MECHANICS
Effective Stress

EFFECTIVE STRESS CONCEPT

DOWNWARD SEEPAGE
Stresses @ Point C:
 C  H1 w  z sat
h
uC  ( H1  z  z ) w
H2
 C   C  uC
h
 C  H1 w  z sat  ( H1  z  z ) w
H2
h
 C  z   z w
H2
h Change in Head
NOTE: i  
H 2 Length of Water Flow

Revised 02/2013
Figure 6.4a. Das FGE (2005).   C  z   iz w Slide 19 of 28
 14.330 SOIL MECHANICS
Effective Stress

EFFECTIVE STRESS CONCEPT

DOWNWARD SEEPAGE

Revised 02/2013 Figure 6.4b. Das FGE (2005). Slide 20 of 28

 14.330 SOIL MECHANICS
Effective Stress

EFFECTIVE STRESS CONCEPT

PARTIALLY SATURATED SOIL
     u a   (u a  u w )
Where:
ua = Pore Air Pressure
uw = Pore Water Pressure
 = Fraction of unit cross-sectional
area of soil occupied by water.
 = 0 for dry soil; 1 for saturated soil.

 depends on degree of saturation (S).

Figure 6.6. Das FGE (2005).
Also influenced by soil structure.

Revised 02/2013 Slide 21 of 28

 14.330 SOIL MECHANICS
Effective Stress

CAPILLARY RISE IN SOILS

Summing Forces in
Vertical Direction
 2 
 d hc  w  dT cos 
4 
4T cos 
hc 
d w
Where:
T = Surface Tension
 = Angle of Contact
d = Capillary Tube Diameter

T, , w remain constant
1
Figure 8.19. Principles of Geotechnical
Engineering, Das (2006).
hc 
d
Revised 02/2013 Slide 22 of 28
 14.330 SOIL MECHANICS
Effective Stress

CAPILLARY RISE IN SOILS

1
hc 
d

Figure 8.20. Principles of Geotechnical

Engineering, Das (2006).

Revised 02/2013 Slide 23 of 28

 14.330 SOIL MECHANICS
Effective Stress

CAPILLARY RISE IN SOILS

Hazen (1930)
C
h1 
eD10
Where:
D10 = Effective Size (mm)
e = Void Ratio
C = Constant (ranging from
10 mm2 to 50 mm2)

Revised 02/2013 Slide 24 of 28

 14.330 SOIL MECHANICS
Effective Stress

CAPILLARY RISE IN SOILS

Table 8.2 (Das, PGE 2006). Approximate Range of Capillary Rise in Soils.

Range of Capillary Rise

Soil Type
m ft
Coarse Sand 0.1 – 0.2 0.3 – 0.6
Fine Sand 0.3 – 1.2 1–4
Silt 0.75 – 7.5 2.5 – 25
Clay 7.5 - 23 25 - 75

EFFECTIVE STRESS IN CAPILLARY ZONE

  u Saturated: u  h w
 S 
Partially Saturated: u   h  w
Revised 02/2013
 100  Slide 25 of 28
 14.330 SOIL MECHANICS
Effective Stress

SEEPAGE FORCE
WITH NO SEEPAGE
(i.e. STATIC CONDITIONS)
 '  ( H A  H )( sat   w )
( sat   w )   
Height of soil column = z ´ = Submerged unit
weight of soil

Effective Stress:    z '

Effective Force: P1  z ' A


Where:
A = Area
Figure 6.1. Das FGE (2005).

Revised 02/2013 Slide 26 of 28

 14.330 SOIL MECHANICS
Effective Stress

SEEPAGE FORCE: UPWARD SEEPAGE

EFFECTIVE STRESS EFFECTIVE FORCE

NO SEEPAGE:    z  P1  z A
W/ SEEPAGE:    z   iz w P ' 2  ( z   iz w ) A
DECREASE OF TOTAL FORCE DUE TO SEEPAGE:
P1  P2  iz w A
SEEPAGE FORCE PER UNIT VOLUME:
P1  P2 iz w A
  i w
(Soil Volume) zA
Revised 02/2013 Slide 27 of 28
 14.330 SOIL MECHANICS
Effective Stress

SEEPAGE FORCE SUMMARY

NO SEEPAGE

UPWARD SEEPAGE

DOWNWARD SEEPAGE

Revised 02/2013 Slide 28 of 28