CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this

project has been made by
SHISHIR PATEL of class XII on
the topic FOAMING CAPACITY
OF SOAPS under the guidence
of our chemistry teacher Mr.
VIKAS AHUJA have ben
completed it sucessfully.

Yours truely
SHISHIR PATEL
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks
of gratitude to my teacher MR. VIKAS
AHUJA who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project
on the topic FOAMING CAPACITY OF
SOAPS , which also helped me in doing a
lot of Research and I came to know about
so many new things I am really thankful
to them.
Secondly I would also like to thank my
parents and friends who helped me a lot
in finalizing this project within the limited
time frame.
 INDEX

1.INTRODUCTION
2.COMMERCIAL PREPARATION
3. EXPERIMENT
4.OBJECTIVE & THEORY
5.PROCEDURE
6.OBSERVATION TABLE
7.RESULT
8.TEST FOR HARDNESS
9.BIBILOGRAPHY
 introduction
Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty
acids like stearic, palmitic and oleic acids can be
either saturated or unsaturated. They contain a long
hydrocarbon chain of about 10-20 carbon with one
carboxylic acid group as the functional group. A
soap molecule a tadpole shaped structure, whose
ends have different polarities. At one end is the
long hydrocarbon chain that is non-polar and
hydrophobic, i.e., insoluble in water but oil soluble.
At the other end is the short polar carboxylate ion
which is hydrophilic i.e., water soluble but
insoluble in oil and grease. Long Hydrocarbon
Chain Hydrophobic end Hydrophilic end When
soap is shaken with water it becomes a soap
solution that is colloidal in nature. Agitating it
tends to concentrate the solution on the surface and
causes foaming. This helps the soap molecules
make a unimolecular film on the surface of water
and to penetrate the fabric. The long non-polar end
of a soap molecule that are hydrophobic, gravitate
towards and surround the dirt (fat or oil with dust
absorbed in it). The short polar end containing the
carboxylate ion, face the water away from the dirt.
A number of soap molecules surround or encircle
dirt and grease in a clustered structure called
'micelles', which encircles such particles and
emulsify them. Cleansing action of soaps decreases
in hard water. Hard water contains Calcium and
magnesium ions which react with sodium carbonate
to produce insoluble carbonates of higher fatty
acids.
This hardness can be removed by addition of
Sodium Carbonate.
COMMERCIAL PREPARATIONS
The most popular soap making process today is
the cold process method where fat such as olive
oil sector will strong alkaline solution wild some
Soapers use the historical hot process
Handmade soap different from industrial
shopping, usually and I accept that is sometimes
used to consume the alkali and is not removed,
leaving a natural moisturizer soap and detergent
emollient search as search added actress which
is the saponification process is sufficiently
advanced that the soap has begun after most of
the oils have saponified
So that they remain undirected in the finished
soap.
Soap is derived from either vegetable or
animal fats sodium tallowate is derived from
fat soap can also be made of vegetable oils
as palm oil and the product is typically
softer.
An array of saponification and fats are used
in the process of chest only with coconut
Palm oil to provide different qualities for
example only for oil provides info coconut oil
provides lots of leather wild coconut and
farmers provide hardness
Sometimes castor oil can also be used as an
event.
Unsaponifiable oils and fats that do not yield
so headed for further benefits.

PREPARATIONS OF SOAPS
IN cold Process and hot process soap
making it may be required the cold process
of making take place at the sufficient
temperature set of a story the fat big used
process can be used right away because the
early and fat saponified quickly at the higher
temperature used in hot process soap
making. Cold process of making required
measurements of alkali and mouse and
computing the ratio using saponification
charts to answer that the finished product is
mild and skin friendly.

IN HOT PROCESS
Hot process in the hot process together at 80-1000
saponification which is the soap maker can determine
by taste or by eye.
COLD PROCESS
Cold which is the news to calculate the process soap
makes up the saponification value of the fat used on a
saponification chart appropriate amount of alkali
Excess unreacted allegory in the shop will result
In a very high PH and can burn are edited skin not
enough so far easy teacher the alkalies dissolved in
water that also heated.
Then if the solid at room temperature .Once both
substances to have cooled to approximately 10
degrees fahrenheit guide this Twister interest there
are wearing levels of traces .
 EXPERIMENT
Soap samples of various brands are taken
and their capacity with the next informing
capacities said to be heavy tails capacities in
notice sample taken separately and their
foaming capacity is observed best cleaning
capacity the test request to be done with
distilled water as well as with the test of
soap on distilled water give the actual
strength of the cleaning capacity request to
be done with distilled water as well as
Ca+2 ,Mg+2 capacity.

OBJECTIVE
To compare the foaming capacity of various
soaps.
THEORY
The foaming capacity of soaps upon the
nature of the shop and its concentration this
may be compared by equal having the same
concentrations which saves the same
amount of time used during disappears
gradually the time taken to disappear in
equal sample is determined the longer the
time take it for the form today disappear
elite sample is determined the longer time
taken for the disappearance of the given
sample offshore of greater is its foaming
capacity cleaning action.

REQUIREMENTS
FIVE 100ml conical flask, 5 test tubes 100
ml measuring cylinder, test tube stand,
weighing machine ,stopwatch
CHEMICALS REQUIRED
5 different of Soap sample, distilled water ,
tap water.
Procedure
1. Take 5 100ml conical flasks add
number 1….2345 p put 60 table of
water in each flask and add 8
grams of soap.
2. Warm the contents to get a
solution.
3. Take 5 test tubes add 1 ml of
soap solution to 3 ml of water
Repeat the process for each soap
solution in different test.
4. Close the mouths of the test
tube and vigorously for a minute
do the same for all test tubes and
with equal force.
5. Start the timer immediately and
not is the rate of 2 mm froth.
OBSERVATIONS
Test tube No. Volume of Volume of Time taken for
soap water disappearance
solutions added

1.Dove
2.lux
3.Detol
4.Santoor
5.Cinthol

RESULT
The cleansing capacity of soaps taken is in
the order
SANTOOR>DOVE>CINTHOL>DETOL>LUX
From these experiment we can infer that santoor has
the highest foaming capacity in other words highest
cleaning capacity l
Lux on the other hand is found to be have least
amount of time taken disapperance of the foam
Produced and thus is said to be have least foaming
capacity and cleansing capacity test for handness in
water.
TEST for Ca+2 and Mg+2 salts in the water supplied
Test for Ca+2 in water .
H2O + NH4Cl +NH4OH+(NH4)2CO3

No precipitate.
That show negative result for the presence of salts
Causing hardness in water.The water used doesn’t
contain salts of Ca+2 and Mg+2 .the tap water
provided is soft and thus the experimental.

BIBILOGRAPHY
1.Together with lab manual chemistry class xii
2.NCERT books of chemistry
3.www.yahoo.com
4.www.google.com
5.www.cbse.nic.in
6.www.ask.com