Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2.1
Figure 2.1 Tasks involved in sending a letter
2.2
2-2 THE OSI MODEL
Established in 1947, the International Standards
Organization (ISO) is a multinational body dedicated to
worldwide agreement on international standards. An ISO
standard that covers all aspects of network
communications is the Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) model. It was first introduced in the late 1970s.
2.3
Note
2.4
Figure 2.2 Seven layers of the OSI model
2.5
Figure 2.3 The interaction between layers in the OSI model
2.6
Figure 2.4 An exchange using the OSI model
2.7
A LAYERED NETWORK MODEL
The OSI Reference Model is composed of seven layers, each specifying
particular network functions.
The process of breaking up the functions or tasks of networking into
layers reduces complexity.
Each layer provides a service to the layer above it in the protocol
specification.
Each layer communicates with the same layer’s software or hardware
on other computers.
The lower 4 layers (transport, network, data link and physical —Layers
4, 3, 2, and 1) are concerned with the flow of data from end to end
through the network.
The upper four layers of the OSI model (application, presentation and
session—Layers 7, 6 and 5) are orientated more toward services to the
applications.
Data is Encapsulated with the necessary protocol information as it
moves down the layers before network transit.
THE SEVEN OSI REFERENCE MODEL LAYERS
Physical Layer
The physical layer is responsible for movements of
individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.
The Physical layer is also concerned with the following:
Physical characteristics of interfaces and medium
Representation of bits.
Data rate
Synchronization of bits
Line configuration
Physical topology
Transmission mode
2.10
Figure 2.5 Physical layer
2.11
Data link layer
2.12
Figure 2.6 Data link layer
2.13
Figure 2.7 Hop-to-hop delivery
2.14
Network Layer
The network is responsible for the delivery of individual
packets from the source host to the destination host.
Whereas the data link layer oversees the delivery of the packet
Routing
2.15
Figure 2.8 Network layer
2.16
Figure 2.9 Source-to-destination delivery
2.17
Transport Layer
The transport layer is responsible for process-to-process delivery
of the entire message.
A process is an application program running on a host. Whereas
Connection control
Flow control
Error control
2.18
Figure 2.10 Transport layer
2.19
Figure 2.11 Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message
2.20
Session Layer
The session layer is the network dialog controller.
It establishes, maintains, and synchronizes the interaction among
communicating systems.
Specific responsibilities of the session layer include the following:
Dialog control
Synchronization
2.21
Figure 2.12 Session layer
2.22
Presentation Layer
The presentation layer is concerned with the syntax and
semantics of the information exchanged between two
systems
If necessary, the presentation layer translates between multiple
Encryption
Compression
2.23
Figure 2.13 Presentation layer
2.24
Application Layer
The application layer enables the user, whether human or
software, to access the network.
It provides user interfaces and support for services such as
Mail services
Directory services
2.25
Figure 2.14 Application layer
2.26
OSI in Action
A message begins at the top
application layer and moves down the
OSI layers to the bottom physical
layer.
As the message descends, each
successive OSI model layer adds a
header to it.
A header is layer-specific information
that basically explains what functions
the layer carried out.
Conversely, at the receiving end,
headers are striped from the message
as it travels up the corresponding
layers.
Figure 2.15 Summary of layers
2.28
TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
2.29
TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
• The TCPIIP protocol suite was developed prior to the OSI model.
Therefore.the layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly
match those in the OSI model.
• The original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as having four layers:
host-to-network, internet, transport, and application. However, when
TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that the TCP/IP protocol suite
is made of five layers: physical, data link, network, transport, and
application.
• The first four layers provide physical standards, network
interfaces, internetworking, and transport functions that
correspond to the first four layers of the OSI model.
• The three topmost layers in the OSI model,however, are represented in
TCPIIP by a single layer called the application layer
2.30
Figure 2.16 TCP/IP and OSI model
2.31
Physical and Data Link Layers
At the physical and data link layers, TCPIIP does not define
2.32
Transport Layer
Traditionally the transport layer was represented in TCP/IP by
two protocols: TCP and UDP. IP is a host-to-host protocol,
meaning that it can deliver a packet from one physical device to
another. UDP and TCP are transport level protocols responsible
for delivery of a message from a process to another process.
A new transport layer protocol, SCTP, has been devised to meet
2.33