Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors and Inductors
Vishal Jethva
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Chap. 6, Capacitors and Inductors
• Introduction
• Capacitors
• Series and Parallel Capacitors
• Inductors
• Series and Parallel Inductors
6.1 Introduction
• Resistor: a passive element which dissipates
energy only
• Two important passive linear circuit elements:
1) Capacitor
2) Inductor
• Capacitor and inductor can store energy only
and they can neither generate nor dissipate
energy.
Michael Faraday (1971-1867)
6.2 Capacitors
• A capacitor consists of two conducting plates

separated by an insulator (or dielectric). εA
C
d
   r 0
 0  8.854 10 12 (F/m)
εA
C
d
• Three factors affecting the value of
capacitance:
1. Area: the larger the area, the greater the
capacitance.
2. Spacing between the plates: the smaller the
spacing, the greater the capacitance.
3. Material permittivity: the higher the permittivity,
the greater the capacitance.
Fig 6.4
(a) Polyester capacitor, (b) Ceramic capacitor, (c) Electrolytic capacitor
Fig 6.5
Variable capacitors
Fig 6.3
Fig 6.2
Charge in Capacitors
• The relation between the charge in plates and
the voltage across a capacitor is given below.
q  Cv
q Linear
1F  1 C/V Nonlinear
Voltage Limit on a Capacitor
• Since q=Cv, the plate charge increases as the
voltage increases. The electric field intensity
between two plates increases. If the voltage
across the capacitor is so large that the field
intensity is large enough to break down the
insulation of the dielectric, the capacitor is out
of work. Hence, every practical capacitor has a
maximum limit on its operating voltage.
I-V Relation of Capacitor
dq dv
+ i q  Cv, i  C
C
dt dt
v
Physical Meaning
+
dv i
iC C
dt v
-
• when v is a constant voltage, then i=0; a constant
voltage across a capacitor creates no current through
the capacitor, the capacitor in this case is the same as
an open circuit.
• If v is abruptly changed, then the current will have an
infinite value that is practically impossible. Hence, a
capacitor is impossible to have an abrupt change in
its voltage except an infinite current is applied.
Fig 6.7
• A capacitor is an open circuit to dc.
• The voltage on a capacitor cannot change
abruptly.
Abrupt change
dv 1 t +
 v()  0 
i
iC v(t )   idt
dt C  v C
1 t
v(t )   idt  v(to )
C to
 v(to)  q(to) / C  -
• The charge on a capacitor is an integration of

current through the capacitor. Hence, the
memory effect counts.
Energy Storing in Capacitor
dv
p  vi  Cv
dt
t t dv v (t ) 1 2
w   pdt  C  v dt  C v (  ) vdv  Cv v (t )
v (  )
dt 2
1
w(t )  Cv (t )
2
( v( )  0) + i
2 C
v
q 2 (t )
w(t )  -
2C
17
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Model of Practical Capacitor
Example 6.1
(a) Calculate the charge stored on a 3-pF
capacitor with 20V across it.
(b) Find the energy stored in the capacitor.
Example 6.1
Solution:
q  Cv,
(a) Since
12
q  3  10  20  60pC
(b) The energy stored is

1 2 1 12
w  Cv   3  10  400  600pJ
2 2
Example 6.2
• The voltage across a 5- F capacitor is
v(t )  10 cos 6000t V
Calculate the current through it.

Solution:
• By definition, the current is
dv 6 d
iC  5  10 (10 cos 6000t )
dt dt
 5 10 6  6000 10 sin 6000t  0.3 sin 6000t A
Example 6.3
• Determine the voltage across a 2-F capacitor
if the currenti (through
t )  6e it is mA
3000t
Assume that the initial capacitor voltage is

zero. v  1 t idt  v(0) and v(0)  0,
Solution:1 C 0

t 3000 t 3  10 3000t t
3
6 0
v
• Since 6 e 3
dt  10  e
2  10  3000 0
3000t
 (1  e )V
Example 6.4
• Determine the current through a 200- F
capacitor whose voltage is shown in Fig 6.9.
Example 6.4
Solution:
• The voltage waveform can be described
mathematically as
 50t V 0  t 1
 100  50t V 1 t  3
v(t )  
 200  50t V 3t  4

 0 otherwise
Example 6.4
• Since i = C dv/dt and C = 200 F, we take the
derivative of to obtain
 50 0  t  1  10mA 0  t 1
6  50 1  t  3  10mA 1 t  3
i (t )  200  10   
50 3  t  4 10mA 3t  4
 
 0 otherwise  0 otherwise
• Thus the current waveform is shown in

Fig.6.10.
Example 6.4
Example 6.5
• Obtain the energy stored in each capacitor in
Fig. 6.12(a) under dc condition.
Example 6.5
Solution:
• Under dc condition, we replace each capacitor
with an open circuit.
3 By current division,
i (6mA)  2mA
3 2 4
 v1  2000i  4 V, v 2  4000i  8 V
1 1 3
 w1  C1v1  (2  10 )(4)  16mJ
2 2
2 2
1 1 3
w2  C2 v2  (4  10 )(8)  128mJ
2 2
2 2
Fig 6.14
Ceq  C1  C2  C3  ....  C N
6.3 Series and Parallel Capacitors
i  i1  i2  i3  ...  iN
dv dv dv dv
i  C1  C2  C3  ...  C N
dt dt dt dt
 N
 dv dv
   C K   Ceq
 k 1  dt dt
Ceq  C1  C2  C3  ....  C N
• The equivalent capacitance of N parallel-
connected capacitors is the sum of the
individual capacitance.
Fig 6.15
1 1 1 1 1
    ... 
Ceq C1 C2 C3 CN
Series Capacitors
v(t )  v1 (t )  v2 (t )  ...  v N (t )
1 t 1 1 1 1 t
Ceq id  ( C1  C2  C3  ...  CN )id
q(t ) q (t ) q (t ) q (t )
  
Ceq C1 C2 CN
• The equivalent capacitance of series-connected

capacitors is the reciprocal of the sum of the
reciprocals of the individual capacitances.
1 1 1 C1C2
  Ceq 
Ceq C1 C2 C1  C2
Summary
• These results enable us to look the capacitor
in this way: 1/C has the equivalent effect as
the resistance. The equivalent capacitor of
capacitors connected in parallel or series can
be obtained via this point of view, so is the Y-△
connection and its transformation
Example 6.6
• Find the equivalent capacitance seen between
terminals a and b of the circuit in Fig 6.16.
Example 6.6
Solution:
20  F and 5  F capacitors are in series:
20  5
  4 F
20  5
 4  F capacitor is in parallel with the 6  F
and 20  F capacitors:
 4  6  20  30F
 30  F capacitor is in series with
the 60  F capacitor.
30  60
Ceq  F  20F
30  60
Example 6.7
• For the circuit in Fig 6.18, find the voltage
across each capacitor.
Example 6.7
Example 6.7
Solution:
• Two parallel capacitors: 1
 Ceq  1 1 1 mF  10mF
 
60 30 20
• Total charge
3
q  Ceq v  10  10  30  0.3 C
• This is the charge on the 20-mF and 30-mF

capacitors, because they are in series with the 30-v
source. ( A crude way to see this is to imagine that
charge acts like current, since i = dq/dt)
• Therefore,
Example 6.7
q 0.3
v1   3
 15 V,
C1 20  10
q 0 .3
v2   3
 10 V
C2 30  10
• Having determined v1 and v2, we now
use KVL to determine v3 by
v3  30  v1  v2  5V
• Alternatively, since the 40-mF and 20-mF
capacitors are in parallel, they have the same
voltage v3 and their combined capacitance is
40+20=60mF. q 0.3
 v3   3
 5V
60mF 60  10
Joseph Henry (1979-1878)
6.4 Inductors
• An inductor is made of a coil of conducting

wire
N A
2
L
l
Fig 6.22
N 2 A
L
l
   r 0
 0  4 10 7 (H/m)
N : number of turns.
l :length.
A:cross  sectional area.
 : permeability of the core
Fig 6.23
(a) air-core
(b) iron-core
(c) variable iron-core
Flux in Inductors
• The relation between the flux in inductor and
the current through the inductor is given
below.   Li
ψ Linear
1H  1 Weber/A
Nonlinear
Energy Storage Form
• An inductor is a passive element designed to
store energy in the magnetic field while a
capacitor stores energy in the electric field.
I-V Relation of Inductors
• An inductor consists i
of a coil of +
conducting wire.d di
v L v
L
dt dt
-
Physical Meaning
d di
v L
dt dt
• When the current through an inductor is a constant,
then the voltage across the inductor is zero, same as
a short circuit.
• No abrupt change of the current through an inductor
is possible except an infinite voltage across the
inductor is applied.
• The inductor can be used to generate a high voltage,
for example, used as an igniting element.
Fig 6.25
• An inductor are like a short circuit to dc.
• The current through an inductor cannot
change instantaneously.
1 1 t
di  vdt i   v(t ) dt
L L  +
v
1 t
i   v(t )dt  i (to )
L
L to -
The inductor has memory.
Energy Stored in an Inductor
 di 
P  vi   L  i +
 dt 
t t  di  v
L
w   pdt    L idt
 dt  -
i (t ) 1 2 1 2
 L i (  ) i di  Li (t )  Li () i ()  0,
• The energy stored in2an inductor2
1 2
w(t )  Li (t )
2
Model of a Practical Inductor
Example 6.8
• The current through a 0.1-H inductor is i(t) =
10te-5t A. Find the voltage across the inductor
and the energy stored in it.
Solution: di
Since v  L and L  0.1H,
dt
d
v  0.1 (10te 5t )  e 5t  t (5)e 5t  e 5t (1  5t )V
dt
The energy stored is
1 2 1
w  Li  (0.1)100t 2 e 10t  5t 2 e 10t J
2 2
Example 6.9
• Find the current through
30t 2 , at 5-H
 0 inductor if the
v(t )itis
voltage across  0, t0
Also find the energy stored within 0 < t < 5s.

Assume i(0)=0.
1 t
Solution: Since i  t v(t )dt  i (t0 ) and L  5H.
L 0
1 t 2 t3
i  0 30t dt  0  6   2t 3 A
5 3
Example 6.9
The power p  vi  60t , and the energy stored is then
5
6
5 t 5
w   pdt  0 60t dt  60
5
 156.25 kJ
60
Alternatively, we can obtain the energy stored using
Eq.(6.13), by writing
1 2 1
w(5)  w(0)  Li (5)  Li (0)
2 2
1
 (5)(2  5 )  0  156.25 kJ
3 2
2
as obtained before.
Example 6.10
• Consider the circuit in
Fig 6.27(a). Under dc
conditions, find:
(a) i, vC, and iL.
(b) the energy stored
in the capacitor and
inductor.
Example 6.10
Solution:
(a ) Under dc condition : capacitor  open circuit
inductor  short circuit
12
i  iL   2 A, vc  5i  10 V
1 5
(b) 1 1
wc  Cvc  (1)(10 )  50J,
2
2
2 2
1 2 1
wL  Li  (2)(2 )  4J
2
2 2
Inductors in Series
Leq  L1  L2  L3  ...  LN
Inductors in Parallel
1 1 1 1
  
Leq L1 L2 LN
6.5 Series and Parallel Inductors
• Applying KVL to the loop,

v  v1  v2  v3  ...  vN
• Substituting vk = Lk di/dt results in
di di di di
v  L1  L2  L3  ...  LN
dt dt dt di dt
 ( L1  L2  L3  ...  LN )
dt
 N
 di di
   LK   Leq
 K 1  dt dt
Leq  L1  L2  L3  ...  LN
Parallel Inductors
i  i1  i2  i3  ...  iN
• Using KCL, 1 t
ik  t vdt  ik (t0 )
• But Lk o
1 t 1 t 1 t
 i  t vdt  i1 (t0 )  t vdt  is (t0 )  ...   vdt  iN (t0 )
L k
0
L 2
0 L t
N
0
1 1 1 t
    ...   t vdt  i1 (t0 )  i2 (t0 )  ...  iN (t0 )
 L1 L2 LN  0
N 1t N
1 t
    t vdt   ik (t0 )   vdt  i (t0 )
 k 1 Lk  Leq
0 t 0
k 1
• The inductor in various connection has the
same effect as the resistor. Hence, the Y-Δ
transformation of inductors can be similarly
derived.
Table 6.1
Example 6.11
• Find the equivalent inductance of the circuit
shown in Fig. 6.31.
Example 6.11
• Solution:
Series : 20H, 12H, 10H
 42H
Parallel : 7  42
 6H
7  42
 Leq  4  6  8  18H
Practice Problem 6.11
Example 6.12
10t
• Find the circuit in Fig. 6.33, i (t )  4(2  e )mA.
If i2 (0)  1 mA, find : (a) i (0) 1
(b) v(t ), v1 (t ), and v2 (t );(c) i1 (t ) and i2 (t )
Example 6.12
Solution: 10 t
(a ) i (t )  4( 2  e )mA  i (0)  4(2  1)  4mA.
 i1 (0)  i (0)  i2 (0)  4  (1)  5mA
(b) The equivalentinductanceis
Leq  2  4 || 12  2  3  5H
di 10 t 10 t
 v(t )  Leq  5(4)(1)(10)e mV  200e mV
dt
di 10 t 10 t
v1 (t )  2  2(4)(10)e mV  80e mV
dt
10 t
 v2 (t )  v(t )  v1(t )  120e mV
Example 6.12
1 t
(c) i  0 v(t ) dt  i (0) 
L
1 t 120 t 10t
i1 (t )  0 v2 dt  i1 (0)   e dt  5 mA
4 4 0
10 t t
 3e  5 mA  3e 10t  3  5  8  3e 10t mA
0
1 t 120 t 10t
i2 (t )  0 v2 dt  i2 (0)   e dt  1mA
12 12 0
10 t t 10 t 10 t

 e  1mA  e  1  1  e mA
0
Note that i1 (t )  i2 (t )  i (t )

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Capacitors and Inductors

• A capacitor consists of two conducting plates

(a) Polyester capacitor, (b) Ceramic capacitor, (c) Electrolytic capacitor

• The charge on a capacitor is an integration of

(b) The energy stored is

Calculate the current through it.

Assume that the initial capacitor voltage is

• Thus the current waveform is shown in

• The equivalent capacitance of series-connected

• This is the charge on the 20-mF and 30-mF

• An inductor is made of a coil of conducting

The inductor has memory.

Also find the energy stored within 0 < t < 5s.

• Applying KVL to the loop,

(b) v(t ), v1 (t ), and v2 (t );(c) i1 (t ) and i2 (t )

10 t t 10 t 10 t

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