HDM–4

Highway Development & Management

GETTING STARTED WITH HDM-4

VERSION 2.0

Eric Stannard

THE HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT SERIES

Getting Started with HDM-4 Version 2.0

About This Manual

This manual provides information for existing users of HDM-4 version 1.3 on the use
of version 2.0. Differences between HDM-4 version 1.3 and version 2.0 are
highlighted in this manual.

New users of HDM-4 should also refer to the seven volumes comprising the suite of
HDM-4 documentation (see Figure 1). This suite of documents was produced for
HDM-4 version 1. These documents are currently being updated for version 2 and
will be available at a later date.

Volume 1
Overview of HDM-4

Volume 2 Volume 3
Applications Guide Software User Guide

Volume 4 Volume 5
Analytical Framework and A Guide to Calibration and
Model Descriptions Adaptation

Volume 6 Volume 7
Modelling Road Deterioration Modelling Road User and
and Works Effects Environmental Effects

Figure 1
HDM-4 Documentation Suite

The suite of documents comprises:

Overview of HDM-4 (Volume 1)

A short executive summary describing the HDM-4 system. It is intended to be
used by all readers new to HDM-4, particularly high level management within a
road organisation

Applications Guide (Volume 2)

A task oriented guide describing typical examples of different types of analyses.
It is to be used by users who wish to know how to perform a task or create a
study.

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Software User Guide (Volume 3)

Describes the HDM-4 software. It is a general purpose document which provides
an understanding of the software user interface.

Analytical Framework and Model Descriptions (Volume 4)

Describes the analytical framework and the technical relationships used within the
HDM-4 model. It contains comprehensive reference material describing the
characteristics of the modelling and strategy incorporated in HDM-4. It is to be
used by specialists or experts whose task is to carry out a detailed study for a
road management organisation.

A Guide to Calibration and Adaptation (Volume 5)

Suggests methods for calibrating and adapting HDM-4 models to allow for local
conditions existing in different countries.

Modelling Road Deterioration and Works Effects (Volume 6)

Describes the development and basis for the relationships in HDM-4 used for
modelling road deterioration and works effects.

Modelling Road User and Environmental Effects (Volume 7)

Describes the development and basis for the relationships in HDM-4 used for
modelling road user and environmental effects.

ISOHDM Products
The products of the International Study of Highway Development and Management
Tools (ISOHDM) consist of the HDM-4 suite of software, associated example case
study databases, and the Highway Development and Management Series collection of
guides and reference manuals. This Manual is a member of that document collection.

Customer contact
Should you have any difficulties with the information provided in this suite of
documentation please do not hesitate to report details of the problem you are
experiencing. You may send an E-mail or an annotated copy of the manual page by
fax to the number provided below.

The ISOHDM Technical Secretariat welcomes any comments or suggestions from

users of HDM-4. Comments on the Getting Started with HDM-4 Version 2.0 should
be sent to the following address:
E-mail: hdm4@hdmglobal.com
Fax: +44 - 121 - 414 3675 (or 5060)
Post: HDMGlobal Technical Manager
School of Civil Engineering
The University of Birmingham
Edgbaston
Birmingham B15 2TT
United Kingdom

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Change details
This is the first formal edition (Version 1.0) of the Getting Started with HDM-4
Version 2.0.

Related documentation
HDM-4 documents
The Highway Development and Management Series Collection is ISBN: 2-84060-
058-7, and comprises:
Volume 1 – Overview of HDM-4, ISBN: 2-84060-059-5
Volume 2 – Applications Guide, ISBN: 2-84060-060-9
Volume 3 – Software User Guide, ISBN: 2-84060-061-7
Volume 4 – Analytical Framework and Model Descriptions, ISBN: 2-84060-062-5
Volume 5 – A Guide to Calibration and Adaptation Manual, ISBN: 2-84060-063-3
Volume 6 – Modelling Road Deterioration and Works Effects, ISBN: 2-84060-102-8
Volume 7 – Modelling Road User and Environmental Effects, ISBN: 2-84060-103-6

Terminology handbooks
PIARC Lexicon of Road and Traffic Engineering - First edition. Permanent
International Association of Road Congresses (PIARC), Paris 1991. ISBN: 2-84060-
000-5
Technical Dictionary of Road Terms - Seventh edition, English - French. PIARC
Commission on Terminology, Paris 1997. ISBN: 2-84060-053-6

General reference information

Further details on HDM-4 may be obtained from the following:
HDMGlobal Technical Manager
School of Civil Engineering
The University of Birmingham
Edgbaston
Birmingham
B15 2TT
United Kingdom
Fax: +44 - 121 - 414 3675 (or 5060)
E-mail: hdm4@hdmglobal
Web: http://www.hdmglobal.com

Acknowledgements
The development of HDM-4 has been sponsored by several agencies, primarily:
„ Asian Development Bank (ADB)
„ Department for International Development (DFID) in the United Kingdom
„ The World Bank

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Many other organisations and individuals in a number of countries have also

contributed in terms of providing information, or undertaking technical review of
products being produced.

The study has been co-ordinated by the ISOHDM Technical Secretariat at the
University of Birmingham in the United Kingdom. A number of organisations
participated in the research including:
„ Finnra
Specification of the strategic and programme analysis applications.
„ FICEM
Development of deterioration and maintenance relationships for Portland cement
concrete roads.
„ The Highway Research Group, School of Civil Engineering, The University of
Birmingham
Responsible for system design and software development.
„ Road Research Institute (IKRAM) in Malaysia supported by N.D.Lea International
(NDLI)
Responsible for providing updated relationships for road deterioration and road user
costs.
„ Transport Research Laboratory (TRL) in the United Kingdom
Responsible for review and update of flexible pavement deterioration relationships.
„ SNRA
Responsible for developing deterioration relationships for cold climates, road safety,
environmental effects, and supporting HRG with system design.
All research organisations received support from local and regional staff, visiting
experts and external advisers, to ensure that a high standard of quality and
international consensus was achieved. A number of other countries and individuals
have supported this work through supplying expert advice and reviewing the products.

Copyright statement
These HDM-4 products have been produced by the International Study of Highway
Development and Management Tools (ISOHDM), sponsored by The World Bank, the
Asian Development Bank, the Department for International Development (UK), and
other sponsors. The HDM-4 products are jointly published by The World Road
Association (PIARC), Paris and The World Bank, Washington, DC.

Copyright © 2005 The World Road Association (PIARC) on behalf of the ISOHDM
sponsors. All rights reserved.

This copyright covers all documents and document components, computer software
and data delivered as components of the HDM-4 product, in any physical or electronic
forms.

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Contents
1 Improvements in HDM-4 Version 2.0 7
1.1 Improved Analysis Models 8
1.1.1 Sensitivity Analysis 8
1.1.2 Budget Scenario Analysis 8
1.1.3 Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) 8
1.1.4 Estimation of Social Benefits 8
1.1.5 Asset Valuation 8
1.2 Improved Connectivity 9
1.2.1 Run-data in Microsoft Access format 9
1.2.2 Import/Export in Microsoft Access format 9
1.2.3 Import Validation 9
1.3 Improved Data Handling & Organisation 9
1.3.1 Updated Database Technology 9
1.3.2 Redesign of New Section Facilities 9
1.3.3 Traffic Re-design 10
1.3.4 Report Management 10
1.4 Improved Technical Models 10
1.4.1 Bituminous Road Deterioration and Works Effects 10
1.4.2 Unsealed Road Deterioration and Works Effects 10
1.4.3 Road User Effects 11
1.5 Improved Usability & Configuration 11
1.5.1 Intervention Editor & Work Item Triggering Logic 11
1.5.2 Alternatives User-Interface 11
1.5.3 The model DLL architecture 11
1.5.4 Post-Improvement Maintenance Standards 12
1.5.5 Temporary Exclusion of Sections from Study 12
1.5.6 Calibration Sets 12
1.5.7 Improved Configuration - Accident Classes 12
1.5.8 Improved Configuration - Speed Flow Types 12
1.5.9 Improved Configuration - Traffic Flow Patterns 13
1.5.10 Improvement Effects 13
2 Using Existing Data with Version 2.0 14
2.1 Overview 14
2.2 Running the HDM-4 Data Migration Tool 14
2.3 Migrating Existing Data to HDM-4 Version 2.0 15
2.4 Limitations of the HDM-4 Data Migration Tool 18
2.4.1 Traffic Data 18
2.4.2 Road Deterioration Calibration Data 19
2.4.3 Works Effects Triggering and Operations 19
3 User Guide to the Improvements in HDM-4 Version 2.0 24
3.1 Sensitivity Analysis 24
3.2 Budget Scenario Analysis 25
3.3 Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) 28
3.4 Estimation of Social Benefits 32

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3.5 Asset Valuation 34

3.6 Import Validation – Import Wizard 39
3.7 Updated Database Technology 42
3.8 Re-design of New Section Facilities 43
3.9 Report Management 47
3.10 Intervention Editor 48
3.11 Alternatives User-Interface 48
3.12 Post-Improvement Maintenance Standards 51
3.13 Temporary Exclusion of Sections from Study 51
3.14 Calibration Sets 52
3.15 Improved Configuration - Accident Classes 53
3.16 HDM-4 Version 2.0 Options Tool 54
3.17 HDM-4 Version 2.0 Database Tool 55
4 Nomenclature 57
5 References 57

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Getting Started with HDM-4 Version 2.0

1 Improvements in HDM-4 Version 2.0
Since the first release of HDM-4 the software has been used in many countries on a
diverse range of projects. During these projects many users have provided feedback
on the usability and functionality of the software. The analysis of these comments
drove the initiative to further develop and improve HDM-4. Many of the technical
models used in the software have also been extensively reviewed in the light of new
research and data. This review identified improvements to the technical models
implemented within HDM-4.

Improvements that are included in the Version 2.0 release of HDM-4 are categorised
and listed below. A brief description of the improvements follows this list.
„ Improved Analysis Models
❏ Sensitivity Analysis
❏ Budget Scenario Analysis
❏ Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA)
❏ Estimation of Social Benefits
❏ Asset Valuation
„ Improved Connectivity
❏ Run-data in MS Access format
❏ Import/Export in MS Access
❏ Import Validation
„ Improved Data Handling & Organisation
❏ Updated Database Technology
❏ Redesign of New Section Facilities
❏ Traffic Redesign
❏ Report Management
„ Improved Technical Models
❏ Bituminous Road Deterioration
❏ Bituminous Work Effects
❏ Unsealed Road Deterioration
❏ Unsealed Work Effects
❏ Road User Effects
„ Improved Usability & Configuration
❏ Intervention Editor & Work Item Triggering Logic
❏ Alternatives User-Interface
❏ The model DLL architecture
❏ Post-Improvement Maintenance Standards
❏ Temporary Exclusion of Sections from Study
❏ Calibration Sets
❏ Improved Configuration - Accident Classes
❏ Improved Configuration - Speed Flow Types
❏ Improved Configuration - Traffic Flow Patterns

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1.1 Improved Analysis Models

1.1.1 Sensitivity Analysis
Sensitivity Analysis has been introduced to Project Analysis to allow a user to
investigate the impact of variations in key parameters on the analysis results. A user
can define any number of sensitivity scenarios in which any of the 18 key parameters
can be varied. These key parameters cover unit costs, vehicle use, traffic levels and
growth, and net benefits. One or more key parameters are varied by defining a
multiplication factor and the effects on the outcome of the analysis will be determined.
A user determines which variables to vary and this judgment will depend upon the
kind of investigation being conducted. Typically the key parameters will be varied to
reflect the potential range of forecasts for the parameters.

1.1.2 Budget Scenario Analysis

HDM-4 version 2.0 allows the user to specify an unlimited number of budget
scenarios. Each budget scenario defines the road agency financial resources available
over the analysis period. The optimised work programme will be produced for each
of the selected budget scenarios therefore allowing the user to compare the effects of
different funding levels on the network being analysed.

1.1.3 Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA)

Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) in HDM-4 Project Analysis provides a means of
comparing projects using criteria that cannot easily be assigned an economic cost.
MCA is supported for a Project Analysis and supports 10 criteria to evaluate:

• Economic (RAC, RUC, and NPV) • Safety (Accident Analysis)

• Functional (Comfort and Delay) • Environment (Air Pollution)
• Energy (Energy Efficiency) • Social (Social Benefits)
• Political

MCA in HDM-4 is performed using an implementation of the Analytical Hierarchy

Process (AHP) (Saaty 1980).

1.1.4 Estimation of Social Benefits

It has often been necessary to include the social benefits of road investments within
HDM-4. The simple framework for including social benefits has now been made
more transparent by incorporating them within the exogenous costs and benefits user
interface.

1.1.5 Asset Valuation

A road network is a considerable resource that has a significant asset value. It is
therefore important to effectively manage this asset and to be able to estimate the
financial and economic value of road assets as a function of the level of investment.

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This optional component of HDM-4 Version 2.0 allows a user to estimate the asset
value of a network being analysed during the time period of the analysis.

1.2 Improved Connectivity

1.2.1 Run-data in Microsoft Access format
The run-data produced by HDM-4 during an analysis is now output to a single file in
Microsoft Access format. The main benefit of this change is that the use of the Access
format makes it easier for end-users to access the run-data with widely available
software products (such as Microsoft Access, and Microsoft Excel) and easier to share
with others users.

For the purposes of users who wish to view the run-data but do not have a HDM-4
licence, a free tool, HDM-4 Version 2.0 Report Viewer, will be available.

1.2.2 Import/Export in Microsoft Access format

The import/export data produced by HDM-4 is now stored in a single file in Microsoft
Access format, and replaces the multiple *.dbf/*.hdbf files of HDM-4 Version 1.x.
The main benefit of this change is that the use of the Access format makes it easier for
end-users to access the data with widely available software products, and easier to
share with others users.

1.2.3 Import Validation

An import wizard has been introduced that guides a user through the process of
importing externally-defined data into HDM-4 Version 2.0.

Previously no validation of the imported data was preformed and values that were
outside the allowable range could produce numerical errors when an analysis was
subsequently performed. HDM-4 version 2.0 introduces the optional validation of
vehicle fleet and road network data for incorrect values as the data are being imported.

1.3 Improved Data Handling & Organisation

1.3.1 Updated Database Technology
HDM-4 uses an object-orientated database to store its local data. HDM-4 Version 2.0
has been updated to use the latest version of this database to ensure the latest
developments and enhancements are available, as well as continued support and
backup from the suppliers are accessible.

1.3.2 Redesign of New Section Facilities

The definition of new sections has been moved to the Work Standards folder in the
workspace. These new sections are now assigned to alternatives using the new
alternatives user-interface. This approach allows new sections to be reused across
studies and alternatives.

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1.3.3 Traffic Re-design

The management and entry of traffic related data in HDM-4 has undergone a number
of changes that effect road networks, sections, vehicle fleets and the three modes of
analysis.

The traffic data for a section are now defined for each section within the road network.
To enable this to take place a road network is associated with a vehicle fleet. A user
can enter multiple years of traffic data which are now defined in terms of absolute
vehicle AADT values.

A traffic growth set defines how the traffic grows over time and is defined within the
vehicle fleet and assigned to a section within an analysis. The user interface for traffic
growth sets is similar to that used in version 1.x for the definition of normal traffic.
As growths sets may be used to define the traffic growth characteristics of multiple
studies, the periods are defined as relative years rather than absolute years.

These improvements allow traffic data for a section to be common in each analysis in
which the section is included, and for the typical traffic growths to be reused in each
analysis. When creating a new analysis a user now only selects the road network to be
used, as the vehicle fleet is associated with it. The user then selects the sections to be
included in the study and assigns traffic growth sets to each section, using the growth
sets defined in the road network’s associated vehicle fleet.

1.3.4 Report Management

HDM-4 Version 2.0 includes improved management and organisation of the available
report templates. A user can now add report categories, or sub-categories within the
reports tree-view, and reports can easily be renamed or moved between categories.
The reports no longer have to be stored in the same directory, allowing a user to easily
separate HDM-4 default reports and third party report templates.

1.4 Improved Technical Models

1.4.1 Bituminous Road Deterioration and Works Effects
The bituminous RD & WE models in HDM-4 Version 2.0 have been updated in
accordance with the specification provided by PIARC. The changes include
improvements to the pothole progression model, updated plastic deformation
coefficients, updated standard deviation of rut depth model, improved user-calibration
or the RD models, and updated WE models for patching and preparatory works
effects.

1.4.2 Unsealed Road Deterioration and Works Effects

The unsealed RD & WE models in HDM-4 Version 2.0 have been updated in
accordance with the specification provided by PIARC. The most significant change is
the introduction of three different grading types (non-mechanical, light mechanical
grading, and heavy mechanical grading), and improved calibration of the unsealed

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roughness model using section calibration factors and workspace configuration

parameters.

1.4.3 Road User Effects

The Road User Effects (RUE) model in HDM-4 Version 2.0 has been updated in
accordance with the specification provided by PIARC. The changes include:
„ Engine speed model has been updated,
„ Parts modelling updated to use dFUELavg rather than dFUEL,
„ Constant Service Life model has been changed so it no longer depends upon the
percentage of private use, and
„ Major update to the modelling of vehicle emissions.

1.5 Improved Usability & Configuration

1.5.1 Intervention Editor & Work Item Triggering Logic
The definition of the triggering logic of work items and improvements has been
simplified and improved by the introduction of an improved intervention editor. The
main areas of improvement are:
„ The need to select scheduled or responsive intervention mode for a work item has been
removed
„ The pre-defined limit parameters associated with the triggering logic are now optionally
entered in the intervention editor as part of the main trigger expression.
„ The triggering of works has been extended to allow the combination of AND/OR logic
operators.
„ Works can now be scheduled to occur in set years rather than just periodically.
„ The user is no longer constrained to select a trigger attribute from a pre-defined list. The
recommended triggers for a particular work item may be ignored (in fact any trigger can
be used with any work type).

1.5.2 Alternatives User-Interface

The user interface in Version 1.x was reported by many users to be cumbersome with
many features hidden behind several levels of screens / dialogs with a multiplicity of
confusing buttons. To address these concerns the user interface for the definition of
analysis alternatives has been redesigned to reduce the number of dialogs and buttons
involved, to improve navigation through the alternatives in a familiar style, and to
give improved view to the user. The new user interface allows the user to navigate
through the alternatives and its assignments using a view similar to the windows
explorer directory navigation tree, and uses a context sensitive spreadsheet-type view
that facilitates the assignment of maintenance and improvement standards from one
dialog.

1.5.3 The model DLL architecture

The model architecture has undergone some revision to improve maintainability,
flexibility, and to allow future customisation. Some parts of the analysis framework

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have been revised to take advantage of these architectural improvements. To the

general users these changes will not be visible.

1.5.4 Post-Improvement Maintenance Standards

It is now possible to assign a maintenance standard to be applied after a road
improvement standard has been applied (i.e. the maintenance standard will only be
applied if the associated improvement is triggered). This facility is implemented in
the new alternatives user-interface.

1.5.5 Temporary Exclusion of Sections from Study

When setting up a project analysis it is now possible to select a section for the study,
assign the traffic growth set and define its alternatives, but then exclude it from
analysis without loss of data (traffic, alternatives, etc.). This was identified by users to
be a useful function if several sections have been selected in a project analysis and
there is the need to focus on defining and refining the assignments of one section at a
time without the overhead of analysing all the other sections each time.

1.5.6 Calibration Sets

Calibration Sets have been introduced to allow users to define sets of section
calibration coefficients (a calibration item) for the range of pavement types commonly
found on their road network. Sections which have the same characteristics can all use
the same calibration. The process of defining a section has therefore been simplified
as a user now has only has to select an appropriate calibration item for the section’s
known characteristics rather than supply values for all the calibration parameters.

Calibration sets are stored under the Configuration folder in the workspace view.
When a new road network is created a calibration set for that network is selected, and
all sections within the network must be assigned a calibration item defined in that
calibration set. To facilitate the new concept of calibration items, a section’s
attributes have been reorganized.

1.5.7 Improved Configuration - Accident Classes

A new HDM-4 data type has been provided to allow the user to model accident effects
separately from speed flow types.

1.5.8 Improved Configuration - Speed Flow Types

An explanatory graph has been added to the user interface to explain the relationship
between the capacity characteristic parameters. To reflect the correlation between
road type, and capacity characteristics, and to improve consistency, the Number of
Lanes (NLANES) parameter has been moved to the Speed Flow Type item from the
road section.

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1.5.9 Improved Configuration - Traffic Flow Patterns

A graph is now shown on this dialog to reflect the flow distribution data entered by
the user. As the user changes this data, the graph changes accordingly. The graph is
intended to improve user feedback, and to engender understanding of the effects to the
traffic flow distribution data.

1.5.10 Improvement Effects

After-work attributes for some improvement effects can now be defined either in
terms of the change in attribute value or in terms of the final value of the attribute (i.e.
either in relative or absolute terms). This is intended to make improvement standards
less section specific, so that they can be applied to a group of sections.

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2 Using Existing Data with Version 2.0

2.1 Overview
There have been extensive changes in the handling and organisation of data, as well as
the introduction of new functionality within HDM-4 Version 2.0. It is therefore not
possible to directly use existing HDM-4 Version 1.x data. It is realised that the
existing data stored in Version 1.x is valuable to an organisation and therefore a tool
has been developed to aid the migration of this data into a format that can be used in
Version 2.0.

The HDM-4 Data Migration Tool aims to take an existing HDM-4 Version 1.3
workspace and re-organise and reformat the data to conform to that required by HDM-
4 Version 2.0. After running the HDM-4 Data Migration Tool the user should review
the data to ensure its integrity prior to running an analysis and publishing the results.
Due to the model changes that are included in HDM-4 Version 2.0 the user should pay
particular attention to the calibration of the deterioration models and the works trigger
conditions and effects.

2.2 Running the HDM-4 Data Migration Tool

To run the HDM-4 Data Migration Tool:
1 Click the Windows Start menu.
2 Select the HDM-4 Data Migration Tool application item from the HDM-4 Version 2.0
program group.
3 The HDM-4 Data Migration Tool is displayed.

The HDM-4 Data Migration Tool main window displays:

❏ The location of the HDM-4 Version 1.3 workspace to migrate

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❏ The location of the HDM-4 Version 2.0 workspace to be created

❏ A list of status messages to be used when the data are being processed

2.3 Migrating Existing Data to HDM-4 Version 2.0

To migrate an existing workspace for use in HDM-4 Version 2.0:
4 Run the HDM-4 Data Migration Tool.
5 Define the location of the HDM-4 Version 1.3 workspace. Do one of the following:
❏ Type the folder name of the HDM-4 Version 1.3 workspace
Or
❏ Click on the Browse button. The Selection window is displayed.

Use the windows navigation controls to select the required workspace’s object.dat file.
Click on Select.

The selected workspace must not be open in HDM-4 Version 1.3 otherwise the HDM-
4 Migration Tool will not be able to open the files to migrate the data.

6 Define the location of the HDM-4 Version 2.0 workspace. Do one of the following:
❏ Type the required folder name of the HDM-4 Version 2.0 workspace
Or
❏ Click on the Browse button. The Selection window is displayed.

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Use the windows navigation controls to select or create the required workspace location.
Click on Select.
7 Click on Convert to start the process.

If a workspace or previous data created as part of this process exists in the selected
directory the user will be asked whether they wish to overwrite the existing data.

The Specify association with road network and analysis window will be displayed
along with explanatory text.

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For each of the listed Road Networks the user should select the source of the traffic
data for HDM-4 Version 2.0. This is required because in HDM-4 Version 2.0 the
traffic data are associated with a section and therefore the migration tool gives the user
the choice of obtaining the default traffic data from an existing analysis.

If the user selects an analysis that does not include all of the road network’s sections
selected, then the HDM-4 Data Migration Tool will not be able to define default
traffic for the unselected sections, and the AADT for those sections will default to 0.

The road network will be associated with the selected vehicle fleet for the associated
analysis. If the traffic data source selected is a Vehicle Fleet, all the road network’s
sections will not inherit any pre-defined traffic data and their AADTs will be 0.

When the associations have been made click on OK to start the process. The
following display will be seen with the list of items being processed and their progress
indicated.

When all the items have been successfully processed, the window will automatically
close, the HDM-4 Version 2.0 application will start, and the HDM-4 Automated Import
will be displayed. This window displays the process of taking the files created by the
migration tool and importing them into a HDM-4 Version 2.0 workspace.

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When the process of importing the data has been completed the HDM-4 Version 2.0
application will automatically start and open the newly created workspace, as shown
below.

2.4 Limitations of the HDM-4 Data Migration Tool

Due to the differences between the organisation of data in HDM-4 Version 1.3 and
Version 2.0, it is not possible to achieve a migrated workspace that obtains the same
results. It is therefore essential that before an analysis is performed the data used are
reviewed, and the results inspected. There are three main areas which the user must
consider:
„ Traffic Data
„ Road Deterioration Calibration Data
„ Work Effects triggering and operations

2.4.1 Traffic Data

In Version 1.3 the traffic volumes and traffic growth rates were defined at the analysis
stage. In Version 2.0 the traffic volumes are defined at the Road Network stage, and
the traffic growths at the Vehicle Fleet stage.

It is possible for a Road Network to be used in more than one analysis, and therefore it
is possible for a section’s traffic to be defined more than once. To overcome this
potential problem the Data Migration Tool prompts the user to select the source of the
traffic volume definitions for a road network. The traffic defined for the sections

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selected will be initialised to the volumes defined in the analysis selected. If the
selected analysis has unselected sections then these sections will not have any traffic
defined in the analysis. Therefore these sections will have uninitialised traffic
volumes and the user will need to enter these manually. Therefore the choice of
which analysis to obtain the traffic data from should be made carefully as this will
determine how much of the traffic data is automatically obtained.

For each of the Vehicle Fleets present in the Version 1.3 workspace, the migration
tool determines in which analyses it is used, and automatically creates a growth item
within the Vehicle Fleet. The traffic growth items are named according to the
following convention:

<analysis type>::<analysis name>::<section ID>::<section description>

When viewing the traffic growth sets from within a Vehicle Fleet it is therefore
possible to see from where the data have been obtained.

2.4.2 Road Deterioration Calibration Data

For each Road Network a Calibration Set will be created with the same name, and
assigned to the Road Network. For each section within the Road Network a
calibration item will be created with the same name as the section, and assigned to the
section. The values for each calibration item will be obtained from its associated
section where possible. The improvements to the Road Deterioration models include
new calibration attributes and these will be given default values. It is necessary to
review these attribute values to determine if the default value is appropriate for each
section.

2.4.3 Works Effects Triggering and Operations

The way that the condition that triggers work items (maintenance and improvements)
has been improved. The responsive trigger conditions and scheduled options are
migrated from HDM-4 Version 1.3. However, the limits are not migrated as it was
found that the majority of users did not use the limit attributes (for instance, last year,
maximum roughness, etc) to restrict the triggering of work items, and to include them
unnecessarily would have resulted in overly complex triggering expressions.
Therefore the work items trigger conditions should be reviewed if use of the limit
attributes in Version 1.3 was utilised.

There have been some changes to the Works Effects models of Bituminous and
Unsealed pavements.

„ Bituminous Works Effects – Patching

The effects of patching have been updated in HDM-4 Version 2.0. The screen
showing the definition of patching in HDM-4 Version 1.3 is shown below, and it can
be seen that the user has four choices for the distress to be patched, and the percentage
of that distress to patch.

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The choices have been modified in HDM-4 Version 2.0, and some of the options
require further data to be defined. The HDM-4 Version 2.0 screen is shown below. It
can be seen that the option to patch “Severely damaged area” has been removed, and
that the option to patch “Transverse thermal cracking only” has been added.

The definition of patching “Potholing only” has changed such that the user must also
define the time lapse to patching. In HDM-4 Version 1.3 this attribute was defined for
each section, and has been moved to improve the relation to the work item it is
associated with. As Maintenance Standards can be re-used with many sections, it will
be necessary to review the time lapse to patching attribute to ensure it is desirable for
each of the section alternatives the containing Maintenance Standard is assigned to.

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„ Bituminous Works Effects – Calibration

HDM-4 Version 2 includes improved calibration of the works effects. The following
screen shows the calibration attributes that are now included. It can be seen that levels
for triggers and the percentage that is repaired can be set for certain operations. Also
the preparatory works performed are configurable for overlays and resealing
operations. By default the values will be the same as those previously used internally
within HDM-4 Version 1.3 and therefore the user should only modify these if they
desire different works effects from those defaults.

„ Unsealed Works Effects – Grading

HDM-4 Version 2 introduces three types of grading types, as shown in the screen
below. All grading work items will default to the equivalent “Light motorised
grading” option.

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„ Unsealed Works Effects – Calibration

HDM-4 Version 2 includes improved calibration of the unsealed works effects. The
following screen shows the calibration attributes that are now included. It can be seen
that a calibration factor for the effects of the three grading options is included. The
default value for these is such that Light Motorised Grading has the same effect as the
single grading option in Version 1.3. The user should modify these if they desire
different works effects from these defaults.

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3 User Guide to the Improvements in HDM-4

Version 2.0
3.1 Sensitivity Analysis
A Sensitivity Analysis can be performed on any Project Analysis. The project data
are entered first and before running the analysis the sensitivity scenarios are defined.
All projects have a Base Sensitivity Scenario which has all the attribute factors
initialized to 1 and cannot be changed. Any number of other sensitivity scenarios can
be added.

The sensitivity factors are divided into three groups

• Traffic – factors which allow the user to modify the traffic volumes and vehicle growth
rates.
• Vehicle Use – factors which allow the user to modify the physical characteristics of a
vehicle and its use.
• Net Benefits – factors which allow the user to modify the cost components (Works
Effects, Road User, and Exogenous costs).

„ Conducting a Sensitivity Analysis

1 Click on the “Analyse Projects” work flow button, and then click on the Sensitivity tab.
The display will show the sensitivity scenarios defined for the project and whether the
user has selected to conduct a sensitivity analysis.
2 Click on Conduct Sensitivity Analysis to include/exclude sensitivity analysis.

„ Adding a Sensitivity Scenario

1 Click Add New Scenario button
A new row will be added to the table showing the existing sensitivity scenarios, and will
have a default description. This should be modified to identify the scenario in reports.
2 Modify the sensitivity factors directly in the spreadsheet view as required.

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„ Performing a Sensitivity Analysis and Viewing the Results

1 Click on Run Analysis tab.
2 Click on the Start button
The project analysis will be run once for each of the defined sensitivity scenarios with the
factors applied to the appropriate attributes.
3 Once the analysis has completed click on Generate Reports.
4 Select the report you wish to display and click on Generate Report
The report will be generated and will show the results of the analysis sorted by
sensitivity scenario.

3.2 Budget Scenario Analysis

A Budget Scenario Analysis can be performed using Programme and Strategy
Analysis. In Version 1.3 a user could enter a single budget which consisted of a
number of budget periods spanning a user-defined number of years, and a capital
budget quantity for each period. HDM-4 Version 2.0 allows the user to define many
budget scenarios, each with a unique name, and to perform the budget optimization of
them all at the same time.

„ Defining a Budget Scenario

1 Click on Perform Budget Optimisation work flow button. Click on Define Budget tab
button.
The following screen will be displayed:

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The list of currently defined budget scenarios is displayed in the spreadsheet. The
user can add, edit, copy, or delete these budget scenarios.

„ Adding a new Budget Scenario

1 Click on Add Budget Scenario button.
The Budget Scenario Details screen will be displayed as shown below.

2 Enter a unique name to identify the Budget Scenario in reports, and a description if
required.
3 Using the Insert period (to insert a period at the current highlighted position in the list of
budget details) and Append period (to add a period to the end of the list) buttons, define
the budget periods required.

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The Start of year and End of year values are entered as relative years with respect to
the start year of the analysis. Therefore if you change the start year of the analysis
you do not have to update the budget periods as well.

Budget periods must be defined to cover the whole of the analysis period.

4 Click OK button to add the budget scenario to the programme/strategy analysis.

A summary of the budget scenario will be displayed in the spreadsheet display, and
the budget scenario will be marked as selected to be included in a budget scenario
analysis.

„ Editing a Budget Scenario

1 Highlight the Budget Scenario that requires editing
2 Click on Edit Budget Scenario button.
The Budget Scenario Details screen will be displayed as shown below.

3 Make the changes to the budget scenario as required.

4 Click on OK button to accept the changes.
The spreadsheet display will be updated as required. To reflect the changes in the
results, the budget scenario analysis must be performed again.

„ Performing a Budget Scenario Analysis and Viewing the Results

1 Select the budget scenarios that are to be included in the analysis, indicated by a tick in
the spreadsheet view of the list of budget scenario.
2 Click on Perform Budget Optimisation button.
The budget optimisation will be performed for each of the selected budget scenarios.
3 Click on Optimised Programme tab button to view the resulting programme of works
for the selected budget scenarios.
The works programme is displayed in a spreadsheet view as shown in the following
screen.

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By clicking on the Budget Scenario dropdown list the user can select to view the
results of each of the analysed budget scenarios, as well as the unconstrained
programme.

The results spreadsheet is colour coded to highlight the works that are programmed
for the same year. A change of colour indicated that the works are programmed for a
different year.

4 Click on Generate Reports and expand the reports section Programme & Strategy
Analysis
5 Select the Programme & Strategy Analysis report you wish to display and click on
Generate Report.
If appropriate, the report will be generated and will show the results of the analysis
sorted by budget scenario.

3.3 Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA)

A Multi-Criteria Analysis can be performed on any Project Analysis. The project data
are entered first and before running the MCA, the criteria are defined and the relative
weightings assigned.

If a sensitivity analysis has also been performed, the MCA will only be performed on
the base sensitivity scenario.

The criteria used for the MCA are as follows:

• Road User Costs (RUC)
• Net Present Value (NPV)
• Accident Analysis

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• Comfort
• Congestion
• Air Pollution
• Energy Efficiency
• Social Benefits, and
• Political

The user must select one of these to be the base criterion against which the relative
importance of the other selected criteria are judged. The base criterion must be the
least favoured criterion to be used in the MCA. The relative importance of each of the
selected criteria is stated using one of the following ranked options:
• 1 – Equally preferred
• 2 – Equally to moderately preferred
• 3 – Moderately preferred
• 4 – Moderately to strongly preferred
• 5 – Strongly preferred
• 6 – Strongly to very strongly preferred

If Social Benefits or Political criteria are selected, it is also necessary to delineate the
relative performance for each section alternative defined according to the following
scale:
• 1 – Major dissatisfaction
• 2 – Minor dissatisfaction
• 3 – Indifference
• 4 – Minor satisfaction
• 5 – Major satisfaction

If the Air Pollution criterion is selected, it is necessary to define the limiting values for
the environmental emissions modelled in HDM-4 Version 2.0

Performing MCA will rank the project alternatives or section alternatives, depending
upon the mode of analysis selected for the project, according to the selected criteria,
relative importance, and performance index. The performance indices for the criterion
are obtained from the results of the analysis except in the case of Social Benefits and
Political criteria, where the performance of each section alternative is ranked
manually. The highest rank, or score, indicated the most favoured alternative, given
the input data.

„ Defining and Running a Multi-Criteria Analysis

1 Click on Multi-Criteria Analysis work flow button. Click on MCA Setup tab button.

You can only go to the Multi Criteria Analysis screen after you have performed a
project analysis run successfully.

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The following screen will be displayed:

2 From the drop down list select the Base Criterion

3 From the main list select all the other criteria to be included in the analysis

The Air Pollution criterion can only be selected if the project analysis was performed
with the Emissions model included (see Setup Run screen).

4 Click on View/Edit Performance Indices to define the required performance indices.

The button will only be enabled if the user has selected Air Pollution, Social Benefits,
or Political indices.

The following screen will be shown for Social Benefit indices:

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For each of the section alternatives used, select from the drop down list a performance
index or accept the defaults.

The following screen will be shown for Air Pollution indices:

Define a limiting value for each of the listed environmental factors or accept the
defaults.

The following screen will be shown for the Political indices:

For each section alternative, select from the drop down list a performance index or
accept the defaults.
5 Click on the Start button to begin the analysis.

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The progress of the analysis will be indicated on the progress bar, and when complete
the following screen will be displayed:

❏ If Analysis by Project was performed:

The blue cell highlights the highest ranked project alternative
❏ If Analysis by Section was performed:
The blue cell in each row indicates the highest ranked alternative for each section.
6 After reviewing the results a report can be produced by clicking on Generate Reports
and expand the reports section Multi-Criteria Analysis
7 Select the Multi-Criteria Analysis report you wish to display and click on Generate
Report.

3.4 Estimation of Social Benefits

Social Benefits are associated with an improvement standard. When an improvement
is assigned to a section alternative the option to enter social benefits is enabled in the
new alternatives user interface. The social benefits are entered as;
• a description of the social benefit
• an initial cost or benefit that occurs in the first year after the improvement has been
completed
• a number of periods which define how the cost/benefit changes in subsequent years.

„ Specifying Social Benefits

1 After assigning an improvement standard to a section alternative the last column displays
a summary of the Social and Exogenous Benefits and Costs as shown in the screen
below.
❏ The check box indicates if the defined benefits and costs are to be included in the
analysis
❏ The text to the left of the check box displays the number of benefits and costs
defined, or “x” if undefined.

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2 To edit or view the benefits and costs click on the Edit button.
The following screen will be displayed.

3 Enter a description and the relative year the benefit and costs begin.
4 Click on Append Benefit to add a benefit, or Append Cost to add a cost associated with
the improvement. The Type field identifies if it is a cost or a benefit when viewed.
Enter a description to identify the social benefit/cost (or other exogenous benefit/cost).
Enter an initial benefit/cost which will be used in the analysis for the first year they are
applied.
5 Click on Add Period to define how the benefit/cost will progress over time.
The following screen will be displayed.

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Enter the relative start year for the benefit/cost, and the type of growth that will be
applied. Click on OK when finished.

There must be a period defined for year two to define how the benefit/cost grows after
the initial amount.

There must be at least one period defined in the following year in which an Actual
amount growth type is specified.

The periods apply to all of the defined benefits/costs.

6 Click on OK when all of the benefits/costs and periods have been defined.

3.5 Asset Valuation

An Asset Valuation analysis can be performed in all three analysis tools, Project,
Programme, and Strategy.

To perform an Asset Valuation, three main data items must be initialised:

1 Road Network: the road network must be assigned a currency, and each selected section
must have its asset attributes defined.
2 Maintenance Standards: Overlays, Reseals, and Reconstruction work items have an asset
value that needs to be defined for those assigned to section alternatives used in the
analysis.
3 Improvement Standards: Improvement Standards have an asset value that needs to be
defined for those assigned to section alternatives used in the analysis.

HDM-4 Version 2.0 supports two methods for determining the depreciation of the
asset value of the pavement layers over time:

„ Condition based: This method is based on the estimated terminal roughness and the
current year condition of the asset.
„ Production based: This method is based on the usage of the asset. For paved roads, this
uses the cumulative annual equivalent standard axle loads at the year of analysis
compared to the design equivalent axle loads. For gravel roads, the cumulative annual
gravel loss compared to the initial gravel thickness is used.

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A straight-line depreciation method is used for the valuation of bridges and structures;
footways, footpaths and cycle-ways; and traffic facilities, signs and road furniture.

The following sections provide a guide to initialising the required data to perform an
Asset Valuation as part of an analysis.

„ Setting up an Asset Valuation

1 From the Workspace expand the Road Networks and select the Road Network which is
used in the analysis. Click on Open or double-click the selected Road Network to open
it. On the main dialog click on Info.
The following dialog is displayed:

The dialog contains a section with the title Asset valuation that contains the relevant
attributes for asset valuation.
Select the Currency which will be used to define the value of the assets within the Road
Network.
Define the terminal roughness for each of the surface classes.
Click OK to accept the changes.

2 For each section to be included in the analysis, select the section and click Edit or
double-click on the selection. The section details will be displayed in the form editor.

Click on the Asset Valuation tab button. The following dialog will be displayed:

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❏ Enter the Replacement cost in the currency defined for the Road Network (also
displayed towards the bottom of the dialog).
❏ Select the method to be used for the valuation of the road pavement layers:
(a) If Condition based is selected the initial roughness and terminal roughness must be
defined.
(b) If Production based is selected the road pavement layer useful life and the age
must be defined in the spreadsheet.
❏ Enter the absolute year which is to be used to define the age of the assets.
❏ Enter the replacement cost percentage for each asset component.

The replacement cost percentages must sum to 100%.

❏ Enter the residual value as a percentage of the replacement cost for each asset
component.
❏ Enter the useful life in years for each asset component.
❏ Enter the age of each asset component in the year specified.
Click OK when the changes have been made.

3 For all of the Reseals, Overlays, and Pavement Reconstruction work items that may be
triggered during the analysis, open the work item and click on the Asset Valuation tab
button.
The following dialog will be displayed.

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❏ Enter the percentage residual value of the new work, and the useful life in years and
ESALs.
Click OK when the changes have been made.

4 For all of the improvement standards that may be triggered during the analysis, open the
standard and click on the Asset Valuation tab button.
The following dialog will be displayed.

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❏ Enter the cost of the asset components as a percentage of the new work.
❏ Enter the residual value of the new work as a percentage of the cost.
❏ Enter the useful life of the new work in years and ESALs where appropriate.
❏ Enter the percentage of the existing assets belonging to the section which will be
decommissioned as a result of having the improvement work applied.

Click OK when the changes have been made.

5 Open the required analysis by selecting it from the workspace. Click on the Define
Project Details work flow button, and click on the General tab button to display the
general details.

The general screen displays the network currency. It is necessary to enter a

conversion factor to enable this currency to be converted to the selected output
currency, as shown in the dialog below.

6 To enable the inclusion of the Asset Valuation in the analysis do one of the following to
display the run setup options:
❏ In Project Analysis click on Analyse Projects workflow button and then click on
the Setup Run tab button.
Or
❏ In Programme Analysis click on the Generate Programme workflow button and
then click on the Run Setup button.
Or
❏ In Strategy Analysis click on the Generate Strategy workflow button and then click
on the Run Setup button.

The run setup options will be displayed. Click on the Perform run with asset valuation
checkbox.

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7 Run the analysis to perform the asset valuation. View the asset valuation reports by
clicking on Generate Reports and expand the reports section Asset Valuation
8 Select the Asset Valuation report you wish to display and click on Generate Report.

3.6 Import Validation – Import Wizard

Importing data is now performed using the HDM-4 Import Wizard. This uses data
formatted in the Microsoft Access *.mdb file format. The Import Wizard has also
added the ability to validate the Road Network and Vehicle Fleet data as it is imported
into HDM-4 to ensure the data meets the requirements of HDM-4. This is especially
important with data that has been prepared by external applications or modified by
users outside of HDM-4.

The following section provides details of using the Import Wizard for validating Road
Network and Vehicle Fleet data.

„ Importing HDM-4 Road Network and Vehicle Fleets with Data Validation
1 On the Workspace window click on the Import button.
The Import Wizard dialog will open as shown below.

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❏ Enter the name and location of the HDM-4 Version 2.0 formatted mdb file into the
edit slot.
or
❏ Click on Browse button to select the file using the following dialog:

Highlight the required file and click on Open to select the file.

On the Import Wizard click on the Next button to continue. The Import Wizard will
attempt to open the file, and determine if it is a HDM-4 Version 2.0 formatted file,
and what HDM-4 data items the file contains. If successful the next dialog in the
Import Wizard will be displayed as shown below.

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The dialog shows the File Type and the HDM-4 item type identified in the file. It also
displays a default name for that item that will be used to create the item within the
current HDM-4 workspace.

The name of the item must be unique within the current workspace otherwise the
Import Wizard will prompt you to enter another name.

To perform data validation on the supported data items click on the Perform data
validation checkbox.

Click on Next to perform the validation of data (if selected) and importing of the data.

If no validation is to be performed the progress of the importing process will be shown

and the Import Wizard will report if the import was successful.

If validation is to be performed the Import Wizard will display the progress and status
of the data validation. If no errors where encountered during the validation the
importing of the data item will commence automatically and the Import Wizard will
report if the import was successful. If errors are discovered during the validation the
Import Wizard will display a summary of the errors, together with the list of errors in
the status area of the dialog as shown in the dialog below.

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Use the Next Error and Prev Error buttons to cycle through the errors found.
To save the validation report click on Save Report button.

When the errors have been corrected the Import Wizard can be run again to complete
the importing of data.

3.7 Updated Database Technology

Although HDM-4 Version 2.0 uses a newer version of the database for storing the
workspace data, it has little effect on the user of the software. One difference is in the
files that are used by the database that must be considered when backing up HDM-4
data, or moving the data to a new PC.

„ Backing up your HDM-4 Databases

Each database used to store the workspace data consists of the following:
❏ objects.dat
❏ objects.idx
❏ eventlog
❏ recovery

To backup the data the two files (objects.dat & objects.idx) should be copied, together
with the contents of the two directories eventlog and recovery.

When the files are placed on another PC, or the backup retrieved, the same directory
structure should be preserved.

After coping or retrieving the database files the read-only flag should not be set
otherwise HDM-4 will be unable to open the database.

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3.8 Re-design of New Section Facilities

New sections are now designed within the Work Standards folder of a Workspace.
The screen below shows the new Work Standards folder with the New Construction
Sections folder opened to show those that have already been defined.

„ Defining a New Section

Click on the New button and highlight New Construction Section as shown in the
screen below.

Click on OK
The New Construction Section dialog will be displayed. Enter the name for the new
construction section and select the Vehicle Fleet and Calibration Set the new section
will use.

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You can only use the new construction with a Road Network that uses the same
Vehicle Fleet as the one selected.

Click OK when the text and selections have been made. A dialog will be displayed
allowing you to create the new construction based on aggregate parameters.

Enter the required data and click Next when complete. The new construction section’s
detailed data will now be displayed. This should be reviewed and modified as required.

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Click on OK to accept the changes and store the New Construction Section in the
workspace.

„ Adding a New Construction Section to a Project Analysis

Open the Project Analysis and click on the Specify Alternatives work flow button.
Highlight the Project Alternative you wish to add the new section to on the right-hand
side of the display. Click on Add in the New Sections column of that Project
Alternative.

The New Construction Section Option dialog will be displayed.

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A list of New Construction Sections that are compatible with the current Project Analysis
will be displayed.
Select the required New Construction Section, enter the construction year, and select the
traffic growth set for this section.
Click on OK when complete. The New Construction Section Option will be added to the
Project Alternative. Assignments of Improvements and Maintenance Standards can be
performed in the same way as normal sections.

„ Remove a New Construction Section

Highlight the Project Alternative with the new section that is to be removed.

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Select the New Section in the right-hand display and click on the right mouse button to
display the context sensitive popup menu. Click on Remove New Section to remove the
new section.

3.9 Report Management

The report management functions are available on the “Reports” tab page of the study
user interface. By default the function buttons are not displayed as the organisation of
reports is not a common task. To display/hide the buttons click on the “Show report
management functions” checkbox.

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3.10 Intervention Editor

Users access the new intervention editor by selecting the “intervention” tab in the
work item or improvement dialog. The Editor has been designed to work in a similar
way to the existing responsive intervention editor in version 1.x, but has buttons to
facilitate the definition of AND/OR logic expressions.

3.11 Alternatives User-Interface

A new interface has been designed for the viewing and entering of the project/section
alternatives. The user-interface is similar in concept to the windows file explorer in
that the left-hand tree view is used for navigating the sections and alternatives that
have been defined, and the right-hand view displays the details. The right-hand side
view is sensitive to the selection that is made on the navigation view, and its content
therefore depends what the user has selected.

There is a small slider at the bottom of the dialog which has a pointer. This pointer
can be dragged left and right to adjust the relative size of the navigation and details
views.

The user-interface makes use of buttons and pop-up menus that are context sensitive,
that is, they change depending upon the selection the user has made in the navigation
view. By using pop-up menus as well as buttons the interface is able to present more
data without a large number of buttons. To access a context sensitive pop-up menu
move the mouse over the details view and click on the right-hand mouse button.

The first screenshot shows the interface with the root of the navigation view selected.
In the case of Analysis By Section this shows the list of sections selected for the
analysis. It also shows the number of alternatives defined for each of these sections.

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To view the details of an individual section either:

„ Click on the section’s name on the navigation view, or
„ Double click on the section’s row selection block in the details view.

The following screenshot shows the user-interface state when the user has selected an
individual section. The list of alternatives defined for the section is displayed,
together with a summary of the maintenance and improvements that have been
assigned to them.

To add a new alternative to the section, click on the Add alternative button.

To view the details of a section alternative either:

„ Click on the section alternative’s name on the navigation view, or
„ Double click on the section alternative’s row selection block in the details view.

From this view, copies of maintenance and improvement assignments that have been
made to a section alternative can be pasted to one or more other section alternatives
defined for this section.

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The following screenshot shows the user-interface state when a section alternative has
been selected. The details view is split into two, one displaying the maintenance
standards assigned, and the other showing the improvement standards assigned. The
user can use the buttons within this view to edit the assignments.

To view the brief details of a maintenance or improvement standard either:

„ Click on the maintenance/improvement assignment’s name on the navigation view, or
„ Double click on the maintenance/improvement assignment’s row selection block in the
details view.

The following screenshot shows the state of the user-interface when the user has
selected a maintenance standard assignment. The work items defined in the
maintenance standard are listed in the details view.

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This is a read-only view for information purposes only. If the user needs to edit any
of the work items or make any other additions to the maintenance standard, they must
do so by using the Workspace options. This is to reinforce the idea that the
maintenance standards are shared with all analyses defined in the workspace and are
not unique to the analysis being edited.

3.12 Post-Improvement Maintenance Standards

To assign a post-improvement Maintenance Standard the user must use the new
alternatives interface. Select the required Section Alternative in the left-hand side
navigation control. This will cause the section alternative’s assignments to be
displayed on the right-hand side. On the grid displaying the Improvement Standards
assigned to this section alternative click on the Add button in the Post Imp Maint Std
column. This will allow the user to select a Maintenance Standard to be used post-
improvement.

3.13 Temporary Exclusion of Sections from Study

When selecting a section for inclusion in a study, it is initially flagged as being
included in the study, and in the next run. The ‘inclusion status’ is indicated via
‘ticks’ in the corresponding columns in the user interface. If the user subsequently
excludes the section from the run (by ‘un-ticking’ the appropriate tick-box), then the
section’s assignments are not lost (as was the case in version 1.x), and become active
again once the section is re-selected. If the user excludes/removes the section from
the study, then all assignments are lost.

This option is enabled in Project Analysis only, and is shown in the window shown
below. To exclude the section, click in the Include in Analysis column for the
appropriate section.

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3.14 Calibration Sets

Calibration sets are displayed by expanding the Configuration branch in a workspace.

To add a new calibration set to the workspace click on Add. Select Calibration Set
from the options and click on OK. A new calibration set will be created and
displayed in a window. Initially the calibration set will not have any calibration items
for any of the surface classes, and it is the user’s responsibility to add those that are
required.

To add a new calibration item, first select the surface class desired by clicking on the
appropriate tab along the top, Bituminous, Concrete, or Unsealed. Finally click on
New Item.

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A new calibration item with a default name and default parameters will be added to
the grid. The user should modify the name to something appropriate, and review the
calibration item’s attributes as required.

3.15 Improved Configuration - Accident Classes

Accident classes are viewed by expanding the Accident Classes branch in the
Configuration branch of a workspace.

To add a new Accident Class click on Add. In the window that is displayed select
Accident Class from the list of options and click on OK. A new accident class will
be created. The user should enter a unique name for the accident class and enter
appropriate values for the attributes. Click on OK to save the accident class to the
workspace.

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3.16 HDM-4 Version 2.0 Options Tool

The HDM-4 Version 2.0 Options Tool allows the user to change and view certain
default directories and settings that are used by HDM-4. The main screen is shown
below. The HDM-4 Version 2.0 Options Tool is found in the windows HDM-4
Version 2 programme group.

Clicking on About will display details about the components that are installed along
with HDM-4 Version 2.0 as shown in the window below.

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To change one of the default directories, either enter the new directory path into the
appropriate edit slot, or click on the required Browse button. This will display the
window that will allow the user to navigate through the available windows directories
and select the required path. Click on OK once the correct selection has been made.

3.17 HDM-4 Version 2.0 Database Tool

The HDM-4 Version 2.0 Database tool enables the user to perform certain operations
on a workspace and to obtain information about the data stored in the selected
workspace.

ƒ Update the database: This option will be used to update the database from
previous versions. (Note – support for previous acceptance test workspaces is
NOT supported in the final release version of HDM-4 Version 2.0).

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ƒ Reorganise the database: This option recovers unused storage space in the
workspace and can help to reduce the storage space required for the
workspace.

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4 Nomenclature
A nomenclature explaining any special numbering, markings, etc., that are associated
with the HDM-4 suite of documents is included in Part H of the Analytical
Framework and Model Descriptions - Volume 4.

A glossary of terms is included in Part I of the Analytical Framework and Model

Descriptions - Volume 4 describing the use of phrases found in the HDM-4
documentation.

5 References

Saaty, Thomas L. (1980)

The Analytic Hierarchy Process. McGraw Hill.

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