Pumps

Dr. Mohsin Siddique

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Pumps

Pumps convert mechanical energy to fluid energy

A pump usually refers to a machine used for incompressible fluids

(water, oil); fans, blowers

Types of pumps

Positive displacement

Centrifugal pump

Axial flow pump

Mixed flow pump

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Pumps: Types

Positive Displacement Pump

These types of pumps displace fixed

volumes of fluid during each cycle or
revolution of the pump.

No longer used for distribution system

pumping in most water systems, but
portable units may be used for
dewatering excavations during
construction.

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Pumps: Types

Centrifugal Pump

Frequently used in water
distribution systems.

Water enters the pump through

the eye of the spinning impeller
and goes outward from the
vanes to discharge pipe.

A centrifugal pump consists of: a

rotating element (impeller) and
housing which encloses the
impeller and seals the
pressurized liquid.

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Pumps: Types

Axial Flow pumps

In axial-flow pumps, the flow
enters and leaves the pump
chamber along the axis of the
impeller, as shown in Figure

In mixed flow pumps,

outflows have both radial and
axial components.

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Pumps: Types

(a) Typical centrifugal pump installation. (b) Typical axial-flow pump installation.

The pumps illustrated in Figure are both single-stage pumps, which means
that they have only one impeller.

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Pumps: Types

In multistage pumps, two or more impellers are arranged in series in such a

way that the discharge from one impeller enters the eye of the next
impeller. These types of pumps are typically used when large pumping heads
are required.
TDH

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Head Developed by Pump

Head developed by a pump. In this case ps/γ is negative.

The net head h delivered by the pump to the fluid

 pd Vd2   ps Vs2 
h = H d − H s =  + + z d  −  + + z s 
 γ 2g   γ 2g 
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Performance of Pump

Head and Capacity (Q)

BHP (Brake Horsepower) and Capacity

Efficiency and Capacity

NPSH and Capacity

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Pump Curve vs System Curve

With increasing discharge (Q) head losses (hL) in pipeline increase

and at the same time head provided (h) by pump reduce.

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Specific Speed

For pumps, the commonly used definition of specific speed (also called
shape number), ns , is given by

where any consistent set of units can be used. In SI units, w is in rpm, Q in

m3/s, g in m/s2, and hp in meters.

It is common practice in the United States to define the specific speed,

Ns, as

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 Problem:

It is desired to deliver 100L/s at a head of 270m with a single stage pump.

(a). What would be the minimum rotative speed that could be used.
Assuming that the minimum practical specific speed, Ns, is 10.

(b). For the conditions of (a) how many stages must the pump (Ns=10)
have if a rotative speed of 600 rpm is to be used.
3/ 4
ωQ1/ 2 N s hp
a. Ns = 3/ 4
⇒ω =
hp Q1 / 2
3/ 4
10(270)
ω= 1/ 2
= 2106 rpm
(100 / 1000)
b. 1/ 2
3/ 4 ωQ1/ 2 600(0.1)
hp = = = 19
Ns 10
Total Reqd. Stages=270/50.6=5.34
h p = 50.6m per stage 6 stage are required

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Problem:

Determine the specific speed of a pump that is to deliver 125L/s against a

head of 45m with a rotative speed of 600rpm.

1/ 2
ωQ1/ 2 600(125 / 1000)
Ns = 3/ 4
⇒ω = = 12.2
hp (45)3 / 4

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Total Dynamic Head

To determine the size of the pump, one must know the total dynamic head
that the pump is expected to provide.

Total dynamic head (TDH) consists of

The difference between the center line of the pump and the height to
which water must be raised.

The difference between the suction pool elevation and centerline of the
pump

Frictional losses in the pump and fitting

Velocity head

Mathematically, it can be written as;
TDH=Hs + HL + Hv

Hs= Total static head (difference between elevations of pumping source and point of delivery

HL = Friction losses in pipes and fittings

Hv= Velocity head due to pumping

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Total Dynamic Head (Head Added by Pump)

If a pump has been selected, Bernoulli’s equation can be rearranged to solve

for the head added by a pump

P2 − P1 V22 − V12
ha = + + (Z 2 − Z1 ) + h f
γ γ

Where,
ha=head added by pump (TDH)
hf= head loss in attached pipe and fittings
P=Atmospheric pressure
V=velocity
Z=elevation

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 Head Added by Pump

A pump is being used to deliver 35gpm of

hot water from a tank through 50feet of 1-
inch diameter smooth pipe, exiting
through a ½ inch nozzle 10 feet above the
level of tank. The head loss due to friction 10’ 50’
in the pipe is 26.7 feet. The specific weight
of water is 60.6 lb/ft3. Determine the head
added by pump.

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 e

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 1  e / D 5.74 
= −2 log + 0.9 
f  3.7 Re 

e/ D
e

e/ D
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e/ D
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Cavitation

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Cavitation

For any operating pump, a

cavitation parameter, σ, is defined
by the relation

where hp is the head added by the

pump.
For all pumps, there is a critical value
of the cavitation parameter, σc below
which cavitation in the pump can be
expected to occur.
This critical value of the cavitation
parameter is usually provided by the
pump manufacturer and generally
places a limit on the operating range Values of σc as a function of
of the pump specific speed
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Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)

• The absolute dynamic head at the pump inlet (suction) in

excess of the vapor pressure
Cavitation

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Cavitation

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Calculation of the theoretical required
power of a pump

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Calculation for Pump Efficiency

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Pump Power and Efficiency

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Pumps in Series and Parallel

Pumps can be arranged in serial or parallel to provide an

additional head or flow rate capacity.
Pumps in Series

When two (or more) pumps are arranged in serial their

resulting pump performance curve is obtained by adding
their heads at the same flow rate as indicated in the figure below.

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Pumps in Parallel

When two or more pumps are arranged in parallel their

resulting performance curve is obtained by adding their
flowrates at the same head as indicated in the figure below.

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Variable Speed Pump (Affinity law)
 Thank You

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