hr. J. Ileut .Mrr.,., lion,,~r. Vol 37.SuppI. I, pp.

51-X ,994
Elsevw Science Ltd
Pergamon Prmed in Great Britm All rights reserved
0017-9310/94%6.00+0.00

0017-9310(93)E01134

Flow and heat transfer in round vertical buoyant

jets
0. G. MARTYNENKO and V. N. KOROVKIN
Heat and Mass Transfer Institute, Byelorussian Academy of Sciences, 25 Podlesmaya, Minsk, Belarus

Abstract-The application of the algebraic stress modeling method (ASM) for calculating the flow in a
turbulent vertical round jet is described. The ASM method yields algebraic equations for Reynolds stresses
(u~u’,) and turbulent heat flux components (u:T’). Transport equations are solved for the turbulent
kinetic energy k, its dissipation rate E and mean square of temperature fluctuations (T”). A new version
of the model has been used allowing one to account for the effect of normal Reynolds stresses on energy
redistribution in the spectrum of turbulent fluctuations. To model these effects, an additional term has
been included into the equation for E. A new effective approach to solving the governing system of partial
differential equations is suggested based on the introduction of mathematical variables. Examples of
numerical calculations are presented which are compared with the available experimental data of other
authors. It has been found that they agree satisfactorily with the results of measurements.

1. INTRODUCTION ref. [2l] have also modified the equation for E. In

ref. [22] another version of the (k--E) turbulelnt model
IN RECENT years, the problem of quantitative descrip-
has been suggested which combines the properties
tion of turbulent jet transfer of momentum, heat and
of the models proposed in refs. [20, 211.
substance in the field of mass forces has claimed the
The latter points to the fact that an adequate mod-
attention of many scientists and engineers. First of
eling of turbulent jet flows is still fairly uncertain
all, the interest in this problem is stimulated by the
and warrants further research.
possibility of obtaining some insight into the nature
Besides, recently there has been a compelling need
of the phenomenon and its trends by varying initial
for developing numerical procedures permitting the
and boundary conditions and to exert a marked influ-
prediction of mixing processes in jet flows with high
ence on the process. By now, a great deal of exper-
efficiency and accuracy. Such methods should com-
imental information has been accumulated and cor-
bine stability with acceptable time expenditures, since
related [l-l 21 on submerged jets, plumes and buoyant
along with integration of continuity, momentum and
jet flows. This knowledge has turned out to be
energy equations one has to solve a large number of
sufficient to develop and suggest useful mathematical
equations describing the transfer of turbulent charac-
models of the given phenomenon. The differential-
teristics.
parametric models and the idea of ‘differential-alge-
braic’ modeling that combine the relative simplicity
and universality with modern computerization have
2. MATHEMATICAL MODEL
turned out to be most popular. The results of such
modeling have been discussed in refs. [13-l 91. Let us consider a round turbulent buoyant jet,
At the same time, the results of applying these which on the nozzle cut has the radius r9, initial
models to solve the problem of the development of velocity uO, temperature To and fluid density
an axisymmetric submerged jet have proved to be far po(po < p,) and which propagates vertically upward
from reality. This justified the use of other variants of in an isothermal medium under the effect of the
closing model equations, but still within the confines Archimedes forces and initial momentum.
of the same approach [20-221. The initial system of differential equations for cal-
It is the augmentation of the equation for dis- culating the steady-state turbulent flow in the jet is of
sipation rate E with a new term, which can be inter- the following form
preted as an additional contribution to production
due to vortex stretching under the effect of averaged
flow (for the plane flow geometry this term is equal to
zero, since the length of averaged vortex lines remains
unknown) [20]. According to ref. [21], energy redis-
tribution between different regions of the spectrum of
turbulent fluctuations is mainly caused by trans-
lational strains (or by normal Reynolds stresses).
Taking this fact into consideration, the authors of
51
 NOMENCLATURE

(4 jet diamctcr
at the outlet .r,, (ii, _r(,i,I jet half-width.
b Froude number, ~rz~r//lAT,,r,,
&I free fall acceleration Greek symbols
Ii turbulent kinetic energy P coefficient of volumetric expansion
rj production of turbulent kinetic energy c dissipation rate k
R ratio of temperature and velocity i:, dissipation rate of the quantity (T’ ‘)
fluctuations time scales I’ turbulent viscosity coefficient
T mean temperature, AT = T- T, d fluid density
T temperature fluctuation *, turbulent Prandtl number.
(T”) mean square temperature fluctuation
LI, 1 averaged velocity components Subscripts
u’. L.‘,W’ fluctuating velocity components C jet axial line
(Z/C’) turbulent shear stress m maximum value
(11’*). (1.’ ‘), (w’ ‘) normal Reynolds 0 exit cross-section of the jet
stresses I non-dimensional value
.I. 1 coordinates X ambient fluid.

iE 2: I ? / k , ,,\ ?f,\ Equations (l)-(3) form a completely closed system

complying with the so-called algebraic model of Reyn-
olds stresses, which includes 11 empirical constants
such as [15, 161:
L’()= 0.55, (‘1 = 2.2, (‘2 = 0.53, c, = 0.15,

ck = 0.225, c;, = 1.43. ciz = 1.92, c.r = 0.13,

c.r, = 1.25. ch = 3.2, Ch, = 0.5.

CT (4)
-2(r’T’) -(‘.,, ;(T”);
?y However, in contrast to refs. [13, 15-191, in the
present work a new version of the ASM has been
G = @(z/T’). (1)
employed in which the contribution of irrotational
Here. the term describing the rate of turbulent pro- strain in production P remains unaffected, hut in the
duction in the equation of turbulent energy balance is i:-equation, this term is multiplied by the factor C,3,
defined by the expression rather than C,, . by which the term describing the vor-
tical portion the strain is multiplied. According to ref.
P= -(uY):;r-((L4’2)-(/q);;. (2) [21], this makes it possible to more accurately predict
the rate of expansion of round jets than is done by the
Note that the second term of equality (2) which familiar (k-s) model, and to give up the empirical
comprises the rate of irrotational strain, is usually relations of the form :
neglected.
c,, = O.OY(I-0.4658). L’,z = 1.92(1 -O.O35M),
Next, the existence of the following algebraic
relations for Reynolds stresses and turbulent heat flux
components is postulated ’

which are usually employed in standard versions of

1- (‘” the (k--8) and ASM-models when calculating round
- ( u’r;‘) zz ~~

(‘I jets.
In accordance with the problem statement. the sys-
tem of the foregoing equations should be solved under

(v’) = c,,k,
_(L’,T,) = ! (1.“) k’ 2T the following initial boundary-value conditions :
ch k i: i;l’
.Y= 0
iT Ilo, T= T,, k =k,,, c=c”,
(u’ T’) = ;;; % - (L/r’) II =

?_I
(T”) = (TI?)(] for 0 d _r < r,, ;
u = 0, T = T,_, k = 0, I: = 0,
(T?)=O for Y(,< .I‘ < T* ;
 Flow and heat transfer in round vertical buoyant jets 53

y=o:
au dT
u=-=-=-
zlc
i ay 3~ ay
(6) uaKae
+2---_---_-
uaEa0
K al? al? E all aq
u,k,c, (T’*) +O, T-T,,.

3. METHOD OF SOLUTION

Integration of equations (l)-(6) after the transition

to dimensionless variables
* _----fJU_
UaEaK c* dU'
ly= u, v= :, x2, y2,
r0
E allall ck* 0 all
UO Ull r0

1cg UKauao c,c:Kaeau

+_pp,-_---'---
Fc: E aijarj c; 0 al? all

with the given initial distributions for Al,,, To,k,, q,,

(T’%, integration of equations (l)-(6) was earlier
performed with the help of a number of various
numerical schemes. Usually, in the course of solution,
the flow region is covered with a rectangular grid
on the X, y plane with the Ax, Ay step. Next, finite-
difference equations, approximating initial differential
ones are solved by the method of iterations by means
of fitting. Such analysis schemes of problem (l)-(6)
have a common drawback in that they require a lot
of computer time, because abandonment of iteration
when solving each of the finite-difference equations
can lead to a situation when the general iteration
process can turn out to be nonconvergent.
In the present work a new approach has been real-
ized. It consists of the introduction of the following
mathematical variables

X=X, n=(Z[WYdY)I‘ (8)

in which the system of equations (l)-(3) acquires the

form

uau _ UdKtlU UaEdUl

I 4
1
2K30ae 1 23 Eaoau Eau
+_cf-,__+_c;YK(12 -c,,c,cT--- f--c c*--Cc,$,--
F E-r/&/ F 'I=E' 0 r?qal? F= " ’ U UdX

YEVtldU
+c,jc,-~ ~ -c,,c
II u aq KU'
(9)

where the transverse averaged velocity component v

. . _.
and the coordmate Y are defined by the expressions
54 0. G. MAKTYNLNKO and V. N. KOKOWII\:

4. DISCUSSION OF THE CALCULATED

RESULTS

Calculations were started at the outlet nozzle scc-

tion (X = 0), in which uniform profiles of I!. 0 and
uniform distributions of K, El. y were assumed.

U,, = I, (I,, = I. K,, = 0.05.

E,, = 0.02, q. = 0.05 (12)

and continued until the profiles became self-similar.
(10) The calculations were performed in two steps : first,
hydrodynamic and thermal characteristics of forced
flow in a round jet were investigated, and then numeri-
cal simulation of the effect of free convection on the
turbulence structure in a vertical flow was made.

The first stage of calculations was primarily of test

character, since the dynamics of the round jet devcl-
1 -c,, (‘2 + c;(l _(.h,) opmcnt was already studied within the framework of
(‘,* = (‘2(‘,, ‘.T z 2 - c; (11)
(’I (‘17 the modified (k-8) turbulence model (MM) [2l].
Mixing processes in a round jet were analyzed not
The proposed method has two advantages. First, in
by the ASM method, but by a simpler (k-a) turbulence
the X, q system, the infinite interval over Y passes into
model with allowance made for the contribution of
the finite interval of the variance of 9 from 0 to I (in
irrotational strains into turbulent energy transfer in
the case of uniform initial fields I/ and 0, I = I) and,
the spectrum of fluctuations. In this case, the shear
therefore, the integration domain transforms into
stress was calculated using the hypothesis on turbulent
band 0 d q 4 I. X >, 0. This partially eliminates the
viscosity
difficulties associated with the necessity to impose arti-
ficial boundary conditions in the restricted com-
putational domain. Second, the employment of equa-
tion (8) ensures an automatic compliance with the
where the local values of li and 8 were determined
condition of the initial ‘heat momentum’ conservation
from the following transport equations :
along the jet. This eliminates the necessity to control
in all the cross section of the flow the satisfaction of
the equality

Q,, = 2n ’ pu( T- T, )r d.r. A;

14c:.u -t 1’
s0

Next, the flow region is split into n bands, and on

and the normal stresses which appeared in equation
each of the straight lines q = 9, (i = I. 23,. , r~+ I)
(2) were expressed in terms of the turbulent kinetic
the derivatives over the variable yeare replaced by their
energy as follows
three-point central-difference analogs ; as a result, the
initial differential equations (9), (10) transform to a (u’~)-(z.‘~) = c,,k.
system of 5n first-order ordinary differential equations
Here
(in the calculations it was assumed that n = 50). By
assigning initial conditions for velocity. temperature, c,’ = 0.09, rJk = I. 0, = I .3,
turbulent kinetic energy, its dissipation rate and for
(‘8I = 1.44. ciZ = 1.92.
the mean-square temperature fluctuation at the nozzle
cut (X = 0) or at a certain section X* (they can be Table 1 presents the calculated and experimental
those modeled or taken directly from experiment), the results for the expansion of a round jet over the main
Cauchy problem is obtained which is integrated by region [l-3].
the standard RungeeKutta method with automatic The table reveals that MM significantly increases
selection of step along the dimensionless coordinate the accuracy of calculations as compared to the stan-
X. Let us assume that the problem has been solved, dard model (SM). At the same time, the analysis
i.e. that the functions U(X.g), O(X,q), K(X,q), results showed that the values of empirical constants
E(X, q). and q(X, ‘I) have been constructed. Then, to suggested in ref. [21]
complete the solution, one should resort to equality
c,,=o.o9, $=I, a,,=l,
(IO) which provides the transition of the obtained
functions into the physical plane X, Y. c, I = 1.44, (‘,? = 1.90
 Flow and heat transfer in round vertical buoyant jets 55

Table 1. Calculated and measured forced round jet expending ck = 0.25, c, = 0.18, CT = 0.13,
rates
c-r, = 1.79, c,, = 1.44, cc2 = 1.80; (14a)
Reference Model
ASM (2)
Prediction
SM 1.92 0.115
l-c,
PII MM 1.90 0.098 ------0.23, cz=0.51, c,=2.85, c,, =0.55,
~231 MSR 1.80 0.103 c
Present ck = 0.25, c,, = 0.15, c,=O.ll,
investigations
SM 1.92 0.115 cr, = 1.79, c,:, = 1.44, crz2= 1.80; (14b)
MM 1.90 0.111
MM 1.80 0.089
ASM (3)
Experiment
[II 0.086
0.087 l-c,
[31 ~ = 0.23, c2 = 0.51, c, = 3.2, c,, = 0.55,
PI cl
Ck= 0.22, c, = 0.15, c,=O.ll,

do not provide a satisfactory agreement between the CT, = 1.79, c,, = 1.44, c,,> = 1.80. (14c)
theory and experiment over the whole spectrum of
characteristics. It was established that the decrease in
the value of c,*(crr = 1.3) down to 1.80, assumed in The objective of the study was to investigate the effect
the models based on transport equations for Reynolds of free convection on the jet flow structure. It has
stresses [23], eliminates this disadvantage. However, been found that the presence of a gravitational source
the presence ofadditional parameters c,, c,~ (assumed, results in a non-monotonous dependence ofy, s,,/yO,sH
as in ref. [21], equal to 0.33 and 4.44, respectively) on x, : if in the region with the predominant effect
makes it impossible to come to a definite conclusion of the forced convection (x, < 0.5)(y, J_rO ‘@)< 1,
with respect to the value of c,, for the modified (k-s) then in the zone of the predominant effect of free
turbulence model. convection (x, > 5)(~,, 5,/v0,50) > 1. This means that
Next, different levels of K,, and E,, were prescribed for round plumes the temperature profile is narrower
and it was established that they exert a weak influence than the velocity profile. The latter agrees with the
on the dynamics of the forced jet development, with results of experimental study [5, lo]. Note that within
the exception of the region adjacent to the outlet, the scope of the standard ASM model (not taking into
where the initial turbulence degree strongly affects the account the effect of normal Reynolds stresses on
characteristics. Therefore, strictly speaking, to cor- the energy redistribution in the spectrum of turbulent
rectly reproduce the actual situation in mathematical fluctuations) a contrary result has been obtained, i.e.
models experimental distributions of K,, and E, should in the region of a free-convective flow the velocity
be assigned. Downstream of the flow (for X > 40) the profile is narrower than the temperature profile even
profiles of the averaged and fluctuational motion par- despite the introduction of corrections which hold
ameters disclose the similarity of the form : only for the case of axial symmetry (equations (5))
[15, 161. Next, it has been established that ther-
4 6.2 (z/o’), mogravitational convection leads to a significant
_=__ = 0.015, Y,,,, = 0.089.x,
U0 x/d,’ u:, increase in the turbulent transfer level. For example,
in the region of the predominance of mass forces,
(13)
the Reynolds stress increases by 70%, whereas the
which conforms to the results of laboratory inves- turbulent heat flux increases by 110% as compared to
tigations [1, 2, 121. similar characteristics in the region with x, < 0.5.
To estimate the reliability of the employed math-
4.2. Buoyant roundjet ematical model, the results of numerical integration
At the second stage, calculations were performed (Table 2) were compared to the experimental data
for a vertical round jet with positive buoyancy (Table 3) of refs. [412], in which a self-similar struc-
effluxing into a stagnant medium. ture of vertical round buoyant jets in uniform sur-
Taking into account that in the process of the ASM roundings was investigated. The numerical data
method development, the values of empirical obtained indicate that at F,, = 5 + 500 the studied jet
coefficients constantly vary, it was assumed expedient flow becomes self-similar at the distance, equal,
to use three groups of model constants for the analy- approximately, to X, z 5 for mean characteristics,
sis, namely and to CC,z 10 for turbulent ones. Here the behavior
ASM (I) of numerical solutions at the jet axis can be approxi-
mated depending on X, by the known power functions
I-C,
--cI= 0.23, c? =0.51, c, = 3.0, c,, = 0.5,
u, = A,,.x;“‘, 8, = Aex;=, k, = A,,x:“,
0. G. MAKTYNEVW ad V. N. KOKOVW.

where the values of the found factors A,,, Ai,, A,.

il,, are listed in Table 2. The table also includes the
numerical data reported by other authors [13--19.X-
281 which were obtained with the use of turbulent
models of degrees of complexity: from the simplest
models of eddy viscosity (MEV), up to mathematical
models including equations for turbulent stresses and
flows (MSR). On the whole, one can note a fairly
satisfactory correspondence between the experiments
and the results of the present predictions both for
mean characteristics, and for turbulent ones, aIthou~h
there are certain quantitative differences: the cal-
culatcd values of the A, factor in the law of the mean
excess temperature attenuation were found con-
sidcrably understated. For ASM(2) at the same time,
the discrepancies increase (the best coincidence of the
predicted and measured results was established foi
the values of model constants (14~)). The same
deficiency is also observed in calculations by the ASM
method with the empirical corrections taken into
account (5) (1.5, 161. It is also worth noting that appli-
cation of the model in which the equations for stresses
(flows) are solved [23], only slightly improves the
theoretical prediction for the given characteristic
(0, = 7.2-y, ’ ‘). Next, it should bc noted that in ref.
[l8] the relationship I), = I?.ls, ” was obtained
numerically where the values of c,) and C, were
assumed equal to 0.85 and X.2, respectively.
The relative value of the intensity of the tempera-
ture fluctuations v~((7”‘))/AT,, is less sensitive to
the variation of model constants (14). At the tlow
axis it is equal to 0.40 which corresponds to the
experiment [12]. At the same time, the form of the
distribution of ./((r”))/Ai\r, differs from that
which is cl~ara~teristic for round plumes where
,:(( T”),)!AT, = J(( T”),,,)/Ar,. The prohlcs of
W/(( T’ ‘))/ATC for .Y, > 5 have the dip near the jet
axis (j((T’2),J:AT, = 0.43). which is however,
not so large as in the region with the predominant
effect of free convection (v’ (( 7” ‘),)/AT, = 0.15,
\/({ T”),,)jATC = 0.25).
Recently. there has been discussions in scientific
literature regarding the value of the empirical constant
c,, or R = 1/c-, , The authors of refs. [29-311 in their
calculations employed the value R = 0.56 : rck. [ 13.
15, 161 reported that jet flows with account for mass
forces can be better predicted for R = 0.X. The expor-
imental results of ref. [32] reveal that in jet flows with
the strong effect of free convection, the value of R is
much lower (R z 0.25) and it is not a universal
constant. Therefore, to make the calculations of a
buoyant round jet more accurate, the authors of
Flow and heat transfer in round vertical buoyant jets 51

refs. 114, 191 suggested considering the quantity R

as a function of a certain parameter characterizing a
turbulent flow. In this respect, the solution of a single
equation for the dissipation rate of the quantity

E, = & ;(T”)
can be, apparently, a more attractive alternative (231.
At the same time, this surely, will cause new prac-
tical difficulties.
Accordingly, it is interesting to compare the above
results for (T’2) with the similar value, numerically
obtained within the range of the standard ASM
model. Therefore, a number of additional calculations
were conducted, in which the system of equations (9)
was integrated, but the effect of normal stresses was
not taken into account. The values of constants (4)
were employed taking into account the empirical
relations of the form ofequation (5). It has been found
that the results of numerical integration at R = 0.8
significantly overpredict the relative rate of flue-
tuations, but for X, > 10, the maximum value of
J((T”))/AT, lies on the central line and the profiles
of temperature fluctuations have the form typical for
round plumes [4].

5. CONCLUSION
A modified version of an algebraic turbulence
model is presented which takes into consideration
the effect of normal Reynolds stresses on the energy
redistribution in the spectrum of turbulent fluc-
tuations. The modification has been carried out by
accounting additional terms in the dissipation rate
equation. This version of the ASM model is applied
for predicting the development of turbulent round
forced and buoyant vertical jets. It is shown that the
model enables one to predict these jet flows with the
accuracy sufficient for practical application. In par-
ticular, the model adequately accounts for the effect
of free convection on the turbulent jet transfer mech-
anism and correctly describes the evolution dynamics
of turbulent momentum and heat fluxes at the distance
x. and also their variation along the coordinate I’.

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