You are on page 1of 99




 
 


:DOGHQ8QLYHUVLW\



&ROOHJHRI6RFLDODQG%HKDYLRUDO6FLHQFHV




7KLVLVWRFHUWLI\WKDWWKHGRFWRUDOGLVVHUWDWLRQE\


9L\D.XPDUL6LYDJXUX$\DGXUDL


KDVEHHQIRXQGWREHFRPSOHWHDQGVDWLVIDFWRU\LQDOOUHVSHFWV
DQGWKDWDQ\DQGDOOUHYLVLRQVUHTXLUHGE\
WKHUHYLHZFRPPLWWHHKDYHEHHQPDGH

5HYLHZ&RPPLWWHH
'U/HVOLH%DUQHV<RXQJ&RPPLWWHH&KDLUSHUVRQ3V\FKRORJ\)DFXOW\
'U'DYLG<HOOV&RPPLWWHH0HPEHU3V\FKRORJ\)DFXOW\
'U$QQH0RUULV8QLYHUVLW\5HYLHZHU3V\FKRORJ\)DFXOW\






&KLHI$FDGHPLF2IILFHU
(ULF5LHGHO3K'



:DOGHQ8QLYHUVLW\






$EVWUDFW

:RUN/LIH%DODQFH:RUN6WXG\,QWHUIDFH*HQGHU6WUHVVDQG6DWLVIDFWLRQRI2QOLQH

6WXGHQWV

E\

9L\D.XPDUL6LYDJXUX$\DGXUDL

062&8QLYHUVLW\RI6RXWK$XVWUDOLD

%6F +RQV 2SHQ8QLYHUVLW\8QLWHG.LQJGRP

'LVVHUWDWLRQ6XEPLWWHGLQ3DUWLDO)XOILOOPHQW

RIWKH5HTXLUHPHQWVIRUWKH'HJUHHRI

'RFWRURI3KLORVRSK\

3V\FKRORJ\

:DOGHQ8QLYHUVLW\

$XJXVW



$EVWUDFW

7KHUHLVDOLNHOLKRRGRIVWUHVVLQZRUNLQJVWXGHQWV¶VWUXJJOHVWRPDQDJHZRUNIDPLO\

VWXGLHVDQGSHUVRQDOOLIH\HWOLWWOHLVNQRZQDERXWGLIIHUHQFHVLQVWUHVVOHYHOVEHWZHHQ

PDOHDQGIHPDOHRQOLQHVWXGHQWV3UHYLRXVVWXGLHVVXJJHVWHGWKDWPRUHPHQWKDQZRPHQ

EDODQFHGZRUNDQGIDPLO\RZLQJWRZRPHQ¶VDV\PPHWULFDOIDPLO\UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV7KH

SXUSRVHRIWKLVVWXG\ZDVWRH[DPLQHWKHPRGHUDWLQJHIIHFWVRIJHQGHURQWKH

UHODWLRQVKLSVRIZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV

DQGWKHLUSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIH,QWKLVTXDQWLWDWLYHVWXG\WKH

WKHRUHWLFDOIUDPHZRUNLQFOXGHGVRFLDOUROHWKHRU\DQGVSLOORYHUWKHRU\$FRQYHQLHQFH

VDPSOHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV DJHG±\HDUV SDUWLFLSDWHGLQDQRQOLQH

VXUYH\3DUWLFSDQWVFRPSOHWHGDGHPRJUDSKLFVXUYH\ZRUNOLIHEDODQFHVFDOHZRUNVWXG\

LQWHUIDFHVFDOHSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVVFDOHDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHVFDOH&ROOHFWHGGDWDZHUH

DQDO\]HGXVLQJUHJUHVVLRQDQDO\VLV7KHUHVXOWVLQGLFDWHGWKDWLQERWKZRUNOLIHEDODQFH

DQGZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHZRUNLQJIHPDOHRQOLQHVWXGHQWVKDGKLJKHUOHYHOVRISHUFHLYHG

VWUHVVWKDQPDOHVDQGZRPHQKDGDORZHUOHYHORIVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHWKDQPHQLQ

ZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFH8QGHUVWDQGLQJVSLOORYHUH[SHULHQFHVDQGJHQGHUVRFLDOUROHVRI

ZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVLQWKHLUZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHPD\OHDGWR

SRVLWLYHVRFLDOFKDQJHE\SURYLGLQJXVHIXOLQIRUPDWLRQIRUSROLF\PDNHUVWRVXSSRUW

RQOLQHVWXGHQWV7KHVWXG\PD\DOVRSURYLGHDQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHG\QDPLFRIWKH

ZRUNOLIHVWXG\EDODQFHIRUWKHVWXGHQWVWKHPVHOYHV

 





:RUN/LIH%DODQFH:RUN6WXG\,QWHUIDFH*HQGHU6WUHVVDQG6DWLVIDFWLRQRI2QOLQH

6WXGHQWV

E\

9L\D.XPDUL6LYDJXUX$\DGXUDL

062&8QLYHUVLW\RI6RXWK$XVWUDOLD

%6F +RQV 2SHQ8QLYHUVLW\8QLWHG.LQJGRP

'LVVHUWDWLRQ6XEPLWWHGLQ3DUWLDO)XOILOOPHQW

RIWKH5HTXLUHPHQWVIRUWKH'HJUHHRI

'RFWRURI3KLORVRSK\

3V\FKRORJ\

:DOGHQ8QLYHUVLW\

$XJXVW






ProQuest Number: 10839094




All rights reserved

INFORMATION TO ALL USERS
The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted.

In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript
and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed,
a note will indicate the deletion.






ProQuest 10839094

Published by ProQuest LLC (2018 ). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author.


All rights reserved.
This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code
Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC.


ProQuest LLC.
789 East Eisenhower Parkway
P.O. Box 1346
Ann Arbor, MI 48106 - 1346

'HGLFDWLRQ

'HGLFDWHGWRP\SDUHQWVIDWKHU0U6$'XUDLDQGPRWKHU0UV-H\DOD[PL6

$'XUDLDQGVLVWHUVWKH'XUDL7ZLQVIRUDOOWKHPHPRUDEOHH[SHULHQFHVDQGLQYDOXDEOH

NQRZOHGJH,JRWWHQIURPWKHP,ZRXOGDOVROLNHWRGHGLFDWHWRP\VXSHUYLVRUV

&KDLUSHUVRQ'U/HVOLH(%DUQHV<RXQJDQG&RPPLWWHH0HPEHU'U'DYLG<HOOVIRU

WKHLUH[SHUWLVHDQGPRWLYDWLRQLQVXSSRUWLQJP\SXUVXLWLQFRPSOHWLQJP\GLVVHUWDWLRQ



$FNQRZOHGJPHQWV

,ZRXOGOLNHWRWKDQNP\&KDLU'U/HVOLH(%DUQHV<RXQJDQG&RPPLWWHH

0HPEHU'U'DYLG<HOOVIRUWKHLUH[SHUWLVHJXLGDQFHDQGHQFRXUDJHPHQWWKDWKDGEHHQ

DJUHDWVXSSRUWLQWKHFRPSOHWLRQRIP\GLVVHUWDWLRQ,ZRXOGDOVROLNHWRWKDQNP\

PRWKHU0UV-H\DOD[PL6$'XUDLZKRKDGEHHQDFRQVWDQWLQVSLUDWLRQDQGPRWLYDWRU

IRUP\VWXG\$VJUHDWSLOODUVRIVWUHQJWKEHVLGHPHP\WZLQVLVWHUV6KDQWL'XUDLDQG

9DVDQWL'XUDLVHUYHGDVP\OHIWDQGULJKWVXSSRUWDQGFDUHWKURXJKRXWWKLVVWXG\0\

GDXJKWHU6KDQX5HNKD/RJDQDWKDQKDVEHHQP\JXLGHDQGPHQWRUZLWKKHUH[SHUWLVHLQ

UHVHDUFKZULWLQJ0\VRQ9LFNQHVK/RJDQDWKDQFRQVWDQWO\HQFRXUDJHGPHWRPRYHRQ

)LQDOO\P\RWKHUVLEOLQJVDQGWKHLUFKLOGUHQGLGFKLSLQWRHQVXUH,ZDVDEOHWR

FRQFHQWUDWHZLWKPLQLPDOGLVWUDFWLRQGXULQJRXUZHHNO\IDPLO\JDWKHULQJV,ZRXOGDOVR

OLNHWRWKDQNDOOP\IDPLO\PHPEHUVIRUWKHLULQYDOXDEOHVXSSRUWDQGHQFRXUDJHPHQW

WKURXJKRXWP\GLVVHUWDWLRQ



7DEOHRI&RQWHQWV

/LVWRI7DEOHVLY

&KDSWHU,QWURGXFWLRQ

,QWURGXFWLRQ

%DFNJURXQG

3UREOHP6WDWHPHQW

3XUSRVHRIWKH6WXG\

5HVHDUFK4XHVWLRQVDQG+\SRWKHVHV

7KHRUHWLFDO)UDPHZRUNIRUWKH6WXG\

1DWXUHRIWKH6WXG\

'HILQLWLRQRI7HUPV

$VVXPSWLRQV

6FRSHDQG'HOLPLWDWLRQV

/LPLWDWLRQV

6LJQLILFDQFH

6XPPDU\

&KDSWHU/LWHUDWXUH5HYLHZ

,QWURGXFWLRQ

/LWHUDWXUH6HDUFK6WUDWHJ\

7KHRUHWLFDO)RXQGDWLRQ

6SLOORYHU7KHRU\

6RFLDO5ROH7KHRU\

L

/LWHUDWXUH5HYLHZ5HODWHGWR.H\9DULDEOHV

:RUN/LIH%DODQFH

:RUN6WXG\,QWHUIDFH

*HQGHULQ:RUN/LIH%DODQFH

6WUHVVDQG6DWLVIDFWLRQZLWK/LIHLQ:RUN/LIH%DODQFH

3HUFHLYHG6WUHVV

6DWLVIDFWLRQ:LWK/LIH

6XPPDU\

&KDSWHU5HVHDUFK0HWKRGV

,QWURGXFWLRQ

5HVHDUFK'HVLJQDQG5DWLRQDOH

0HWKRGRORJ\

3RSXODWLRQ

6DPSOLQJDQG6DPSOLQJ3URFHGXUHV

3URFHGXUHVIRU5HFUXLWPHQW3DUWLFLSDWLRQDQG'DWD&ROOHFWLRQ

,QVWUXPHQWDWLRQDQG0DWHULDOV

'DWD$QDO\VLV3ODQ

5HVHDUFK4XHVWLRQVDQG+\SRWKHVHV

7KUHDWVWR9DOLGLW\

(WKLFDO&RQVLGHUDWLRQV

6XPPDU\

&KDSWHU5HVXOWV

LL

,QWURGXFWLRQ

'DWD&ROOHFWLRQ

5HVXOWV

'HPRJUDSKLF)DFWRUV

:RUN/LIH%DODQFH

:RUN6WXG\,QWHUIDFH

6XPPDU\

&KDSWHU'LVFXVVLRQ&RQFOXVLRQVDQG5HFRPPHQGDWLRQV

,QWURGXFWLRQ

,QWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKH)LQGLQJV

:RUN/LIH%DODQFH

:RUN6WXG\,QWHUIDFH

/LPLWDWLRQV

5HFRPPHQGDWLRQV

,PSOLFDWLRQV

&RQFOXVLRQ

5HIHUHQFHV

 

LLL


/LVWRI7DEOHV

7DEOH'HVFULSWLYH6WDWLVWLFV

7DEOH5HJUHVVLRQ:RUN/LIH%DODQFHRI2QOLQH6WXGHQWV

7DEOH5HJUHVVLRQ:RUN6WXG\,QWHUIDFHRI2QOLQH6WXGHQWV

 

LY

&KDSWHU,QWURGXFWLRQ

,QWURGXFWLRQ

:RUNOLIHEDODQFHSOD\VDSLYRWDOUROHLQWKHKROLVWLFZHOOEHLQJRILQGLYLGXDOV

/\XERPLUVN\0RRUH3RFRFN 3XUVXLWRIZHOOEHLQJDQGOLIH

VDWLVIDFWLRQKDVEHHQRQWKHULVHJOREDOO\IRUWKHSDVWGHFDGHV 'LHQHU &KDQ

6LQJK /RFNZRRG  UHIHUUHGWRZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDVDVWDWHRIHTXLOLEULXP

EHWZHHQDQHPSOR\HH¶VMREDQGSHUVRQDOOLIHGHPDQGVZKLOH*UHHQKDXVDQG%HXWHOO

 UHIHUUHGZRUNIDPLO\FRQIOLFWDV³DIRUPRILQWHUUROHFRQIOLFWLQZKLFKUROHSUHVVXUHV

IURPWKHZRUNDQGIDPLO\GRPDLQDUHPXWXDOO\LQFRPSDWLEOHLQVRPHUHVSHFW´ S 

,QWHUUROHFRQIOLFWVEHWZHHQZRUNDQGQRQZRUNGRPDLQVPD\UHVXOWLQXQIDYRUDEOH

RXWFRPHVVXFKDVVWUHVVEXUQRXWORZHUOHYHOVRIMREVDWLVIDFWLRQDQGQHJDWLYHIDPLO\

VDWLVIDFWLRQ 2NHNH ,QSDUWLFXODU0DUWLQH]2UGX'HOOD6DODDQG0F)DUODQH

 KLJKOLJKWHGWKDWVWUHVVUHPDLQHGXQH[DPLQHGDPRQJZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV)RU

H[DPSOHH[SHULHQFHRIFRQIOLFWLQDSDUWLFXODUGRPDLQ HJZRUNGRPDLQ PD\LQFUHDVH

VWUHVVIXOVLWXDWLRQVIRUZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVWKDWPD\OHDGWRGHFUHDVHGVDWLVIDFWLRQLQ

WKHUHFHLYLQJGRPDLQ HJQRQZRUNGRPDLQ 

1H[WVRPHZRPHQPD\EHSDUWLFXODUO\LPSDFWHGE\WKHFKDOOHQJHVWKDWFRPH

IURPPDQDJLQJZRUNDQGIDPLO\ %HXWHOO 6FKQHHU%LUG6WLPSVRQ )LOHU

 %LUG  IRXQGWKDWPDQ\ZRPHQWUDGLWLRQDOO\WDNHRQPXOWLSOHUROHVWKDWPD\

FRQWULEXWHWRKLJKHUOHYHOVRIVWUHVVFRPSDUHGWRPHQ/LNHZLVHLQWKHLUVWXG\6WLPSVRQ

DQG)LOHU  FRQFOXGHGWKDWLWZDVFKDOOHQJLQJIRUVRPHZRPHQWRPDQDJHWKHLU



PDQ\UROHVDVHPSOR\HHVZLYHVPRWKHUVFDUHJLYHUVDQGZLWKDQDGGLWLRQDOUROHDV

VWXGHQWVWREDODQFHWKHLUZRUNIDPLO\VWXGLHVDQGSHUVRQDOOLIH

:RUNLQJQRQWUDGLWLRQDOVWXGHQWVHQUROOHGLQVFKRROPD\IDFHWKHSUHVVXUHVRI

PXOWLSOHUROHVWKDWPD\VRPHWLPHVOHDYHWKHPZLWKDIHHOLQJRIEHLQJRYHUZKHOPHG

RYHUORDGHGRUVWUHVVHG 'X[EXU\ +LJJLQV+DOH/HL *XSWD

2OVRQ $VDUHVXOWZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVPD\DOUHDG\H[SHULHQFHZRUNIDPLO\

FRQIOLFWVDQGDQDGGLWLRQDOUROHDVVWXGHQWPD\OHDGWRQHJOHFWRIFHUWDLQUROHVDQGRUUROH

RYHUORDG /HL *XSWD +DOH  UHSRUWHGWKDWVWXGHQWVIURPEULFNDQGPRUWDU

XQLYHUVLWLHVH[SHULHQFHGVWDWLVWLFDOO\VLJQLILFDQWO\KLJKHUVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHWKDQGLG

ZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV

:KLOHPXFKUHVHDUFKKDVEHHQFRQGXFWHGRQZRUNOLIHFRQIOLFWLQWUDGLWLRQDOZRUN

DQGHGXFDWLRQDOVHWWLQJVRQHDVSHFWRIZRUNOLIHFRQIOLFWWKDWKDVUHPDLQHGXQH[DPLQHG

LVWKHUROHRIRQOLQHVWXGHQW2QOLQHXQLYHUVLWLHVPDUNHWWKHLUHGXFDWLRQDOVHWWLQJVDV

FRQYHQLHQWIOH[LEOHDQGVXLWHGWRWKHGHPDQGVRIZRUNLQJQRQWUDGLWLRQDOFROOHJH

VWXGHQWV /HL *XSWD0DUWLQH]HWDO %XWWKHVHYLUWXHVUHPDLQODUJHO\

XQH[DPLQHGDVWKH\UHODWHWRZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGZKHWKHUWKHUHLVDVPLJKWEH

DVVXPHGDQ\EHQHILWIRUZRPHQLQWKHVHVHWWLQJV

7KHUHPDLQGHURI&KDSWHULVRUJDQL]HGLQWRWKHIROORZLQJVHFWLRQVEDFNJURXQG

SUREOHPVWDWHPHQWUHVHDUFKTXHVWLRQVDQGK\SRWKHVHVWKHRUHWLFDOIUDPHZRUNIRUWKH

VWXG\QDWXUHRIWKHVWXG\GHILQLWLRQRIWHUPVDVVXPSWLRQVVFRSHDQGGHOLPLWDWLRQ

OLPLWDWLRQVVLJQLILFDQFHDQGVXPPDU\,QWKHQH[WVHFWLRQ,GLVFXVVWKHEDFNJURXQGRI

WKHFXUUHQWVWXG\



%DFNJURXQG

$WLFLDQG%DWL  VWDWHGWKDWWKHXVHRIWKH,QWHUQHWFUHDWHGRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRU

LQGLYLGXDOVIRUFRQWLQXLQJHGXFDWLRQ$OOHQDQG6HDPDQ  KLJKOLJKWHGWKDWWKHNH\

UHDVRQIRUWKHHPHUJHQFHDQGJURZWKRIRQOLQHHGXFDWLRQZDVWKDWLWSURYLGHGDGXOW

OHDUQHUVJUHDWHUDXWRQRP\DQGIOH[LELOLW\WRHQUROOLQFRXUVHVWKDWILWWKHLUVFKHGXOHV,Q

WKH6XUYH\RI2QOLQH/HDUQLQJFRQGXFWHGE\WKH%DEVRQ6XUYH\5HVHDUFK*URXS

WKHQXPEHURIVWXGHQWVWDNLQJDWOHDVWRQHRQOLQHFRXUVHKDGVXUSDVVHGPLOOLRQ $OOHQ

6HDPDQ )XUWKHUDFFRUGLQJWRWKH86'HSDUWPHQWRI(GXFDWLRQ  

RIIXOOWLPHVWXGHQWVDQGRISDUWWLPHVWXGHQWVZHUHHQJDJHGLQDSDLGSRVLWLRQZKLOH

VWXG\LQJRIWKHVHVWXGHQWVZHUHDOVRHQJDJHGLQIDPLO\UHVSRQVLELOLWLHVVXFKDV

KDYLQJWRWDNHFDUHRIGHSHQGHQWV 1DWLRQDO&HQWHUIRU(GXFDWLRQ6WDWLVWLFV *LYHQ

WKLVFRQVLGHUDEOHQXPEHURIVWXGHQWVHQJDJHGLQRQOLQHHGXFDWLRQWKHUHZDVDQHHGWR

H[DPLQHWKHLUZRUNOLIHEDODQFHEHFDXVHFRPELQLQJUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVRIZRUNIDPLO\DQG

VWXG\PD\FDXVHDGGLWLRQDOIRUPVRIVWUHVV7KDWLVZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVHQJDJHLQ

ZRUNDQGIDPLO\UHVSRQVLELOLWLHVLQDGGLWLRQWRWKHLUVWXG\UHVSRQVLELOLWLHVDQGWKXVPD\

H[SHULHQFHVWUHVVWKDWDIIHFWVWKHLURYHUDOOOLIHVDWLVIDFWLRQ

6WXGHQWVPD\EHRYHUZKHOPHGGXHWRWKHLUDFDGHPLFZRUNORDGSDLGMREGHPDQGV

SHUVRQDOFRPPLWPHQWVDQGIDPLO\UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV 3RRNDL\DXGRP 

3RRNDL\DXGRP  KLJKOLJKWHGWKDWWKHUHZDVDKLJKDZDUHQHVVRIWKHLPSRUWDQFHRI

ZRUNOLIHEDODQFHLQRUGHUWRPDLQWDLQZHOOEHLQJDPRQJVWXGHQWVZKRH[SHULHQFHG

OLPLWHGZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKDQRYHUORDGRIDFDGHPLFZRUN'HPDQGVIURP

DFDGHPLFZRUNDQGSDLGZRUNGLVUXSWHGWKHEDODQFHFDXVLQJVWUHVVIXOHQYLURQPHQWVIRU



VWXGHQWVDVWKH\IDFHGVSLOORYHUH[SHULHQFHVLQWKHLUZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFH6WDLQHV  

GHILQHGVSLOORYHUDVDSURFHVVZKHUHLQGLYLGXDOV¶H[SHULHQFHVLQRQHUROHDIIHFWWKHLU

H[SHULHQFHVLQDQRWKHUUROHDQGWKHUHVXOWLQJUROHH[SHULHQFHVLQWKHRWKHUUROHPD\

PDQLIHVWDVSRVLWLYHVSLOORYHURUQHJDWLYHVSLOORYHU)XUWKHU6FKPLGW  IRXQG

VLJQLILFDQWVSLOORYHURIZRUNWRIDPLO\IRUPHQDQGVSLOORYHURIIDPLO\WRZRUNIRU

ZRPHQ$GHPD  IRXQGWKDWIDPLO\WRZRUNVSLOORYHUZDVVWURQJHUIRUZRPHQDQG

WKHZRUNWRIDPLO\VSLOORYHUZDVVWURQJHUIRUPHQ

%RWKPDOHDQGIHPDOHVWXGHQWVVWULYHWRREWDLQDEDODQFHLQWKHLUZRUNOLIHVWXG\

EDODQFHHYLGHQFHRIKRZDQGWRZKDWH[WHQWWKH\DFKLHYHGWKHLUZRUNOLIHEDODQFHZDV

UHYHDOHGLQSUHYLRXVVWXGLHV)RUH[DPSOH3RRNDL\DXGRP  KLJKOLJKWHGWKDWVWXG\

RYHUORDGLQWHUIHUHGZLWKZRUNIDPLO\UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV%DUDODQG%KDUJDYD  IRXQG

ZRUNIDPLO\HQULFKPHQWZDVVWURQJHUIRUZRPHQWKDQPHQ.RVVHN9DOFRXU /LULR

 IRXQGVWUHVVDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQH[SHULHQFHGE\PHQDQGZRPHQLQWKHLULQWHUUROH

FRQIOLFWGHSHQGHGRQWKHZRUNIDPLO\UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV

,QVXPPDU\WKHXVHRIWKH,QWHUQHWFUHDWHGRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUDGXOWOHDUQHUVIRU

FRQWLQXLQJHGXFDWLRQ3UHYLRXVVWXGLHV 'X[EXU\ +LJJLQV/HL *XSWD

0DUWLQH]HWDO UHYHDOHGKRZDQGWRZKDWH[WHQWZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVVWULYHWR

REWDLQDEDODQFHLQWKHLUZRUNOLIHDQGVWXGLHV7KHFXUUHQWVWXG\H[DPLQHGWKH

PRGHUDWLQJHIIHFWVRIJHQGHURQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGZRUN

VWXG\LQWHUIDFHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVDQGWKHLUSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWK

OLIH,QWKHQH[WVHFWLRQ,H[SORUHWKHJDSLQWKHOLWHUDWXUHLQWKHSUREOHPVWDWHPHQW



3UREOHP6WDWHPHQW

0DQ\RQOLQHVWXGHQWVDUHHQJDJHGLQZRUNDQGIDPLO\UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV%UXV

 KLJKOLJKWHGWKDWVWXGHQWVLQWKHLUVWXGLHVVWUXJJOHGWREDODQFHWKHLUDFDGHPLF

SXUVXLWVZLWKWKHLUSHUVRQDOOLYHVDQGUHVSRQVLELOLWLHV2OVRQ  IRXQGWKDW

FROOHJHVWXGHQWV¶MREGHPDQGVZHUHVLJQLILFDQWO\UHODWHGWRZRUNWRVFKRROFRQIOLFWWKHLU

IDPLO\GHPDQGVZHUHVLJQLILFDQWO\UHODWHGWRIDPLO\WRVFKRROFRQIOLFWDQGWKHLUVFKRRO

GHPDQGVZHUHVLJQLILFDQWO\UHODWHGWRVFKRROWRIDPLO\DQGVFKRROWRZRUNFRQIOLFW7KH

DXWKRUDOVRIRXQGWKDWZRUNVFKRROFRQIOLFWVLJQLILFDQWO\GHFUHDVHGMREDQGVFKRRO

VDWLVIDFWLRQDQGIDPLO\VFKRROFRQIOLFWVLJQLILFDQWO\GHFUHDVHGIDPLO\DQGVFKRRO

VDWLVIDFWLRQ*LYHQWKDWZRUNIDPLO\VWXG\GHPDQGVDUHUHODWHGWRZRUNIDPLO\VWXG\

FRQIOLFWWKDWGHFUHDVHVZRUNIDPLO\DQGVWXG\VDWLVIDFWLRQWKLVVWXG\H[DPLQHGWKH

PRGHUDWLQJHIIHFWVRIJHQGHURQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGZRUN

VWXG\LQWHUIDFHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVDQGWKHLUSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWK

OLIH

1H[WZRPHQPD\H[SHULHQFHLQFUHDVHGUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIEDODQFLQJWKHLU

DGGLWLRQDOUROHVZKHQWKH\FRQWLQXHWRWDNHRQWKHPDMRULW\RIGRPHVWLFUHVSRQVLELOLWLHV

DQGVWUXJJOHZLWKZRUNOLIHEDODQFHFRPSDUHGWRPHQLQGXDOFDUHHUIDPLOLHV (YDQV

&DUQH\ :LONLQVRQ +RZHYHUZLWKWKHWUHQGLQWKHLQWHJUDWLRQRIJHQGHUUROHV

UHVSRQVLELOLWLHVIRUZRUNGRPHVWLFZRUNDQGFKLOGFDUHDUHQRWQHFHVVDULO\UHVWULFWHGWR

WUDGLWLRQDOJHQGHUUROHV :DQJ 7KLVVWXG\VXSSOHPHQWHGWKHFXUUHQWOLWHUDWXUHE\

H[DPLQLQJWKHJHQGHUGLIIHUHQFHVLQZRUNIDPLO\VWXG\FRQIOLFW



7KHUHLVUHVHDUFK +HFKW 0F&DUWK\ RQZRUNOLIHFRQFHUQVZKHUHZRUN

IDPLO\FRQIOLFWKDVEHHQJLYHQFRQVLGHUDEOHDWWHQWLRQFRPSDUHGWRWKHEURDGHUFRQFHSWRI

ZRUNOLIHEDODQFH7KHUHLVDOVRUHVHDUFK 0DUWLQH]HWDO3RRNDL\DXGRP RQ

VWXGHQWVDQGZRUNIDPLO\FRQIOLFWEXWPRVWRIWKHVHVWXGLHVH[DPLQHGRQO\VWXGHQWVLQ

GRFWRUDOSURJUDPV2ZLQJWRWKHOLPLWHGOLWHUDWXUHRQHOHDUQLQJLQWKHFRQWH[WRIZRUN

OLIHEDODQFHOLWWOHLVNQRZQDERXWZRUNOLIHEDODQFHZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHSHUFHLYHG

VWUHVVDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV0RUHVWXGLHVPD\SURYLGHDQ

LQFUHDVHGOHYHORIDZDUHQHVVRIHPSOR\HHV¶QHHGVLQWKLVDUHDWRHOHDUQLQJSURYLGHUVDQG

SROLF\PDNHUVVRDVWRPD[LPL]HSURGXFWLYLW\JDLQV 2YHUWRQ +LOO ,QWKLVVWXG\,

DWWHPSWHGWRSURYLGHDEHWWHUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHVSLOORYHUH[SHULHQFHVIDFHGE\RQOLQH

VWXGHQWVZKHQWKH\PDQDJHZRUNIDPLO\VWXG\FRQIOLFW

0DOHDQGIHPDOHZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVDOLNHPD\ILQGLWFKDOOHQJLQJWRPHHW

WKHGHPDQGVRIIDPLO\UHODWHGDFWLYLWLHVDQGZRUNUHODWHGDFWLYLWLHVLQDGGLWLRQWRWKHLU

VWXG\UHODWHGDFWLYLWLHVDQGIDFHVWUHVV,QWXUQWKHVHVWUHVVRUVPD\UHGXFHWKHOHYHORI

VDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKWKHLUZRUNIDPLO\VLWXDWLRQV7KHUROHVWDNHQXSE\WKHVWXGHQWVDV

HPSOR\HHVIDPLO\PHPEHUVDQGVWXGHQWVSOD\DFUXFLDOUROHLQZRUNLQJVWXGHQWV¶OLYHV

6WXG\UHVSRQVLELOLWLHVZLWKIDPLO\DQGRUZRUNUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVPD\FDXVHVWUHVV7KHUH

KDYHEHHQPDQ\VWXGLHV *UHHQKDXV $OOHQ+DOH3RRNDL\DXGRP

6LQJK:DQJ WKDWKDYHH[DPLQHGZRUNIDPLO\FRQIOLFWDQGZRUNOLIH

EDODQFHDPRQJHPSOR\HHVEXWIHZIRFXVHGRQZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV7KHFXUUHQW

ZRUNIDPLO\VWXG\UHVHDUFKLVUHOHYDQWWRZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVDQGPD\H[SDQGWKH

DOUHDG\H[LVWLQJOLWHUDWXUHRIZRUNOLIHEDODQFHFRQIOLFW*LYHQWKHUHPD\EHDQLQFUHDVH



LQVWUHVVDQGORZVDWLVIDFWLRQLQZRUNIDPLO\VWXG\FRQIOLFWRIPDOHDQGIHPDOH

HPSOR\HHVWKLVVWXG\H[DPLQHGWKHPRGHUDWLQJHIIHFWVRIJHQGHURQZRUNOLIHEDODQFH

DQGZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVDQGWKHLUSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVDQG

VDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIH,QWKHQH[WVHFWLRQ,GLVFXVVWKHSXUSRVHRIWKHVWXG\

3XUSRVHRIWKH6WXG\

7KHSXUSRVHRIWKHFXUUHQWVWXG\ZDVWRTXDQWLWDWLYHO\H[DPLQHWKHPRGHUDWLQJ

HIIHFWVRIJHQGHURQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFH

RIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVDQGWKHLUSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIH7KH

LQGHSHQGHQWYDULDEOHVIRUWKHFXUUHQWVWXG\ZHUHZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGZRUNVWXG\

LQWHUIDFHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV7KHGHSHQGHQWYDULDEOHVZHUHSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVDQG

VDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHRIWKHZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV7KHPRGHUDWRUYDULDEOHZDVJHQGHU

RIWKHZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV,QWKHQH[WVHFWLRQ,GLVFXVVWKHUHVHDUFKTXHVWLRQVDQG

K\SRWKHVHVRIWKHFXUUHQWVWXG\

5HVHDUFK4XHVWLRQVDQG+\SRWKHVHV

*HQGHUSOD\VDQLPSRUWDQWUROHLQPRGHUDWLQJWKHUHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQZRUNOLIH

EDODQFHDQGZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVDQGWKHLUSHUFHLYHGVWUHVV

DQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHLQWKLVVWXG\:LWKVXEVWDQWLDOEDFNJURXQGRIUHVHDUFKRQ

VSLOORYHULQZRUNIDPLO\FRQIOLFWDPRQJDGXOWHPSOR\HHV,IRFXVHGWKHFXUUHQWVWXG\RQ

LGHQWLI\LQJSUHGLFWRUVRIVSLOORYHUEHWZHHQPHQDQGZRPHQHPSOR\HHV7KHUHVHDUFK

TXHVWLRQVDQGK\SRWKHVHVZHUH

54:KDWLVWKHPRGHUDWLQJHIIHFWRIJHQGHURQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUN

OLIHEDODQFHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVDQGWKHLUSHUFHLYHGVWUHVV"



+*HQGHUZLOOQRWPRGHUDWHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQG

SHUFHLYHGVWUHVVRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV

+$PRQJZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVJHQGHUZLOOPRGHUDWHWKHUHODWLRQVKLS

EHWZHHQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVVXFKWKDWZRPHQDUHPRUH

OLNHO\WRUHSRUWKLJKHUOHYHOVRISHUFHLYHGVWUHVVWKDQPHQ

54:KDWLVWKHPRGHUDWLQJHIIHFWRIJHQGHURQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUN

VWXG\LQWHUIDFHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVDQGWKHLUSHUFHLYHGVWUHVV"

+*HQGHUZLOOQRWPRGHUDWHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFH

DQGSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV

+$PRQJZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVJHQGHUZLOOPRGHUDWHWKHUHODWLRQVKLS

EHWZHHQZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHDQGSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV

VXFKWKDWZRPHQDUHPRUHOLNHO\WRUHSRUWKLJKHUOHYHOVRISHUFHLYHGVWUHVV

WKDQPHQ

54:KDWLVWKHPRGHUDWLQJHIIHFWRIJHQGHURQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUN

OLIHEDODQFHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVDQGWKHLUVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIH"

+*HQGHUZLOOQRWPRGHUDWHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQG

VDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV

+$PRQJZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVJHQGHUZLOOPRGHUDWHWKHUHODWLRQVKLS

EHWZHHQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQH

VWXGHQWVVXFKWKDWZRPHQDUHPRUHOLNHO\WRUHSRUWORZHUOHYHOVRI

VDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHWKDQPHQ



54:KDWLVWKHPRGHUDWLQJHIIHFWRIJHQGHURQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUN

VWXG\LQWHUIDFHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVDQGWKHLUVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIH"

+*HQGHUZLOOQRWPRGHUDWHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFH

DQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV

+$PRQJZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVJHQGHUZLOOPRGHUDWHWKHUHODWLRQVKLS

EHWZHHQZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQH

VWXGHQWVVXFKWKDWZRPHQDUHPRUHOLNHO\WRUHSRUWORZHUOHYHOVRI

VDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHWKDQPHQ

,QWKHQH[WVHFWLRQ,GLVFXVVWKHRUHWLFDOIUDPHZRUNIRUWKHVWXG\

7KHRUHWLFDO)UDPHZRUNIRUWKH6WXG\

%XLOGLQJWKHJURXQGZRUNIRUWKHFXUUHQWVWXG\UHJDUGLQJZRUNLQJPDOHDQG

IHPDOHRQOLQHVWXGHQWVUHTXLUHGDQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHYDULDEOHV HJJHQGHUZRUNOLIH

EDODQFHZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIH WKDWLQIOXHQFH

WKHFKDQJLQJVRFLDOUROHLQJHQGHUDQGVSLOORYHUH[SHULHQFHVRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVLQ

WKHLUZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFH6SLOORYHUWKHRU\ZDVGHYHORSHGIURP

6LHEHU¶V  LGHDRISHUVRQDOLW\HQULFKPHQW.DQWHU  KLJKOLJKWHGZRUNDIIHFWLQJ

IDPLO\OLIHDQGIDPLO\OLIHDIIHFWLQJZRUN=HGHFN  GUHZDSRVLWLYHDVVRFLDWLRQ

EHWZHHQOLIHVDWLVIDFWLRQDQGZRUNVDWLVIDFWLRQ3OHFN  ZRUNHGRQZRUNIDPLO\UROH

V\VWHPDQGUDLVHGWKHDVVRFLDWLRQVDPRQJPDOHZRUNUROHVPDOHIDPLO\UROHVIHPDOH

ZRUNUROHVDQGIHPDOHIDPLO\UROHV:RPHQH[SHULHQFHGVSLOORYHUIURPIDPLO\UROHVLQWR

ZRUNUROHVDQGPHQH[SHULHQFHGVSLOORYHUIURPZRUNUROHVLQWRIDPLO\UROHV 3OHFN

 



6SLOORYHUWKHRU\LVDSURFHVVE\ZKLFKLQGLYLGXDOV¶H[SHULHQFHVLQRQHUROHDIIHFW

WKHLQGLYLGXDOV¶H[SHULHQFHVLQDQRWKHUUROHDQGWKHUHVXOWLQJUROHH[SHULHQFHVLQWKHRWKHU

UROHPD\PDQLIHVWDVSRVLWLYHVSLOORYHURUQHJDWLYHVSLOORYHU 6WDLQHV 7KHUHFRXOG

EHSRVLWLYHVSLOORYHUVDQGQHJDWLYHVSLOORYHUVIURPZRUNGRPDLQWRIDPLO\GRPDLQ

+DQVHQ+DPPHU &ROWRQ DQGLQGLYLGXDOVPD\H[SHULHQFHVWUHVVDQGIDWLJXH

GXULQJWKHVHVSLOORYHUV *RRJLQV +RZHYHU3DGPDDQG6XGKLU  IRXQGWKH

IROORZLQJGHPRJUDSKLFVRIPDULWDORUSDUWQHUVWDWXVORQJZRUNLQJKRXUVFKLOGFDUH

UHVSRQVLELOLWLHVDQGVXSSRUWIURPKHDGRIWKHGHSDUWPHQWLQIOXHQFHGWKHZRUNOLIHEDODQFH

RIVFKRROWHDFKHUV$VWDWLVWLFDOO\VLJQLILFDQWVXSSRUWIURPVSRXVHDQGHOGHUSDUHQWEXIIHU

DQ\VSLOORYHULQWRFKLOGFDUHUHVSRQVLELOLWLHV

6RFLDOUROHWKHRU\HPHUJHGLQWKHVDVDQDWWHPSWWRXQGHUVWDQGWKHRULJLQRI

VH[GLIIHUHQFHVDQGVLPLODULWLHVLQVRFLDOEHKDYLRU (DJO\:RRG 'LHNPDQ 7KH

WUDGLWLRQDOGLYLVLRQLQODERUEHWZHHQZRPHQDQGPHQLVLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKGRPHVWLF

UHVSRQVLELOLWLHVDQGRFFXSDWLRQDOUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVUHVSHFWLYHO\ (DJO\ ZKHUHPHQ

DQGZRPHQEHKDYHGLIIHUHQWO\LQVRFLDOVLWXDWLRQVRZLQJWRVRFLHW\¶VH[SHFWDWLRQVDQG

JHQGHUVWHUHRW\SLQJ)XUWKHUDVSV\FKRORJLFDOZHOOEHLQJLVWKHUHVXOWDQWRXWFRPHRIKRZ

VDOLHQWDUROHLVWRWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJUROH 7KRLWV QHJDWLYHH[SHULHQFHVLQDKLJKO\

SURPLQHQWUROHPD\UHVXOWLQPRUHQHJDWLYHHPRWLRQVDQGUHODWHGZHOOEHLQJRXWFRPHV

FRPSDUHGWRDUROHRIOHVVSURPLQHQFH'HSHQGLQJRQWKHLPSRUWDQFHLQGLYLGXDOVKDYH

SODFHGLQWKHUROHLQGLYLGXDOVPD\H[SHULHQFHVWURQJHUQHJDWLYHHPRWLRQVZKHQRQHUROH

LQWHUIHUHVZLWKWKHRWKHUUROH



:ROIUDPDQG*UDWWRQ  VKRZHGWKDWIHPDOHPDQDJHUVIURPZRUNJURXSV

UHSRUWHGWKDWDODFNRIJHQGHUW\SLFDODWWULEXWHVLQWKHLUJHQGHUUROHVHOIFRQFHSWPLJKWEH

GLVDGYDQWDJHRXVLQWKDWWKH\IRXQGLQGLYLGXDOVZLWKKLJKHUIDPLO\UROHH[SHULHQFHG

QHJDWLYHVSLOORYHUIURPKRPHWRZRUNDQGORZHUOLIHVDWLVIDFWLRQ7KHFXUUHQWVWXG\

H[DPLQHGJHQGHUGLIIHUHQFHVDPRQJZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVLQZRUNIDPLO\VWXG\

FRQIOLFW,QWKHQH[WVHFWLRQ,GLVFXVVWKHQDWXUHRIWKLVVWXG\

1DWXUHRIWKH6WXG\

,QWKHFXUUHQWVWXG\,H[DPLQHGWKHPRGHUDWLQJHIIHFWVRIJHQGHURQWKH

UHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQH

VWXGHQWVDQGWKHLUSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHYLDRQOLQHVXUYH\,FKRVHD

TXDQWLWDWLYHUHVHDUFKPHWKRGIRUWKLVVWXG\EHFDXVHTXDQWLWDWLYHUHVHDUFKIRFXVHVRQ

VWDWLVWLFDOGDWDFROOHFWLRQWRGHWHUPLQHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQYDULDEOHV &UHVZHOO

 6HOIUHSRUWGDWDZHUHFROOHFWHGIURPZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVRI:DOGHQ

8QLYHUVLW\DQGZHUHDQDO\]HGXVLQJUHJUHVVLRQDQDO\VLV,QWKHQH[WVHFWLRQ,GLVFXVV

WHUPVSHUWLQHQWWRWKLVUHVHDUFK

'HILQLWLRQRI7HUPV

,QFRQWH[WRIWKHVWXG\WKHIROORZLQJWHUPVDUHGHILQHGWRHQVXUHFODULILFDWLRQ

$GXOWOHDUQHUV6WXGHQWVDJHG\HDUVRUROGHUZKRDUHHQUROOHGLQKLJKHU

HGXFDWLRQDOSURJUDPV :KLVQDQW6XOOLYDQ 6OD\WRQ 

$V\QFKURQRXVOHDUQLQJ/HDUQLQJWKDWWDNHVSODFHLQDQRQOLQHIRUPDW &KLFNHULQJ

(KUPDQQ ,QFRQWH[WRIWKLVVWXG\WKHWHUPUHIHUVWRHQUROOHGRQOLQHOHDUQHUV

ZKRDUHDEOHWRORJLQWRWKHFRXUVHURRPFRPSOHWHDVVLJQPHQWVDQGDVVLJQHGSRVWLQJVE\



DVSHFLILFGHDGOLQHDQGHYHQUHVSRQGWRRWKHUVDWWKHOHDUQHUV¶GLVFUHWLRQ/HDUQHUVDUH

DEOHWRORJLQDQ\WLPHDQ\ZKHUHDVORQJDVWKHUHLVLQWHUQHWFRQQHFWLRQWRORJLQWRWKH

FRXUVHURRP

,QWHUUROHFRQIOLFW3HUFHLYHGFKDOOHQJHVDQGGLIILFXOWLHVWKDWDQLQGLYLGXDOPD\

H[SHULHQFHDVDUHVXOWRILQYROYHPHQWLQPRUHWKDQRQHUROH *UHHQKDXV %HXWHOO 

2QOLQHJUDGXDWHSURJUDP$QLQWHUQHWEDVHGOHDUQLQJSODWIRUPZKHUHWKHVWXGHQW

LVVHSDUDWHGIURPWKHLQVWUXFWRUDQGSHHUVE\WLPHDQGVSDFH $OEULJKW6LPRQVRQ

6PDOGLQR =YDFHN 

3HUFHLYHGVWUHVV$QLQGLYLGXDO¶VSHUFHSWLRQRIVWUHVVUHODWHGWRGDLO\OLIH &RKHQ

.DPDUFN 0HUPHOVWHLQ 

6DWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIH&RJQLWLYHVHOIMXGJPHQWVRIVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKDSHUVRQ¶VOLIH

3DYRW 'LHQHU 

:RUNOLIHEDODQFH$QLQGLYLGXDO¶VDVVHVVPHQWRIEDODQFLQJPXOWLSOHOLIHUROHV

*UHHQKDXV $OOHQ+DDU.RVVHNHWDO 

:RUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFH$QLQWHUUROHFRQIOLFWWKDWRFFXUVZKHQRQHUROHPDNHVLW

GLIILFXOWWRIXOILOOWKHREOLJDWLRQVRIWKHRWKHUUROHV *UHHQKDXV %HXWHOO ,QWKH

FRQWH[WRIWKLVVWXG\UROHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWDVDQRQZRUNGRPDLQLQWKHZRUN

OLIHFRQIOLFWFRQVWUXFW

6WXG\LQWHUIDFHZLWKZRUN$QLQWHUUROHFRQIOLFWZKHUHE\WKHH[WHQWWRZKLFK

VWXG\UHODWHGUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVLQWHUIHUHZLWKWKHDELOLW\WRPHHWWKHGHPDQGVRIZRUN

&KHQJ 0F&DUWK\ 



:RUNLQWHUIDFHZLWKVWXG\$QLQWHUUROHFRQIOLFWZKHUHE\WKHH[WHQWWRZKLFK

ZRUNUHODWHGUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVLQWHUIHUHZLWKWKHDELOLW\WRPHHWWKHGHPDQGVRIVWXG\

&KHQJ 0F&DUWK\ 

:HOOQHVV$SRVLWLYHDSSURDFKWROLYLQJWKDWHPSKDVL]HVWKHZKROHSHUVRQLQ

UHODWLRQWRVWDWHRIKHDOWKZKLFKLVFORVHO\UHODWHGWRKHDOWKDQGOLIHVW\OH /\XERPLUVN\

 ,QWKHFRQWH[WRIWKLVVWXG\DVWDWHRIZHOOEHLQJLVWKHLQWHJUDWLRQRIWKHERG\

PLQGDQGVSLULW$OVRLQFOXGHGLVWKHDSSUHFLDWLRQWKDWHYHU\WKLQJDSHUVRQGRHVWKLQNV

IHHOVDQGEHOLHYHVKDVDQLPSDFWRQWKDWSHUVRQ¶VVWDWHRIKHDOWK

,QWKHQH[WVHFWLRQ,GLVFXVVWKHDVVXPSWLRQVRIWKHFXUUHQWVWXG\

$VVXPSWLRQV

7KHFRQVWUXFWVRIZRUNOLIHEDODQFHZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVDQG

VDWLVIDFWLRQZHUHEDVHGRQWKHIROORZLQJDVVXPSWLRQVWKDWUHIOHFWHGEHKDYLRUDOVFLHQFH

SHUVSHFWLYHV7KHDVVXPSWLRQVFRPSULVHGLQGLYLGXDOV¶UHJXODWLRQRIWKHLURZQEHKDYLRU

LQWHUDFWLQJDQGSURJUHVVLYHO\WUDQVIRUPLQJZLWKWKHHQYLURQPHQWWKURXJKVHOILQLWLDWLRQRI

SHUVRQHQYLURQPHQWLQWHUDFWLYHSDWWHUQVHVVHQWLDOWREHKDYLRUFKDQJH7KHIROORZLQJ

DVVXPSWLRQVZHUHEDVHGRQWKHQDWXUHRIWKHVWXG\,DVVXPHGWKDWWKHZRUNLQJRQOLQH

VWXGHQWVDW6XUYH\0RQNH\ŠJDYHKRQHVWDQVZHUVLQWKHVXUYH\,DVVXPHGWKHGDWD

FROOHFWLRQWREHXQELDVHG,DVVXPHGWKHRQOLQHVXUYH\SODWIRUPWREHDFFHVVLEOHDQG

HIILFLHQWIRUDOOXQGHUJUDGXDWHDQGJUDGXDWHRQOLQHVWXGHQWVRIWKHXQLYHUVLW\WR

SDUWLFLSDWH,QWKHQH[WVHFWLRQ,GLVFXVVWKHVFRSHDQGGHOLPLWDWLRQVRIWKHFXUUHQWVWXG\



6FRSHDQG'HOLPLWDWLRQV

7KHVWXG\SDUWLFLSDQWVFRQVLVWHGRIZRUNLQJXQGHUJUDGXDWHDQGJUDGXDWHRQOLQH

VWXGHQWVHQUROOHGDW:DOGHQ8QLYHUVLW\7KHVFRSHRIWKLVVWXG\ZDVOLPLWHGE\WKHXVHRI

MXVWRQHFKRVHQXQLYHUVLW\7KHRQOLQHVXUYH\ZDVRSHQHGWRZRUNLQJXQGHUJUDGXDWHDQG

JUDGXDWHRQOLQHVWXGHQWVSXUVXLQJDQRQOLQHHGXFDWLRQDWWKHXQLYHUVLW\7KHFXUUHQWVWXG\

SURYLGHGLQIRUPDWLRQIRUIXWXUHUHVHDUFKWKDWPD\HQDEOHDSSURSULDWHIXWXUHLQWHUYHQWLRQV

IRUZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV,QWKHQH[WVHFWLRQWKHOLPLWDWLRQVRIWKHFXUUHQWVWXG\DUH

GLVFXVVHG

/LPLWDWLRQV

7KHILQGLQJVRIWKLVVWXG\PD\QRWJHQHUDOL]HWRRWKHUZRUNLQJVWXGHQW

SRSXODWLRQVVXFKDVZRUNLQJWUDGLWLRQDOVWXGHQWVIURPEULFNDQGPRUWDUXQLYHUVLWLHVDV

GDWDZDVRQO\FROOHFWHGIURPZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV7KHRQOLQHVXUYH\ZDVRSHQHGWR

DOOZRUNLQJXQGHUJUDGXDWHDQGJUDGXDWHRQOLQHVWXGHQWVRIWKHFKRVHQXQLYHUVLW\7KH

RQOLQHVXUYH\LQFOXGHGGHPRJUDSKLFFKDUDFWHULVWLFVIRUIXWXUHUHIHUHQFHDQGZDVQRW

LQFOXGHGLQWKHILQGLQJVRIWKHFXUUHQWVWXG\7KHXVHRID/LNHUWVFDOHLQWKHVXUYH\PD\

KDYHOLPLWHGVRPHSDUWLFLSDQWV¶DELOLW\WRSURYLGHDQDFFXUDWHDVVHVVPHQWRIWKHLU

IHHOLQJVEHKDYLRURUEHOLHIV &UHVZHOO 

7KHQH[WSRVVLEOHOLPLWDWLRQRIWKLVVWXG\ZDVSDUWLFLSDQWV¶XQGHUVWDQGLQJDQG

LQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKHVXUYH\TXHVWLRQVWKHUHZDVDSRVVLELOLW\IRUSDUWLFLSDQWVWRIDNHJRRG

VRFLDOGHVLUDELOLW\DQGSURYLGHGHPDQGHIIHFWVUHVSRQVHV %UHDNZHOO+DPPRQG)LIH

6FKDZ 6PLWK 'HPDQGHIIHFWVWDNHSODFHZKHQSDUWLFLSDQWVPD\UHVSRQGLQD

VRFLDOO\DFFHSWDEOHPDQQHU3DUWLFLSDQWVPD\DOVRUHVSRQGDFFRUGLQJWRZKDWWKH



UHVHDUFKHUVZRXOGZDQW$OVRWKHUHPD\EHDGLIIHUHQFHLQVRPHFUXFLDOZD\EHWZHHQ

SDUWLFLSDQWVZKRYROXQWHHUHGWRGRWKHVXUYH\FRPSDUHGWRWKRVHRWKHULQGLYLGXDOVZKR

GHFOLQHGWKHRIIHUWRSDUWLFLSDWHIRULQVWDQFHSDUWLFLSDQWVPD\KDYHKLJKHUVWUHVVOHYHOV

WKDQLQGLYLGXDOVZKRFKRVHQRWWRSDUWLFLSDWHLQWKHVWXG\7KXVOLPLWDWLRQVDQG

GHOLPLWDWLRQVLQWKLVVWXG\DOORZHGSURYLVLRQRIHDUOLHULQWHUYHQWLRQVWRLQFUHDVHDFFXUDF\

RIWKHWHVW,QWKHQH[WVHFWLRQ,GLVFXVVWKHVLJQLILFDQFHRIWKHFXUUHQWVWXG\

6LJQLILFDQFH

7KLVVWXG\SURYLGHGXVHIXOLQIRUPDWLRQRIFKDQJLQJVRFLDOUROHVLQJHQGHUDQG

VSLOORYHUH[SHULHQFHVRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVLQWKHLUZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGZRUN

VWXG\LQWHUIDFH7KHILQGLQJVZRXOGEHXVHIXOIRUKXPDQUHVRXUFHSHUVRQQHODQGKLJKHU

HGXFDWLRQSHUVRQQHORIRQOLQHHGXFDWLRQLQGHVLJQLQJDQGVWUXFWXULQJDSSURSULDWHVHWWLQJV

IRUZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVVXFKDVZRUNVWXG\VFKHGXOH6RFLDOLPSOLFDWLRQVRIWKH

SUHVHQWVWXG\H[SORULQJZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV¶ZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGZRUNVWXG\

LQWHUIDFHVHUYHGDVDQLPSHWXVIRUIXWXUHUHVHDUFKRQLQWHUFRQIOLFWRIPRUHWKDQWKHWZR

UROHGRPDLQV&RQGXFWLQJDTXDQWLWDWLYHVWXG\XVLQJVXUYH\UHVHDUFKOHGWRDQ

XQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHSHUVRQDOGLPHQVLRQVLQOLIHRWKHUWKDQZRUNGRPDLQRIRQOLQH

VWXGHQWVVXFKDVWKHGHPRJUDSKLFLQIRUPDWLRQRIDJHZRUNKRXUVVWXG\KRXUVQXPEHU

RIFKLOGUHQDQGVRIRUWK7DSSLQJLQWRWKHH[SHULHQFHRIWKHZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWUROH

LQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGZRUNVWXG\LQWHUDFWLRQLQWKLVVWXG\SURYLGHGUHOHYDQW

LQIRUPDWLRQDQGXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHG\QDPLFRIZRUNIDPLO\VWXG\EDODQFHIRUWKH

VWXGHQWVWKHPVHOYHVVXFKDVVWUHVVDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQH[SHULHQFHGE\VWXGHQWVLQWKHLUZRUN

OLIHVWXG\EDODQFH$QLQVLJKWLQWRWKHFKDQJLQJVRFLDOUROHLQJHQGHUDQGVSLOORYHU



H[SHULHQFHVRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVSURYLGHGLQIRUPDWLRQZLWKUHJDUGVWRWKHLU

SHUFHLYHGVWUHVVDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHWKDWPD\HQDEOHDSSURSULDWHIXWXUH

LQWHUYHQWLRQV

$QRWKHUVRFLDOLPSOLFDWLRQRIWKHFXUUHQWVWXG\ZDVHVWDEOLVKLQJDZDUHQHVVDQG

XQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHUROHFRQIOLFWVIDFHGE\ZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVLQWKHLUZRUNOLIH

EDODQFH)RUSROLF\PDNHUVWKHILQGLQJVRIWKLVVWXG\PD\SURYLGHXVHIXOLQIRUPDWLRQ

DERXWWKHZRUNOLIHEDODQFHLQWHUIDFHVWUHVVDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV

VSHFLILFDOO\DIOH[LEOHZRUNVFKHGXOHLQUHODWLRQWRZRUNKRXUVIDPLO\KRXUVDQGVWXG\

KRXUV,QIRUPDWLRQVXFKDVSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQRIOLIHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQH

VWXGHQWVSURYLGHGDQLQVLJKWLQWRWKHSOLJKWRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVIRUDQ\IXWXUH

LQWHUYHQWLRQV&RQFHUQHGSROLF\PDNHUVFDQDOVRDVVLVWZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVLQXSNHHS

RIWKHLUVWXGLHVLQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHIRULQVWDQFHXQLYHUVLW\VWXG\OHDYH7KHSRVLWLYH

VRFLDOFKDQJHPD\UHVXOWIURPDQDZDUHQHVVRIFKDQJLQJVRFLDOUROHVLQJHQGHUDQG

VSLOORYHUH[SHULHQFHVRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVLQWKHLUZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGZRUN

VWXG\LQWHUIDFH7KHILQGLQJVRIWKLVVWXG\FRQWULEXWHWRSRVLWLYHVRFLDOFKDQJHE\

SURYLGLQJXVHIXOLQIRUPDWLRQIRUSROLF\PDNHUVWRVXSSRUWRQOLQHVWXGHQWVDQGDQ

XQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHG\QDPLFRIWKHZRUNOLIHVWXG\EDODQFHIRUWKHVWXGHQWVWKHPVHOYHV

,QWKHQH[WVHFWLRQ,GLVFXVVWKHVXPPDU\RIWKHFXUUHQWVWXG\

6XPPDU\

,QWKLVVWXG\,H[DPLQHGWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGZRUN

VWXG\LQWHUIDFHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVZLWKJHQGHUDVDPRGHUDWRULQUHODWLRQWR

TXDOLW\RIOLIH7KHUHLVDFRQVWDQWVWUXJJOHLQPDQDJLQJZRUNDQGSHUVRQDOOLYHVRI



ZRUNLQJLQGLYLGXDOV7KH\IDFHWKHLQWHUIHUHQFHRIZRUNRUQRQZRUNGRPDLQWKDWPD\

OHDGWRDSRVLWLYHRUQHJDWLYHVSLOORYHUDQGLQFUHDVHZRUNOLIHSUREOHPVDQGVWUHVVRUV

0DXQR.LQQXQHQ 5XRNRODLQHQ %DODQFLQJZRUNDQGQRQZRUNGRPDLQSOD\VD

FULWLFDOUROHLQZRUNLQJVWXGHQWV¶OLYHV,QWKLVVWXG\,H[DPLQHGWKHPRGHUDWLQJHIIHFWVRI

JHQGHURQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHDQGWKHLU

SHUFHLYHGVWUHVVDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV7KHILQGLQJVRIWKLV

VWXG\VKHGPRUHOLJKWLQWRWKHUROHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVDQGLQWKHSURFHVVWKH

ILQGLQJVRIWKLVVWXG\PD\DLGRQOLQHVWXGHQWVWRLQFUHDVHWKHLUKHDOWKRXWFRPHVSRVLWLYHO\

ZLWKRSWLPDOZHOOEHLQJDQGHQKDQFHGIXQFWLRQDODELOLW\ZLWKSHUVRQDOIXOILOPHQWDQG

SURGXFWLYLW\VRDVWRDFKLHYHDQRYHUDOOEHWWHUPHQWLQKHDOWK

&KDSWHUFRQVLVWHGRIWKHLQWURGXFWLRQEDFNJURXQGVFRSHRIWKHVWXG\OLWHUDWXUH

JDSSUREOHPVWDWHPHQWSXUSRVHRIVWXG\UHVHDUFKTXHVWLRQVDQGK\SRWKHVHVWKHRUHWLFDO

IUDPHZRUNIRUWKHVWXG\QDWXUHRIWKHVWXG\GHILQLWLRQVRIWHUPVDVVXPSWLRQVVFRSHDQG

GHOLPLWDWLRQVOLPLWDWLRQVVLJQLILFDQFHDQGVXPPDU\,QWKHQH[WFKDSWHU,GLVFXVV

UHVHDUFKUHODWHGWRNH\YDULDEOHV

 



&KDSWHU/LWHUDWXUH5HYLHZ

,QWURGXFWLRQ

:RUNOLIHEDODQFHLVDNH\LVVXHLQGXDOFDUHHUIDPLOLHVZKHUHKLJKZRUNGHPDQGV

DQGORQJZRUNLQJKRXUVPD\EHFRPHDFKDOOHQJHIRUERWKPHQDQGZRPHQ :DQJ 

:RPHQLQWKHSDVWZHUHPRVWO\FRQILQHGWRWKHLUGRPHVWLFUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVDQGYHU\IHZ

ZRPHQUHFHLYHGDQHGXFDWLRQ &DUH\)OHWFKHU :LWKDQLQFUHDVHLQWKHQXPEHURI

ZRPHQLQWKHZRUNIRUFHERWKPHQDQGZRPHQPD\IDFHFKDOOHQJHVLQEDODQFLQJZRUN

UROHVDQGIDPLO\UROHV$VDGXOWVUHWXUQWRVFKRROWKH\PD\DOVRIDFHZRUNIDPLO\VFKRRO

FRQIOLFWV

:RUNIDPLO\VWXG\FRQIOLFWLVELGLUHFWLRQDOZKHUHZRUNIDPLO\UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV

LQWHUIHUHZLWKVWXG\UHVSRQVLELOLWLHVDQGVWXG\UHVSRQVLELOLWLHVLQWHUIHUHZLWKZRUNIDPLO\

UHVSRQVLELOLWLHVIRULQVWDQFHVWXG\RYHUORDGLQWHUIHUHVZLWKZRUNIDPLO\UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV

3RRNDL\DXGRP 7KHUHPDLQGHURI&KDSWHULVRUJDQL]HGLQWRWKHIROORZLQJ

VHFWLRQVOLWHUDWXUHVHDUFKVWUDWHJ\WKHRUHWLFDOIRXQGDWLRQOLWHUDWXUHUHYLHZUHODWHGWRNH\

YDULDEOHVDQGVXPPDU\,QWKHQH[WVHFWLRQ,GLVFXVVWKHOLWHUDWXUHVHDUFKVWUDWHJ\IRUWKH

FXUUHQWVWXG\

/LWHUDWXUH6HDUFK6WUDWHJ\

7KHVHDUFKFRYHUHGOLWHUDWXUHGDWDEDVHVVXFKDV3UR4XHVW&HQWUDO(5,&

0('/,1(3V\F,1)23V\F$57,&/(6VLQJOHVHDUFKWHUPVDQGFRQFHSWVDQGDGYDQFHG

VHDUFKLQWKH%RROHDQVHDUFK7KH:DOGHQOLEUDU\¶VVXEMHFWVSHFLILFGDWDEDVHVZHUHXVHG

WRILQGFXUUHQWSHHUUHYLHZHGMRXUQDODUWLFOHVERRNVUHSRUWVWKHVHVDQGGLVVHUWDWLRQV

3HHUUHYLHZHGSXEOLFDWLRQVUHSRUWVDQGFRQIHUHQFHSURFHHGLQJVZHUHVHDUFKHGWR



FRQWULEXWHWRWKHOLPLWHGFXUUHQWOLWHUDWXUHUHYLHZ,XVHG*RRJOH6FKRODUDQGFLWDWLRQ

WRROVVXFKDV$FDGHPLF6HDUFK3UHPLHU (EVFR+RVW WRSHUIRUPDVHDUFKXVLQJWLWOHRU

DXWKRURISHHUUHYLHZHGMRXUQDODUWLFOHVERRNVDQGGLVVHUWDWLRQVDQGIRU$3$FLWDWLRQ

VW\OH,QWKHQH[WVHFWLRQ,GLVFXVVWKHWKHRUHWLFDOIRXQGDWLRQRIWKHFXUUHQWVWXG\

7KHRUHWLFDO)RXQGDWLRQ

,QWKLVVHFWLRQ,GLVFXVVWKHWKHRUHWLFDOIRXQGDWLRQRIVRFLDOUROHWKHRU\DQG

VSLOORYHUWKHRU\,XVHGWKHWKHRUHWLFDOIRXQGDWLRQRIWKLVGLVVHUWDWLRQWRH[WHQGDQ

XQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHVSLOORYHUHIIHFWVLQWKHZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHRIPDOHDQGIHPDOH

RQOLQHVWXGHQWV

6SLOORYHU7KHRU\

6SLOORYHUWKHRU\HYROYHGIURP6LHEHU¶V  LGHDRISHUVRQDOLW\HQULFKPHQW

6LHEHUREVHUYHGWKDWWKHVNLOOVDQGEHKDYLRUWKDWH[LVWHGLQRQHUROHFRXOGDOVREH

HIIHFWLYHO\DSSOLHGWRDQRWKHUUROH$JHQHUDOPRGHORIVSLOORYHULVELGLUHFWLRQDOZKHUH

SRVLWLYHDQGQHJDWLYHYDOXHVEHKDYLRUVDQGVNLOOVDUHWUDQVIHUUHGIURPRQHUROHWR

DQRWKHU &URXWHU6WDLQHV=HGHFN 7KHUHFRXOGEHSRVLWLYHVSLOORYHUV

DQGQHJDWLYHVSLOORYHUVIURPZRUNGRPDLQWRIDPLO\GRPDLQ +DQVHQHWDO+LOO

)HUULV 0lUWLQVRQ=HGHFN $VVXFKLQGLYLGXDOVPD\DOVRH[SHULHQFH

VWUHVVDQGIDWLJXHGXULQJWKHVHVSLOORYHUV *RRJLQV 

3DVWVWXGLHVKLJKOLJKWHGWKHDVVRFLDWLRQRIYDULDEOHVLQZRUNGRPDLQDQGQRQZRUN

GRPDLQLQZRUNOLIHVSLOORYHUVXFKDV D QHJDWLYHVSLOORYHUIURPKRPHWRZRUNZLWK

VWUHVV 6FKPLGW  E SRVLWLYHVSLOORYHURIZRUNGRPDLQZLWKJHQHUDOZHOOEHLQJLQ

WKHIDPLO\GRPDLQ .LQQXQHQ)HOGW*HUXVW 3XONNLQHQ  F EDQNHPSOR\HHV¶



SRVLWLYHVSLOORYHUWRJUHDWHUIDPLO\VDWLVIDFWLRQLQFUHDVHGPHQWDOKHDOWKDQGRYHUDOOZHOO

EHLQJ +DQVHQHWDO  G SRVLWLYHZRUNVSLOORYHUDQGSRVLWLYHKHDOWKRXWFRPHVRI

&DQDGLDQJRYHUQPHQWZRUNHUV %URWKHULGJH /HH  H SRVLWLYHMREWRKRPHZLWK

RUJDQL]DWLRQDOIDPLO\VXSSRUWMREDXWRQRP\SHUFHLYHGFRQWURODQGZHOOEHLQJ

7KRPSVRQ 3URWWDV  I IDPLO\GLVDJUHHPHQWVDQGQHJDWLYHVSLOORYHUEHWZHHQ

ZRUNDQGIDPLO\ *U]\ZDF] 0DUNV DQG J ZRUNVSLOORYHUZLWKWKHTXDOLW\RI

PDULWDOUHODWLRQVKLSSDUHQWFKLOGUHODWLRQVKLSLQYROYHPHQWLQKRXVHKROGUHVSRQVLELOLWLHV

DQGOHLVXUHDFWLYLWLHV 6PDOO 5LOH\ 

7KHRULVWVDQGUHVHDUFKHUV $OOHQ+DQFRFN9DUGDPDQ 0F.HH.OHLQ

&RRSHU0ROOR\ 6ZDQVRQ KDYHH[SORUHGQHZZD\VLQZKLFKDIIHFWVNLOOV

EHKDYLRUVDQGYDOXHVFRXOGEHWUDQVIHUUHGIURPZRUNGRPDLQWRQRQZRUNGRPDLQ:KHQ

WKHVSLOORYHUZDVLQWHJUDWHGDQGRYHUODSSHGZLWKZRUNDQGQRQZRUNGRPDLQ

UHVSRQVLELOLWLHVLQWLPHDQGVSDFHWKHQWKHVSLOORYHUZDVSRVLWLYHLQWKHGLUHFWLRQRI

DFKLHYLQJKHDOWK\ZRUNDQGQRQZRUNEDODQFH +LOOHWDO 7KXVDFFRUGLQJWR

VSLOORYHUWKHRU\ZKHQSRVLWLYHVSLOORYHUVWUDQVIHUUHGSRVLWLYHUROHTXDOLWLHVDQGWKHLU

EHQHILFLDOHIIHFWVRQWKHUHFHLYLQJGRPDLQVWKHUHZHUHSRVLWLYHHIIHFWVRIZRUNRQRWKHU

DUHDVRIOLIH &URXWHU 

7KRPSVRQDQG3URWWDV  H[DPLQHGWKHUHODWLRQVKLSDPRQJRUJDQL]DWLRQDO

IDPLO\VXSSRUWMREDXWRQRP\SHUFHLYHGFRQWURODQGZHOOEHLQJ,QWKHLUTXDOLWDWLYH

VWXG\WKHDXWKRUVK\SRWKHVL]HGWKHUHODWLRQVKLSVDPRQJDYDLODELOLW\RIIRUPDO

RUJDQL]DWLRQDOIDPLO\VXSSRUW IDPLO\EHQHILWVDQGDOWHUQDWLYHVFKHGXOHV MREDXWRQRP\

LQIRUPDORUJDQL]DWLRQDOVXSSRUW ZRUNIDPLO\FXOWXUHVXSHUYLVRUVXSSRUWDQGFRZRUNHU



VXSSRUW SHUFHLYHGFRQWURODQGHPSOR\HHDWWLWXGHVDQGZHOOEHLQJ7KHDXWKRUVIRXQG

WKDWWKHLQIRUPDORUJDQL]DWLRQDOVXSSRUWIRUZRUNIDPLO\EDODQFHIURPVXSSRUWLYH

VXSHUYLVRUVFRZRUNHUVDQGZRUNIDPLO\FXOWXUHZDVDVLJQLILFDQWSUHGLFWRURISRVLWLYH

MREWRKRPHVSLOORYHU

6FKPLGW  H[DPLQHGZRUNOLIHFRQIOLFWE\H[SORULQJIDFWRUVDVVRFLDWHGZLWK

QHJDWLYHVSLOORYHUIURPKRPHWRZRUN7KHDXWKRUK\SRWKHVL]HGWKDWIHPDOHZRUNHUV

ZRUNHUVZLWKFKLOGUHQXQGHUWKHDJHRIVL[LQWKHKRPHZRUNLQJPRWKHUVDQGZRUNHUV

HPSOR\HGDVPDQDJHUVSURIHVVLRQDOVZHUHPRUHOLNHO\WRUHSRUWQHJDWLYHKRPHWRZRUN

VSLOORYHUWKDQPDOHZRUNHUV,QWKDWTXDQWLWDWLYHVWXG\XVLQJVHFRQGDU\GDWDWKHDXWKRU

IRXQGWKDWERWKPDOHVDQGIHPDOHVH[SHULHQFHGQHJDWLYHVSLOORYHUIURPKRPHWRZRUN

0DOHVZHUHVWUHVVHGIURPWKHLUKRPHFKRUHRIFOHDQLQJUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVDQGWKHLUMRE7KH

VLJQLILFDQWSUHGLFWRURIVSLOORYHUIRUIHPDOHVZDVKDYLQJFKLOGUHQ\RXQJHUWKDQVL[\HDUV

RIDJHDWKRPH

7KHFXUUHQWVWXG\H[DPLQHGWKHPRGHUDWLQJHIIHFWVRIJHQGHURQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSV

EHWZHHQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVDQGWKHLU

SHUFHLYHGVWUHVVDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIH,QWKLVVWXG\WKHYLHZVRIVSLOORYHUWKHRU\

ZHUHDSSOLHGWRH[WHQGDQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHVSLOORYHUHIIHFWVLQWKHZRUNVWXG\

LQWHUIDFHRIPDOHDQGIHPDOHRQOLQHVWXGHQWV

6RFLDO5ROH7KHRU\

,QWKHVVRFLDOUROHWKHRU\HPHUJHGDVDQDWWHPSWWRXQGHUVWDQGWKHRULJLQRI

VH[GLIIHUHQFHVDQGVLPLODULWLHVLQVRFLDOEHKDYLRU (DJO\HWDO 7KHGLIIHUHQFHVLQ

WKHEHKDYLRURIPHQDQGZRPHQGLVWULEXWHGWKHPLQWRVRFLDOUROHVDFTXLULQJUROHUHODWHG



VNLOOV$VVXFKZRPHQDQGJLUOVEHFDPHKRPHPDNHUVDQGDVVXPHGUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVDW

KRPHDQGPHQZHUHWKHEUHDGZLQQHUVDQGDVVXPHGUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVRXWVLGHWKHKRPH

)XWXUHJHQHUDWLRQVZHUHGLUHFWHGE\JHQGHUVWHUHRW\SHVRIWKHLUVRFLDOUROHVDFTXLUHGHDUO\

LQFKLOGKRRG (DJO\(DJO\HWDO:LOOLDPV %HVW 

)UDQNH&URZQDQG6SDNH  IRXQGWKDWPRUHZRPHQSHUFHLYHGVSHFLILF

K\SRWKHWLFDOEXVLQHVVSUDFWLFHVDVXQHWKLFDOFRPSDUHGWRPHQ+HUHXVLQJWKHVRFLDOUROH

WKHRU\WKH\REVHUYHGWKDWWKHUHZDVDGHFOLQHLQJHQGHUGLIIHUHQFHVZKHQVWXGHQWVZHUH

DWSUHFDUHHUVDPSOHVDQGDQLQFUHDVHLQJHQGHUGLIIHUHQFHVZKHQZRUNH[SHULHQFHRI

VDPSOHVLQFUHDVHG*UHDWHUJHQGHUGLIIHUHQFHVZHUHIRXQGLQQRQPRQHWDU\LVVXHVWKDQLQ

PRQHWDU\LVVXHV,QYLHZRIWKHFXUUHQWVWXG\WKHVRFLDOUROHWKHRU\ZDVDEOHWRH[SODLQ

WKHJHQGHUGLIIHUHQFHVLQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGZRUNVWXG\

LQWHUIDFHRIWKHPDOHDQGIHPDOHRQOLQHVWXGHQWVDQGWKHLUSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVDQG

VDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIH

6RFLDOUROHWKHRU\LGHQWLILHVWKHWUDGLWLRQDOGLYLVLRQLQODERUEHWZHHQZRPHQDQG

PHQLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKGRPHVWLFUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVDQGRFFXSDWLRQDOUHVSRQVLELOLWLHV

UHVSHFWLYHO\ (DJO\ $OWKRXJKWKHUHDUHRWKHUWKHRULHVRIVWHUHRW\SHFRQWHQW

$OH[DQGHU%UHZHU +HUUPDQQ)LVNH&XGG\*OLFN ;X VRFLDOUROH

WKHRU\IRFXVHVRQWKHRSHQO\REVHUYDEOHEHKDYLRUVLQRFFXSDWLRQDOUROHVDQGGRPHVWLF

UROHV)RULQVWDQFHWKHUHDUHREVHUYDEOHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVVXFKDVPHQ¶VVL]HDQGVWUHQJWK

DQGZRPHQ¶VSUHJQDQF\DQGODFWDWLRQDFFRXQWVIRUGLYLVLRQRIODERU6RFLDOUROHWKHRU\

DOVRSURYLGHVSODXVLEOHDFFRXQWRIWKHSV\FKRORJLFDOSURFHVVHVRIVWHUHRW\SLQJ)RU

LQVWDQFHVH[W\SLFDOEHKDYLRUVDUHGHSHQGHQWRQVWHUHRW\SLFVH[GLIIHUHQFHVEDVHGRQ



VRFLHW\¶VDSSURYDORIDQLQGLYLGXDO¶VEHKDYLRUDQGDFWLRQDFFRUGLQJWRFDWHJRUL]DWLRQDV

PDOHDQGIHPDOHJHQGHUUROHV

,QVXPPDU\,XVHGVSLOORYHUWKHRU\ =HGHFN DQGVRFLDOUROHWKHRU\ (DJO\

 LQWKHFXUUHQWVWXG\7KHWZRWKHRULHVDUHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHEHKDYLRURIWKH

HPSOR\HHV,QWKLVVWXG\,XVHGWKHWZRWKHRULHVWRH[SODLQWKHJHQGHUGLIIHUHQFHVDQGWKH

EHKDYLRURIERWKPDOHDQGIHPDOHHPSOR\HHVLQRFFXSDWLRQDOUROHVDQGGRPHVWLFUROHV

WKDWFRXOGEHWUDQVIHUUHGIURPZRUNGRPDLQWRQRQZRUNGRPDLQ,QWKHQH[WVHFWLRQ,

GLVFXVVWKHOLWHUDWXUHUHYLHZUHODWHGWRNH\YDULDEOHVRIWKHFXUUHQWVWXG\

/LWHUDWXUH5HYLHZ5HODWHGWR.H\9DULDEOHV

,QWKLVVHFWLRQWKHNH\YDULDEOHVUHODWHGWROLWHUDWXUHUHYLHZDUHZRUNOLIHEDODQFH

ZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHVWXGHQWUROHDQGJHQGHULQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFH

VWXGHQWUROHLQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHJHQGHULQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHVWUHVVDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWK

OLIHLQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIH7KLVVHFWLRQSURYLGHV

DUHYLHZRIWKHNH\YDULDEOHV

:RUN/LIH%DODQFH

:RUNOLIHEDODQFHLVFUXFLDOWRRUJDQL]DWLRQVDQGHPSOR\HHVWRREWDLQDQRSWLPDO

PDQDJHPHQWRIPXOWLSOHWDVNVDWZRUNKRPHDQGSHUVRQDOOLIHDVHPSOR\HHVZLWKKLJK

ZRUNOLIHEDODQFHFRQWULEXWHGPRUHWRZDUGVRUJDQL]DWLRQDOJURZWKDQGVXFFHVV 1DLWKDQL

 $FFRUGLQJWR6LQJK  WKHUHKDVEHHQDQLQWHUHVWLQZRUNOLIHLQWHUIDFHLQ

SV\FKRORJ\PDLQO\LQWKHVRXUFHVDQGRXWFRPHVRIFRQIOLFWEHWZHHQZRUNWROLIHDQG

OLIHWRZRUNGRPDLQVLQWKHUHFHQW\HDUV,QWKHOLWHUDWXUHQRWRQO\LVZRUNOLIHEDODQFH



IUHTXHQWO\XVHGLQWHUFKDQJHDEO\ZLWKZRUNIDPLO\EDODQFHDQGZRUNOLIHLQWHUIDFHZLWK

ZRUNIDPLO\FRQIOLFWWKHFRQFHSWVUHPDLQHGWKHVDPH +HFKW 0F&DUWK\ 

:RUNOLIHEDODQFHUHIHUVWRWKHHTXLOLEULXPRIUHVRXUFHVDQGFRQVWUDLQWVEHWZHHQ

ZRUNDQGQRQZRUNGRPDLQDVLQIDPLO\RURWKHUSHUVRQDOUROHV )URQH4XLFN

+HQOH\ 4XLFN :RUNOLIHEDODQFHDOVRUHIHUVWRWKHGHJUHHWRZKLFKHPSOR\HHV

FRXOGFRQFXUUHQWO\EDODQFHWKHLUHPRWLRQDOEHKDYLRUDODQGWLPHGHPDQGVRIERWKSDLG

ZRUNDQGIDPLO\DQGSHUVRQDOGXWLHV +LOO+DZNLQV)HUULV :HLW]PDQ /DFNLQJ

DXQLYHUVDOGHILQLWLRQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHUHPDLQVDEURDGDQGFRPSOH[SKHQRPHQRQ

ZKHUHZRUNOLIHEDODQFHPRVWW\SLFDOO\LVFRQFHSWXDOL]HGDVWKH³H[WHQWWRZKLFKDQ

LQGLYLGXDOLVHTXDOO\HQJDJHGLQ±DQGHTXDOO\VDWLVILHGZLWKKLVRUKHUZRUNUROHDQG

IDPLO\UROH´ *UHHQKDXV&ROOLQV 6KDZS DQGZRUNIDPLO\EDODQFHKDV

EHHQGHILQHGDV³VDWLVIDFWLRQDQGJRRGIXQFWLRQLQJDWZRUNDQGDWKRPHZLWKDPLQLPXP

RIUROHFRQIOLFW´ &ODUNS 

9HUKDJHQDQG9RVVHQ  LQYHVWLJDWHGWKHLQIOXHQFHRIFRQWURORYHUZRUN

VFKHGXOHVLQHPSOR\HHV¶ZRUNOLIHEDODQFH SURGXFWLRQDQGRIILFHZRUNHUV RQWKUHHMRE

RXWFRPHVMREVDWLVIDFWLRQWXUQRYHULQWHQWLRQDQGRUJDQL]DWLRQDOFRPPLWPHQW7KH

DXWKRUVK\SRWKHVL]HGWKDWZRUNVFKHGXOHZRXOGPRGHUDWHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ

FRQWURORYHUZRUNVFKHGXOHVDQGZRUNOLIHEDODQFH7KH\GLVWULEXWHGDTXHVWLRQQDLUH

DERXWSHUVRQDOVLWXDWLRQVZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGSHUFHLYHGFRQWURODPRQJYDULRXV

RUJDQL]DWLRQV&RQWUDU\WRWKHK\SRWKHVHVUHVXOWVUHYHDOHGWKDWFRQWUROOLQJVFKHGXOHW\SH

GLGQRWLQIOXHQFHZRUNOLIHEDODQFH ‰ S QV 7KHUHVHDUFKHUVLQWHUSUHWHGWKDWWKH

HIIHFWRIFRQWURORIZRUNVFKHGXOHVRQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHZDVQRWVLJQLILFDQWIRU



HPSOR\HHV&RQWURORIZRUNVFKHGXOHVDOVRPD\QRWLQIOXHQFHZRUNOLIHEDODQFHRI

ZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV

5DPRV)UDQFLVDQG3KLOLSS  H[DPLQHGWKHZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGTXDOLW\RI

OLIHDPRQJHPSOR\HHVLQWKHEDQNLQJLQGXVWU\LQ0DOD\VLD7KH\K\SRWKHVL]HGWKDW

WKHUHLVDUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWLPHDQGLQYROYHPHQWEDODQFHDQGTXDOLW\RIOLIH:KLOH

WLPHLQGLFDWHGWKHDPRXQWRIWLPHGHYRWHGWRZRUNDQGIDPLO\UROHVLQYROYHPHQWEDODQFH

LQGLFDWHGWKHDPRXQWRISV\FKRORJLFDOLQYROYHPHQWDWZRUNDQGLQIDPLO\UROHV6XUYH\V

ZHUHHPDLOHGWREDQNHPSOR\HHV7KHUHVXOWVUHYHDOHGWKDWHPSOR\HHVZKRPDLQWDLQHG

WLPH ) S DQGLQYROYHPHQWEDODQFH ) S H[SHULHQFHGEHWWHU

TXDOLW\RIOLIH7KHUHVHDUFKHUVLQWHUSUHWHGWKDWEDODQFHLQWLPHDQGLQYROYHPHQWLQZRUN

OLIHEDODQFHUHGXFHGLPEDODQFHDQGLQFUHDVHGTXDOLW\RIOLIH+HQFHLQFUHDVLQJEDODQFH

EHWZHHQZRUNUROHVDQGIDPLO\UROHVPD\KDYHSRVLWLYHLPSDFWVRQWKHTXDOLW\RIOLIHIRU

HPSOR\HHV,WLVLPSRUWDQWIRUZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVWRVWULNHDEDODQFHEHWZHHQWKHLU

ZRUNUROHVDQGQRQZRUNUROHV

$QLPEDODQFHLQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHPD\RFFXUWRZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVZKHQ

WKHUHLVDVWUXJJOHIRULQGLYLGXDOVWRPDLQWDLQDQGVDWLVI\WKHGHPDQGVE\ERWKWKHZRUN

DQGQRQZRUNGRPDLQV$VVXFKVWUHVVPD\UHVXOWRZLQJWRWKHFRQIOLFWLQJSUHVVXUHIURP

ZRUNDQGQRQZRUNGRPDLQV3RRNDL\DXGRP  KLJKOLJKWHGWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIZRUN

OLIHEDODQFHDPRQJVWXGHQWV7KHDXWKRUK\SRWKHVL]HGVWXGHQWVIURP7KDLDQG

,QWHUQDWLRQDOSURJUDPKDYHVLPLODUSHUFHSWLRQVWRZDUGVWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIZRUNOLIH

EDODQFH+LVILQGLQJVUHYHDOHGWKDWWKHVWXGHQWVKDGDKLJKDZDUHQHVVRIZRUNOLIHEDODQFH

WKDWHQVXUHGDQRSWLPDODQGYDOXHGOLIH W   S  7KHVWXG\DOVRKLJKOLJKWHG



WKDWVWXGHQWVH[SHULHQFHGOLPLWHGZRUNOLIHEDODQFHRZLQJWRDQRYHUORDGRIXQLYHUVLW\

DVVLJQPHQWVDQGSURMHFWVDQGWKHLUGHVLUHWRVHHNUHFUHDWLRQDODFWLYLWLHVRXWVLGHWKHLUVWXG\

WLPH:LWKDQDGGLWLRQDOUROHDVVWXGHQWVZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVPD\H[SHULHQFHVWUHVV

LQWKHLUZRUNIDPLO\VWXG\FRQIOLFW,QWKHFXUUHQWVWXG\ZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV¶

VSLOORYHUH[SHULHQFHRIVWXG\RYHUORDGIURPVWXG\WRZRUNGRPDLQPD\DIIHFWWKHLUZRUN

UHVXOWLQJLQDQLQFUHDVHLQWKHLUVWUHVVOHYHODQGDGHFUHDVHLQWKHLUVDWLVIDFWLRQOHYHO

+DDU5XVVR6XxHDQG2OOLHU0DODWHUUH  LQYHVWLJDWHGWKHHIIHFWVRIZRUN

OLIHEDODQFHRQMREVDWLVIDFWLRQOLIHVDWLVIDFWLRQDQ[LHW\DQGGHSUHVVLRQRI

HPSOR\HHVDFURVVVHYHQGLVWLQFWFXOWXUHVRI0DOD\VLDQ&KLQHVH1HZ=HDODQG0DRUL

1HZ=HDODQG(XURSHDQ6SDQLVK)UHQFKDQG,WDOLDQ,QWKHLUTXDQWLWDWLYHVWXG\WKH

DXWKRUVK\SRWKHVL]HGWKDWJHQGHUHJDOLWDULDQLVPZLOOPRGHUDWHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ

ZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGLQGLYLGXDORXWFRPHVVXFKWKDWWKHSRVLWLYHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ

ZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQG D MREVDWLVIDFWLRQDQG E OLIHVDWLVIDFWLRQZLOOEHVWURQJHULQ

FRXQWULHVKLJKHULQJHQGHUHJDOLWDULDQLVPDQGWKHQHJDWLYHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUNOLIH

EDODQFHDQG F DQ[LHW\DQG G GHSUHVVLRQZLOOEHVWURQJHULQFRXQWULHVKLJKHULQJHQGHU

HJDOLWDULDQLVP͘7KHLUVWXG\UHYHDOHGWKDWZRUNOLIHEDODQFHZDVPRUHSRVLWLYHO\

DVVRFLDWHGZLWKMREVDWLVIDFWLRQ SDWKFRHIILFLHQW S DQGOLIHVDWLVIDFWLRQ SDWK

FRHIILFLHQW S IRUHPSOR\HHVLQFRXQWULHVKLJKHULQJHQGHUHJDOLWDULDQ

FXOWXUHVDQGPRUHQHJDWLYHO\DVVRFLDWHGZLWKDQ[LHW\ SDWKFRHIILFLHQW S IRU

HPSOR\HHVLQFRXQWULHVKLJKHULQJHQGHUHJDOLWDULDQFXOWXUHV7KHUHVHDUFKHUVLQWHUSUHWHG

WKDWHPSOR\HHVPD\IHHOPRUHVDWLVILHGLQZRUNOLIHEDODQFH:LWKDQDGGLWLRQDOUROHDV

VWXGHQWVZRUNLQJRQOLQHPDOHDQGIHPDOHVWXGHQWVPD\H[SHULHQFHVDWLVIDFWLRQLQ



EDODQFLQJWKHLUZRUNDQGVWXG\,QWKHFXUUHQWVWXG\ZRUNLQJRQOLQHPDOHDQGIHPDOH

VWXGHQWVPD\H[SHULHQFHVDWLVIDFWLRQLQWKHLUZRUNOLIHEDODQFH

,QVXPPDU\HPSOR\HHVZLWKKLJKZRUNOLIHEDODQFHPD\FRQWULEXWHPRUHWRZDUGV

RUJDQL]DWLRQDOJURZWKDQGVXFFHVV 1DLWKDQL DQGE\LQFUHDVLQJDEDODQFHEHWZHHQ

ZRUNUROHVDQGIDPLO\UROHVPD\DOVRKDYHSRVLWLYHLPSDFWVRQWKHTXDOLW\RIOLIHRQ

HPSOR\HHV 5DPRVHWDO :LWKDQDGGLWLRQDOUROHDVVWXGHQWVZRUNLQJRQOLQHPDOH

DQGIHPDOHVWXGHQWVPD\H[SHULHQFHVWUHVVLQWKHLUZRUNIDPLO\VWXG\FRQIOLFWDQGWKH\

PD\DOVRH[SHULHQFHVDWLVIDFWLRQLQEDODQFLQJWKHLUZRUNDQGVWXG\,QWKHQH[WVHFWLRQ

ZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHZLOOEHGLVFXVVHG

:RUN6WXG\,QWHUIDFH

,QWKLVVHFWLRQZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHLVDGGUHVVHG:LWKOLPLWHGUHVHDUFKRQWKH

UROHRIDVWXGHQWDQGLWVLQIOXHQFHRQZRUNDQGQRQZRUNGRPDLQ +HFKW 0F&DUWK\

 WKHUROHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVZDVWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQWDVDQRQZRUNGRPDLQ

LQWKHZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFH7KHZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHZDVPHDVXUHGE\WZRVXEVFDOHVRI

ZRUNLQWHUIDFHZLWKVWXG\DQGVWXG\LQWHUIDFHZLWKZRUNIRFXVLQJRQWRZKDWH[WHQWZRUN

LQWHUIHUHGZLWKVWXGHQWUROHDQGVWXGHQWUROHLQWHUIHUHGZLWKZRUN )URQHHWDO

0DUNHO )URQH1HWHPH\HU%ROHV 0F0XUULDQ ,QWKLVVWXG\WKHWHUP

ZRUNVWXG\ZDVXVHGLQVWHDGRIZRUNIDPLO\

$VZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHLVELGLUHFWLRQDOZKHUHZRUNLQWHUIHUHVZLWKVWXG\DQG

VWXG\LQWHUIHUHVZLWKZRUNZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHPD\EHHLWKHUDGYHUVH ZRUNVWXG\

FRQIOLFW RUEHQHILFLDO ZRUNVWXG\HQULFKPHQW  3RRNDL\DXGRP 6WXGHQWV¶UROHVLQ

WKHZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDGGHGWRWKHH[LVWLQJFRQVWDQWVWUXJJOHLQPDQDJLQJZRUNDQGWKHLU



SHUVRQDOOLYHVDVZRUNLQJVWXGHQWVIDFHGZRUNOLIHSUREOHPVDQGZRUNUHODWHGVWUHVV

%HKHUH<DGDY %HKHUH0DXQRHWDO6NDNRQ1LHOVHQ%RUJ *X]PDQ

 

+DOH  H[DPLQHGWKHLQIOXHQFHVFKRROFKRLFHRQOLQHYHUVXVWUDGLWLRQDOKDV

RQSHUFHLYHGRYHUDOOVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHRIJUDGXDWHVWXGHQWV7KHDXWKRUK\SRWKHVL]HG

WKDWSHUFHLYHGOHYHOVRIRYHUDOOOLIHVDWLVIDFWLRQZLOOEHVLJQLILFDQWO\ORZHUIRUJUDGXDWH

VWXGHQWVDWWHQGLQJDQRQOLQHXQLYHUVLW\WKDQVLPLODUVWXGHQWVDWWHQGLQJWUDGLWLRQDOEULFN

DQGPRUWDUXQLYHUVLWLHV+DOHFRQFOXGHGWKDWWKHUHZDVDVLJQLILFDQWGLIIHUHQFHLQWKH

SHUFHLYHGRYHUDOOVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHRIJUDGXDWHVWXGHQWVIURPWUDGLWLRQDOEULFNDQG

PRUWDUVFKRROV 0G Q  DQGRQOLQHVFKRROV 0G Q  8 ]

S U ,QWKHFXUUHQWVWXG\ZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVPD\HLWKHU

VSLOORYHUWKHLUVWXG\WRZRUNGRPDLQWKDWPD\DIIHFWWKHLUZRUNRUVSLOORYHUWKHLUZRUNWR

VWXG\GRPDLQWKDWPD\DIIHFWWKHLUVWXG\UHVXOWLQJLQDQLQFUHDVHLQWKHLUVWUHVVOHYHODQG

DGHFUHDVHLQWKHLUVDWLVIDFWLRQOHYHO

,QVXPPDU\WKHUROHRIWKHRQOLQHVWXGHQWZDVWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQWDVDQRQZRUN

GRPDLQLQWKHZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFH:RUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHLVELGLUHFWLRQDODQGLW

DGGUHVVHVWRZKDWH[WHQWZRUNLQWHUIHUHGZLWKVWXGHQWUROHDQGVWXGHQWUROHLQWHUIHUHGZLWK

ZRUNUHVXOWLQJLQDQLQFUHDVHLQWKHLUVWUHVVOHYHODQGDGHFUHDVHLQWKHLUVDWLVIDFWLRQ

OHYHO,QWKHQH[WVHFWLRQJHQGHULQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHZLOOEHGLVFXVVHG

*HQGHULQ:RUN/LIH%DODQFH

,QWKLVVHFWLRQJHQGHULQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHLVDGGUHVVHG5HVHDUFKHUVUHYHDOHG

ERWKPHQDQGZRPHQPDQDJHGDQGEDODQFHGZRUNOLIHGHPDQGV 3DUNHU :DQJ 



+RZHYHUWKHUHZDVDGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHGXDOUROHVSOD\HGE\PHQDQGZRPHQ,Q

ZRUNIDPLO\FRQIOLFWZRPHQZHUHPRUHOLNHO\WRDGMXVWWRWKHLUZRUNFRPSDUHGWRPHQ

7UDGLWLRQDOO\KHOGEHOLHIVRIPHQDVEUHDGZLQQHUVDQGZRPHQDVKRPHPDNHUVDQGVRFLDO

FRQVWUXFWLRQRIJHQGHUPDNHLWFKDOOHQJLQJIRUPRWKHUKRRGWREHFRPSURPLVHGZLWK

IDWKHUKRRG *U|QOXQG 6SLOORYHURISRVLWLYHH[SHULHQFHVRIIDPLO\WRZRUNZDV

VLJQLILFDQWIRUZRPHQZKHUHDVWKHVSLOORYHURISRVLWLYHH[SHULHQFHVDWZRUNWRIDPLO\

ZDVVLJQLILFDQWIRUPHQDQGQRWZRPHQ $GHPD )RUH[DPSOHZRUNLQJPRWKHUV

IRXQGVSLOORYHUVIURPIDPLO\OLNHVXSSRUWIURPVSRXVHSDUWQHUVXSHUYLVRUVXSSRUWDQG

IOH[LZRUNVFKHGXOH,QWKLVVWXG\JHQGHUDVDPRGHUDWRUJDYHDQLQVLJKWWRWKHFKDQJLQJ

VRFLDOUROHLQJHQGHUDQGVSLOORYHUH[SHULHQFHVRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVLQWKHLUZRUN

VWXG\LQWHUIDFH,QWKHQH[WVHFWLRQVWUHVVDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHLQZRUNOLIHEDODQFH

ZLOOEHGLVFXVVHG

6WUHVVDQG6DWLVIDFWLRQZLWK/LIHLQ:RUN/LIH%DODQFH

$QLQFUHDVHLQVWUHVVUHODWHGVWXGLHVDQGOLIHVDWLVIDFWLRQVWXGLHVRIZRUNLQJRQOLQH

VWXGHQWVDFURVVJHQGHUVZRXOGEHEHQHILFLDODVWKHQXPEHURIVWXGHQWVWDNLQJDWOHDVWRQH

RQOLQHFRXUVHKDGVXUSDVVHGPLOOLRQZKLFKZDVQHDUO\RQHKDOIRIDOOVWXGHQWVLQ

KLJKHUHGXFDWLRQWDNLQJDWOHDVWRQHRQOLQHFRXUVHLQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD $OOHQ

6HDPDQ :LWKDVKLIWLQWKHGHOLYHU\RIHGXFDWLRQZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVPD\

HQMR\DPRUHEDODQFHGZRUNOLIHEDODQFHKRZHYHULQDQRWKHUVWXG\VWXGHQWVIRXQGWKDW

WKHLUVWXG\WRRNDZD\WLPHIURPZRUNDQGIDPLO\ .LUE\%LHYHU0DUWLQH] *RPH]

 :RUNFRPSULVHGRIDQLQGLYLGXDO¶VZDNLQJOLIHDQGRIWKHRYHUDOOOLIH

VDWLVIDFWLRQZDVMREVDWLVIDFWLRQ *UDZLWFK*RWWVFKDON 0XQ] ,QWKHHYHQWRI



VSLOORYHUVIURPRQHGRPDLQWRDQRWKHUJUDGXDWHVWXGHQWVPDQDJHGWKHLUZRUNDQGQRQ

ZRUNDFWLYLWLHVE\PDNLQJPDQ\VDFULILFHVWKDWLQIOXHQFHGWKHLUOLIHVDWLVIDFWLRQ 0DUWLQH]

HWDO ,QWKLVVWXG\WKHPRGHUDWLQJHIIHFWVRIJHQGHURQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ

ZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVDQGWKHLU

SHUFHLYHGVWUHVVDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHJDYHDQLQVLJKWLQWRWKHFKDQJLQJVRFLDOUROHLQ

JHQGHUDQGVSLOORYHUH[SHULHQFHVRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVLQWKHLUZRUNOLIHEDODQFH

DQGZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFH,QWKHQH[WVHFWLRQSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVLVGLVFXVVHG

3HUFHLYHG6WUHVV

6WUHVVFDQEHSHUFHLYHGDVDQ\W\SHRIFKDQJHWKDWFDXVHVSK\VLFDOHPRWLRQDORU

SV\FKRORJLFDOVWUDLQ +ROPHV 5DKH /D]DUXVDQG)RONPDQ  IRXQGVWUHVV

RFFXUVZKHQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQLQGLYLGXDOVDQGWKHHQYLURQPHQWLVDVVHVVHGDV

GHPDQGLQJDQGWKHLUZHOOEHLQJLVDWULVN.LHFROW*ODVHUDQG*ODVHU  IRXQGWKDW

KLJKOHYHOVRISHUFHLYHGVWUHVVPD\LQIOXHQFHWKHIXQFWLRQLQJRIWKHLPPXQHV\VWHP$V

VXFKWKHUDWLRQDOHRISHUFHLYHGVWUHVVZDVFRQVWUXFWHGRQDQLQGLYLGXDO¶VSHUFHSWLRQRI

VWUHVVIXOOLIHHYHQWVZKLFKKDGDPRUHLQWHQVHHIIHFWRQRQH
VKHDOWKWKDQWKHDFWXDOHYHQW

LWVHOI

,QWKHLUTXDQWLWDWLYHVWXG\/LP7DPDQG/HH  K\SRWKHVL]HGDSRVLWLYH

UHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVDQGJHQHUDOKHDOWKVWDWH7KHDXWKRUVUHYHDOHGLQ

WKHLUILQGLQJVWKDWVWXGHQWVZKRSHUFHLYHGKLJKOHYHORIVWUHVVKDGORZHUOHYHORIJHQHUDO

KHDOWK U S 8VLQJ3HDUVRQFRUUHODWLRQFRHIILFLHQWWKHUHVXOWVVKRZHGWKDW

SHUFHLYHGVWUHVVRIWKHVWXGHQWVFRUUHODWHGQHJDWLYHO\ZLWKWKHLUFRSLQJVWUDWHJ\6WUHVV



SHUFHLYHGDPRQJVWXGHQWVZDVUHOHYDQWWRFXUUHQWVWXG\EHFDXVHLWSURYLGHGVXSSRUWLQJ

HYLGHQFHRIDVLPLODUSRSXODWLRQ VWXGHQW WRWKDWRIWKHFXUUHQWVWXG\

$FFRUGLQJWR6WUDQNV  KLJKOHYHOVRIVWUHVVORZHUHGZRUNLQJPRUDOHMRE

VDWLVIDFWLRQDQGSURGXFWLYLW\LQHPSOR\HHV,QDFRQFHSWXDOVWXG\RQVWUHVVDQGLWV

LQIOXHQFHRQHPSOR\HH¶VZRUNOLIHEDODQFHWKHSUHGLFWRUVRIZRUNOLIHFRQIOLFWZHUH

VWUHVVIXOMREFRQGLWLRQVDQGORQJZRUNLQJKRXUV $WKH\D $URUD 6RR=LSSD\

DQG3DUN  H[SORUHGWKHPHGLDWLQJHIIHFWVRIQHJDWLYHZRUNIDPLO\VSLOORYHUDQGWKH

PRGHUDWLQJHIIHFWVRIJHQGHUIDPLO\ZRUNORDGDQGVLQJOHSDUHQWLQJRIZRUNLQJ

DGXOWVRQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQVFKHGXOHIOH[LELOLW\DQGHPSOR\HHVWUHVV7KHDXWKRUV

IRXQGVFKHGXOHIOH[LELOLW\UHGXFHGQHJDWLYHZRUNIDPLO\VSLOORYHUDQGVWUHVVDPRQJ

ZRPHQVLQJOHSDUHQWVDQGHPSOR\HHVZLWKKHDYLHUIDPLO\ZRUNORDGV

*DEUHDQG.XPDU  IRXQGWKDWDPRQJXQGHUJUDGXDWHDFFRXQWLQJVWXGHQWV

DWWZRXQLYHUVLWLHVIHPDOHDFFRXQWLQJVWXGHQWVUHSRUWHGKLJKHUSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVFRPSDUHG

WRPDOHDFFRXQWLQJVWXGHQWVLQWKHLUTXDOLWDWLYHVWXG\1RVLJQLILFDQWUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ

SHUFHLYHGVWUHVVDQGDFDGHPLFSHUIRUPDQFHZDVHVWDEOLVKHG7KHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQ

PHQ¶VDQGZRPHQ¶VSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVZDVUHOHYDQWWRWKLVVWXG\,WSURYLGHGVXSSRUWLQJ

HYLGHQFHRIDVLPLODUSRSXODWLRQ VWXGHQW DVLQWKHFXUUHQWVWXG\,QFUHDVHGZRUNLQJ

KRXUVFDXVHGVHULRXVFRQVHTXHQFHVRQOLIHVW\OHDIIHFWLQJVRFLDODQGSV\FKRORJLFDOZHOO

EHLQJ+DYLQJWRPDQDJHZRUNDQGVWXG\LQWKHLUZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHVWXGHQWVPD\

H[SHULHQFHORQJKRXUVRIZRUNDQGVWXG\7LPHPDQDJHPHQWEHFRPHVFUXFLDOLQWKH

VWXGHQWV¶OLIHLQPDQDJLQJWKHLUGLIIHUHQWUROHV$VVXFKWKHFXUUHQWVWXG\H[DPLQHG



VWXGHQWV¶SHUFHLYHGVWUHVVLQWKHLUVSLOORYHUH[SHULHQFHVLQWKHLUZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFH,Q

WKHQH[WVHFWLRQWKHVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHZLOOEHGLVFXVVHG

6DWLVIDFWLRQ:LWK/LIH

/LIHVDWLVIDFWLRQLQFOXGHVJOREDOMXGJPHQWVRIDQLQGLYLGXDO
VOLIHDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQ

ZLWKVSHFLILFOLIHGRPDLQV HJZRUNIDPLO\ DQGLVFRQVLGHUHGDFRJQLWLYHFRPSRQHQW

RIVXEMHFWLYHZHOOEHLQJ 3DYRW 'LHQHU 6XEMHFWLYHZHOOEHLQJLQFOXGHGWKH

HPRWLRQDORUDIIHFWLYHFRPSRQHQWDQGWKHMXGJPHQWDORUFRJQLWLYHFRPSRQHQW 'LHQHU

9HHQKRYHQ 7KHMXGJPHQWDOFRPSRQHQWZDVFRQFHSWXDOL]HGDVOLIH

VDWLVIDFWLRQWKDWOHGWRWKHGHYHORSPHQWRI6DWLVIDFWLRQZLWK/LIH6FDOH 'LHQHU DQG

DVDPHDVXUHRIWKHMXGJPHQWDOFRPSRQHQWRIVXEMHFWLYHZHOOEHLQJ 'LHQHU(PPRQV

/DUVHQ *ULIILQ 

7KHOHYHOVRIOLIHVDWLVIDFWLRQDUHSUHGLFWLYHRIWKHOHYHORIWKHRXWFRPHV

/\XERUPLUVN\.LQJ 'LHQHU )RULQVWDQFHKLJKOHYHOVRIOLIHVDWLVIDFWLRQDUH

SUHGLFWLYHRISRVLWLYHRXWFRPHVLQZRUNKHDOWKHGXFDWLRQDOIDPLO\DQGSHUVRQDOOLIH

GRPDLQ*ODHVPHU*UDQGH%UDFKOHUDQG5RWK  IRXQGSHUFHSWLRQRIVXSSRUWIURP

IDPLO\IULHQGVDQGQHLJKERUVRIDGXOWVFRUUHODWHGZLWKOLIHVDWLVIDFWLRQ,QDQRWKHU

VWXG\E\*DOLQGH]DQG&DVDV  WKHUHZDVDVWURQJFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQVHOIHVWHHP

RIVWXGHQWVDQGWKHLUOLIHVDWLVIDFWLRQ%HUJHVDQG/DQGD  IRXQGHPRWLRQDO

LQWHOOLJHQFHZDVSUHGLFWLYHRIOLIHVDWLVIDFWLRQ(VFRGDDQG$OHJUH  IRXQG

XQLYHUVLW\VWXGHQWVZLWKKLJKHUHPRWLRQDOLQWHOOLJHQFHH[SHULHQFHGKLJKHUVDWLVIDFWLRQ

ZLWKOLIHIURPSRVLWLYHH[SHULHQFHV$VVXFKOHYHOVRIOLIHVDWLVIDFWLRQDUHSUHGLFWLYHRI

RXWFRPHVLQZRUNKHDOWKHGXFDWLRQDOIDPLO\DQGSHUVRQDOOLIHGRPDLQ



7KHFRQFHSWRIOLIHVDWLVIDFWLRQZDVUHODWHGWRVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKRQH¶VOLIHZKHUH

OLIHVDWLVIDFWLRQFRXOGEHDVVHVVHGVSHFLILFWRDSDUWLFXODUGRPDLQLQOLIHVXFKDVIDPLO\

VWXG\RUZRUN $QGUHZV :LWKH\ 'RULQ  IRXQGWKDWQRWPXFKZRUNLV

FDUULHGRXWLQWKHDUHDRIKRZOLIHVDWLVIDFWLRQZDVDIIHFWHGE\OHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQWV

+RZHYHUWKHDXWKRUIRXQGWKDWWKHROGHUDGXOWOHDUQHUVZHUHSRVLWLYHO\LPSDFWHGE\

RQOLQHHGXFDWLRQDQGH[SHULHQFHGLQFUHDVHGOLIHVDWLVIDFWLRQLQRQOLQHHGXFDWLRQ

SDUWLFLSDWLRQ7KHFXUUHQWVWXG\VHUYHGDVDQH[WHQWRIOLWHUDWXUHLQWKHDUHDRIKRZOLIH

VDWLVIDFWLRQLVDIIHFWHGE\OHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQWV7KHHYLGHQFHRIOLIHVDWLVIDFWLRQRI

DGXOWOHDUQHUVLVUHOHYDQWDQGVXSSRUWVWKHFXUUHQWVWXG\RIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV,QWKH

FXUUHQWVWXG\6DWLVIDFWLRQZLWK/LIH6FDOHZDVXVHGWRH[DPLQHPDOHDQGIHPDOHRQOLQH

VWXGHQWV¶OHYHORIFRJQLWLYHMXGJPHQWVRIVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKWKHLUOLIHWRWKHLUOHYHORIZRUN

OLIHEDODQFHDQGZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFH

2QWKHFRQWUDU\LQDTXDQWLWDWLYHVWXG\+DOH  K\SRWKHVL]HGWKDWWKH

SHUFHLYHGOHYHOVRIRYHUDOOOLIHVDWLVIDFWLRQIRUJUDGXDWHVWXGHQWVDWWHQGLQJDQRQOLQH

XQLYHUVLW\ZLOOEHORZHUWKDQVLPLODUVWXGHQWVDWWHQGLQJWUDGLWLRQDOEULFNDQGPRUWDU

XQLYHUVLWLHV+DOHIRXQGWKDWWKHJUDGXDWHVWXGHQWVDWWHQGLQJWUDGLWLRQDOXQLYHUVLW\

UHSRUWHGVLJQLILFDQWO\KLJKHUVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHWKDQWKHJUDGXDWHRQOLQHVWXGHQWV ]

S U  ,QWKHLUVWUXJJOHWREDODQFHZRUNDQGVWXG\ZRUNLQJRQOLQH

VWXGHQWVPD\HLWKHUVSLOORYHUWKHLUVWXG\WRZRUNGRPDLQWKDWPD\DIIHFWWKHLUZRUNRU

VSLOORYHUWKHLUZRUNWRVWXG\GRPDLQWKDWPD\DIIHFWWKHLUVWXG\UHVXOWLQJLQDQLQFUHDVH

LQWKHLUVWUHVVOHYHODQGDGHFUHDVHLQWKHLUVDWLVIDFWLRQOHYHO



,QVXPPDU\KLJKOHYHOVRIOLIHVDWLVIDFWLRQDUHSUHGLFWLYHRISRVLWLYHRXWFRPHVLQ

ZRUNKHDOWKHGXFDWLRQDOIDPLO\DQGSHUVRQDOOLIHGRPDLQ,QWKHQH[WVHFWLRQ&KDSWHU

ZLOOEHVXPPDUL]HG

6XPPDU\

7KHFXUUHQWVWXG\H[DPLQHGWKHPRGHUDWLQJHIIHFWVRIJHQGHURQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSV

EHWZHHQLQGHSHQGHQWYDULDEOHV ZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFH DQG

GHSHQGHQWYDULDEOHV SHUFHLYHGVWUHVVDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIH RIZRUNLQJRQOLQH

VWXGHQWV SDUWDQGIXOOWLPHHPSOR\HHV $VRQOLQHZRUNLQJVWXGHQWVPD\DOUHDG\

H[SHULHQFHZRUNIDPLO\FRQIOLFWVDQGQRZZLWKDQDGGLWLRQDOUROHDVVWXGHQWVPD\OHDG

WRQHJOHFWRIFHUWDLQUROHVDQGRUUROHRYHUORDG,WKDVEHHQVSHFXODWHGWKDWWKHSUHVVXUHV

RIPXOWLSOHUROHVLQDQLQGLYLGXDO¶VOLIHLQUHODWLRQWRZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGZRUNVWXG\

LQWHUIDFHDQGPDQDJLQJPXOWLSOHUROHVPD\VRPHWLPHVOHDYHWKHVWXGHQWIHHOLQJ

RYHUZKHOPHGRYHUORDGHGRUVWUHVVHG 'X[EXU\ +LJJLQV 

7KHUHDUHOLPLWHGVWXGLHVRQWKHUROHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHPDOHDQGIHPDOHVWXGHQWV

LQUHODWLRQWRVWUHVVDQGOLIHVDWLVIDFWLRQ6WUHVVLVSUHGLFWLYHRIZRUNIDPLO\VSLOORYHUIURP

IDPLO\UHVSRQVLELOLWLHVWRZRUNUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVIRUERWKPHQDQGZRPHQHPSOR\HHVDQG

ORZHUVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKZRUNIDPLO\EDODQFH 6RR=LSSD\ 3DUN %HVLGHVWKH

WUDGLWLRQDOGLYLVLRQLQODERUEHWZHHQZRPHQDQGPHQLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKGRPHVWLF

UHVSRQVLELOLWLHVDQGRFFXSDWLRQDOUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVUHVSHFWLYHO\ZRPHQH[SHULHQFH

VSLOORYHUIURPIDPLO\UROHLQWRZRUNUROHDQGPHQH[SHULHQFHGVSLOORYHUIURPZRUNUROH

LQWRIDPLO\UROH,QWKLVTXDQWLWDWLYHVWXG\WKHPRGHUDWLQJHIIHFWVRIJHQGHURQWKH

UHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQWKHLQGHSHQGHQWYDULDEOHV ZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGZRUNVWXG\



LQWHUIDFH DQGWKHGHSHQGHQWYDULDEOHV SHUFHLYHGVWUHVVDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIH DUH

DQDO\]HGLQ&KDSWHU,QWKHIROORZLQJFKDSWHU &KDSWHU ,GHVFULEHWKHPHWKRGRORJ\

HPSOR\HGLQWKLVUHVHDUFK

 



&KDSWHU5HVHDUFK0HWKRGV

,QWURGXFWLRQ

,QSXUVXLWRIHGXFDWLRQDVDGXOWOHDUQHUVZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVVWUXJJOHWR

PDQDJHZRUNIDPLO\VWXGLHVDQGSHUVRQDOOLIH3UHYLRXVVWXGLHVKDYHVKRZQWKDWPRUH

PHQWKDQZRPHQEDODQFHGWKHLUZRUNDQGIDPLO\RZLQJWRZRPHQ¶VDV\PPHWULFDOIDPLO\

UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV (YDQVHWDO 7KHSXUSRVHRIWKHFXUUHQWVWXG\ZDVWR

TXDQWLWDWLYHO\H[DPLQHWKHPRGHUDWLQJHIIHFWVRIJHQGHURQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQ

ZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVDQGWKHLU

SHUFHLYHGVWUHVVDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIH7KHUHPDLQGHURI&KDSWHULVRUJDQL]HGLQWR

WKHIROORZLQJVHFWLRQVUHVHDUFKGHVLJQDQGUDWLRQDOHPHWKRGRORJ\LQVWUXPHQWDWLRQGDWD

DQDO\VLVSODQWKUHDWVWRYDOLGLW\DQGHWKLFDOFRQVLGHUDWLRQVRISDUWLFLSDQW¶VULJKWV,QWKH

QH[WVHFWLRQ,GLVFXVVWKHUHVHDUFKGHVLJQDQGUDWLRQDOHRIWKHFXUUHQWVWXG\

5HVHDUFK'HVLJQDQG5DWLRQDOH

7KHFXUUHQWVWXG\HPSOR\HGDQRQH[SHULPHQWDOTXDQWLWDWLYHGHVLJQ$TXDQWLWDWLYH

UHVHDUFKPHWKRGZDVFKRVHQIRUWKLVVWXG\EHFDXVHTXDQWLWDWLYHUHVHDUFKIRFXVHVRQWKH

FROOHFWLRQRIQXPHULFDOGDWDWRGHWHUPLQHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQYDULDEOHV &UHVZHOO

 ,QWKLVVWXG\DFURVVVHFWLRQDORQOLQHVXUYH\ZDVDGPLQLVWHUHGWRGHWHUPLQHWKH

PRGHUDWLQJHIIHFWVRIJHQGHURQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQWKHZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQG

ZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFH LQGHSHQGHQWYDULDEOHV DQGSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWK

OLIH GHSHQGHQWYDULDEOHV RIWKHZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVDQGWRREWDLQLQIRUPDWLRQIURP

SDUWLFLSDQWVZLWKLQDVKRUWWLPH3DUWLFLSDQWVZHUHDEOHWRGRWKHRQOLQHVXUYH\DWWKHLU

FRQYHQLHQFH7KHHOHFWURQLFVXUYH\ZDVFRVWHIIHFWLYH,VWDWLVWLFDOO\DQDO\]HGFROOHFWHG



GDWDXVLQJUHJUHVVLRQDQDO\VLVWRGHWHUPLQHWKHPRGHUDWLQJHIIHFWRIJHQGHURQWKH

UHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQYDULDEOHVLQWKLVVWXG\,SURSRVHGUHVHDUFKTXHVWLRQVDQG

K\SRWKHVHVIURPUHYLHZRIH[LVWLQJOLWHUDWXUHLQWKHDUHDVRIZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGZRUN

VWXG\LQWHUIDFHRIWKHZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV7KHUHVHDUFKGHVLJQZDVFRQJUXHQWZLWKD

GHVLJQQHHGHGWRDGYDQFHNQRZOHGJHLQWKHGLVFLSOLQHE\FRQWULEXWLQJWRWKHOLWHUDWXUHLQ

WKHDUHDRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWUROHVLQZRUNOLIHEDODQFH7KHFXUUHQWVWXG\PD\

FRQWULEXWHLQGHVLJQLQJSROLFLHVDQGSURJUDPVXSWRXQLYHUVLW\OHYHOWRPHHWWKHQHHGVRI

RQOLQHVWXGHQWV,QWKHQH[WVHFWLRQ,GLVFXVVWKHPHWKRGRORJ\

0HWKRGRORJ\

,QWKLVVHFWLRQ,GHVFULEHWKHPHWKRGRORJ\SRSXODWLRQVDPSOLQJDQGVDPSOLQJ

SURFHGXUHSURFHGXUHIRUUHFUXLWPHQWVSDUWLFLSDWLRQDQGGDWDFROOHFWLRQLQVWUXPHQWVDQG

PDWHULDOVDQGGDWDDQDO\VLVSODQ

3RSXODWLRQ

7KHWRWDOVWXGHQWSRSXODWLRQRIXQGHUJUDGXDWHDQGJUDGXDWHVWXGHQWVDW:DOGHQ

8QLYHUVLW\ZDVLQ :DOGHQ8QLYHUVLW\ DQGZRPHQFRPSULVHGPRUH

WKDQRIWKHVWXGHQWERG\:DOGHQVWXGHQWVZHUHZKLWHEODFN

+LVSDQLFRU/DWLQR$VLDQ3DFLILF,VODQGHUPXOWLUDFLDO$PHULFDQ

,QGLDQ$ODVNDQQDWLYHDQGXQNQRZQ6WXGHQWVSXUVXLQJWKHLURQOLQHHGXFDWLRQDW

:DOGHQ8QLYHUVLW\ZHUHIURPFRXQWULHV7KHDJHGHPRJUDSKLFIRU:DOGHQVWXGHQWV

ZDV±\HDUV  ±\HDUV  ±\HDUV  DQGRWKHUV

\HDUVDQG\RXQJHU\HDUV  



6DPSOLQJDQG6DPSOLQJ3URFHGXUHV

3DUWLFLSDQWVIRUWKLVVWXG\FRQVLVWHGRIZRUNLQJXQGHUJUDGXDWHDQGJUDGXDWH

VWXGHQWVDJHG\HDUVWR\HDUVSXUVXLQJRQOLQHHGXFDWLRQDW:DOGHQ8QLYHUVLW\

8VLQJ* SRZHUDVWDWLVWLFDOSRZHUDQDO\VLVFDOFXODWRU )DXO(UGIHOGHU/DQJ 

%XFKQHU DVDPSOHVL]HRIIRUUHJUHVVLRQZDVGHWHUPLQHGXVLQJDSULRULSRZHU

DQDO\VLVDWDSRZHURIHIIHFWVL]HRIDWDQDOSKDOHYHORI &RKHQ ,

XVHGFRQYHQLHQFHVDPSOLQJLQWKLVVWXG\EHFDXVHLWZDVIDVWLQH[SHQVLYHHDV\DQG

DOORZHGPHWRVHOHFWSDUWLFLSDQWV¶DFFHVVLELOLW\DQGSUR[LPLW\

3URFHGXUHVIRU5HFUXLWPHQW3DUWLFLSDWLRQDQG'DWD&ROOHFWLRQ

3HUPLVVLRQZDVREWDLQHGIURPWKH,QVWLWXWLRQDO5HYLHZ%RDUGEHIRUHGDWD

FROOHFWLRQ7KHHOHFWURQLFVXUYH\ZDVXSORDGHGDW6XUYH\0RQNH\Š'DWDZHUHFROOHFWHG

IURPZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVRI:DOGHQ8QLYHUVLW\DQGZHUHDQDO\]HGXVLQJUHJUHVVLRQ

DQDO\VLV(WKLFDOSURFHGXUHVZHUHDGKHUHGWR

$QLPSOLHGFRQVHQWIRUPZDVXSORDGHGZLWKWKHHOHFWURQLFVXUYH\DW

6XUYH\0RQNH\Š8VLQJWKHOLQNLQWKHLQYLWDWLRQOHWWHUSDUWLFLSDQWVORJJHGRQWR

SDUWLFLSDWHLQWKLVHOHFWURQLFVXUYH\RQDYROXQWDU\EDVLV(OHFWURQLFVXUYH\ZDVFRVW

HIIHFWLYHDQGSURYLGHGPRUHSDUWLFLSDQWIOH[LELOLW\ $O2PLUL $IWHUUHDGLQJWKH

SXUSRVHRIWKHVWXG\ULVNDQGEHQHILWVRISDUWLFLSDWLQJLQWKHVWXG\DQGVWDWHPHQWRI

LPSOLHGFRQVHQWDQGFRQILGHQWLDOLW\FRPSOHWLRQRIWKHRQOLQHVXUYH\ZDVFRQVLGHUHGDV

FRQVHQWWRSDUWLFLSDWHLQWKLVVWXG\3DUWLFLSDQWVZHUHDOORZHGWRGLVFRQWLQXHDQG

WHUPLQDWHWKHLUSDUWLFLSDWLRQDWDQ\SRLQWGXULQJWKHRQOLQHVXUYH\ZLWKRXWDQ\REOLJDWLRQ

3DUWLFLSDQWVZHUHDOVRWKDQNHGDWWKHHQGRIWKHRQOLQHVXUYH\IRUWKHLUSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQ



WKLVVWXG\,FROOHFWHGDQGDQDO\]HGGDWDXVLQJ6366 6WDWLVWLFDO3DFNDJHIRUWKH6RFLDO

6FLHQFHV YHUVLRQ

,QVWUXPHQWDWLRQDQG0DWHULDOV

7KHRQOLQHVXUYH\FRYHUHGWKHIROORZLQJGRPDLQVGHPRJUDSKLFVZRUNOLIH

EDODQFHZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIH7KHVXUYH\ZDV

GHVLJQHGWREHFRPSOHWHGLQPLQXWHVDWPRVW

:RUN/LIH%DODQFH6FDOH7KHZRUNOLIHEDODQFHVFDOHRIWKHZRUNOLIHEDODQFH

FRQVWUXFWZDVGHYHORSHGE\%UHWWDQG6WURK  WRXQGHUVWDQGZRUNOLIHEDODQFHIURP

WKHVXEMHFWLYHH[SHULHQFHRIWKHHPSOR\HH7KHLWHPZRUNOLIHEDODQFHVFDOHXVHVD

SRLQW/LNHUWVFDOHDQFKRUHGE\ QHYHU UDUHO\ IURPWLPHWRWLPH RIWHQDQG

WR YHU\RIWHQ7KHLWHPVLQWKHZRUNOLIHEDODQFHVFDOHDUH D ³IHHOLQJWKDW\RXUMRE

QHJDWLYHO\DIIHFWV\RXUSV\FKRORJLFDOZHOOEHLQJ´ E ³IHHOLQJWKDW\RXUMREQHJDWLYHO\

DIIHFWV\RXUSK\VLFDOKHDOWK´ F ³IHHOLQJWHQVLRQDERXWEDODQFLQJDOO\RXU

UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV´ G ³IHHOLQJWKDW\RXVKRXOGFKDQJHVRPHWKLQJDERXW\RXUZRUNLQRUGHU

WREDODQFHDOO\RXUUHVSRQVLELOLWLHV´DQG H ³IHHOLQJWKDWSHUVRQDOFRPPLWPHQWVLQWHUIHUH

ZLWK\RXUMRE´7KHZRUNOLIHEDODQFHVFDOHKDVDUHOLDELOLW\RIFRHIILFLHQWDOSKD %UHWW

6WURK 

:RUN6WXG\,QWHUIDFH6FDOH)RUWKHZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHVFDOHZRUNVWXG\

LQWHUIDFHZDVPHDVXUHGXVLQJDPRGLILHGYHUVLRQRIWKHELGLUHFWLRQDOZRUNIDPLO\FRQIOLFW

VFDOHGHYHORSHGE\1HWHPH\HUHWDOLQ:LWKDYDOLGDWLRQRI&URQEDFKDOSKDVWKDW

UDQJHIURPWR *UHHQKDXV %HXWHOO H[WHQVLYHUHYLHZVRIWKH

SV\FKRPHWULFYDOLGLW\RIWKHZRUNIDPLO\FRQIOLFWVFDOHKDVSUHGLFWLYHYDOLGLW\DQGJRRG



UHOLDELOLW\ %RKHQ 9LYHURV/RQJ0DWWKHZV.DWK %DUQHV)DUUHOO3OHFN

 ,QWKLVVWXG\WKHZRUG³IDPLO\´ZDVUHSODFHGZLWK³VWXG\´DQGWKHVFDOHZDVUHDG

DVZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHVFDOH,QWKLVVWXG\WKHLQWHUUROHFRQIOLFWZDVEHWZHHQUROHRI

HPSOR\HHLQZRUNGRPDLQDQGRWKHUWKDQIDPLO\UROHRQOLQHVWXGHQWUROHZDVXVHGLQWKH

QRQZRUNGRPDLQZKHUHWKHUROHRIVWXGHQWUHSODFHGWKHIDPLO\UROH7KHLWHPZRUN

VWXG\LQWHUIDFHVFDOHDQGWKHLWHPVWXG\ZRUNLQWHUIDFHVFDOHXVHGDSRLQW/LNHUWVFDOH

WKDWZDVDQFKRUHGE\ VWURQJO\DJUHH DJUHH VOLJKWO\DJUHH QHLWKHUDJUHH

QRUGLVDJUHH VOLJKWO\GLVDJUHH GLVDJUHH VWURQJO\GLVDJUHH7KHLWHPVLQWKH

ZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHVFDOHZHUH D ³WKHGHPDQGVRIP\ZRUNLQWHUIHUHZLWKP\VWXG\

DQGVWXGHQWOLIH´ E ³WKHDPRXQWRIWLPHP\MREWDNHVXSPDNHVLWGLIILFXOWWRIXOILOO

VWXGHQWUHVSRQVLELOLWLHV´ F ³WKLQJV,ZDQWWRGRDWP\VWXG\GRQRWJHWGRQHEHFDXVHRI

WKHGHPDQGVP\MRESXWVRQPH´ G ³P\MRESURGXFHVVWUDLQWKDWPDNHVLWGLIILFXOWWR

IXOILOOVWXGHQWGXWLHV´DQG H ³GXHWRZRUNUHODWHGGXWLHV,KDYHWRPDNHFKDQJHVWRP\

SODQVIRUVWXGHQWDFWLYLWLHV´7KHLWHPVLQWKHVWXG\ZRUNLQWHUIDFHVFDOHZHUH D ³WKH

GHPDQGVRIP\VWXG\LQWHUIHUHZLWKZRUNUHODWHGDFWLYLWLHV´ E ³,KDYHWRSXWRIIGRLQJ

WKLQJVDWZRUNEHFDXVHRIGHPDQGVRQP\WLPHIRUP\VWXG\´ F ³WKLQJV,ZDQWWRGRDW

ZRUNGRQ
WJHWGRQHEHFDXVHRIWKHGHPDQGVRIP\VWXG\´ G ³P\VWXGHQWOLIHLQWHUIHUHV

ZLWKP\UHVSRQVLELOLWLHVDWZRUNVXFKDVJHWWLQJWRZRUNRQWLPHDFFRPSOLVKLQJGDLO\

WDVNVDQGZRUNLQJRYHUWLPH´DQG H ³VWXG\UHODWHGVWUDLQLQWHUIHUHVZLWKP\DELOLW\WR

SHUIRUPMREUHODWHGGXWLHV´

3HUFHLYHG6WUHVV6FDOH7KHSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVVFDOHZDVGHYHORSHGE\&RKHQHWDO

 WRPHDVXUHLQGLYLGXDO¶VSHUFHSWLRQRIVWUHVV HJ³+RZRIWHQKDYH\RXIHOW



QHUYRXVRUµVWUHVVHG¶"´ ,QWKLVVWXG\SHUFHLYHGVWUHVVVFDOHZDVXVHGWRFRPSDUH

ZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV¶OHYHORISHUFHLYHGVWUHVVLQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGZRUNVWXG\

LQWHUIDFH7KHLWHP3HUFHLYHG6WUHVV6FDOHXVHGDSRLQW/LNHUW6FDOHWKDWZDV

DQFKRUHGE\ DOPRVWQHYHU VRPHWLPHV IDLUO\2IWHQ RIWHQDQG YHU\

RIWHQIRULWHPVDQG3HUFHLYHG6WUHVV6FDOHVFRUHVZHUHREWDLQHGE\

UHYHUVLQJUHVSRQVHV  YHU\RIWHQ RIWHQ IDLUO\RIWHQDQG DOPRVWQHYHU WR

WKHIRXUSRVLWLYHO\VWDWHGLWHPV LWHPVDQG DQGVXPPLQJDFURVVWKHVFDOHLWHPV

:LWKDYDOLGDWLRQRI&URQEDFKDOSKDVWKDWUDQJHIURPWR &RKHQHWDO 

H[WHQVLYHUHYLHZVRIWKHSV\FKRPHWULFYDOLGLW\RIWKHSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVVFDOHKDV

FRQYHUJHQWIDFWRULDODQGFULWHULRQYDOLGLW\DQGJRRGUHOLDELOLW\ 0DURXIL]DGHKHWDO

3HWW/DFNH\6XOOLYDQ:DUH6QRZ.RVLQVNL*UDQGHN 

6DWLVIDFWLRQZLWK/LIH6FDOH7KHVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHVFDOHZDVGHYHORSHGE\

'LHQHUHWDO  WRPHDVXUHJOREDOFRJQLWLYHMXGJPHQWVRIVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKDQ

LQGLYLGXDO¶VOLIH7KHLWHPVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHVFDOHXVHGDSRLQW/LNHUWVFDOHWKDW

ZDVDQFKRUHGE\ VWURQJO\DJUHH DJUHH VOLJKWO\DJUHH QHLWKHUDJUHHQRU

GLVDJUHH VOLJKWO\GLVDJUHH GLVDJUHH VWURQJO\GLVDJUHH7KHLWHPVLQWKH

VDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHVFDOHZHUH D ³LQPRVWZD\VP\OLIHLVFORVHWRP\LGHDO´ E ³WKH

FRQGLWLRQVRIP\OLIHDUHH[FHOOHQW´ F ³,DPVDWLVILHGZLWKP\OLIH´ G ³VRIDU,KDYH

JRWWHQWKHLPSRUWDQWWKLQJV,ZDQWLQOLIH´DQG H ³LI,FRXOGOLYHP\OLIHRYHU,ZRXOG

FKDQJHDOPRVWQRWKLQJ´:LWKDYDOLGDWLRQRI&URQEDFKDOSKDVWKDWUDQJHIURPWR

3DYRW 'LHQHU H[WHQVLYHUHYLHZVRIWKHSV\FKRPHWULFYDOLGLW\RIWKHVDWLVIDFWLRQ

ZLWKOLIHVFDOHVKRZWKDWLWKDVFULWHULRQYDOLGLW\JRRGFRQYHUJHQWDQGGLVFULPLQDQW



YDOLGLW\DQGJRRGUHOLDELOLW\ $OOLVRQ$OIRQVR 'XQQ&RUULJDQ'LHQHUHW

DO9DVVDU9D]TXH]'XTXH +HUYDV9HUD9LOODUURHO8U]XD

3DYH]&HOLV$WHQDV 6LOYD 

&RQWUROYDULDEOHV'HPRJUDSKLFYDULDEOHVZHUHXVHGDVFRQWUROYDULDEOHVLQWKH

UHJUHVVLRQDVWKH\PD\DIIHFWYDULDWLRQLQWKHRXWFRPHYDULDEOH7KH\LQFOXGHGWKH

UHVSRQGHQW¶VDJHW\SHRIVWXG\ EDFKHORUPDVWHURU3K' PDULWDORUSDUWQHUVWDWXV

HPSOR\PHQWVWDWXVRIVSRXVHSDUWQHUKRXUVSHUZHHNZRUNLQJIRUVSRXVHSDUWQHUQXPEHU

DQGDJHVRIFKLOGUHQOLYLQJZLWKSDUWLFLSDQWDOORUSDUWRIWKHWLPHZRUNKRXUVSHUZHHN

VWXG\KRXUVSHUZHHNIOH[LELOLW\RIZRUNVFKHGXOHRWKHUGHSHQGHQWFDUHUHVSRQVLELOLWLHV

VXFKDVFDUHIRUHOGHUO\RUGLVDEOHGIDPLO\PHPEHUVDQGKRXUVSHUZHHNVSHQWRQ

FDUHJLYLQJ,QWKHQH[WVHFWLRQ,GLVFXVVWKHGDWDDQDO\VLVSODQRIWKHFXUUHQWVWXG\

'DWD$QDO\VLV3ODQ

,HQWHUHGGDWDIURPWKHFROOHFWLRQLQVWUXPHQWVRQ0LFURVRIW([FHODQGWKH

6366YHUVLRQIRUGDWDDQDO\VLV,FRQGXFWHGUHJUHVVLRQDQDO\VHVXVLQJ6366WR

GHWHUPLQHWKHDVVRFLDWLRQEHWZHHQWKHGHSHQGHQWYDULDEOHVRISHUFHLYHGVWUHVVDQG

VDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIH,DOVRFRPSXWHGGHVFULSWLYHVWDWLVWLFVIRUDOOYDULDEOHVLQWKLVVWXG\

7KHILUVWVWHSRIWKHDQDO\VLVLQFOXGHGHQWHULQJWKHFRQWUROYDULDEOHVDJHW\SHRI

VWXG\ EDFKHORUPDVWHURU3K' PDULWDORUSDUWQHUVWDWXVHPSOR\PHQWVWDWXVRI

VSRXVHSDUWQHUKRXUVSHUZHHNZRUNLQJIRUVSRXVHSDUWQHUQXPEHUDQGDJHVRIFKLOGUHQ

OLYLQJZLWKSDUWLFLSDQWDOORUSDUWRIWKHWLPHZRUNKRXUVSHUZHHNVWXG\KRXUVSHUZHHN

IOH[LELOLW\RIZRUNVFKHGXOHRWKHUGHSHQGHQWFDUHUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVVXFKDVFDUHIRUHOGHUO\



RUGLVDEOHGIDPLO\PHPEHUVDQGKRXUVSHUZHHNVSHQWRQFDUHJLYLQJ&RQWUROYDULDEOHV

WKDWZHUHQRWVLJQLILFDQWSUHGLFWRUVRIWKHRXWFRPHZHUHUHPRYHG

$WWKHVHFRQGVWDJHWKHLQGHSHQGHQWYDULDEOHV ZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGZRUNVWXG\

LQWHUIDFH DQGPRGHUDWRU JHQGHU ZHUHUHJUHVVHGRQWKHGHSHQGHQWYDULDEOHV SHUFHLYHG

VWUHVVDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIH $WWKHWKLUGVWDJHWKHLQGHSHQGHQWYDULDEOHV ZRUNOLIH

EDODQFHDQGZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFH WKHPRGHUDWRU JHQGHU DQGWKHLQGHSHQGHQWYDULDEOHV

PRGHUDWRUSURGXFWZHUHUHJUHVVHGRQWKHGHSHQGHQWYDULDEOHV SHUFHLYHGVWUHVVDQG

VDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIH $VLJQLILFDQWLQWHUDFWLRQHIIHFWLQGLFDWHGWKHRFFXUUHQFHRI

PRGHUDWLRQ %DURQ .HQQ\ ,QWKHQH[WVHFWLRQ,UHLWHUDWHWKHUHVHDUFKTXHVWLRQV

DQGK\SRWKHVHV

5HVHDUFK4XHVWLRQVDQG+\SRWKHVHV

*HQGHUSOD\VDQLPSRUWDQWUROHLQPRGHUDWLQJWKHUHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQZRUNOLIH

EDODQFHDQGZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVDQGWKHLUSHUFHLYHGVWUHVV

DQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHLQWKLVVWXG\:LWKVXEVWDQWLDOEDFNJURXQGRIUHVHDUFKRQ

VSLOORYHULQZRUNIDPLO\FRQIOLFWDPRQJDGXOWHPSOR\HHVWKHFXUUHQWVWXG\IRFXVHGRQ

LGHQWLI\LQJSUHGLFWRUVRIVSLOORYHUEHWZHHQPHQDQGZRPHQHPSOR\HHV7KHUHVHDUFK

TXHVWLRQVDQGK\SRWKHVHVZHUH

54:KDWLVWKHPRGHUDWLQJHIIHFWRIJHQGHURQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUN

OLIHEDODQFHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVDQGWKHLUSHUFHLYHGVWUHVV"

+*HQGHUZLOOQRWPRGHUDWHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQG

SHUFHLYHGVWUHVVRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV



+$PRQJZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVJHQGHUZLOOPRGHUDWHWKHUHODWLRQVKLS

EHWZHHQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVVXFKWKDWZRPHQDUHPRUH

OLNHO\WRUHSRUWKLJKHUOHYHOVRISHUFHLYHGVWUHVVWKDQPHQ

54:KDWLVWKHPRGHUDWLQJHIIHFWRIJHQGHURQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUN

VWXG\LQWHUIDFHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVDQGWKHLUSHUFHLYHGVWUHVV"

+*HQGHUZLOOQRWPRGHUDWHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFH

DQGSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV

+$PRQJZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVJHQGHUZLOOPRGHUDWHWKHUHODWLRQVKLS

EHWZHHQZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHDQGSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV

VXFKWKDWZRPHQDUHPRUHOLNHO\WRUHSRUWKLJKHUOHYHOVRISHUFHLYHGVWUHVV

WKDQPHQ

54:KDWLVWKHPRGHUDWLQJHIIHFWRIJHQGHURQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUN

OLIHEDODQFHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVDQGWKHLUVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIH"

+*HQGHUZLOOQRWPRGHUDWHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQG

VDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV

+$PRQJZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVJHQGHUZLOOPRGHUDWHWKHUHODWLRQVKLS

EHWZHHQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQH

VWXGHQWVVXFKWKDWZRPHQDUHPRUHOLNHO\WRUHSRUWORZHUOHYHOVRI

VDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHWKDQPHQ

54:KDWLVWKHPRGHUDWLQJHIIHFWRIJHQGHURQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUN

VWXG\LQWHUIDFHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVDQGWKHLUVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIH"



+*HQGHUZLOOQRWPRGHUDWHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFH

DQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV

+$PRQJZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVJHQGHUZLOOPRGHUDWHWKHUHODWLRQVKLS

EHWZHHQZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQH

VWXGHQWVVXFKWKDWZRPHQDUHPRUHOLNHO\WRUHSRUWORZHUOHYHOVRI

VDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHWKDQPHQ

,QWKHQH[WVHFWLRQ,GLVFXVVWKUHDWVWRYDOLGLW\IRUWKHFXUUHQWVWXG\

7KUHDWVWR9DOLGLW\

7KHUHZHUHVRPHSRWHQWLDOWKUHDWVWRWKHUHVHDUFKYDOLGLW\)LUVWXVLQJDQRQOLQH

VXUYH\LQWKHFXUUHQWVWXG\SRVHGVRPHWHFKQLFDOSUREOHPV)RUH[DPSOHDFFHVVLQJWKH

RQOLQHVXUYH\RQORZVSHHGFRPSXWHUVZDVWLPHFRQVXPLQJDQGLWFRXOGLQFUHDVHGURSRXW

UDWHWKDWPD\ELDVWKHILQDOVDPSOH +DXJWYHGW0DFKOHLW <DOFK 6HFRQG

DQRWKHUWKUHDWWRYDOLGLW\ZDVVDPSOLQJHUURULQGHPRJUDSKLFVRZLQJWRHLWKHU

XQGHUUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRUQXOOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIVRPHSRSXODWLRQV *UD\ ,QWKLV

VWXG\XVLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVDVSDUWLFLSDQWVWKUHDWVWRH[WHUQDOYDOLGLW\RFFXUUHGLQ

JHQHUDOL]LQJWKHILQGLQJVWRRWKHUGHPRJUDSKLFSRSXODWLRQVDQGDFURVVDYDULHW\RI

VHWWLQJVRWKHUWKDQRQOLQHVXUYH\XVLQJLQWHUQHW,QWKHQH[WVHFWLRQWKHHWKLFDO

FRQVLGHUDWLRQVDUHGLVFXVVHG

7KHUHZHUHVRPHSRWHQWLDOWKUHDWVWRWKHUHVHDUFKYDOLGLW\7KHWKUHDWWRYDOLGLW\

ZDVVDPSOLQJHUURULQGHPRJUDSKLFVRZLQJWRHLWKHUXQGHUUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRUQXOO

UHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIVRPHSRSXODWLRQV *UD\ ,QWKLVVWXG\XVLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVDV

SDUWLFLSDQWVWKUHDWVWRH[WHUQDOYDOLGLW\RFFXUUHGLQJHQHUDOL]LQJWKHILQGLQJVWRRWKHU



GHPRJUDSKLFSRSXODWLRQVDQGDFURVVDYDULHW\RIVHWWLQJVRWKHUWKDQRQOLQHVXUYH\XVLQJ

LQWHUQHW,QWKHQH[WVHFWLRQWKHHWKLFDOFRQVLGHUDWLRQVDUHGLVFXVVHG

(WKLFDO&RQVLGHUDWLRQV

,QWKLVVWXG\FRQILGHQWLDOLW\ULVNRIKDUPLPSOLHGFRQVHQWDQGYROXQWDU\

SDUWLFLSDWLRQZHUHVRPHRIWKHHWKLFDOLVVXHVDGGUHVVHG $PHULFDQ3V\FKRORJLFDO

$VVRFLDWLRQ )LUVWWKHSDUWLFLSDWLRQZDVRQDYROXQWDU\EDVLV(WKLFDO

FRQVLGHUDWLRQVDQGFRQILGHQWLDOLW\ZHUHVWULFWO\DGKHUHGWR6HFRQGSDUWLFLSDQWVZRXOGEH

DEOHWRFHDVHWKHLUSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQWKHVWXG\LIWKH\GHFLGHWRZLWKGUDZIURPWKHVWXG\DW

DQ\WLPH1H[WSHUPLVVLRQIRUWKHXVDJHRI:RUN/LIH%DODQFH:RUN6WXG\,QWHUIDFH

3HUFHLYHG6WUHVV6FDOHDQG6DWLVIDFWLRQZLWK/LIH6FDOHZHUHREWDLQHGDQGZHUH

DSSURSULDWHO\UHIHUHQFHGLQWKLVVWXG\$ZULWWHQDSSURYDOIURP,QVWLWXWLRQDO5HYLHZ%RDUG

ZDVREWDLQHGEHIRUHFRPPHQFHPHQWRIGDWDFROOHFWLRQ7KH,QVWLWXWLRQDO5HYLHZ%RDUGµV

DSSURYDOQXPEHUIRUWKLVVWXG\LV

3URWHFWLRQRIKXPDQSDUWLFLSDQWV(QVXULQJWKHSURWHFWLRQRIKXPDQ

SDUWLFLSDQWVZDVRISDUDPRXQWLPSRUWDQFHLQWKLVVWXG\0HDVXUHVWDNHQLQRUGHUWRHQVXUH

HWKLFDOFRQVLGHUDWLRQVZHUHVWULFWO\DGKHUHGWR)ROORZLQJZHUHWKHHWKLFDOVWHSVFDUULHG

RXWWRSURWHFWKXPDQSDUWLFLSDQWVLQWKLVVWXG\

,PSOLHGFRQVHQWDQGYROXQWDU\SDUWLFLSDWLRQ:RUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVSXUVXLQJ

RQOLQHVWXGLHVDWWKHXQLYHUVLW\YROXQWHHUHGWKHLUSDUWLFLSDWLRQDVUHVSRQGHQWVWRWKHRQOLQH

VXUYH\SRVWHGDW6XUYH\0RQNH\Š$IWHUUHDGLQJWKHSXUSRVHRIWKHVWXG\ULVNDQG

EHQHILWVRISDUWLFLSDWLQJLQWKHVWXG\FRQILGHQWLDOLW\RIWKHRQOLQHVXUYH\DQGVWDWHPHQW

RILPSOLHGFRQVHQWSDUWLFLSDQWV¶PRYLQJIRUZDUGPHDQWFRQVHQWWRSDUWLFLSDWHLQWKLV



VWXG\3DUWLFLSDQWVZHUHDOORZHGWRGLVFRQWLQXHWKHLUUHVSRQVHVDQGWHUPLQDWHWKHLU

SDUWLFLSDWLRQDWDQ\SRLQWGXULQJWKHRQOLQHVXUYH\ZLWKRXWDQ\REOLJDWLRQV

&RQILGHQWLDOLW\,QWKLVVWXG\ZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVSXUVXLQJRQOLQHVWXGLHVDW

WKHXQLYHUVLW\YROXQWHHUHGWKHLUSDUWLFLSDWLRQDVUHVSRQGHQWVWRWKHRQOLQHVXUYH\SRVWHGDW

6XUYH\0RQNH\Š&RQILGHQWLDOLW\DQGSULYDF\ZHUHVWULFWO\DGKHUHG+DUGFRSLHVRIGDWD

ZHUHNHSWLQORFNHGGUDZHUVDWUHVHDUFKHU¶VKRPHRIILFH

5LVNRIKDUP,QWKLVVWXG\WKHUHZHUHQRSK\VLFDOULVNVRUEHQHILWVIRU

SDUWLFLSDWLRQLQWKHVWXG\3DUWLFLSDQWVFKRVHWROHDYHWKHVWXG\DWDQ\SRLQWRIWLPH

ZLWKRXWDQ\REOLJDWLRQ&RQILGHQWLDOLW\ZDVVWULFWO\DGKHUHGWR7KHQH[WVHFWLRQLVWKH

VXPPDU\RIWKLVFKDSWHU

6XPPDU\

7KHFXUUHQWVWXG\TXDQWLWDWLYHO\H[DPLQHGWKHPRGHUDWLQJHIIHFWVRIJHQGHURQWKH

UHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQWKHLQGHSHQGHQWYDULDEOHV ZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGZRUNVWXG\

LQWHUIDFH RIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVDQGWKHGHSHQGHQWYDULDEOHV SHUFHLYHGVWUHVVDQG

VDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIH RIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV'HPRJUDSKLFLQIRUPDWLRQZRUNOLIH

EDODQFHXVLQJDZRUNOLIHEDODQFHVFDOH %UHWW 6WURK ZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHXVLQJ

DZRUNOLIHFRQIOLFWVFDOH 1HWHPH\HUHWDO SHUFHLYHGVWUHVVVFDOH &RKHQHWDO

 DQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHVFDOH 'LHQHU ZHUHXWLOL]HGWRH[DPLQHWKH

UHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV

DQGWKHLUSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVDQGOLIHVDWLVIDFWLRQ8VLQJ6366YHUVLRQDQDQDO\VLVRI

GHPRJUDSKLFVDQGUHJUHVVLRQDQDO\VHVZHUHFRQGXFWHGWRGHWHUPLQHWKHDVVRFLDWLRQ

EHWZHHQYDULDEOHV(WKLFDOFRQVLGHUDWLRQVOLNHFRQILGHQWLDOLW\ULVNRIKDUPLPSOLHG



FRQVHQWSURWHFWLRQRIKXPDQSDUWLFLSDQWVDQGYROXQWDU\SDUWLFLSDWLRQZHUHDGGUHVVHGLQ

WKLVVWXG\,QWKHQH[WFKDSWHUUHVXOWVRIWKHVWXG\ZHUHDQDO\]HG

 



&KDSWHU5HVXOWV

,QWURGXFWLRQ

7KHSXUSRVHRIWKHFXUUHQWVWXG\ZDVWRH[DPLQHWKHPRGHUDWLQJHIIHFWVRIJHQGHU

RQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHRIZRUNLQJ

RQOLQHVWXGHQWVDQGWKHLUSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIH&KDSWHUSUHVHQWVD

UHYLHZRIWKHFXUUHQWVWXG\¶VUHVXOWVDQGLVRUJDQL]HGLQWRWKHIROORZLQJVHFWLRQVGDWD

FROOHFWLRQUHVXOWVDQGVXPPDU\7KHUHVHDUFKZDVGHVLJQHGWRDGGUHVVWKHIROORZLQJ

TXHVWLRQVDQGDVVRFLDWHGK\SRWKHVHV

54:KDWLVWKHPRGHUDWLQJHIIHFWRIJHQGHURQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUN

OLIHEDODQFHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVDQGWKHLUSHUFHLYHGVWUHVV"

+*HQGHUZLOOQRWPRGHUDWHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQG

SHUFHLYHGVWUHVVRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV

+$PRQJZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVJHQGHUZLOOPRGHUDWHWKHUHODWLRQVKLS

EHWZHHQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVVXFKWKDWZRPHQDUHPRUH

OLNHO\WRUHSRUWKLJKHUOHYHOVRISHUFHLYHGVWUHVVWKDQPHQ

54:KDWLVWKHPRGHUDWLQJHIIHFWRIJHQGHURQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUN

VWXG\LQWHUIDFHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVDQGWKHLUSHUFHLYHGVWUHVV"

+*HQGHUZLOOQRWPRGHUDWHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFH

DQGSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV

+$PRQJZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVJHQGHUZLOOPRGHUDWHWKHUHODWLRQVKLS

EHWZHHQZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHDQGSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV



VXFKWKDWZRPHQDUHPRUHOLNHO\WRUHSRUWKLJKHUOHYHOVRISHUFHLYHGVWUHVV

WKDQPHQ

54:KDWLVWKHPRGHUDWLQJHIIHFWRIJHQGHURQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUN

OLIHEDODQFHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVDQGWKHLUVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIH"

+*HQGHUZLOOQRWPRGHUDWHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQG

VDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV

+$PRQJZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVJHQGHUZLOOPRGHUDWHWKHUHODWLRQVKLS

EHWZHHQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQH

VWXGHQWVVXFKWKDWZRPHQDUHPRUHOLNHO\WRUHSRUWORZHUOHYHOVRI

VDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHWKDQPHQ

54:KDWLVWKHPRGHUDWLQJHIIHFWRIJHQGHURQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUN

VWXG\LQWHUIDFHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVDQGWKHLUVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIH"

+*HQGHUZLOOQRWPRGHUDWHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFH

DQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV

+$PRQJZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVJHQGHUZLOOPRGHUDWHWKHUHODWLRQVKLS

EHWZHHQZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQH

VWXGHQWVVXFKWKDWZRPHQDUHPRUHOLNHO\WRUHSRUWORZHUOHYHOVRI

VDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHWKDQPHQ

&KDSWHUEHJDQZLWKGDWDFROOHFWLRQUHVXOWVRIWKHVWXG\DQGFRQFOXGHGZLWKD

VXPPDU\RIILQGLQJV,QWKHQH[WVHFWLRQ,GLVFXVVGDWDFROOHFWLRQ



'DWD&ROOHFWLRQ

7KHFXUUHQWVWXG\ZDVFDUULHGRXWRYHUPRQWKV7KHDFWXDOUHFUXLWPHQWIRUWKLV

VWXG\ZDV7KHUHVSRQVHUDWHZDV,QFOXVLRQFULWHULDZHUHZRUNLQJ

XQGHUJUDGXDWHDQGJUDGXDWHRQOLQHVWXGHQWVHQUROOHGDW:DOGHQ8QLYHUVLW\$IWHU

REWDLQLQJDSSURYDOIURPWKH:DOGHQ8QLYHUVLW\,QVWLWXWLRQDO5HYLHZ%RDUGLQYLWDWLRQ

OHWWHUVWRSDUWLFLSDWHLQWKLVVXUYH\ZHUHHPDLOHGWRSDUWLFLSDQWV'DWDZDVFROOHFWHGYLD

6XUYH\0RQNH\Š(WKLFDOSURFHGXUHVZHUHDGKHUHGWR,QWKHQH[WVHFWLRQ,GLVFXVVWKH

UHVXOWVRIWKLVVWXG\

5HVXOWV

7KLVVHFWLRQLVGLYLGHGDFFRUGLQJWRGHPRJUDSKLFIDFWRUVZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQG

ZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFH

'HPRJUDSKLF)DFWRUV

'HPRJUDSKLFGDWDDUHVXPPDUL]HGLQ7DEOH'HPRJUDSKLFGDWDUHYHDOHG

RIWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVZHUHWR\HDUVROGZHUHWR\HDUVROGZHUHWR

\HDUVROGZHUHWR\HDUVROGDQGZHUH\HDUVROG,QWKLVVWXG\

RIWKHVDPSOHZDVPDOH Q  DQGRIWKHVDPSOHZDVIHPDOH Q  

7ZHQW\ILYHSHUFHQWRIWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVZHUHVLQJOHPDUULHGGLYRUFHGDQG

ZLGRZHG0RUHWKDQKDOI  RIWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVZHUHSDUHQWVZLWKWR

FKLOGUHQZLWKWRFKLOGUHQDQGZLWKPRUHWKDQFKLOGUHQ7ZHQW\ILYH

SHUFHQWRIWKHSDUWLFLSDQWV¶FKLOGUHQZHUH\HDUVROGDQGDERYHZHUHWR

\HDUVROGZHUHWR\HDUVROGDQGZHUH\HDUROGDQG\RXQJHU7KH

PDMRULW\  RISDUWLFLSDQWVZHUHHQUROOHGLQD3K'SURJUDPLQDEDFKHORU¶V



SURJUDPDQGLQDPDVWHU¶VSURJUDP7KHPDMRULW\  RISDUWLFLSDQWVVSHQW

WRVWXG\KRXUVSHUZHHNVSHQWWRVWXG\KRXUVSHUZHHNVSHQWWR

VWXG\KRXUVSHUZHHNDQGEHORZVWXG\KRXUVSHUZHHN1HDUO\WKUHHTXDUWHUV

 RIWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVVSHQWPRUHWKDQKRXUVSHUZHHNDWZRUNVSHQWWR

ZRUNKRXUVSHUZHHNDQGVSHQWWRZRUNKRXUVSHUZHHN0RUHWKDQKDOI

 RIWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVKDGIOH[LELOLW\DWZRUN



7DEOH

'HPRJUDSKLF&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRI6WXG\6DPSOH

 'HPRJUDSKLFYDULDEOHV )UHTXHQF\ 3HUFHQW


$JH WR  
WR  
WR  
WR  
DQGDERYH  
*HQGHU 0DOH  
 )HPDOH  
7\SHRIVWXG\ %DFKHORU  
 0DVWHU  
3K'  
0DULWDOVWDWXV 6LQJOH  
 0DUULHG3DUWQHU  
'LYRUFHG  
:LGRZHG  
6SRXVHSDUWQHUMRE )XOOWLPH3DUWWLPH  
VWDWXV 1RWHPSOR\HG  
1RRIFKLOGUHQ   
   
$ERYH  
$JHRIFKLOGUHQ DQG\RXQJHU  
 WR  
WR  
DQGDERYH  
6WXG\KRXUV %HORZKRXUVSHUZHHN  
 ±KRXUVSHUZHHN  
±KRXUVSHUZHHN  
±KRXUVSHUZHHN  
±KRXUVSHUZHHN  
±KRXUVSHUZHHN  
:RUNKRXUV ±KRXUVSHUZHHN  
 ±KRXUVSHUZHHN  
±KRXUVSHUZHHN  
±KRXUVSHUZHHN  
±KRXUVSHUZHHN  
±KRXUVSHUZHHN  
±KRXUVSHUZHHN  
±KRXUVSHUZHHN  
)OH[LELOLW\ <HV  
1R  
'HSHQGHQWFDUHKRXUV %HORZKRXUVSHUZHHN  
±KRXUVSHUZHHN  
±KRXUVSHUZHHN  
±KRXUVSHUZHHN  
±KRXUVSHUZHHN  




:RUN/LIH%DODQFH

7DEOHVKRZVWKHVLJQLILFDQWPRGHUDWLRQDQDO\VHV,QWHVWLQJWKHILUVWK\SRWKHVLV

WKDWDPRQJZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVJHQGHUZLOOPRGHUDWHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUN

OLIHEDODQFHDQGSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVVXFKWKDWZRPHQDUHPRUHOLNHO\WRUHSRUWKLJKHUOHYHOV

RISHUFHLYHGVWUHVVWKDQPHQEHWDFRHIILFLHQWVIRUZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGSHUFHLYHGVWUHVV

ZHUHȕ W S VLJ JHQGHUDQGSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVZHUHȕ W 

S VLJ DQGPRGHUDWLRQZDVȕ W S VLJ *HQGHU

PRGHUDWHGWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVRIZRUNLQJ

RQOLQHVWXGHQWVVLJQLILFDQWO\VKRZLQJWKDWZRPHQZHUHPRUHOLNHO\WRUHSRUWKLJKHU

OHYHOVRISHUFHLYHGVWUHVVWKDQPHQ)XUWKHUPRUHEHFDXVH ȕ S ZDV

QHJDWLYHZRPHQKDYHKLJKHUVLJQLILFDQWHIIHFWRQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUNOLIH

EDODQFHDQGSHUFHLYHGVWUHVV7KHUHIRUHWKHQXOOK\SRWKHVLVZDVUHMHFWHGDVJHQGHUKDG

VLJQLILFDQWO\PRGHUDWHGWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGSHUFHLYHGVWUHVV

,QWHVWLQJWKHWKLUGK\SRWKHVLVWKDWDPRQJZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVJHQGHUZLOO

PRGHUDWHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHRIZRUNLQJ

RQOLQHVWXGHQWVVXFKWKDWZRPHQDUHPRUHOLNHO\WRUHSRUWORZHUOHYHOVRIVDWLVIDFWLRQ

ZLWKOLIHWKDQPHQEHWDFRHIILFLHQWVIRUZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHZHUHȕ

W S! QRWVLJ JHQGHUDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHZHUHȕ W 

S VLJ DQGPRGHUDWLRQZDVȕ W S! QRWVLJ *HQGHU

GLGQRWPRGHUDWHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHRI

ZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVVKRZLQJWKDWZRPHQDUHQRWPRUHOLNHO\WRUHSRUWORZHUOHYHOVRI

VDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHWKDQPHQ ȕ S! 7KHUHIRUH,IDLOHGWRUHMHFWWKHQXOO



K\SRWKHVLVDVJHQGHUGLGQRWVLJQLILFDQWO\PRGHUDWHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUNOLIH

EDODQFHDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV

,QVXPWKHQXOOK\SRWKHVLVLQK\SRWKHVLVZDVUHMHFWHG,IDLOHGWRUHMHFWWKHQXOO

K\SRWKHVLVLQK\SRWKHVLV

7DEOH

5HJUHVVLRQ:RUN/LIH%DODQFHRI2QOLQH6WXGHQWV

 
9DULDEOH :/%3HUFHLYHGVWUHVV  :/%6DWLVIDFWLRQ
 ȕ 5 5ǻ ) 6LJ  ȕ 5 5ǻ ) 6LJ
6WHS
          

:%/
    W        W  

*(1'(5
    W        W  

6WHS
          

:%/
    W        W  

*(1'(5
    W        W  

0'9
    W        W  

           


:RUN6WXG\,QWHUIDFH

7DEOHVKRZVWKHVLJQLILFDQWPRGHUDWLRQDQDO\VHV,QWHVWLQJWKHVHFRQG

K\SRWKHVLVWKDWDPRQJZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVJHQGHUZLOOPRGHUDWHWKHUHODWLRQVKLS

EHWZHHQZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHDQGSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVVXFKWKDW

ZRPHQDUHPRUHOLNHO\WRUHSRUWKLJKHUOHYHOVRISHUFHLYHGVWUHVVWKDQPHQEHWD

FRHIILFLHQWVIRUZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHDQGSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVZHUHȕ W S

! QRWVLJ JHQGHUDQGSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVZHUHȕ W S! QRWVLJ DQG



PRGHUDWLRQZDVȕ W S VLJ *HQGHUPRGHUDWHGWKHUHODWLRQVKLS

EHWZHHQZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHDQGSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV

VLJQLILFDQWO\VKRZLQJWKDWZRPHQZHUHPRUHOLNHO\WRUHSRUWKLJKHUOHYHOVRISHUFHLYHG

VWUHVVWKDQPHQ)XUWKHUPRUHEHFDXVH ȕ S ZDVSRVLWLYHZRPHQKDYH

KLJKHUVLJQLILFDQWHIIHFWRQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHDQGSHUFHLYHG

VWUHVV+HQFHWKHQXOOK\SRWKHVLVZDVUHMHFWHGDVJHQGHUKDGVLJQLILFDQWO\PRGHUDWHGWKH

UHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHDQGSHUFHLYHGVWUHVV

7RWHVWWKHIRXUWKK\SRWKHVLVWKDWDPRQJZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVJHQGHUZLOO

PRGHUDWHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHRI

ZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVVXFKWKDWZRPHQDUHPRUHOLNHO\WRUHSRUWORZHUOHYHOVRI

VDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHWKDQPHQEHWDFRHIILFLHQWVIRUZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQ

ZLWKOLIHZHUHȕ W S VLJ JHQGHUDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHZHUH

ȕ W S! QRWVLJ DQGPRGHUDWLRQZDVȕ W S

VLJ *HQGHUPRGHUDWHGWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQ

ZLWKOLIHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVVLJQLILFDQWO\VKRZLQJWKDWZRPHQZHUHPRUHOLNHO\

WRUHSRUWORZHUOHYHOVRIVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHWKDQPHQ)XUWKHUPRUHEHFDXVH ȕ 

S ZDVSRVLWLYHZRPHQKDYHKLJKHUVLJQLILFDQWHIIHFWRQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ

ZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIH+HQFHWKHQXOOK\SRWKHVLVZDVUHMHFWHG

DVJHQGHUKDGPRGHUDWHGWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQ

ZLWKOLIHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV



,QVXPWKHQXOOK\SRWKHVHVIRUWKUHHRXWRIIRXUK\SRWKHVHVZHUHUHMHFWHGLQWKLV

VWXG\7KHWKUHHK\SRWKHVHVDUHK\SRWKHVLVDQG+RZHYHUK\SRWKHVLVIDLOHGWR

UHMHFWWKHQXOOK\SRWKHVLV,QWKHQH[WVHFWLRQ,VXPPDUL]HWKLVFKDSWHU

7DEOH

5HJUHVVLRQ:RUN6WXG\,QWHUIDFHRI2QOLQH6WXGHQWV
 
9DULDEOH :6,3HUFHLYHGVWUHVV  :6,6DWLVIDFWLRQ
 ȕ 5 5ǻ ) 6LJ  ȕ 5 5ǻ ) 6LJ
6WHS
          

:6,
    W        W  

*(1'(5
    W        W  

6WHS
          

:6,
    W        W  

*(1'(5
    W        W  

0'9
    W        W  

           


6XPPDU\

7KHSXUSRVHRIWKHFXUUHQWVWXG\ZDVWRH[DPLQHWKHPRGHUDWLQJHIIHFWVRIJHQGHU

RQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHRIZRUNLQJ

RQOLQHVWXGHQWVDQGWKHLUSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIH&KDSWHUSURYLGHGD

UHFDSLWXODWLRQRIWKHUHVHDUFKTXHVWLRQVDQGK\SRWKHVHV

,QWKHILUVWK\SRWKHVLVJHQGHUPRGHUDWHGWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUNOLIH

EDODQFHDQGSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVVLJQLILFDQWO\VKRZLQJWKDW



ZRPHQZHUHPRUHOLNHO\WRUHSRUWKLJKHUOHYHOVRISHUFHLYHGVWUHVVWKDQPHQ ȕ S

 7KHUHIRUHWKHQXOOK\SRWKHVLVZDVUHMHFWHG

,QWKHVHFRQGK\SRWKHVLVJHQGHUPRGHUDWHGWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUNVWXG\

LQWHUIDFHDQGSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVVLJQLILFDQWO\VKRZLQJWKDW

ZRPHQZHUHPRUHOLNHO\WRUHSRUWKLJKHUOHYHOVRISHUFHLYHGVWUHVVWKDQPHQ ȕ 

S 7KHUHIRUHWKHQXOOK\SRWKHVLVZDVUHMHFWHG

,QWKHWKLUGK\SRWKHVLVJHQGHUGLGQRWVLJQLILFDQWO\PRGHUDWHWKHUHODWLRQVKLS

EHWZHHQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVVKRZLQJ

WKDWZRPHQZHUHQRWPRUHOLNHO\WRUHSRUWORZHUOHYHOVRIVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHWKDQPHQ

ȕ S! 7KHUHIRUH,IDLOHGWRUHMHFWWKHQXOOK\SRWKHVLV

,QWKHIRXUWKK\SRWKHVLVJHQGHUPRGHUDWHGWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUNVWXG\

LQWHUIDFHDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVVLJQLILFDQWO\VKRZLQJWKDW

ZRPHQZHUHPRUHOLNHO\WRUHSRUWORZHUOHYHOVRIVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHWKDQPHQ ȕ 

S 7KHUHIRUHWKHQXOOK\SRWKHVLVZDVUHMHFWHG,Q&KDSWHU,GLVFXVVWKH

FXUUHQWVWXG\¶VILQGLQJVFRQFOXVLRQVLPSOLFDWLRQVDQGUHFRPPHQGDWLRQV

 



&KDSWHU'LVFXVVLRQ&RQFOXVLRQVDQG5HFRPPHQGDWLRQV

,QWURGXFWLRQ

0RVWUHVHDUFKHUVORRNLQJLQWRWKHVXEMHFWRIWKLVVWXG\H[DPLQHGWKHUHODWLRQVKLS

EHWZHHQVWUHVVDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQDPRQJVWXGHQWVIURPWUDGLWLRQDOOHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQWV

+DDUHWDO3RRNDL\DXGRP ,QSDVWVWXGLHVPRUHPHQWKDQZRPHQ

EDODQFHGWKHLUZRUNDQGIDPLO\RZLQJWRZRPHQ¶VDV\PPHWULFDOIDPLO\UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV

%DUDO %KDUJDYD.RVVHNHWDO 7KHFXUUHQWVWXG\ZDVGHVLJQHGWRDLGLQ

EULGJLQJWKHJDSLQWKHOLWHUDWXUHZLWKDTXDQWLWDWLYHH[DPLQDWLRQRIWKHPRGHUDWLQJ

HIIHFWVRIJHQGHURQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFH

RIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVDQGWKHLUSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIH7KH

LQGHSHQGHQWYDULDEOHVIRUWKLVVWXG\ZHUHZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHRI

ZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV7KHGHSHQGHQWYDULDEOHVZHUHSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQ

ZLWKOLIHRIWKHZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV7KHPRGHUDWRUYDULDEOHZDVJHQGHURIWKH

ZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV,FROOHFWHGGDWDIURPZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVRIDQRQOLQH

XQLYHUVLW\DQGDQDO\]HGLWXVLQJUHJUHVVLRQDQDO\VLV

,QWKLVVWXG\GHPRJUDSKLFGDWDUHYHDOHGWKDWDPDMRULW\  RISDUWLFLSDQWV

ZHUHHQUROOHGLQD3K'SURJUDP 7DEOH )LIW\SHUFHQWRIWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVZHUHPHQ Q 

 DQGRIWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVZHUHZRPHQ Q  $PDMRULW\  RIWKH

SDUWLFLSDQWVZHUHPDUULHG0RUHWKDQKDOI  RIWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVZHUHSDUHQWV

7ZHQW\ILYHSHUFHQWRIWKHSDUWLFLSDQWV¶FKLOGUHQZHUH\HDUVROGDQGDERYH

ZHUHWR\HDUVROGZHUHWR\HDUVROGDQGZHUH\HDUROGDQG

\RXQJHU7KHPDMRULW\  RISDUWLFLSDQWVVSHQWWRVWXG\KRXUVSHUZHHNDQG



RIWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVVSHQWPRUHWKDQKRXUVSHUZHHNDWZRUN0RUHWKDQKDOIRI

WKHSDUWLFLSDQWV  VSHQWDWOHDVWKRXUVSHUZHHNFDUU\LQJRXWRWKHUGHSHQGHQW

FDUHUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVVXFKDVFDUHIRUHOGHUO\RUGLVDEOHGIDPLO\PHPEHUV0RUHWKDQKDOI

 RIWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVKDGIOH[LELOLW\DWZRUN

7KLVVWXG\ZDVEDVHGRQIRXUUHVHDUFKTXHVWLRQVWKDWDGGUHVVHGWKHLPSDFWRI

WKUHHSUHGLFWRUVJHQGHUDVDPRGHUDWRUZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHRQ

GHSHQGHQWYDULDEOHVRISHUFHLYHGVWUHVVDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIH7KHPRGHUDWLQJHIIHFWV

RIJHQGHUZHUHVWDWLVWLFDOO\VLJQLILFDQWRQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSV,IRXQGDVLJQLILFDQW

UHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVDQGWKHLUSHUFHLYHG

VWUHVVDQGEHWZHHQZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVDQGWKHLUSHUFHLYHG

VWUHVVDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIH*HQGHUGLGQRWPRGHUDWHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUN

OLIHEDODQFHDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV

7KHUHPDLQGHURI&KDSWHULVRUJDQL]HGLQWRWKHIROORZLQJVHFWLRQV

LQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKHILQGLQJVOLPLWDWLRQVUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVLPSOLFDWLRQVDQG

FRQFOXVLRQ,QWKHQH[WVHFWLRQ,GLVFXVVWKHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKHILQGLQJVRIWKHFXUUHQW

VWXG\

,QWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKH)LQGLQJV

,QWKHFXUUHQWVWXG\,H[DPLQHGWKHPRGHUDWLQJHIIHFWVRIJHQGHURQWKH

UHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQH

VWXGHQWVDQGWKHLUSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIH%DVHGRQWKHUHVXOWVRIWKH

FXUUHQWVWXG\JHQGHUPRGHUDWHGWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHWZRSUHGLFWRUVZRUNOLIH

EDODQFHDQGZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHDQGWKHGHSHQGHQWYDULDEOHSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVRI



ZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVVXFKWKDWZRPHQDUHPRUHOLNHO\WRUHSRUWKLJKHUOHYHOVRI

SHUFHLYHGVWUHVVWKDQPHQ$JDLQEDVHGRQWKHUHVXOWVJHQGHUDOVRPRGHUDWHGWKH

UHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHSUHGLFWRUZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHDQGGHSHQGHQWYDULDEOH

VDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVVXFKWKDWZRPHQDUHPRUHOLNHO\WR

UHSRUWORZHUOHYHOVRIVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHWKDQPHQ+RZHYHUEDVHGRQWKHUHVXOWV

JHQGHUGLGQRWPRGHUDWHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWK

OLIHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV

7KHIRXUUHVHDUFKTXHVWLRQVDGGUHVVHGVWUHVVOHYHOVDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIH

OHYHOVE\ZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVLQWKHLUZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFH

DQGKRZWKHLQWHUDFWLRQVRIJHQGHUDVDPRGHUDWRUPD\LPSDFWSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVOHYHOVDQG

VDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHOHYHOV7KHUHVXOWVRIWKLVVWXG\DLGLQWKHXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKH

HIIHFWVRIZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHDPRQJPDOHDQGIHPDOHZRUNLQJ

RQOLQHVWXGHQWV

:RUN/LIH%DODQFH

,QWKLVVWXG\,H[DPLQHGKRZWKHXVHRIJHQGHULQUHVSRQVHWRZRUNOLIHEDODQFH

DIIHFWHGSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV

6SHFLILFDOO\,H[DPLQHGWKHPRGHUDWLQJHIIHFWVRIPHQDQGZRPHQXVLQJZRUNOLIH

EDODQFHDQGVKRZHGDKLJKHUOHYHORISHUFHLYHGVWUHVVIRUZRPHQWKDQPHQ+RZHYHUWKH

PRGHUDWLQJHIIHFWVRIPHQDQGZRPHQXVLQJZRUNOLIHEDODQFHGLGQRWDIIHFWVDWLVIDFWLRQ

ZLWKOLIHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV7KHUHVXOWVRIWKLVVWXG\IXUWKHUHGXQGHUVWDQGLQJ

DERXWWKHHIIHFWVRIZRUNOLIHEDODQFHRQSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHDPRQJ

PDOHDQGIHPDOHZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV



$FFRUGLQJWRVSLOORYHUWKHRU\WKHUHFRXOGEHSRVLWLYHRUQHJDWLYHVSLOORYHUVIURP

ZRUNGRPDLQWRQRQZRUNGRPDLQ +DQVHQHWDO+LOOHWDO=HGHFN 

VXFKWKDWLQGLYLGXDOVPD\H[SHULHQFHVWUHVVDQGIDWLJXHGXULQJWKHVHVSLOORYHUV *RRJLQV

 $VHYLGHQWLQ$GHPD¶V  VWXG\VSLOORYHURISRVLWLYHH[SHULHQFHVRIIDPLO\WR

ZRUNZDVVLJQLILFDQWIRUZRPHQZKHUHDVWKHVSLOORYHURISRVLWLYHH[SHULHQFHVDWZRUNWR

IDPLO\ZDVVLJQLILFDQWIRUPHQEXWQRWZRPHQ $GHPD )RUH[DPSOHLQWKH

FXUUHQWVWXG\ZRUNLQJPRWKHUVPD\KDYHIRXQGVSLOORYHUVIURPIDPLO\VXFKDVVXSSRUW

IURPVSRXVHSDUWQHUDQGIOH[LZRUNVFKHGXOH$FFRUGLQJWR2¶0HDUDDQG&DPSEHOO

 ZLWKQRFKDQJHLQWKHFXOWXUDOQRUPVUHODWHGWRIHPLQLQLW\DQGPRWKHUKRRGDQG

WKHVWUXFWXUHRIIDPLO\ZRUNOLIHEDODQFHZLOOUHPDLQDZRPDQ¶VFRQFHUQ%DVHGRQWKH

UHVXOWVRIWKLVVWXG\WKHPRGHUDWLQJHIIHFWVRIJHQGHULQFUHDVHGOHYHOVRISHUFHLYHGVWUHVV

IRUZRPHQPRUHWKDQPHQLQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV7KLVLV

FRQJUXHQWZLWKWKHILQGLQJVRI(YDQVHWDO  ZKLFKLQGLFDWHGWKDWFRPSDUHGWRPHQ

ZRPHQFRQWLQXHWRWDNHRQWKHPDMRULW\RIWKHGRPHVWLFUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVDQGVWUXJJOHZLWK

ZRUNOLIHEDODQFH

1H[WERWKPHQDQGZRPHQPDQDJHGDQGEDODQFHGZRUNOLIHGHPDQGVEXWWKHUH

ZDVVWLOODGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHGXDOUROHVSOD\HGE\PHQDQGZRPHQLQEDODQFLQJWKHLU

ZRUNUROHV$VHYLGHQWLQ3DUNHUDQG:DQJ¶V  VWXG\ZRPHQZHUHPRUHOLNHO\WR

DGMXVWWRWKHLUZRUNFRPSDUHGWRPHQLQZRUNIDPLO\FRQIOLFW7UDGLWLRQDOO\KHOGEHOLHIV

RIPHQDVEUHDGZLQQHUVDQGZRPHQDVKRPHPDNHUVDQGVRFLDOFRQVWUXFWLRQRIJHQGHU

PDNHLWFKDOOHQJLQJIRUPRWKHUKRRGWREHFRPSURPLVHGZLWKIDWKHUKRRG *U|QOXQG

 8WLOL]LQJJHQGHUDVDPRGHUDWRUP\VWXG\SURYLGHGDQLQVLJKWLQWRWKHFKDQJLQJ



VRFLDOUROHLQJHQGHUDQGVSLOORYHUH[SHULHQFHVWKDWPD\LQIOXHQFHZRUNLQJRQOLQH

VWXGHQWVLQWKHLUZRUNOLIHEDODQFH

7KHQRQVLJQLILFDQWPRGHUDWLQJHIIHFWRIJHQGHURQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUN

OLIHEDODQFHDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHZDVXQH[SHFWHG0\ILQGLQJVLQGLFDWHGWKDWJHQGHU

GLGQRWPRGHUDWHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIH

7KLVLVLQFRQWUDVWWRWKHILQGLQJVRI(YDQVHWDO  ZKLFKVKRZHGJHQGHUPRGHUDWHG

WKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHRQSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIH

VXFKWKDWZRPHQKDYHKLJKHUVWUHVVOHYHOWKDQPHQDQGWKDWZRPHQKDGWKHLQFUHDVHG

UHVSRQVLELOLW\RIEDODQFLQJWKHLUDGGLWLRQDOUROHVZKHQWKH\FRQWLQXHGWRWDNHRQWKH

PDMRULW\RIGRPHVWLFUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVDQGVWUXJJOHZLWKZRUNOLIHEDODQFHFRPSDUHGWR

PHQLQGXDOFDUHHUIDPLOLHV,QP\VWXG\DSRVVLEOHFDXVHIRUQRQVLJQLILFDQWPRGHUDWLQJ

HIIHFWRIJHQGHURQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIH

IRUZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVFRXOGEHWKDWWKH \HDUVDQGDERYH VWXGHQWVZHUH

SRVLWLYHO\LPSDFWHGE\RQOLQHHGXFDWLRQDQGH[SHULHQFHGLQFUHDVHGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIH

LQRQOLQHHGXFDWLRQ7KHUHVXOWVRIWKLVVWXG\VHHPHGWRFRQILUPJHQGHUGLIIHUHQFHVLQ

SHUFHLYHGVWUHVVH[SHULHQFHGEHWZHHQPHQDQGZRPHQLQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHRIZRUNLQJ

RQOLQHVWXGHQWV

:RUN6WXG\,QWHUIDFH

7KLVVWXG\H[DPLQHGKRZWKHXVHRIJHQGHULQUHVSRQVHWRZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFH

DIIHFWHGSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV5HVXOWVRI

WKLVVWXG\VKRZHGWKHXVHRIWKHZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHLQFUHDVHGSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVDQG

ORZHUHGOHYHOVRIVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHDPRQJZRPHQPRUHWKDQPHQ



3DVWUHVHDUFK *UHHQKDXV %HXWHOO RQZRUNIDPLO\FRQIOLFWVKDGLQGLFDWHG

WKDWFRQIOLFWVZHUHH[SHFWHGWREHELGLUHFWLRQDOLQQDWXUH7KHILQGLQJVRIP\VWXG\

VKRZHGZRUNLQJRQOLQHIHPDOHVWXGHQWVLQWKHVDPSOHH[SHULHQFHGKLJKHUOHYHOVRI

SHUFHLYHGVWUHVVDQGORZHUOHYHOVRIVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHWKDQGLGPHQLQERWKVWXG\

LQWHUIDFHZLWKZRUNFRQIOLFWDQGZRUNLQWHUIDFHZLWKVWXG\FRQIOLFW%RWKPHQDQGZRPHQ

PD\KDYHH[SHULHQFHGQHJDWLYHVSLOORYHUIURPKRPHWRZRUNLQP\VWXG\VLPLODUWRWKH

SDUWLFLSDQWVLQ6FKPLGW¶V  VWXG\ZKHUHPHQH[SHULHQFHGVWUHVVIURPWKHLUKRPH

FKRUHRIFOHDQLQJUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVDQGWKHLUMREDQGWKHSUHVHQFHRIFKLOGUHQXQGHUWKHDJH

RIVL[DWKRPHZDVSUHGLFWLYHRIVSLOORYHUIRUZRPHQIURPIDPLO\UHVSRQVLELOLWLHVWRZRUN

UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV7KRXJKPHQDQGZRPHQPDQDJHGDQGEDODQFHGZRUNOLIHGHPDQGV

WKHUHZDVDGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHGXDOUROHVSOD\HGE\PHQDQGZRPHQ 6FKPLGW

 ,Q3DUNHUDQG:DQJ¶V  VWXG\ZRPHQZHUHPRUHOLNHO\WRDGMXVWWRWKHLU

ZRUNFRPSDUHGWRPHQLQZRUNIDPLO\FRQIOLFWDQGLWPD\H[SODLQZK\ZRPHQDUHPRUH

OLNHO\WRKDYHORZHUOHYHORIVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHWKDQPHQ0\VWXG\VKRZHGWKDWXVLQJ

ZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHLQFUHDVHGSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVDQGORZHUHGOHYHOVRIVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWK

OLIHIRUZRPHQPRUHWKDQPHQ7KHUHVXOWVRIWKLVVWXG\VHHPHGWRFRQILUPJHQGHU

GLIIHUHQFHVLQSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHH[SHULHQFHGEHWZHHQPHQDQG

ZRPHQLQZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV

2YHUDOOZLWKRQHH[FHSWLRQWKHVLJQLILFDQWILQGLQJVZHUHLQWKHK\SRWKHVL]HG

GLUHFWLRQ%DVHGRQDQDO\VLVZRPHQLQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHZHUH

PRUHOLNHO\WRKDYHDKLJKHUOHYHORISHUFHLYHGVWUHVVWKDQPHQDQGZRPHQLQZRUN



VWXG\LQWHUIDFHZHUHPRUHOLNHO\WRKDYHORZHUOHYHOVRIVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHWKDQPHQ,Q

WKHQH[WVHFWLRQ,GLVFXVVWKHOLPLWDWLRQVRIWKHFXUUHQWVWXG\

/LPLWDWLRQV

7KHWDUJHWSRSXODWLRQRIWKLVVWXG\ZDVFRPSRVHGRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVDW

DQRQOLQHXQLYHUVLW\,QWHUPVRIH[WHUQDOYDOLGLW\WKHILQGLQJVPD\QRWEHDSSOLFDEOHWR

ZRUNLQJVWXGHQWVZKRDUHQRWVWXGHQWVRIRQOLQHHGXFDWLRQ$VVXFKWKHVFRSHRIWKLV

VWXG\LVOLPLWHGDVWKHVDPSOHZDVFROOHFWHGIURPDVSHFLILFRQOLQHLQVWLWXWLRQDQGLWLVQRW

YLDEOHWRJHQHUDOL]HWKHUHVXOWV

7KHQH[WSRVVLEOHOLPLWDWLRQRIWKLVVWXG\ZDVSDUWLFLSDQWV¶XQGHUVWDQGLQJDQG

LQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKHVXUYH\TXHVWLRQV$VVXFKWKHXVHRID/LNHUWVFDOHLQWKHVXUYH\PD\

KDYHOLPLWHGVRPHSDUWLFLSDQWVLQSURYLGLQJDQDFFXUDWHDVVHVVPHQWRIWKHLUIHHOLQJV

EHKDYLRURUEHOLHIV7KHUHZDVDOVRDSRVVLELOLW\IRUSDUWLFLSDQWVWRIDNHJRRGVRFLDO

GHVLUDELOLW\DQGSURYLGHGHPDQGHIIHFWUHVSRQVHV:KLOHWKHUHVSRQVHVRIWKHVXUYH\

TXHVWLRQVZHUHGHHPHGDFFHSWDEOHUHVXOWVRIWKLVWHVWQHHGHGWREHLQWHUSUHWHGFDUHIXOO\

,QWKHQH[WVHFWLRQ,GLVFXVVWKHUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVIRUWKHFXUUHQWVWXG\

5HFRPPHQGDWLRQV

7KHILQGLQJVRIWKLVVWXG\VXJJHVWHGDQXPEHURISRVVLELOLWLHVIRUIXWXUHUHVHDUFK

)LUVWIXWXUHUHVHDUFKHUVFRXOGH[DPLQHWKHLQWHUDFWLRQHIIHFWVRIIDPLO\ZRUNVWXG\WR

GHWHUPLQHGLIIHUHQWUHODWLRQVKLSVZLWKDQXPEHURIFRQVWUXFWVZKHQFRPSDUHGWRZRUN

OLIHEDODQFH)RUH[DPSOHWKHUHVHDUFKHUVFRXOGLQYHVWLJDWHWKHHIIHFWVRIRIIHULQJIHPDOHV

ZRUNLQJVWXGHQWVZLWKFKLOGUHQSURPRWLRQVUDWKHUWKDQRIIHULQJEHQHILWVWKDWPD\

HQFRXUDJHJHQGHULQHTXDOLWLHV6HFRQGIXWXUHUHVHDUFKHUVFRXOGDOVRH[DPLQHWKH



LQWHUDFWLRQHIIHFWRIIDPLO\ZRUNVWXG\WRDJHUDQJHDVDSUHGLFWRULQGHWHUPLQLQJJHQGHU

VRFLDOUROHEHWZHHQWKH\RXQJHUDQGROGHUJHQHUDWLRQVRIPDWXUHGVWXGHQWV)XUWKHUPRUH

GLIIHUHQWJHQGHUUROHV HJVSRXVHSDUHQWHPSOR\HHFDUHJLYHUPDWXUHGVWXGHQW DV

SUHGLFWRUVPD\DOVRH[WHQGWKLVVWXG\7KLUGIXWXUHUHVHDUFKHUVPD\LQFOXGHVSHFLILF

DQDO\VHVLQDPL[HGVWXG\GHVLJQWKDWPD\SURYLGHDGGLWLRQDOXVHIXOTXDOLWDWLYHDQDO\VLV

RIGDLO\HYHQWVVXFKDVVHOIUHSRUWHGZRUNIDPLO\VWXG\FRQIOLFW7KLVLQFOXVLRQZRXOG

HQULFKWKHILQGLQJVZLWKPRUHLQVLJKWVLQWRWKHVWUXJJOHIDFHGE\ZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV

LQPDQDJLQJDQGEDODQFLQJWKHLUZRUNOLIHEDODQFH0\VWXG\ZDVFRQGXFWHG

TXDQWLWDWLYHO\ZKHUHLQIRUPDWLRQZDVGLVWLOOHGDQGDQDO\]HG)RUWKHIXWXUHDORQJLWXGLQDO

VWXG\XVLQJDPL[HGPHWKRGFRXOGEHEHQHILFLDODVLWZRXOGSURYLGHLQVLJKWIXO

LQIRUPDWLRQRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV

,QVXPPDU\IXWXUHUHVHDUFKHUVH[DPLQLQJWKHPRGHUDWLQJHIIHFWVRIJHQGHULQ

PRGHOVRIRQOLQHVWXGHQWEHKDYLRUPLJKWXQFRYHURWKHUGLIIHUHQFHVWKDWPD\FRQWULEXWHWR

SRVLWLYHVRFLDOFKDQJHE\SURYLGLQJQHZLQVLJKWVDQGXVHIXOLQIRUPDWLRQIRUSROLF\

PDNHUVWRVXSSRUWRQOLQHVWXGHQWVDVZHOODVSURYLGLQJDQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHG\QDPLF

RIWKHZRUNOLIHVWXG\EDODQFHIRUWKHVWXGHQWVWKHPVHOYHV,QWKHQH[WVHFWLRQ,GLVFXVV

WKHLPSOLFDWLRQVRIWKHFXUUHQWVWXG\

,PSOLFDWLRQV

7KHILQGLQJVRIWKLVVWXG\PLJKWFRQWULEXWHWRSRVLWLYHVRFLDOFKDQJHE\SURYLGLQJ

XVHIXOLQIRUPDWLRQIRUSROLF\PDNHUVWRVXSSRUWRQOLQHVWXGHQWVDQGDQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRI

WKHG\QDPLFRIWKHZRUNOLIHVWXG\EDODQFHIRUWKHVWXGHQWVWKHPVHOYHV$VVXFKLWLV

FUXFLDOWRFRQWLQXHVWXGLHVEHWZHHQZRUNIDPLO\DQGVWXG\DVZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV



ZLOOFRQWLQXHWRHQUROOWKHPVHOYHVLQWHUWLDU\RQOLQHHGXFDWLRQ0RUHUHVHDUFKSURYLGLQJ

LQIRUPDWLRQRIFKDQJLQJVRFLDOUROHVLQJHQGHUDQGVSLOORYHUH[SHULHQFHVRIZRUNLQJ

RQOLQHVWXGHQWVLQWKHLUZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHZLOODLGKXPDQ

UHVRXUFHSHUVRQQHODQGKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQSHUVRQQHORIRQOLQHHGXFDWLRQLQGHVLJQLQJDQG

VWUXFWXULQJDSSURSULDWHVHWWLQJVIRUZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVVXFKDVZRUNVWXG\

VFKHGXOHV7KHUHLVDOVRDQHHGWRLQFOXGHIDPLO\DQGFRQGXFWPRUHZRUNIDPLO\VWXG\

UHVHDUFKDERXWKRZIDPLO\LQWHUIHUHVZLWKVWXG\DQGVWXG\LQWHUIHUHVZLWKIDPLO\DQGWR

ILQGRXWKRZWKHLQWHUDFWLRQVRIWKHVHYDULDEOHVDIIHFWZRUNOLIHEDODQFHRIWKHZRUNLQJ

RQOLQHVWXGHQWV

6RFLDOLPSOLFDWLRQVRIWKHFXUUHQWVWXG\H[SORULQJZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV¶ZRUN

OLIHEDODQFHDQGZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHVHUYHGDVDQLPSHWXVIRUIXWXUHUHVHDUFKRQLQWHU

FRQIOLFWRIPRUHWKDQWKHWZRUROHGRPDLQV$VVXFKLWLVEHQHILFLDOWRFRQWLQXHUHVHDUFK

RQLQWHUUROHFRQIOLFWVLQVWXG\IDPLO\DQGZRUNVDWLVIDFWLRQWRSURYLGHDQ

XQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHSHUVRQDOGLPHQVLRQVLQWKHOLYHVRIRQOLQHVWXGHQWV)XUWKHUPRUH

WKHUHLVDQHHGWRFRQWLQXHVWXG\E\WDSSLQJLQWRWKHH[SHULHQFHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQW

UROHLQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHWRSURYLGHUHOHYDQWLQIRUPDWLRQDQG

XQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHG\QDPLFRIZRUNIDPLO\VWXG\EDODQFHIRUWKHVWXGHQWVWKHPVHOYHV

VXFKDVVWUHVVDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQH[SHULHQFHGE\VWXGHQWVLQWKHLUZRUNOLIHVWXG\EDODQFH

)XUWKHUPRUHDQRWKHUVRFLDOLPSOLFDWLRQRIWKHFXUUHQWVWXG\ZDVWRHVWDEOLVK

DZDUHQHVVDQGXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHUROHFRQIOLFWVIDFHGE\ZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVLQ

WKHLUZRUNOLIHEDODQFH,WLVFUXFLDOWRFRQWLQXHVWXG\VRDVWRSURYLGHIRUSROLF\PDNHUV

XVHIXOLQIRUPDWLRQWKDWPD\SURYLGHDQLQVLJKWLQWRWKHSOLJKWRIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWV



IRUDQ\IXWXUHLQWHUYHQWLRQVIRUH[DPSOHIOH[LZRUNVFKHGXOHDQGDOVRDVVLVWZRUNLQJ

RQOLQHVWXGHQWVLQXSNHHSRIWKHLUVWXGLHVLQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHIRUH[DPSOHXQLYHUVLW\

VWXG\OHDYH,FRQFOXGHP\VWXG\LQWKHQH[WVHFWLRQ

&RQFOXVLRQ

7KHREMHFWLYHRIWKLVVWXG\ZDVWRTXDQWLWDWLYHO\H[DPLQHWKHPRGHUDWLQJHIIHFWV

RIJHQGHURQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHRI

ZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVDQGWKHLUSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIH$WWKHHQGRI

WKHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKHILQGLQJV,FRQFOXGHGIURPWKHFXUUHQWVWXG\WKDWZRUNLQJRQOLQH

ZRPHQDUHPRUHOLNHO\WRUHSRUWDKLJKHUOHYHORISHUFHLYHGVWUHVVWKDQPHQLQERWKZRUN

OLIHEDODQFHDQGZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHDQGDORZHUOHYHORIVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHWKDQPHQ

LQZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFH,WLVHYLGHQWWKDWUHODWLRQVKLSH[LVWVLQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHZRUN

VWXG\LQWHUIDFHJHQGHUSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIH7KHQXOOK\SRWKHVHV

IRU+\SRWKHVLVDQGZHUHUHMHFWHG+RZHYHU,IDLOHGWRUHMHFW+\SRWKHVLVDVWKH

JHQGHUGLGQRWPRGHUDWHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUNOLIHEDODQFHRIZRUNLQJRQOLQH

VWXGHQWVDQGWKHLUVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIH,QFRQFOXVLRQZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVVKRXOGWU\

WREDODQFHWKHLUZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHWRUHGXFHVWUHVVDQGJHW

VDWLVILHG

2YHUDOOWKHILQGLQJVIURPWKLVVWXG\ZLOODGGWRWKHH[LVWLQJOLWHUDWXUH:LWKDQ

DZDUHQHVVRIVSLOORYHUH[SHULHQFHVDQGVRFLDOUROHLQJHQGHURIZRUNLQJRQOLQHVWXGHQWVLQ

WKHLUZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGZRUNVWXG\LQWHUIDFHWKHILQGLQJVPD\FRQWULEXWHWRSRVLWLYH

VRFLDOFKDQJHE\SURYLGLQJXVHIXOLQIRUPDWLRQIRUSROLF\PDNHUVWRVXSSRUWRQOLQH

VWXGHQWV7KHVWXG\PD\DOVRSURYLGHDQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHG\QDPLFRIWKHZRUNOLIH



VWXG\EDODQFHIRUWKHVWXGHQWVWKHPVHOYHV:LWKWKHSURYLVLRQRIQHZGDWDDQG

LQIRUPDWLRQUHJDUGLQJSHUFHLYHGVWUHVVDQGVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHRIPDOHDQGIHPDOH

XQGHUJUDGXDWHVDQGJUDGXDWHVDOORZHGXFDWLRQDOLQVWLWXWLRQVWRRIIHUVXLWDEOHUHVRXUFHV

DQGVHUYLFHVWRWKLVSRSXODWLRQ

 



5HIHUHQFHV

$GHPD:  *UHDWHUJHQGHUHTXDOLW\:KDWUROHIRUIDPLO\SROLF\")DPLO\

0DWWHUV

$OEULJKW06LPRQVRQ06PDOGLQR6 =YDFHN6  7HDFKLQJDQGOHDUQLQJDW

DGLVWDQFH)RXQGDWLRQVRI'LVWDQFH(GXFDWLRQ8SSHU6DGGOH5LYHU1-3HDUVRQ

(GXFDWLRQ

$OH[DQGHU0*%UHZHU0% +HUPDQQ5.  ,PDJHVDQGDIIHFW$

IXQFWLRQDODQDO\VLVRIRXWJURXSVWHUHRW\SHV-RXUQDORI3HUVRQDOLW\DQG6RFLDO

3V\FKRORJ\GRL

$OOHQ'*+DQFRFN-,9DUGDPDQ-0 0F.HH'1  $QDO\WLFDO

PLQGVHWVLQWXUQRYHUUHVHDUFK-RXUQDORI2UJDQL]DWLRQDO%HKDYLRU

$OOHQ,( 6HDPDQ-  2QOLQHQDWLRQ)LYH\HDUVRIJURZWKRQOLQH5HWULHYHG

IURPZZZVORDQFRUJSXEOLFDWLRQVVXUYH\SGIRQOLQHBQDWLRQSGI

$OOHQ,( 6HDPDQ-  *UDGH&KDQJH7UDFNLQJ2QOLQH(GXFDWLRQLQWKH

8QLWHG6WDWHV6ORDQ&RQVRUWLXPDQG%DEVRQ6XUYH\5HVHDUFK*URXSS

5HWULHYHGIURPKWWSZZZRQOLQHOHDUQLQJVXUYH\FRPUHSRUWVJUDGHFKDQJHSGI

$OOLVRQ'$OIRQVR9 'XQQ*  7KH([WHQGHG6DWLVIDFWLRQZLWK/LIH

6FDOH7KH%HKDYLRU7KHUDSLVW

$O2PLUL0  $SUHOLPLQDU\VWXG\RIHOHFWURQLFVXUYH\VDVDPHDQVWRHQKDQFH

PDQDJHPHQWDFFRXQWLQJUHVHDUFK0DQDJHPHQW5HVHDUFK1HZV  

GRL



$PHULFDQ3V\FKRORJLFDO$VVRFLDWLRQ  3XEOLFDWLRQPDQXDORIWKH$PHULFDQ

3V\FKRORJLFDO$VVRFLDWLRQ WKHG :DVKLQJWRQ'&$XWKRU

$QGUHZV)0 :LWKH\6%  6RFLDOLQGLFDWRUVRIZHOOEHLQJ$PHULFD¶V

SHUFHSWLRQRIOLIHTXDOLW\1HZ<RUN1<3OHQXP3UHVV

$WKH\D5 $URUD5  6WUHVVDQGLWVEUXQWRQHPSOR\HH¶VZRUNOLIHEDODQFH

:/% $&RQFHSWXDO6WXG\-RXUQDORI+XPDQLWLHVDQG6RFLDO6FLHQFH  

GRL

$WLFL% %DWL8  &KDQJLQJVWUXFWXUHRIHGXFDWLRQDQGSURILOHRIOHDUQHUV

3UREOHPVRI(GXFDWLRQLQWKHVW&HQWXU\

%DUDO5 %KDUJDYD6  ([DPLQLQJWKHPRGHUDWLQJLQIOXHQFHRIJHQGHURQWKH

UHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQZRUNIDPLO\DQWHFHGHQWVDQGZRUNIDPLO\HQULFKPHQW

*HQGHULQPDQDJHPHQW$Q,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDO  

GRL

%DURQ50 .HQQ\'$  7KHPRGHUDWRUPHGLDWRU\YDULDEOHGLVWLQFWLRQLQ

VRFLDOSV\FKRORJLFDOUHVHDUFK&RQFHSWXDOVWUDWHJLFDQGVWDWLVWLFDOFRQVLGHUDWLRQV

-RXUQDORI3HUVRQDOLW\DQG6RFLDO3V\FKRORJ\

 GRL

%HKHUH63<DGDY5 %HKHUH3%  $FRPSDUDWLYHVWXG\RIVWUHVVDPRQJ

VWXGHQWVRIPHGLFLQHHQJLQHHULQJDQGQXUVLQJ,QGLDQ-RXUQDORI3V\FKRORJ\

0HGLFLQH  GRL



%HUJHV-%0 /DQGD0$  (PRWLRQDOLQWHOOLJHQFHDQGDIIHFWLYHLQWHQVLW\DV

OLIHVDWLVIDFWLRQDQGSV\FKRORJLFDOZHOOEHLQJSUHGLFWRUVRQQXUVLQJSURIHVVLRQDOV

 -RXUQDORI3URIHVVLRQDO1XUVLQJ  

%HXWHOO1-  :RUNVFKHGXOHZRUNVFKHGXOHFRQWURODQGVDWLVIDFWLRQLQUHODWLRQWR

ZRUNIDPLO\FRQIOLFWZRUNIDPLO\V\QHUJ\DQGGRPDLQVDWLVIDFWLRQ&DUHHU

'HYHORSPHQW,QWHUQDWLRQDO  GRL

%HXWHOO1- 6FKQHHU-$  :RUNIDPLO\FRQIOLFWDQGV\QHUJ\DPRQJ

+LVSDQLFV-RXUQDORI0DQDJHULDO3V\FKRORJ\  ±

GRL-03

%LUG65  7KHRUL]LQJPDVFXOLQLWLHV5HFHQWWUHQGVLQVRFLDOVFLHQFHV*HQGHU

6WXGLHV-RXUQDORI(DVWHUQ(XURSH  

%ODFNEXUQ57+RURZLW]60(GLQJWRQ': .ORV'0  8QLYHUVLW\

IDFXOW\DQGDGPLQLVWUDWRUUHVSRQVHVWRMREVWUDLQV5HVHDUFKLQ+LJKHU(GXFDWLRQ

  GRLEI

%RHKP-. /\XERPLUVN\6  7KHSURPLVHRIVXVWDLQDEOHKDSSLQHVV,Q6-

/RSH] (G +DQGERRNRISRVLWLYHSV\FKRORJ\ QGHGSS 2[IRUG

8QLWHG.LQJGRP2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV

%RKHQ++ 9LYHURV/RQJ$  %DODQFLQJMREVDQGIDPLO\OLIH'RIOH[LEOH

 VFKHGXOHVKHOS"3KLODGHOSKLD7HPSOH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV

%UHDNZHOO*0+DPPRQG6)LIH6FKDZ& 6PLWK-$  5HVHDUFK

PHWKRGVLQSV\FKRORJ\ UGHG 7KRXVDQG2DNV&$6DJH3XEOLFDWLRQV



%UHWW-0 6WURK/.  :RUNLQJSOXVKRXUVDZHHN:K\GRPDQDJHUVGR

LW"-RXUQDORI$SSOLHG3V\FKRORJ\

%URWKHULGJH& /HH5  ,PSDFWRIZRUNIDPLO\LQWHUIHUHQFHRQJHQHUDOZHOO

EHLQJ$UHSOLFDWLRQDQGH[WHQVLRQ,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI6WUHVV0DQDJHPHQW



%UXV&3  6HHNLQJEDODQFHLQJUDGXDWHVFKRRO$UHDOLVWLFH[SHFWDWLRQRU

GDQJHURXVGLOHPPD"1HZ'LUHFWLRQVIRU6WXGHQW6HUYLFHVGRL

VV

&DUH\)OHWFKHU.  7KHUHODWLRQVKLSRIFRPPXQLW\FROOHJHFDPSXVFKLOGFDUH

FHQWHUVWRWKHDFDGHPLFVXFFHVVRIVLQJOHPRWKHUV'LVVHUWDWLRQ$EVWUDFWV

,QWHUQDWLRQDO7KH+XPDQLWLHVDQG6RFLDO6FLHQFHV  

&KHQJ%+ 0F&DUWK\-0  0DQDJLQJZRUNIDPLO\DQGVFKRROUROHV

'LVHQJDJHPHQWVWUDWHJLHVFDQKHOSDQGKLQGHU-RXUQDORI2FFXSDWLRQDO+HDOWK

3V\FKRORJ\  GRLD

&KLFNHULQJ$: (KUPDQQ6&  ,PSOHPHQWLQJWKHVHYHQSULQFLSOHV

7HFKQRORJ\DVDOHYHU$$+(%XOOHWLQ  

&ODUN6&  :RUNIDPLO\ERUGHUWKHRU\$QHZWKHRU\RIZRUNIDPLO\EDODQFH

+XPDQ5HODWLRQVGRL

&RKHQ-  4XDQWLWDWLYHPHWKRGVLQSV\FKRORJ\$SRZHUSULPHU3V\FKRORJLFDO

%XOOHWLQ  

&RKHQ6.DPDUFN7 0HUPHOVWHLQ5  $JOREDOPHDVXUHRISHUFHLYHGVWUHVV

-RXUQDORI+HDOWKDQG6RFLDO%HKDYLRUGRL



&RUULJDQ-  7KH6DWLVIDFWLRQZLWK/LIH6FDOH7KH&HQWHUIRU2XWFRPH

0HDVXUHPHQWLQ%UDLQ,QMXU\5HWULHYHGIURPKWWSZZZWELPVRUJFRPELVZOV

&UHVZHOO-:  5HVHDUFK'HVLJQ4XDOLWDWLYH4XDQWLWDWLYHDQG0L[HG0HWKRGV

$SSURDFKHV QGHG /RQGRQ6DJH3XEOLFDWLRQV/WG

&UHVZHOO-:  5HVHDUFKGHVLJQ4XDOLWDWLYHTXDQWLWDWLYHDQGPL[HGPHWKRGV

DSSURDFKHV WKHG /RQGRQ6DJH3XEOLFDWLRQV/WG

&URXWHU$&  3DUWLFLSDWLYHZRUNDVDQLQIOXHQFHRQKXPDQGHYHORSPHQW

-RXUQDORI$SSOLHG'HYHORSPHQWDO3V\FKRORJ\

'DUUDW0$P\[' %HQQHW5  $QLQYHVWLJDWLRQLQWRWKHHIIHFWVRIZRUN

IDPLO\FRQIOLFWDQGMREVDWLVIDFWLRQRQVDOHVSHUVRQGHYLDQFH-RXUQDORI3HUVRQDO

6HOOLQJ 6DOHV0DQDJHPHQW  GRLSVV

'LHQHU(  6XEMHFWLYHZHOOEHLQJ3V\FKRORJLFDO%XOOHWLQ±

'LHQHU(  6XEMHFWLYHZHOOEHLQJ7KHVFLHQFHRIKDSSLQHVVDQGDSURSRVDOIRUD

QDWLRQDOLQGH[$PHULFDQ3V\FKRORJLVW±GRL

[

'LHQHU( &KDQ0<  +DSS\SHRSOHOLYHORQJHU6XEMHFWLYHZHOOǦEHLQJ

FRQWULEXWHVWRKHDOWKDQGORQJHYLW\$SSOLHG3V\FKRORJ\+HDOWKDQG:HOOǦ%HLQJ

  GRLM[

'LHQHU('(PPRQV5$/DUVHQ5- *ULIILQ6  7KHVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWK

OLIHVFDOH-RXUQDORI3HUVRQDOLW\$VVHVVPHQW  

 GRLVMSDB



'REOH1 6XUSUL\D09  6WXGHQWOLIHEDODQFHP\WKRUUHDOLW\",QWHUQDWLRQDO

-RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQDO0DQDJHPHQW  

'RULQ0  2QOLQHHGXFDWLRQRIROGHUDGXOWVDQGLWVUHODWLRQWROLIHVDWLVIDFWLRQ

(GXFDWLRQDO*HURQWRORJ\±

'X[EXU\/ +LJJLQV&  5HYLVLWLQJZRUNOLIHLVVXHVLQ&DQDGD7KH

QDWLRQDOVWXG\RQEDODQFLQJZRUNDQGFDUHJLYLQJLQ&DQDGD5HWULHYHGIURP

KWWSZZZKHDOWK\ZRUNSODFHVLQIRZSFRQWHQWXSORDGV1DWLRQDO

:RUN/RQJ6XPPDU\SGI

(DJO\$  6H[GLIIHUHQFHVLQVRFLDOEHKDYLRU$VRFLDOUROHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQ

+LOOVGDOH1-(UOEDXP

(DJO\$  6H[GLIIHUHQFHVLQVRFLDOEHKDYLRU&RPSDULQJVRFLDOUROHWKHRU\DQG

HYROXWLRQDU\SV\FKRORJ\$PHULFDQ3V\FKRORJLVW  

GRL;E

(DJO\$:RRG: 'LHNPDQ$%  6RFLDOUROHWKHRU\RIVH[GLIIHUHQFHVDQG

VLPLODULWLHV$FXUUHQWDSSUDLVDO,Q7(FNHV +07UDXWQHU (GV 7KH

GHYHORSPHQWDOVRFLDOSV\FKRORJ\RIJHQGHU SS 0DKZDK1-(UOEDXP

(UGZLQV&-%XIIDUGL/&&DVSHU: 2¶%ULHQ$  7KHUHODWLRQVKLSRI

ZRPHQ
VUROHVWUDLQWRVRFLDOVXSSRUWUROHVDWLVIDFWLRQDQGVHOIHIILFDF\)DPLO\

5HODWLRQVGRLM[

(VFRGD13 $OHJUH$$  'RHVHPRWLRQDOLQWHOOLJHQFHPRGHUDWHWKH

 UHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ6DWLVIDFWLRQLQ6SHFLILF'RPDLQVDQG/LIH6DWLVIDFWLRQ"

 ,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI3V\FKRORJ\DQG3V\FKRORJLFDO7KHUDS\  



(YDQV$0&DUQH\-6 :LONLQVRQ0  :RUNOLIHEDODQFHIRUPHQ

&RXQVHOOLQJLPSOLFDWLRQV-RXUQDORI&RXQVHOOLQJDQG'HYHORSPHQW  

GRLM[

)DXO)(UGIHOGHU(/DQJ$* %XFKQHU$  * 3RZHU$IOH[LEOH

VWDWLVWLFDOSRZHUDQDO\VLVSURJUDPIRUWKHVRFLDOEHKDYLRUDODQGELRPHGLFDO

VFLHQFHV%HKDYLRU5HVHDUFK0HWKRGVGRLEI

)LVNH67&XGG\$-&*OLFN3 ;X-  $PRGHORI RIWHQPL[HG 

VWHUHRW\SHFRQWHQW&RPSHWHQFHDQGZDUPWKUHVSHFWLYHO\IROORZIURPSHUFHLYHG

VWDWXVDQGFRPSHWLWLRQ-RXUQDORI3HUVRQDOLW\DQG6RFLDO3V\FKRORJ\

GRL

)RUG07+HLQHQ%$ /DQJNDPHU./  :RUNDQGIDPLO\VDWLVIDFWLRQ

DQGFRQIOLFW$PHWDDQDO\VLVRIFURVVGRPDLQUHODWLRQV-RXUQDORI$SSOLHG

3V\FKRORJ\

)UDQNH*5&URZQ')6SDNH')  *HQGHUGLIIHUHQFHVLQHWKLFDO

SHUFHSWLRQVRIEXVLQHVVSUDFWLFHV$VRFLDOUROHWKHRU\SHUVSHFWLYH-RXUQDORI

$SSOLHG3V\FKRORJ\  GRL

)URQH05  :RUN±IDPLO\EDODQFH,Q-&4XLFN /(7HWULFN (GV 

 +DQGERRNRIRFFXSDWLRQDOKHDOWKSV\FKRORJ\ SS± :DVKLQJWRQ'&

 $PHULFDQ3V\FKRORJLFDO$VVRFLDWLRQ͘

*DEUH+* .XPDU*  7KHHIIHFWVRISHUFHLYHGVWUHVVDQGIDFHERRNRQ

DFFRXQWLQJVWXGHQWV¶$FDGHPLF3HUIRUPDQFH$FFRXQWLQJDQG)LQDQFH5HVHDUFK

  



*DOLQGH]( &DVDV)  $GDSWDFLyQ\YDOLGDFLyQGHODVWXGHQWV¶OLIHVDWLVIDFWLRQ

 VFDOH 6/66 FRQDGROHVFHQWHV(VWXGLRVGH3VLFRORJtD

*ODHVPHU+*UDQGH*%UDHKOHU( 5RWK0  7KH*HUPDQYHUVLRQRIWKH

6DWLVIDFWLRQZLWK/LIH6FDOH 6:/6 3V\FKRPHWULFSURSHUWLHVYDOLGLW\DQG

SRSXODWLRQEDVHGQRUPV(XURSHDQ-RXUQDORI3V\FKRORJLFDO$VVHVVPHQW  



*RRJLQV%  :RUNIDPLO\FRQIOLFW3ULYDWHOLYHVSXEOLFUHVSRQVH:HVWSRUW

&7$XEXUQ+RXVH

*UDZLWFK0- %DUEHU/.  :RUNIOH[LELOLW\RUQRQZRUNVXSSRUW"

7KHRUHWLFDODQGHPSLULFDOGLVWLQFWLRQVIRUZRUNOLIHLQLWLDWLYHV&RQVXOWLQJ

3V\FKRORJ\-RXUQDO3UDFWLFHDQG5HVHDUFK  

*UDZLWFK0-*RWWVFKDON0 0XQ]'&  7KHSDWKWRDKHDOWK\ZRUNSODFH

$FULWLFDOUHYLHZOLQNLQJKHDOWK\ZRUNSODFHSUDFWLFHVHPSOR\HHZHOOEHLQJDQG

RUJDQL]DWLRQDOLPSURYHPHQWV&RQVXOWLQJ3V\FKRORJ\-RXUQDO3UDFWLFHDQG

5HVHDUFK±

*UD\'(  'RLQJUHVHDUFKLQWKHUHDOZRUOG7KRXVDQG2DNV&$6DJH

3XEOLFDWLRQV

*UHHQKDXV+- $OOHQ7  :RUNIDPLO\EDODQFH$UHYLHZDQGH[WHQVLRQRI

WKHOLWHUDWXUH,Q-&4XLFNDQG/(7HWULFN (GV +DQGERRNRI2FFXSDWLRQDO

+HDOWK3V\FKRORJ\ QGHGLWLRQ :DVKLQJWRQ'&$PHULFDQ3V\FKRORJLFDO

$VVRFLDWLRQ



*UHHQKDXV-+ %HXWHOO1-  6RXUFHVRIFRQIOLFWEHWZHHQZRUNDQGIDPLO\

UROHV$FDGHP\RI0DQDJHPHQW5HYLHZ  GRL

*UHHQKDXV-+&ROOLQV.0 6KDZ-'  7KHUHODWLRQEHWZHHQZRUN

IDPLO\EDODQFHDQGTXDOLW\RIOLIH-RXUQDORI9RFDWLRQDO%HKDYLRU  



*U|QOXQG$  0RUHFRQWUROOHVVFRQIOLFW"-REGHPDQGFRQWUROJHQGHUDQGZRUN

IDPLO\FRQIOLFW*HQGHU:RUNDQG2UJDQL]DWLRQ  

*UXQG$%UDVVOHU1. )ULHV6  7RUQEHWZHHQVWXG\DQGOHLVXUH+RZ

PRWLYDWLRQDOFRQIOLFWVUHODWHWRVWXGHQWV¶DFDGHPLFDQGVRFLDODGDSWDWLRQ-RXUQDO

RI(GXFDWLRQDO3V\FKRORJ\  GRLD

*U]\ZDF]- 0DUNV1  5HFRQFHSWXDOL]LQJWKHZRUNIDPLO\LQWHUIDFHD

HFRORJLFDOSHUVSHFWLYHRQWKHFRUUHODWHVRISRVLWLYHDQGQHJDWLYHVSLOORYHUEHWZHHQ

ZRUNDQGIDPLO\-RXUQDORI2FFXSDWLRQDO+HDOWK3V\FKRORJ\  

+DDU-0  7HVWLQJDQHZPHDVXUHRIZRUNOLIHEDODQFH$VWXG\RISDUHQWDQG

QRQSDUHQWHPSOR\HHVIURP1HZ=HDODQG,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI+XPDQ

5HVRXUFH0DQDJHPHQW  

GRL

+DDU-05XVVR06XxH$ 2OOLHU0DODWHUUH$  2XWFRPHVRIZRUNOLIH

EDODQFHRQMREVDWLVIDFWLRQOLIHVDWLVIDFWLRQDQGPHQWDOKHDOWK$VWXG\DFURVV

VHYHQFXOWXUHV-RXUQDORI9RFDWLRQDO%HKDYLRU  

+DOH-&,,,  'LIIHUHQFHVLQOLIHVDWLVIDFWLRQDPRQJJUDGXDWHVWXGHQWVIURP

RQOLQHDQGWUDGLWLRQDOXQLYHUVLWLHV 'RFWRUDOGLVVHUWDWLRQ:DOGHQ8QLYHUVLW\ 



+DQVHQ*&+DPPHU/% &ROWRQ&/  'HYHORSPHQWDQGYDOLGDWLRQRID

PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDOVFDOHRISHUFHLYHGZRUNIDPLO\SRVLWLYHVSLOORYHU-RXUQDORI

2FFXSDWLRQDO+HDOWK3V\FKRORJ\GRL

+DXJWYHGW&30DFKOHLW.$ <DOFK5  2QOLQHFRQVXPHUSV\FKRORJ\

 XQGHUVWDQGLQJDQGLQIOXHQFLQJFRQVXPHUEHKDYLRULQWKHYLUWXDOZRUOG 9RO

 $GYHUWLVLQJDQGFRQVXPHUSV\FKRORJ\ /RQGRQ8.7D\ORU )UDQFLVH/LEUDU\

 5HWULHYHGIURPKWWSRSHQXUODFXN"VI[VLG 7$/,6 JHQUH ERRN LVEQ

 

+HFKW7' 0F&DUWK\-0  &RSLQJZLWKHPSOR\HHIDPLO\DQGVWXGHQW

UROHV(YLGHQFHRIGLVSRVLWLRQDOFRQIOLFWDQGIDFLOLWDWLRQWHQGHQFLHV-RXUQDORI

$SSOLHG3V\FKRORJ\  GRLD

+LOO(-+DZNLQV$-)HUULV0 :HLW]PDQ0  )LQGLQJDQH[WUDGD\D

ZHHN7KHSRVLWLYHLQIOXHQFHRISHUFHLYHGMREIOH[LELOLW\RQZRUNDQGIDPLO\OLIH

EDODQFH)DPLO\5HODWLRQV  

+LOO(-)HUULV0 0lUWLQVRQ9  'RHVLWPDWWHUZKHUH\RXZRUN"$

FRPSDULVRQRIKRZWKUHHZRUNYHQXHV WUDGLWLRQDORIILFHYLUWXDORIILFHDQGKRPH

RIILFH LQIOXHQFHDVSHFWVRIZRUNDQGSHUVRQDOIDPLO\OLIH-RXUQDORI9RFDWLRQDO

%HKDYLRUGRLV  

+ROPHV7+ 5DKH5+  7KH6RFLDO5HDGMXVWPHQW5DWLQJ6FDOH-RXUQDORI

3V\FKRVRPDWLF5HVHDUFK

.DQWHU50  0HQDQGZRPHQRIWKHFRUSRUDWLRQ1HZ<RUN1<%DVLF%RRNV



.LHFROW*ODVHU-. *ODVHU5  6WUHVVDQGLPPXQLW\$JHHQKDQFHVWKH

 ULVNV&XUU'LU3V\FKRO6FL

.LQPDQ* -RQHV)  $OLIHEH\RQGZRUN"-REGHPDQGVZRUNOLIHEDODQFH

DQGZHOOEHLQJLQ8.DFDGHPLFV-RXUQDORI+XPDQ%HKDYLRULQWKH6RFLDO

(QYLURQPHQW  GRL

.LQQXQHQ8)HOGW7*HXUWV6 3XONNLQHQ/  7\SHVRIZRUNIDPLO\

LQWHUIDFH:HOOEHLQJFRUUHODWHVRIQHJDWLYHDQGSRVLWLYHVSLOORYHUEHWZHHQZRUN

DQGIDPLO\6FDQGLQDYLDQ-RXUQDORI3V\FKRORJ\

.LUE\3*%LHYHU-/0DUWLQH],* *RPH]-3  $GXOWVUHWXUQLQJWR

VFKRRO7KHLPSDFWRQIDPLO\DQGZRUN-RXUQDORI3V\FKRORJ\  

.OHLQ+-&RRSHU-70ROOR\-& 6ZDQVRQ-$  7KHDVVHVVPHQWRI

FRPPLWPHQW$GYDQWDJHVRIDXQLGLPHQVLRQDOWDUJHWIUHHDSSURDFK-RXUQDORI

$SSOLHG3V\FKRORJ\  

.RVVHN((9DOFRXU0 /LULR3  7KHVXVWDLQDEOHZRUNIRUFH

2UJDQL]DWLRQDOVWUDWHJLHVIRUSURPRWLQJZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGZHOOEHLQJ,Q&

&RRSHU 3&KHQ (GV :RUNDQGZHOOEHLQJ SS 2[IRUG8QLWHG

.LQJGRP:LOH\%ODFNZHOO

/D]DUXV56 )RONPDQ6  6WUHVV$SSUDLVDODQG&RSLQJ1HZ<RUN1<

6SULQJHU

/HL6 *XSWD5 -XQH &ROOHJHGLVWDQFHHGXFDWLRQFRXUVHV(YDOXDWLQJ

EHQHILWVDQGFRVWVIURPLQVWLWXWLRQDOIDFXOW\DQGVWXGHQWV¶SHUVSHFWLYHV

(GXFDWLRQ  



/LP<7DP& /HH7  3HUFHLYHGVWUHVVFRSLQJVWUDWHJ\DQGJHQHUDOKHDOWK

$VWXG\RQDFFRXQWLQJVWXGHQWVLQ0DOD\VLD5HVHDUFKHUV:RUOG±-RXUQDORI$UWV

6FLHQFH &RPPHUFH  

/LQGKROP-$ 6]HOHQ\L.  )DFXOW\WLPHVWUHVV&RUUHODWHVZLWKLQDQGDFURVV

DFDGHPLFGLVFLSOLQHV,Q%XFNKROGW'5 0LOOHU*( (GV )DFXOW\RI

6WUHVV SS /RQGRQ(QJODQG5RXWOHGJH

/RFNZRRG15  :RUNOLIHEDODQFH&KDOOHQJHVDQGVROXWLRQV‫ۅ‬6RFLHW\IRU

 +XPDQ5HVRXUFH0DQDJHPHQW5HVHDUFK4XDUWHUO\$OH[DQGULD9$  

/\XERPLUVN\6  7KHKRZRIKDSSLQHVV$VFLHQWLILFDSSURDFKWRJHWWLQJWKHOLIH

\RXZDQW1HZ<RUN1<3HQJXLQ3UHVV

0DUNHO.6 )URQH05  -REFKDUDFWHULVWLFVZRUNVFKRROFRQIOLFWDQG

VFKRRORXWFRPHVDPRQJDGROHVFHQWV7HVWLQJDVWUXFWXUDOPRGHO-RXUQDORI

$SSOLHG3V\FKRORJ\

0DURXIL]DGHK6)RURXGLIDUG)1DYLG%(]DEDGL=6REDWL% 2PDQL6DPDQL

5  7KH3HUFHLYHG6WUHVV6FDOH 366 LQZRPHQH[SHULHQFLQJLQIHUWLOLW\

$UHOLDELOLW\DQGYDOLGLW\VWXG\0LGGOH(DVW)HUWLOLW\6RFLHW\-RXUQDO

0DUWLQH](2UGX&'HOOD6DOD05 0F)DUODQH$  6WULYLQJWRREWDLQD

VFKRROZRUNOLIHEDODQFH7KHIXOOWLPHGRFWRUDOVWXGHQW,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI

'RFWRUDO6WXGLHVGRL

0DWWKHZV5$.DWK/0 %DUQHV)DUUHOO-/  6KRUWYDOLGSUHGLFWLYH

PHDVXUHVRIZRUNIDPLO\LQWHUIHUHQFH-RXUQDORI2FFXSDWLRQDO+HDOWK

3V\FKRORJ\  



0DXQR6.LQQXQHQ8 5XRNRODLQHQ0  -REGHPDQGVDQGUHVRXUFHVDV

DQWHFHGHQWVRIZRUNHQJDJHPHQW$ORQJLWXGLQDOVWXG\-RXUQDORI9RFDWLRQDO

%HKDYLRUGRLMMYE

0RRUH)  :RUNOLIHEDODQFH&RQWUDVWLQJPDQDJHUVDQGZRUNHUVLQDQ01&

(PSOR\HH5HODWLRQV  GRL

1DLWKDQL3  2YHUYLHZRIZRUNOLIHEDODQFHGLVFRXUVHDQGLWVUHOHYDQFHLQFXUUHQW

HFRQRPLFVFHQDULR$VLDQ6RFLDO6FLHQFH  

1DWLRQDO&HQWHUIRU(GXFDWLRQ6WDWLVWLFV  'LJHVWRI(GXFDWLRQ6WDWLVWLFV

 1&(6 :DVKLQJWRQ'&GRL

1HWHPH\HU5*%ROHV-6 0F0XUULDQ5  'HYHORSPHQWDQGYDOLGDWLRQRI

ZRUNIDPLO\FRQIOLFWDQGIDPLO\ZRUNFRQIOLFWVFDOHV-RXUQDORI$SSOLHG

3V\FKRORJ\  

2NHNH(  7KH5ROHZRUNDWWLWXGHDQGZRUNOLIHFRQIOLFW-RXUQDORI0DQDJHPHQW

   

2OVRQ.-  'HYHORSPHQWDQGLQLWLDOYDOLGDWLRQRIDPHDVXUHRIZRUNIDPLO\DQG

 VFKRROFRQIOLFW-RXUQDORIRFFXSDWLRQDOKHDOWKSV\FKRORJ\  

 GRLD

2
0HDUD. &DPSEHOO&0  )DFXOW\VHQVHRIDJHQF\LQGHFLVLRQVDERXWZRUN

DQGIDPLO\5HYLHZRI+LJKHU(GXFDWLRQ  

GRLUKH

2YHUWRQ/ +LOOV+  'ULYLQJEXVLQHVVEHQHILWV7RZDUGV0DWXULW\OHDUQLQJ

WHFKQRORJLHVEHQFKPDUNUHSRUW)HEUXDU\/RQGRQ8.7RZDUGV0DWXULW\



3DGPD6 6XGKLU5HGG\0  5ROHRIIDPLO\VXSSRUWLQEDODQFLQJSHUVRQDODQG

ZRUNOLIHRIZRPHQHPSOR\HHV,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI&RPSXWDWLRQDO

(QJLQHHULQJ 0DQDJHPHQW  

3DUNHU. :DQJ:  0RGHUQSDUHQWKRRG5ROHVRIPRPVDQGGDGVFRQYHUJH

DVWKH\EDODQFHZRUNDQGIDPLO\:DVKLQJWRQ'&3(:5HVHDUFK&HQWHU

5HWULHYHGIURPZZZSHZVRFLDOWUHQGVRUJPRGHUQSDUHQWKRRGUROHV

RIPRPVDQGGDGVFRQYHUJHDVWKH\EDODQFHZRUNDQGIDPLO\

3DYRW:* 'LHQHU(  5HYLHZRIWKH6DWLVIDFWLRQZLWK/LIH6FDOH

3V\FKRORJLFDO$VVHVVPHQW

3DYRW:* 'LHQHU(  7KHVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHVFDOHDQGWKHHPHUJLQJ

FRQVWUXFWRIOLIHVDWLVIDFWLRQ-RXUQDORI3RVLWLYH3V\FKRORJ\

3HWW0$/DFNH\15 6XOOLYDQ--  0DNLQJVHQVHRIIDFWRUDQDO\VLV7KH

XVHRIIDFWRUDQDO\VLVIRULQVWUXPHQWGHYHORSPHQWLQKHDOWKFDUHUHVHDUFK

7KRXVDQG2DNV&$6DJH3XEOLFDWLRQ

3OHFN-+  7KHZRUN±IDPLO\UROHV\VWHP6RFLDO3UREOHPV

3OHFN-+  :RUNIDPLO\FRQIOLFW$QDWLRQDODVVHVVPHQW3UHVHQWHGDWWKH$QQXDO

0HHWLQJRIWKH6RFLHW\IRUWKH6WXG\RI6RFLDO3UREOHPV%RVWRQ0$

3RFRFN%  :RUNOLIHµEDODQFH¶LQ$XVWUDOLD/LPLWHGSURJUHVVGLPSURVSHFWV

$VLD3DFLILF-RXUQDORI+XPDQ5HVRXUFHV  

GRL

3RRNDL\DXGRP*  $VVHVVLQJGLIIHUHQWSHUFHSWLRQVWRZDUGVWKHLPSRUWDQFHRID

 ZRUNOLIHEDODQFH$FRPSDUDEOHVWXG\EHWZHHQ7KDLDQGLQWHUQDWLRQDO



 SURJUDPPHVWXGHQWV-RXUQDORI3URFHGLD6RFLDODQG%HKDYLRUDO6FLHQFHV



4XLFN-'+HQOH\$% 4XLFN-&  7KHEDODQFLQJDFW$WZRUNDQGDW

KRPH2UJDQL]DWLRQDO'\QDPLFV  

5DPRV+0)UDQFLV) 3KLOLSS59  :RUNOLIHEDODQFHDQGTXDOLW\RIOLIH

DPRQJHPSOR\HHVLQ0DOD\VLD,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI+DSSLQHVVDQG

'HYHORSPHQW  

6FKPLGW6  :RUNOLIHFRQIOLFW)DFWRUVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKQHJDWLYHVSLOORYHUIURP

KRPHWRZRUN-RXUQDORI8QGHUJUDGXDWH5HVHDUFK

6KLURP$7RNHU6-DFREVRQ2 %DOLFHU5  )HHOLQJYLJRURXVDQGWKHULVNV

RIDOOFDXVHPRUWDOLW\LVFKHPLFKHDUWGLVHDVHDQGGLDEHWHV$\HDUVIROORZXS

RIDSSDUHQWO\KHDOWK\HPSOR\HHV3V\FKRVRPDWLF0HGLFLQH±

6LHEHU6'  7RZDUGDWKHRU\RIUROHDFFXPXODWLRQ$PHULFDQ6RFLRORJLFDO

5HYLHZ

6LQJK<3  4XDOLW\RIZRUNOLIHDQGLWVLPSDFWRQRUJDQL]DWLRQDOSHUIRUPDQFH

$VLD3DFLILF-RXUQDORI0DQDJHPHQW (QWUHSUHQHXUVKLS5HVHDUFK

6NDNRQ-1LHOVHQ.%RUJ9 *X]PDQ-  $UHOHDGHUV


ZHOOEHLQJ

EHKDYLRUVDQGVW\OHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHDIIHFWLYHZHOOEHLQJRIWKHLUHPSOR\HHV"$

V\VWHPDWLFUHYLHZRIWKUHHGHFDGHVRIUHVHDUFK:RUN 6WUHVV  

6PDOO6$ 5LOH\'  7RZDUGDPXOWLGLPHQVLRQDODVVHVVPHQWRIZRUN

VSLOORYHULQWRIDPLO\OLIH-RXUQDORI0DUULDJH WKH)DPLO\



6RR--=LSSD\$ 3DUN5  )DPLO\UROHVDVPRGHUDWRUVRIWKHUHODWLRQVKLS

EHWZHHQVFKHGXOHIOH[LELOLW\DQGVWUHVV-RXUQDORI0DUULDJHDQG)DPLO\  



6WDLQHV*/  6SLOORYHUYHUVXVFRPSHQVDWLRQ$UHYLHZRIWKHOLWHUDWXUHRQWKH

 UHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQZRUNDQGQRQZRUN+XPDQ5HODWLRQV+

6WLPSVRQ5/ )LOHU./  )HPDOHJUDGXDWHVWXGHQWV¶ZRUNOLIHEDODQFHDQG

WKHVWXGHQWDIIDLUVSURIHVVLRQDO,Q3$3DVTXH 6(1LFKROVRQ (GV 

(PSRZHULQJZRPHQLQKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQDQGVWXGHQWDIIDLUV7KHRU\UHVHDUFK

QDUUDWLYHVDQGSUDFWLFHIURPIHPLQLVWSHUVSHFWLYHV SS 6WHUOLQJ9$

6W\OXV

6WUDQNV-  6WUHVVDWZRUN0DQDJHPHQWDQGSUHYHQWLRQ2[IRUG(OVHYLHU

6WXUJLV-  7KHRQOLQHIURQWLHU'LYHUVH,VVXHVLQ+LJKHU(GXFDWLRQ  

7KRLWV3$  ,GHQWLW\VWUXFWXUHVDQGSV\FKRORJLFDOZHOOEHLQJ*HQGHUDQG

PDULWDOVWDWXVFRPSDULVRQV6RFLDO3V\FKRORJ\4XDUWHUO\

7KRPSVRQ&$ 3URWWDV'-  5HODWLRQVKLSVDPRQJRUJDQL]DWLRQDOIDPLO\

VXSSRUWMREDXWRQRP\SHUFHLYHGFRQWURODQGHPSOR\HHZHOOEHLQJ-RXUQDORI

2FFXSDWLRQDO+HDOWK3V\FKRORJ\  ±GRL



9DVVDU0  $QRWHRQWKHVFRUHUHOLDELOLW\IRUWKHVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHVFDOH$Q

5*6WXG\6RFLDO,QGLFDWRUV5HVHDUFK



9D]TXH]&'XTXH$ +HUYDV*  6DWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHVFDOHLQD

UHSUHVHQWDWLYHVDPSOHRI6SDQLVKDGXOWV9DOLGDWLRQDQGQRUPDWLYHGDWD6SDQLVK

-RXUQDORI3V\FKRORJ\  

9HHQKRYHQ5  &RQGLWLRQVRIKDSSLQHVV+LQJKDP0$.OXZHU%RVWRQ

$FDGHPLF3XEOLVKHUV

9HUD9LOODUURHO38U]~D$&HOLV$WHQDV33. 6LOYD-  (YDOXDWLRQRI

VXEMHFWLYHZHOOEHLQJ$QDO\VLVRIWKHVDWLVIDFWLRQZLWKOLIHVFDOHLQ&KLOHDQ

SRSXODWLRQ8QLYHUVLWDV3V\FKRORJLFD  

9HUKDJHQ0 9RVVHQ$  ,VZRUNOLIHEDODQFHLQIOXHQFHGE\FRQWURODQG

VFKHGXOHW\SHDQGGRHVLWDIIHFWYDULRXVMRERXWFRPHV"0DVWHU7KHVLV+XPDQ

5HVRXUFH6WXGLHV7LOEXUJ8QLYHUVLW\

:DOGHQ8QLYHUVLW\  5HWULHYHGIURPKWWSVZZZZDOGHQXHGXDERXWZKRZH

DUHGDWDVWXGHQWV

:DQJ;  :K\VWXGHQWVFKRRVH67(0PDMRUV0RWLYDWLRQKLJKVFKRROOHDUQLQJ

DQGSRVWVHFRQGDU\FRQWH[WRIVXSSRUW$PHULFDQ(GXFDWLRQDO5HVHDUFK-RXUQDO



:DUH-(6QRZ...RVLQVNL0 *UDQGHN%  7KH6)KHDOWKVXUYH\

PDQXDODQGLQWHUSUHWDWLRQJXLGH%RVWRQ0$1LPURGSUHVV

:KLVQDQW:76XOOLYDQ-& 6OD\WRQ6/  7KHROGQHZUHVRXUFHIRU

HGXFDWLRQ6WXGHQWDJH&RPPXQLW\6HUYLFH&DWDO\VW  



:LONLQVRQ0  :K\GLVWDQFHOHDUQLQJFDQEHDJRRGZD\WRVWXG\ZKHQ\RXKDYH

DGLVDELOLW\5HWULHYHGIURPKWWSZZZKHOLXPFRPLWHPVZK\

GLVWDQFHOHDUQLQJFDQEHDJRRGZD\WRVWXG\ZKHQ\RXKDYHDGLVDELOLW\

:LOOLDPV-( %HVW'(  0HDVXULQJVH[VWHUHRW\SHV$WKLUW\QDWLRQVWXG\

1HZEXU\3DUN&$6DJH3XEOLFDWLRQV

:ROIUDP+- *UDWWRQ/  *HQGHUUROHVHOIFRQFHSWFDWHJRULFDOJHQGHUDQG

WUDQVDFWLRQDOWUDQVIRUPDWLRQDOOHDGHUVKLS,PSOLFDWLRQVIRUSHUFHLYHGZRUNJURXS

SHUIRUPDQFH-RXUQDORI/HDGHUVKLS 2UJDQL]DWLRQDO6WXGLHV  

GRL

=HGHFN6  ,QWURGXFWLRQ([SORULQJWKHGRPDLQRIZRUNDQGIDPLO\FRQIOLFW,Q6

=HGHFN (G :RUNIDPLOLHVDQGRUJDQL]DWLRQV SS 6DQ)UDQFLVFR&$

-RVVH\%DVV

You might also like