Spoken English

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FROM RUSSELL'S
Dear Student,
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so essential for all learners of the language. So, go through the units and attempt the
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Happy Learning
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(Managing Director)
INDEX
UNIT-I
1) Nouns ..... ,.. ,. ................ ,....................... <I • • • • • • • • 'I • • • • • • • • • • • ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . '" • • , • • • • • • • • • • • 6

2) Pronouns ........................................................................................... 21
3) Verbs .................................................................................................. 38
4) Adverbs ............................................................................................. 44
5) Adjectives .......................................................................................... 52
6) Prepositions ......................................................................... ;............. 63
7) Conjunctions ..................................................................................... 75
8) Interjections ....................................................................................... 86 ,,/
UNIT-II
1) List of Verbs ....................................................................................... 87
2) Tenses ....... ~ ........................................................................................ 91
a) Present Tense
b) Past Tense
c) Future Tense
d) Present Perfect Tense
e) Past Perfect Tense
UNIT-III
1) Can,Could ........................................................................................ 110·/
2) Has / Have / Had / Will have ........................................................... 114
3) Should / Have to / Has to / Had to .................................................. 119
4) Used to ...... ,............................................................. ".......", ...", ...,.. ,.," 124
c::============================RUSSELI:S'===============-=========--=====~-1
i
UNIT-IV
a) Questions ..........,,'" ...... ""' .............. "' ....."..;, .. ""'" .."."",, .. "'' ..."a'." "' •••••• ".. ,,"" ••••• "" •• 127
b) Question tags ..................................................................................... 134
UNIT-V
!
·11
a) Articles (A, An and The) ................................................................. 138

b) Determ.iners ..................................................,....... ~ ..,..... ~ ......................146
c) Active and Passive Voice ................................................................ 156
d) Direct and Indirect Speech ........................................... :.................. 171
e) Common Errors".....'."" '" "'" ....""' ...... "', ... t"" ........... " .... "' •• " •• """,, •••••• "" .. "........ " ... "'" .. " ••• ,," 181
UNIT- VI
a) Simple, Compound and Complex Sentences .................................. 202
b) . The I,nfinitive ........ ~ ..".....................•.................................................. 206
c) The Gerund ............................................. ·............... "................................... 212
II
.
L
i
l .~
I
I
UNIT-I
NOUNS
Kinds and function
A There are four kinds of nouns· in English:

Common nouns: dog, man, table
Proper nouns: India, Delhi, Mrs. Murli, Pavan
Abstract nouns: beauty, charity, courage, fear, joy
Collective nouns: crowd, flock, group, swarm, team
B A noun can function as:

The subject of a verb: Pavan arrived
The complement of the verbs be, become, seem: Pavan is an actor.
The object of a verb: I saw Pavan.
The object of a preposition: I spoke to Pavan.
A noun can also be in the possessive case: Pavan's books.
Gender
A Masculine: men, boys and male animals (pronoun he I they)

Feminine: women, girls and female animals (pronoun she I they).
Neuter: inanimate things, animals whose sex we don't know and sometimes babies whose
sex we don't know (pronoun it/they).
Exceptions: ships and sometimes cars and others vehicles when regarded with affection or
respect are considered feminine. Countries when referred to by name are also normally
considered feminine.
The ship struck an iceberg, which tore a huge hole in her side.
Scotland lost many of her bravest men in two great rebellions.
B Personal masculine / feminine nouns

1 Different forms:
(a) boy, girl gentleman, lady son, daughter

bachelor, spinster husband, wife un<;le, aunt
bridegroom, bride man, woman widower, widow
father, mother nephew, niece
Main exceptions:
Baby infant relative

Child parent spouse
Cousin relation teenager
. (b) duke, duchess king, queen prince; princess

earl, countess lord, lady
A. The majority of personal nouns have the same fonn:
artist cook driver guide
assistant dancer doctor etc.
Main exceptions:
Actor, actress host, hostess
Conductor, conductress manager, manageress
heir, heiress steward, stewardess
hero, heroine waiter, waitress
Also salesman, saleswoman etc., but sometimes-person is used instead of man, -woman:
salesperson, spokesperson.
A. Domestic animals and many ofthe larger wild animals have different fonns:
bull,cow duck, drake ram,ewe stallion, mare

cock, hen gander, goose stag, doe tiger, tigress
dog, bitch lion, lioness
Others have the same fonn.
Plurals
A The plural of a noun is usually made by adding (s) to the singular:

day, days dog, dogs house, houses
(s) is pronounced I s lafter a 12, k or [sound. Otherwise it is pronounced/z/.
When s is placed after ce, ge, se or ze an extra syllable (liz!) is added to the spoken word.
Other plural forms
B Nouns ending in 0 or ch, sh, ss or x fonn their plural by adding es:

tomato, tomatoes brush, brushes box, boxes
church, churches kiss, kisses
But words offoreign origin or abbreviated words ending in 0 add s only:

. .
dynamo, dynamos kimono, kimonos plano, pianos
kilo, kilos photo, photos soprano, sopranos
when es is placed after ch, sh, ss or x an extra syllable (IZ) is added to the spoken word.
C Nouns ending in y following aconsonant fonn their plural by dropping the yand adding ies:
baby, babies country, countries fly, flies lady, ladies
Nouns ending in yfollowing a vowel fonn their plural by adding s:

boy, boys day, days donkey, donkeys guy, guys
D Twelve nouns ending in for fe drop the for fe and add ves. These nouns are calf, half, knife,
leaf, life, loaf, self, sheaf, shelf, thief, wife, wolf:
loaf, loaves '. wife, wives ,wolf, wolves etc.
. .
The nouns hoof, scarf and wharf take either s or ves in the plural:
hoofs or hooves scarfs or scarves wharfs or wharves
Other words ending in for fe add s in the ordinary way:
cliff, cliffs handkerchief, handkerchiefs safe, safes
E A few nouns form their plural by a vowel change:

foot, feet louse, lice mouse, mice woman, women
goose, geese man, men tooth, teeth
The plurals of child and ox are children, oxen.
F Names of certain creatures do not change in the pluraL

Fish is normally unchanged. Fishes exists but is uncommon.
Some types of fish do not normally change in the plural:
carp pike salmon trout
cod plaice squid turbot
but ifused in a plural sense they would take a plural verb.
Others add s:
crabs herrings sardines
eels lobsters sharks
deer and sheep do not change: one sheep, two sheep.
Sportsmen who shoot duck, partridge, pheasant etc. use the same form for singular and plural.
But other people normally add s for the plural.
e.g.: ducks, partridges, pheasants.
The word game, used by sportsmen to mean an animallanimalslhunted, is always in the singular,
and takes a singular verb.
G Afew other words don't change:

aircraft, craft (boatlboats) quid (slang for Euro1)
counsel (barristers working in court)
H Collective nouns, crew, family, team etc., can take a singular or plural
verb; singular if we consider the word to mean a single group or unit:
Our team is the best
or plural if we take it to mean a number of individuals:
Our team are wearing their new jerseys.
When a possessive adjective is necessary, a plural verb with 'their' is more usual than a
singular verb with 'its', though sometimes both are possible:
The jury is considering its verdict.
The jury are considering their verdict.
A. Certain words are always plural and take a plural verb:

Clothes police
...
garments consisting oftwo parts:

breeches pants pyjamas trousers etc.
and tools and instruments consisting oftwo parts:
binoculars pliers SCIssors spectacles
glasses scales shears etc.
Also certainotherwords including:
anns (weapons) particulars
damages (connpensation) prennises / quarters
eammgs riches
goods/wares savings
greens (vegetables) spirits (alcohol)
grounds stairs
outskirts surroundings
pains (trouble/effort) valuables
J Anunnberofwords ending in ics, acoustics, athletics, ethics, hysterics, nnathennatics, physics, politics,
etc., which are plural in fornn, nornnally take aplural verb:
His nnathennatics are weak.
But names ofsciences can sonnetinnes be considered singular:
Mathennatics is an exact science.
K Words plural in fornn but singularin nneaning include 'news':

The news is good
Certaindiseases and certain games:
nnurnps rickets slringles
billiards darts draughts
bowls donninoes
L Sonne words which retain their original Greek or Latin fornns nnake their plurals according to the
rules ofGreek and Latin:
cnsIs, cnses phenonnenon,phenonnena
erratunn, errata radius, radii
nnennorandunn, nnennoranda ternninus, ternnini
oasis, oases /
Butsonne follow the Englishrules:
dognna, dognnas, gymnasiunn, gynnnasiunns
fornnula, fornnulas (though fornnulae is used by scientists)
Sonnetinnes there are two plural fomiS with different nneanings:
appendix, appendixes or appendices (nnedical ternns)
appendix, appendices (additionls to a book)
index, indexes (in books), indices (in nnathennatics)
Musicians usually preferItalianplural fomos for Italian nnusicaltemos:
libretto, libretti, tennpo, tennpi
But it is also possible: librettos, tennpos.
M Compound nouns
Nonnally the last word is made plural:

boy-friends break-ins travel agents
But where man and woman is prefixed both parts are made plural:
men drivers women drivers
The first word is made plural with compounds fotmed of verb + er

nouns + adverbs:
hangers-on lookers-on runners-up
and with compounds composed of noun + preposition + noun:
ladies-in-waiting sisters-in-law wards of court
Initials can be made plural:

MPs (Members ofParliament)
VIPs (Very Important Person)
OAPs (Old Age Pensioners)
UFOs (Uuidentified Flying Objects)
Uncountable nouns (also known as non-count nouns or mass nouns)
Al Names of substances considered generally:
bread cream gold paper tea

beer dust lee sand water
cloth gtn jam soap WIDe
coffee glass oil stone wood
A. Abstract nouns:
advice expenence horror pity

beauty fear infonnation relief
courage help knowledge SusplclOn
death hope mercy work
Also considered uncountable in English:

baggage damage luggage shopping
camping fumiture parking weather
These, with hair, infonnation, knowledge, news, rubbish, are sometimes countable in otherlanguages.
B Uncountable nouns are always singular and are not used with alan:
I don't wanf(any) advice or help. I want (some) infonnation.
He has had no experience in this sort of work.
·
These nouns are often preceded by some, any, no, a little etc. or by nouns such as bit,piece, slice etc.+of:
a bit of news a grain ofsand I a pot of jam
a cake of soap a pane of glass I a sheet of paper
a drop of oil a piece of advice
C Many ofthe nouns in the above groups can be used in a particular sense and are hence countable
and can take alan in the singular. Some examples are given below.
;
Hair (all the hair on one's head) is considered uncountable, but ifwe consider each hair separately
we say one hair, two hairs, etc.:
Her hair is black. Whenever she finds a grey hair she pulls it out.
We drink beer, coffee, gin, but we can ask for a (cup of) coffee, a gin, two gins etc. We drink wine
out ofglasses. We can walk in woods.
Experience meaning 'something which happened to someone' is countable:
He had an exciting experience I some exciting experiences
(= adventure/s last week).
Work meaning 'occupation/employmentlajob/jobs' is singular:
He is looking for work/for ajob. I do homework.
She does housework.
But road works means 'repair of roads'.
Works (plural only) can mean 'factory' or 'moving parts of a machine'.
Works (usually plural) can be used ofliterary or musical compositions:
Shakespeare's complete works.
D 'Some abstract nouns can be used in a particular sense with aI an, but in the singular only:
ahelp:
My children are a great help to me. A good map would be a help.
A relief:
It was a relief to sit down.
Aknowledge +of:
He had a good knowledge of Mathematics.
A dislike I dread I hatred I horror I love + of is also possible:
a love of music a hatred of violence
a mercy I pity I shame I wonder can be used with that - clauses introduced by it:
It's a pity you weren't here. It's a shame he wasn't paid.
E· a fear I fears, a hope I hopes, a suspicion I suspicions

These can be used with that - clauses introduced by there:
There is a fearffhere are fears that he has been murdered.
We can also have a suspicion that....
Something can arouse a fear I fears, a hope I hopes, a suspicion I suspicions.
The form of the possessive I genitive case

A 's is used with singular nouns and plural nouns not ending in s:
a man's job the people's choice
men's work the crew's quarters
awoman's intuition the horse's mouth
the butcher's (shop) the bull'shoms
a child's voice women's clothes
the children's room Russia's exports
B Asimple apostrophe (') is used with plural nouns ending in s:

a girls' school the students' hostel
the eagles' nest the Smiths' car
C Classical names ending in susually add only the apostrophe:

Pythagoras'Theorem Archimedes' Law Sophocles' plays
D .Other names ending in s can take's or the apostrophe alone:

Mr. Viswas's (or Mr. Viswas horse) Keats's (or Keats') poems
E. With compounds, the last word takes the's:

my brother-in-Iaw's guitar
Names consisting of several words are treated similarly:

Henry the Eighth's wives the Prince ofWales's helicopter
's can also be used after initials:
the PM's secretary the MP's briefcase the VIP's escort
Note that when the possessive case is used, the article before the person or thing 'possessed'
disappears:
the daughter of the politician =the politician's daughter
the intervention ofAmerica =America.'s intervention
the plays of Shakespeare =Shakespeare's plays
Use of the possessive I genitive case and of + noun
A The possessive case is chiefly used ofpeople, countries or animals as shown above. It can also be
used:
1 Of ships and boats: the ship's bell, the yacht's mast
2 Ofplanes, trains, cars and other vehicles, though here the ofconstruction is safer:
a glider's wings or the wings of a glider
the train's heating system or the heating system ofthe train
3 In time expressions:
a week's holiday today's paper tomorrow's weather
in two years' time ten minutes' break two hours delay
a ten-minute break, a two-hour delay are also possible:

We have ten minutes' breakla ten-minute break.
4 In expressions ofmoney +worth:

Eurol's worth of stamps ten dollars' worth of ice-cream
5 With for + noun + sake: for heaven's sake, for goodness' sake
6 In a few expressions such as:

a stone's throw joumey'send the water's edge
7 We can say either a winter's day or a winter day and a summer's day or a summer day, but we
cannot make spring or autumn possessive, except when they are personified: Autumn's return.
A. Sometimes certain nouns can be used in the possessive case without the second noun. Nthe baker' sf
butcher'slchemist'slflorist's etc. can mean 'althe baker'slbutcher's etc. shop'.
Similarly, althe house agent'sltravel agent's etc. (office) and the dentist's/doctor's/vet's (surgery):
You can buy itatthe chemist's. He's going to the dentist's.
Names ofthe owners ofsome businesses can be used similarly:
Sotheby's, Claridge's
Some very well-known shops etc. call themselves by the possessive form and some drop the
apostrophe: Foyles, Harrods.
Names of people can sometimes be used similarly to mean '........'s house':

We had lunch at Bill's. We met at Ann's.
B of + noun is used for possession:

When the possessor noun is followed by aphrase or clause:
The boys ran about, obeying the directions of a man with a whistle.
rtook the advice of a couple I met on the train and hired a car.
A. With inanimate 'possessors', except those listed in Aabove:
the walls of the town the roof of the church the keys of the car
However, it is often possible to replace noun X + of + noun Yby noun Y + noun Xin that order:
the town walls the church roof the car keys
The first noun becomes a sort of adjective and is not made plural:
the roofs of the churches = the church roofs
Unfortunately noun + of + noun combinations cannot always be replaced in this way and the
student is advised to use of when in doubt.
Compound nouns
A Examples ofthese:
1 Noun + noun:
'London'Transport 'Fleet Street 'Tower 'Bridge
'hall 'door 'traffic warden 'petrol tank
'hitch hiker 'sky-jacker 'riverbank
'kitchen 'table 'winter 'clothes
A. Noun +gerund:
'fruitpicking 'lony driving 'coal-mining
'weight-lifting 'bird-watching 'surf-riding
A. Gerund +noun:
'waiting list 'diving-board 'driving license
'landing card 'dining-room 'swimmingpool
B Some ways in which these combinations can be used:
A. When the second noun belongs to or is part ofthe first:
'shop' window 'picture frame 'college'library
'church bell 'garden' gate 'gear lever
But words denoting quantity: lump, part; slice etc. cannot be used in this way:
a piece of cake a slice of bread
2 The first noun can indicate the place of the second:

'city 'street 'comer' shop 'country' lane· 'street market
A. The first noun can indicate the time ofthe second:
'summer 'holiday 'Sunday 'paper 'November 'fogs
'spring 'flowers 'dawn 'chorus
A. The first noun can state the material of which the second is made:
'steel 'door 'rope 'ladder -'gold 'medal
'stone 'wall 'silk 'shirt
Wool and wood are not used here as they have adjective forms: reser and wooden. Gold has an
adjective form golden, but this is used only figuratively:
a golden handshake a golden opportunity golden hair
The first noun can also state the power/fuel used to operate the second:
'gas 'fire 'petrol engine 'oil 'stove
A. The first word can indicate the purpose ofthe second:
'coffee cup 'escape hatch 'chess board
'reading lamp 'skating rink 'tin opener

'golfclub . 'notice board 'football ground
A. Work areas, such as factory, farm, mine etc., can be preceded by the name ofthe article produced:
'fish-fann 'gold-mine 'oil-rig
or the type of work done:
'inspection pit 'assembly plant 'decompression chamber
A. These combinations are often used of occupations, sports, hobbies and the people who reserve
them:
'sheep farming 'sheep farmer 'pop singer
'windsurfing 'water skier 'disc jockey
8 The first noun can show what the second is about or concerned with. Awork of fiction may be
'detective / murder / mystery / ghost! horror / spy story. We buy 'bus / train / plane tickets. We pay
'fuel/laundry / milk / telephone bills, 'entry fees, 'income tax, insurance, 'water rates, 'parking
fines.
9 These categories all overlap to some extent. They are not meant to be mutually exclusive, but aim to
give the student some general idea of the uses of these combinations and help with the stress.
,
C As will be seen from the stress - marks above:
1 The first word is stressed in noun +gerund and gerund + noun combinations, when there is an idea
of purpose as in B5 above, and in combinations of type B7 and B8 above.
2 Both words are usually stressed in combinations of types A1, B1-3 above, but inevitably there are
exceptions.
A. In place-name combinations both words usually have equal stress:

'King's Road 'Waterloo 'Bridge 'Leicester 'Square
But there is one important exception. In combinations where the last word is Street, the word Street
is unstressed:
'Bond Street 'Oxford Street
EXERCISE
Write each collective and compound noun and label it collective or compound.
1. We saw a flock of birds fly across the sky.
2. My son-in-law brought me a pair of tennis shoes..

ssEll:s----~-- -----'-~-_,
3. The doghouse was broken after a herd ofcows ran amuck. II
4. Afleet of ships headed for San Francisco.
5. Don't forget to put on your seat belt!
6. We added a flashlight to our playground.
7. We saw a school of dolphins at the Mediterranean Sea.
8. At high school, you get to observe a colony ofants.
9. I am the editor-in-chief of the school paper.
10. My family is obsessed over the printing press.
A. Fill in the blanks

D. Nouns name , and _ _ __
DI. Name the seven types of nouns (not including singular or plural).
______, and _ _ _ __
B. Name each highlighted noun.

1. That white cat ran up the tree because it was being chased by a dog.
4. The principal gave Mike a new folder because he constantly loses his stuff.
5. The principal gave Mike a new folder because he constantly loses his stuff.
6. The principal gave mike a new folder because he constantly loses his stuff.
7. A colony of ants climbed onto our picnic table!
8. Acolony of ants climbed onto our picnic table!
9. 1elected Mike senator because he has a very good communication ability.
10. I elected Mike Senator because he has a very good communication ability.
11. George, my uncle, is a very humorous person.
12. George, my uncle, is a very humorous person.
13. He already gave Stephanie's pen to you!
14. I left the textbook at New Road Park for Juliet.
17. Who would have ever guessed that she would actually give Henry Smith love?
18. Who would have ever guessed that she would actually give Henry Smith love?
19. A flock of birds flew over the Golden Gate Bridge.
20. A flock of birds flew over the Golden Gate Bridge.
21. Meet my brother-in-law.
C. Write each group of words using a possessive noun.

1. the pens of the doctors _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
2. the car of Dr. Gordons _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
3. the dresses of the women - - - - - - - - _ . _
4. the basket of the Gates _ _ _~_ _ _ _ _ _ __
D. Write each singular noun in plural form.
1. tooth
2.
3. key _ _ _ _ _ __
4.
5. pencil ________
6. coat
7. berry.
A. Write each singular noun in plural fOlID.
1. dress
2. church
3. half
4. boy
5. kite
6. colony
7. knife
8. box
9. computer
10. key
NOUNS-KEY
1. Flock of birds collective noun

2. Son-in-law compound noun
3. Tennis - shoes compound noun
4. Herd of cows collective noun
5. Dog house compound noun
6. Fleet of ships collective noun
7. Seat belt compound noun
8. Flash light compoulld noun
9. Play ground compound noun
10. School of dolphins collective noun
11. Colony of ants collective noun
12. Editor-in-chief compound noun
13. school paper compound noun
14. printing press compound noun
15. family collective noun
A
D. people, places, things and feelings I emotions
DI. common nouns, proper nouns, abstract nouns, countable nouns,
uncountable nouns, collective nouns & compound nouns
B:
1. Common noun
2. Common noun
3. Common noun
4. Proper noun
5. Common noun
6. Collective noun
7. Collective noun
8. Common noun
9. Common noun
10. Abstract noun
11. Common noun
12. Common noun
13. Possessive noun
14. Common noun
15. Proper noun
16. Proper noun
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r -IS
THE PRONOUN
A. A Pronoun is a word which is used in place of a Noun, e.g.:
Ram is a good boy. He does not hate anybody.
The sentences mentioned above mean:
"Ram is a good boy. Ram does not hate anybody" . But instead of saying the second sentence in this
manner, that is, instead of repeating the Noun "Ram", we use the word "he" (which, of course,
reads better). Thus "he" is a Pronoun which has been used instead of "Ram".
A. While saying anything, Isay something about myselfor to (or about) you (i.e. The person in front of
me) or to (or about) he, she or it (i.e. Somebody who is not present before me at the present
moment). The first kind of Pronoun is called the Personal Pronoun of the First Person~ The second
kind of Pronoun is called the Personal Pronoun of the Second Person and the third kind ofPronoun
is called the Personal Pronoun of the Third Person. All these pronouns also have their Plural forms,
as the following table will indicate.
FORMS OR CASES OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Cases Nominative Possessive Objective

Persons or
Accusative
I Masculine Singulru' I My,rnine n~
or
Feminine Plural we Our, ours us
II Masculine Singular you Your,yours you

or (also thou thy, thine thee)
. Feminine Plural you your,yours you
III Masculine Singular he his him

. Feminine she her,hers her
Neuter Plural it its it
All Genders they their, theirs them
3. Second Person Singular (Le. Thou, thou, thine, thee) is now rarely used and that too only in poetry.
Now "you" is used both in Singular and in Plural. Butin all cases it will take the form of Verb as ifit
were Plural e.g. Ram, why are you late?
4. Personal Pronouns in the Possessive Case virtually qualify Nouns, e.g.
(a) This is my pen.

(b) That is your pen.
I This is his (or her) pen.
(d) These are our pens.

(e) Those are your pens.
(f) These are their pens.
Thus, practically, my, our, your, his, her and their are used beforeNouns which they qualify.
Hence, they serve double purpose i.e. they are used instead of Nouns and simultaneously, they qualify
certain Nouns. Therefore, besides being Pronouns, they may also be termed as "Possessive Adjectives"
5. Sometimes, the Pronouns in the Possessive Case do not precede the Nouns, e.g.
(a) This pen is mine.

(b) That pen is yours.
I This pen is his (or hers).
(d) These pens are ours.

(e) Those pens are yours.
(f) These pens are theirs.
As we see, there is also a change in the Form of the word in some of such cases. Such Pronouns
are called "Possessive Pronouns".
Note: The difference between "Possessive Adjectives" and "Possessive Pronouns" can be easily
understood by carefully studying and comparing sentences under 4 and 5 above.
EXERCISEl
Please point out the Pronouns in the following sentences and say for what noun each stands:
1. , Krishna was absent from the class and so she was fined for her absence.
2. There were many boys in the playground but they were all waiting for the arrival of the teacher.
3. If anybody is caught copying, he will be turned out of the examination halL
.4. Leela told her friends that they should wait for her outside her house.
5. Ramesh could not reach the station in time to catch the train as one of his friends suddenly turned
up.
6. Dinesh lost his book yesterday and has not been able to find it till today.
'-I
7. As the reserve came, he found the door of the house locked and he did not know how he could
open it.
8. The big brown fox jumped right over the lazy dog and it did not know how to get rid of it.
9. Kamala was a very good girl. She was admired by all for her good work.
10. Animals have their set habits and they are unable to change them even in their dire necessity.
EXERCISE 2
In the following sentences use Pronouns instead ofNouns wherever necessary:
1. Sohan bought a beautiful book and Sohan read the book again and again.
2. The beggar was moving in the street and the beggar was begging at every door.
3. The captain ofthe team asked the boys to play the match well otherwise the captain was not certain
whether the boys could win the match.
EXERCISE 3
In the following sentences fill in the blanks each with a Pronoun of the correct form: 3132
1. She is taIler than _ _ _ _~__
2. You are as brilliant a student
3. Let us see who runs faster, you or _ _ _ _ _ __
4. Who is there? It is _ _ _ _ _ __
5. Who came to see you? It was not Deepak, was _ _ _ _ _ _ _?
EXERCISE 4
Supply a Pronoun ofthe correct fonn in the following sentences:
1.They ran as fast as_ _(We, Us).

2.Gurdeep and ~.. !iCe friends. (He, Him)
3.1fI were ,I wouldn't do this. (He, Him)
4. You are known to his brother and . (He, Him)
USE OF THE PRONOUN

1. A pronoun is used in place of a Noun. Hence it must be of the same Number, Genderand Person
as the Noun, e.g.:
(a) Mohan is a good boy. He doesn't hate anybodY.

(b) Sheila is a naughty girl. She plays tricks on herfriends.
I Women are in no way inferior to men. They have since proved their
mettle.
2. When two or more Singular Nouns fonn a Phrase with the Conjunction"and". the Pronoun used
instead ofthem must be in the Plural Fonn, e.g.:
(a) Ram and Sham are bosom friends. They stand by each other through
thick and thin.
(b) Shiela and Leila are sisters. They are always seen together.
3. When a Singular Noun and a Pronoun in the Singular Form (or two Singular Pronouns) arejoined
together by "and", the Pronouns used for them must be in the Plural Form, e.g.
(a) Ram and I went hunting together. We could lay hands only on an antelope.
(b) He and I have never offended anybody. We believe in loving all.
4. A Pronoun is used in place of a Collective Noun in Neuter Gender:
(a) in the Singular Number when we view the Collective Noun as a whole i.e. single entity,
·e.g.:
A. Thejury has already givenits verdict.

(li) The class is busy listening to the teacher's lecture.
(iii) The committee has finished its probe into the matter.
(iv) The Indian Army has proved its mettle in war with Pakistan.
(b) in the Plural Number when the Collective Noun conveys the idea of
individuals who act separately instead ofacting in unison, e.g.:
A. Thejury are divided in their opinions.

(li) The committee have not been able to express their findings with
unanimity.
(rii) The police have sent their commandos in all directions to nab the assassins of the
leader.
5. Singular Nouns joined by "and" but preceded by "each" or "every" will take Singular Pronoun:
(a) Each man and woman must attend to his or her work.
(b) Every Punjabi and every Bengali isproud of his country; that is India.
6. Generally Singular Pronoun is used when two or more Singular Nouns arejoined by "or", "either
- or" "nel·ther _ _ _ nor, " e...
g.
(a) Mohan, Sohan or Manmohan has been sent to deliver the message.
(b) Either Rita or Anita has come to see Lalita.
I) Neither Dalbir nor Satbir was able to finish his work in time.
7. The Plural Pronoun is used when a Singular Noun and a Plural Noun arejoined by "or" or "iior",
e.g.:
(a) Neither the father nor his sons have turned up at the court.
(b) Either Krishna or her friends are to blame for this mess.
8. In some sentences, a Pronoun may refer to more than one Noun or Pronoun of different Person.
In such sentences,
(a) If there is a Pronoun in the First Person besides a Noun or a Pronoun in the Second or
Third Person, the Pronoun representing the whole mustbe First Person Plural, e.g.:
. (i) Ram and I have finished our work.

(li) You and I have completed our task.
(b) If there is a Pronoun in the Second Person, besides a Noun or a Pronoun in the Third
Person, the pronoun representing the whole must be Second Person Plural,
e.g.:
(i) You and he are in the habit of doing your work welL
(Ii) You andAnil have not been careful in learning your lesson.
9. As per common practice, in sentences where two or all three Persons in the Nominative Case are
used, the Second Person comes fIrst; it is followed by the Third and the First person is the last to be
used. Study the following examples;
(a) You, he and I have fared well in the examination.

(b) You, Sham and I are fast friends.
I You and I have to live together as good neighbours.
(d) He and I have no misunderstanding between us.

(e) Vidya Sagar and I often go to the theatre together.
(f) You and he love mankind.
(g) You and Ishwar must keep quiet.
10. When some mistake has been committed or some grievous wrong has been done, the order of
Pronouns mentioned above is reversed as a part of etiquette:
(a) I, he and you are responsible for this terrible loss.

(b) I, Bipin and you should not have offended the teacher by disobeying
him.
11. In a sentence where the Pronoun "I", or "he", or "she", is expected to be active (i.e. to be in the
Nominative (Cases), the word "I", "he", or "she", must be used e.g.:
(a) Ram is more intelligent than I.
(b) I am taller than he.
I You are older than she.
12. In a sentence, where a Pronoun acts as an Object, the Accusative Case must be used:
(a) He told me this story.
(b) These pens are for you and me.
I I have invited you and him to dinner.
13. . Myselfis often wrongly used forI, e.g.: .

(a) It is wrong to say: Mohan and myselfare leaving for Bombay tomorrow, we should say:
Mohan and Iare leaving for Bombay tomorrow.
rr=·==.---=.=---=.--==-==-==-.==----===========RUSSELrS----~------=--=--..,-\
n·
~ ~
3
n
~
(b) Similarlyinsteadofsaying: You and myselfshould see ourteacher
n
i ~ tomorrow, we should say: You and I should see our teacher tomorrow.
n
i ~
n
r
14. Inasentence, where '1Jut" is used as a Preposition (meaning "except") instead ofa Conjunction, it
will be followed bythe Pronoun in theAccusative Cast:
(a) The boy stood on the burning dec~ whence all but him had fled.
(b) None but me attendedthe function.
15. "Than" being a Conjunction, must be followed by aPronoun in the Nominative Case, e.g.:
(a) Manju is more beautiful than she.

(b) He reached the place later than I.
16. But when the Pronoun is expected to be an Object i.e. a word receiving the result or effect ofa
Noun or another Pronoun, it must be in theAccusative Case, e.g.: '
(a) He cares more for you than me.

(b) Lovely gave more money to you than us:
However, ifwe write such a sentence with the Pronoun in the Nominative Case, at the end, the
sentence: "Lovelygave more money to you than we" will mean thatboth Lovely and we gave money to you
but it was Lovely who gave more.
USE OF THE IMPERSONAL PRONOUN "IT"
The following are some ofthe important uses ofthe pronoun "it" which is the only Impersonal Pronoun:
1, flIt" is used as an Impersonal Pronoun when it is used as a Subject to an Impersonal Verb,e.g.:
(a) It blows.( wind blows)

(b) It snows on the mountains.
(c) Itflashed continuously (lightning flashed).
r:
J.i·:~
2. When we refer to day, time or weather, e.g.:
j:
(a) It is Sunday today_
(b) It is 50' clock now.
I~ (c) It is spring (season).
(d) It is very fine today (i.e. the weather).
Jl
1" (e) It is always cloudyon the hills.
H
:!l II
H
11 I
~ ~ I
"i.! 11
~~~==================================================================~~
3. The Pronoun "it" is used as a Fictitious orProvisional Subject when the Verb lito be" is followed
by the real Subject~ e.g.: .
(a) It is not easy to defeat him. (Le. to defeat him is not easy).
(b) It is dangerous to play with fire. (i.e. to play with fITe is dangerous).
(c) It is not certain that he will accept your offer (Le. that he will accept your offer is not
certain).
4. "It" is used to represent a Noun in the Neuter Gender, e.g.:
(a) Iam returning your pen because it does not write well.
(b) As one leg ofthe table was broken, I have sent it to the carpenter for repair.
5. "It" is used to represent a child or a baby ofeither sex, e.g.
(a) . The baby is crying; please lift it up.

(b) Idid not disturb the child as it was sleeping.
Note: When a baby or a child's sex is clearly to be mentioned, we use "he" or "she" instead of
"it":
A. My child, Mintoo, is justthreeyears old; he is very naughty.

(n) Her baby started crying bitterly; her heart was too weak to tolerate her wild shrieks.
(li) The infant cannotutter a single word, noreven understand anything..
Yet, he is the apple ofhis parents' eyes.
6. "It" is used for small and common animals, especially domestic animals, e.g.:
(a) I love my dog and Ilove all its pranks.

(b) Icannot part with my cow as it yields five kilos ofmilk daily.
(c) Every body hates a rat because it nibbles and destroys all eatables.
7. "It" is used as an emphasiser before a Noun or a Pronoun, e.g.:
(a) It was he who made this mischief

(b) It is a silly fish that is caught twice with the same bait.
(c) It was the Prime Minister who made this announcement.
(d) Who's there? It is L
8. "If' is used to refer to a preceding statement, e.g.:
(a) Saleem was maltreated by his uncle; and he could not forget it all his life.
(b) We listened to the leader's speech with rapt attention. Then we analyzed it point by point
to reach the depth ofthe meaning.
· HintsHer / Hers / his / His / my / our / ours / their
EXERCISE -1
Fill in the blanks with the suitable pronouns given below:
The Mysterious Volkswagen
Last week, we had a party at _ _ _ _ _ house. Many people came, and there were lots of cars
parked outside..
At the end of the party, only three people were left: myself, Ramesh and Manju. However, there were four
cars. One ofthem was a Volkswagen. I didn't remember seeing it before, so I asked whose it was.
Ramesh said it wasn't car. was a Chevrolet pickup. When I asked

Manju if it was , she said no __.._ _.. car was a Ford Explorer. I knew
it car, ofcourse. Finally,I calledthe police, and they came and examined it. They
said it belonged to afamily on the next street. Someone stole it from driveway and left it on
Fill in the correct personal pronoun into the gaps. The words in brackets tell you which you should use.
Example: ___ often reads books, (Peter)
Answer: He often reads books.

____ is reading a book (Murthy)
____ is green. (The board)
____ are on the wall (The posters)
____ is running. (The dog)
____ are watching TV (My mother and I)
____ are in the garden. (The flowers)
____ is liding his bike. (Prem)
-;-___ are dirty. (Mahender' s shoes)
____ has got a brother. (Swetha)
Has _ _ _ _ got a computer, Farook?
OTHER KINDS OF PRONOUNS
(Reflexive Pronouns)
Always ends in -self (or - selves for the plural). It appears as myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself,
oneself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.
Let us see some of these pronouns at work.
. I saw myself in the mirror.

Be careful or you will hurt yourself.
Rahul helped himself to the cakes.
Meena dressed herselfcarefully for the party.
One must be allowed to please oneself.
The kitten can now feed itself.
We taught ourselves to swim.
The boys hurt themselves getting over the wall.
There is, ofcourse, a difference in meaning between:
"Ram hit him" and Ram hit himself'.
In the "-self' sentences, the subject ofthe sentence is the same person or thing as the object ofthe sentence.
The Action doesn't go from one person to another. It comes back again -like the reflexion in a mirror to
the doer of the action. These" -self' pronouns are called Reflexive Pronouns.
EMPHASIZING PRONOUNS
But this is not the only work that the "-self' pronouns do. Look at these sentences:
A. Srinivas washed himself. I know he did, I saw him, myself, You, yourself, said he looked clean and
Srinivas himself, said he had had a wash.
The first 'himself' is quite plainly areflexive pronoun; the subject Srinivas and the pronoun 'himself'
both stand for the same boy. But the others are different. They could be missed out and the sentences
would still make sense. They are put there to make what is said stronger, to make it more emphatic,
and so they are called Emphasizing Pronouns.
Emphasizing pronouns sometimes have the meaning of"alone", in which case they often have "by"
with them, e.g.
I went there all by myself.
This is an engine that goes by itself.
Srinivas made that model aeroplane all by himself.
Here are the -selfpronouns (reflexive and emphasizing) arranged in a table..
30
Singular Plural
pI person Myself . Ourselves
.. 2nd person yourself yourselves
3,d person himself themselves
herself
itself
oneself
EXCERCISES
Put reflexive pronouns into the blank spaces:
(1) Father cut _ _ _ _ _ when he was shaving.

(2) Radha saw in the mirror.
(3) We saw in the mirror.
(4) I taught _ . to play the sitar.
(5) The house is nice, but the garden's very small.
(6) One can easily lose in city roads.
(7) We lost when we went walking there.
(8) If you would like some cakes, children, help _ _ __ i
1'
(9) The boys helped to the cakes.

(10) There are plenty ofcakes here. Ram, help_ _ _ __
II Put emphasizing pronouns into the blank spaces.

(1) He did the work all by _ _ _ __
(2) I saw him do it _ _~__
(3) Mary sewed those doll's dresses _____
(4) One can't saw a tree like that by __._ _
(5) You children must tidy this room _____
I am not going to helpyou.
(6) The children tidied the room by _ _ __

(7) Do you think, Mary, that you can cook the dinner by _ _ _ today?
(8) We cooked the dinner entirely by ___~_ _
(9) This machine works by ______
(10) You and Richard can do that job your _ _ _ __
In the following sentences there are some words that show possession:
That seat isn'tyours; it's mine.
Lend me your bicycle; hers is no good.
He's wearing a hat that isn't his.
That cat is ours.
We spent the New Year everting with the Reddy's
Theirs was the best party I have ever been to.
.....................................--... ....•.. ---.... -._.. -- ._-- ...
The words yours, mine, ours, etc., don't qualify nouns. They show possession, and here they are standing
instead ofnouns; yours means, in that sentence, "your seat", 'hers' means "herbicycle". They are Possessive
Pronouns.
You will quite often find the possessive pronouns used with "of', like this:
He is a friend of mine.
Not "a friend of me" as you might expect.
Here are one or two other examples:

That dog of yours has been fighting again.
There's John and that friend of his, going to play tennis.
Here is a table, c;;o that you can compare the possessive pronouns and the possessive adjectives.
Possessive Adjectives Possessive Pronouns
This is my book. This book is mine.

Your This bookis yours.
His This book is his.
Her This book is hers.
Our This book is ours.
Their This book is theirs.
Pronouns that show possession are Possessive Pronouns.
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
There are some pronouns that we use when we ask questions, e.g.
Who are you?

What have you done today?
Which of these books do you want?
Pronouns that are used to ask questions are Interrogative Pronouns.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
Here are four pronouns whose work is to point out things.
This is a book. These are my books.

That is a star. Those are stars.
Pronouns that "point out" are called Demonstrative Pronouns.

RICHARD. Please, sir, you told us that this and that, these and those, what and which, were
demonstrative adjectives.
TEACHER. I did.
RICHARD. But now you say they are pronouns.
TEACHER. Yes, they are
RICHARD Do you tell what part of speech a word is by the work it does?
TEACHER Right. Now look at these sentences:
A B
Which book do you want? Which of these books do you want?
What exercises have you done today? What have you done today?
This book is agood one. This is a good book.
That star is called Mars. That is a very bright star.
These books belong to the teacher. These are the teacher's books.
Those stars are millions of miles away Those are very distant stars.
In columnA, which, what, this, that, these, those are adjectives because they do with nouns. In column B.
they are pronouns because they stand instead ofnouns. They are subjects ofa sentence just as nouns often
are. Is that all clear now, Richard?
RICHARD. Yes, sir. I understand it now.
EXERCISES
1. Put possessive pronouns in the blank spaces:
1) You own that laptop; that laptop is ----.
2) He owns that company; that company is ---.
3) She owns that mobile phone; that mobile phone is ---,
4) They own that house; that house is ---.
II. In the following sentences use the verb to be instead of the verb belong. Make any other necessary
changes:
Ex. That house belongs to me.
That house is mine.
(1) Those gloves belong to her.

Ans
(2) That new house belongs to him.
Ans
(3) These gloves belong to you.
Ans
Ans
(4) That picture belongs to me.
Ans
(5) That car belongs to us.
Ans
(6) Those flowers belong to them.
Ans
(7) Does that computer belong to you?
Ans
(8) Do those tools belong to him?
Ans
(9) Do these chocolates belong to us?
Ans
10) Did those chocolates belong to them?
Ans
THE PRONOUN - KEY
Exercise - 1
1. Pronouns - she, her
Noun - Krishna
2. Pronouns - they
Noun boys
3. Pronoun he
Pronoun - anybody
4. Pronoun - they, her
Noun friends, leela
5. Pronoun his
Noun - Ramesh
. '
6. Pronoun - his
Noun Dinesh
7. Pronoun he, it
Noun - reserve, door
8. Pronoun - it, it
Noun brown fore, dog
9. Pronoun she, her
Noun - Kamala
10. Pronoun their, they
Noun Animals
Exercise - 2
1. Sohan bought a beautiful book and he read the book again and again.
2. The beggar was moving in the street and he was begging at every door.
3. The captain of the team asked the boys to play the match well otherwise he was
not certain whether they could win the match
Exercise - 3
1. She is taller than her, him, me

2. You are as brilliant a student as he is, him, her
3. Let us see who runs faster, you or 1, he, she
4. Who is there? It is me.
5. Who came to see you? It was not Deepak, was he?
. Exercise - 4
1. They ran as fast as we.
2. Curdeep and b~ are friends
3. If I were him, I wouldn't do this.
4. You are known to this brother and him.
Exercise - 1 - Key
The Mysterious Volkswagen
his, his, it, hers, her, my, their, ours.
1. He is reading a book.
2. It is green.
3. They are on the wall.
4. It is running.
5. We are watching T.Y.
6. They are in the garden.
7. He is riding his bike.
8. They are dirty.
9. She has got a brother.
10. Has he got a computer, Farook?
Exercises - Key
I. Reflexive Pronouns
1. himself
2. herself
3. ourselves
4. my self.
5. itself
6. himself
7. ourselves
8. yourselves
9. themselves
. 10.yourself
II. Emphasizing Pronouns

1. Himself
2. Himself
3. Herself
4. himself
\
5. Yourselves
6. Themselves
7. Yourself
8. Ourselves
9. Itself
10.Yourselves
Exercises
I Possessive Pronouns
1. Yours
2. His
3. Hers
4. Theirs
II
1. Those gloves are hers.

2. That new house is his.
3. These gloves are yours.
4. That picture is. mine.
5. That car is ours.
6. Those flowers are theirs
7. Is that computer yours?
8. Are those tools his?
9. Are these chocolates ours?
10. Were those chocolates theirs?
VERBS
Verbs are very important words.
We use verbs to say what people and thingsdo. Verbs express an action..
The woodcutter sat on the bank. (What did he do?)
She showed him a gold axe. (What did she do?)
'That's mine,' said the woodcutter. (What does he say?)
The girls gQ to school every day. (What do they do?)
The man opened the box. (What did he do?)
The bird sings at my window every morning (What does it do?).
The boys ate all the pudding. (What did they do?)
Sometimes we use two words for a verb.
The poor woodcutter was cutting a piece of wood. (What was he doing?)
I have lost my axe. (What has he done?)
I will give you the gold axe and the silver axe. (What will she do?)
Some verbs don't express an action. They just say people or things are something. The chief of these is the
verb be (am, is, are, was, were). These verbs often have an adjective after them.
The woodcutter was (verb) very sad (adjective).
The fairy asked the woodcutter why he was (verb) unhappy (adjective).
The fairy said, 'You are (verb) honest (adjective);
EXERCISES
A. Pick out the verbs expressing an action in the following sentences.
Example: The train stopped at a station
Answer: stopped
1The boy ran out of the house. Ans ............................................ .

2 The girls danced. Ans ............................................ .
3The teacher gave us a lesson. Ans ............................................ .
4 Birds sing Ans ............................................ .
5 The man smokes a pipe. Ans ............................................ .
6 Fish swim in the sea. Ans ............................................ .
7 The camel carries a load. Ans............................................ .
S The train started again. Ans ............................................ .
9 A car came to our door. Ans ............................................ .
10 The sun shines. Ans ..................................·.......... .
B. Pick out the two-word verbs in these sentences.
Example: Is he writing a letter?
Answer: Is .............. writing
1The boy is writing. Ans ............................................ .
2 The girls are running. Ans ............................................ .
3 The teacher is giving us a lesson. Ans............................................ .
4 The teacher will give us a lesson. Ans............................................ .
5 The teacher has given us a lesson. Ans............................................ .
6 The boys will run a race tomorrow. Ans........................................... ..
7 The camel is carrying a big load. Ans ............................................ .
8 The train has gone. Ans ............................................ .
9 The sun is shining. Ans ............................................ .
10 I will write a letter. Ans ............................................ .
C. Pick out the parts of the verb be in these sentences.
Remember that this verb says what people or things are (or were)
Example: The man was very old.
Answer: was
1Jeremy is tired Ans ............................................ .
2 Mary is very happy. Ans ............................................ .
3 Those men are cold. Ans ............................................ .
4 My dress is very pretty. Ans ............................................ .
5 Those flowers are red. Ans ............................................ .
6 lam tired. Ans ............................................ .
7 Karen was unhappy Ans ............................................ .
8 The boys were hungry Ans ............................................ .
9 The teacher is kind. Ans ............................................ .
10 The taxi-driver was honest.

Ans ............................................ .
D. Complete these sentences with I)arts of the verb "be"
1The auto-driver_~__ very unhappy.

.2 The gentleman said, 'You honest.'
3I glad that you are here. .
4 My sister _ _ _ very clever.
5 The flowers _ _ _ pretty.
E. Complete these sentences with verbs from the box. Use every verb once only.
Flies gave wrote jumps opened painted bought cooks go washed
1 The boy the door.

2 The dog over the gate every morning.
3 Tom a good dinner every evening.
4 The woman the dirty clothes.
5 The aero plane from Hong Kong to London.
6 I _ _.__ these apples at the shop.
7 We to school every day.
8 The chemist the man a Qottle of medicine.
9 The teacher the words on the blackboard.
10 I a picture on the paper.
Transitive Verbs
Verbs that have an object (some verbs don't) are transitive verbs. 'Transitive' comes from a Latin word
that means 'going over'. Foreg 1) The dog killed the rat. 2) The shopkeeper sells bicycles. The action of
killing' goes over' from the dog to the rat. The action of selling' goes over' from the shopkeeper to the
bicycles.
In the sentence The rat bit the dog, the action of biting goes from the rat to the dog. The rat is the 'doer'
ofthe action; the dog is the 'receiver' of the action. In the sentence The dog killed the rat the action of
killing goes from the dog to the rat. The dog is the 'doer' of the action; the rat is the 'receiver' of the action.
Both sentences have objects: the verbs bites and kill are transitive verbs..
Verbs that take objects are called transitive verbs.
Intransitive Verbs
But there are some verbs that don't have objects, because sometimes the action doesn't 'go over 'from
one person or thing to another person or thing. Consider these sentences for example:
The dog growled.
The patient died.
The action of growling starts and ends with the dog. It doesn't 'go over' to anything else. The action of
dying begins and ends with the patient. .
Ifyou say, growled what?, died what?, you c~n 't get a sensible answer. These verbs don't have an object.
They are intransitive verbs. '. . .
EXERCISES·.
A Pick out the verbs in the following sentences. Put the transitive verbs in one column andthe intransitive
verbs in another column. We have done the first two verbsforyou.
. ' .
A. The little boy hurt his foot. He cried bitterly.

Transitive Intransitive
hurt cried
1 The little boy broke his arm.. Verb ....................

2 He sang sweetly. Verb ....................
3 The sun is shining.. Verb ....................
4 The boys saw the football match. Verb ~ ...................
5 Farooq slept until nine 0' clock. Verb ....................
6 Cotton grows in India Verb ....................
7 The children fed the animals. ·Verb ..............'..... . \ .
8 The train started. Verb ....................

9 Birds fly. Verb ................. ~ ..
10 Mahender is working hard. Verb .................. ..
VERBS,.. KEY
A Pick out the verbs expressing an action.in the following sentences.
L ran
2. danced
3. gave
4. nng
5. smokes
6. swim
7. carnes
8. started
9. came
10. shines
B Pick out the two-word verbs.
L Is writing
2; Arerunning
3. Is giving
4. Will give
5. ,Has given
6. Will run '
7.' Is carrying
'8. Has gone
9. Is shining
10. Will write
C Pick out the parts of the verb 'be'
L IS
2. IS
3. are
4. .IS
, 5. are .
6. am
7. was
8; were
9~' is ' .
, .lO.was
D Complete the sentences with parts of the verb 'be'
1. Is
2. Are
3. Am
4. Is
5. Are
E Complete the sentences with verbs from box
1. Opened
l
! 2. Jumps
1.
i 3. Cooks
4. Washed
5. Flies
6. Bought
7. Go
8. Gave
9. Wrote
10. Painted
A Pick out the verbs. Put the transitive verbs in one column and
Intransitive live in another column.
Transitive Intransitive
1 broke 1
2 2 sang
3 3 is shining
4 saw 4 ........................
5 5 slept
6 6 grows
7 fed 7 ........................
8 8 started
9 9 fly
10 10 is working
ADVERBS
1. An Adverb is aword which modifies the meaning ofan Adjective, aVerb or some otherAdverb, e.g.:
(a) Mohan works hard.
(b) The child wept bitterly.
(c) Satinder is ~ sad.
(d) It is bitterly cold today.
(e) Heran~fast.
(f) He speaks English quite fluently.
2. Sometimes Adverbs modify Phrases, e.g.:
(a) He was truly in love.

(b) She sang sweetly the whole night.
(c) They spentthe evening merrily dancing and singing.
Note: In sentence © above, theAdverb 'merrily' modifies both the Verb 'spent' and the Participles 'dancing'
and 'singing', which together form the Phrase: 'dancing and singing'.
3. Occasionally, an Adverb may modify the whole sentence, e.g.:
(a) Unfortunately, this has happened.

(b) Probably, it will rain tonight.
(c) Perhaps, she is ilL
(d) Truly, he is a rogue.
There are several classes ofAdverbs (orAdverbials) which overlap each other. However, the
following kinds are more well- known:
1. Adverbs ofTime (showing 'when'):
(a) She arrived late inthe meeting.

(b) You came after I had arrived.
r
(c I have already finished my work.
(d) I shall return presently.
(e)He never listens to anybody.
, . ' .
2. Adverbs of Place (showmg'where'): ....
(a) . Come in, please.
.(b) .Youfmd su~h people everywhere.
(c). .He could nowhere be seen.

(d) Letus wait for him here.
(e)· We looked forward at the lake.
3. . Adverbs ofMariner (showing 'how'):
(a) She speaks English fluently.

I
(b) . He was severely beaten.
(c) ..She must work hard I diligently.
(d) . I openedthe gate thus.
(e) Yours sincerely. .
(Note: Almost all the Adverbs derived from Adjectives and ending in "ly" are Adverbs ofManner)
4. Adverbs ofFreguency (or Number) (showing 'how often'):
'. (a) I havevisitedthe Taj only once.

'. (bY He never comes here.
(c) . Read this lesson once again.
(d) I hear this voice occasionally.
(e) . She always stands first inherclass.
(t) Barkingdogs seldom bite.
. . .
' . I·'
Otherexamples: "Generally", "often", "usually", "rarely", "regularly",.uever" etc. . .
Note: As we see, Adverbs ofNumber ahdAdverbs ofTime maysometimes overlap each' .
other..
5. Adverbs ofExtent, Degree or Quantity (show to what extentor in what degree or ho~ much): .
. '. , ' . ' '
(a) We are well prepared for any eventuality.

(b) It is extreme1:r hot today.
(c, .She i~as shrewd as her sister.
Ifully agree with you..

(e) . Youareratllerlate.
(f) It is too dark here. .
(g). They were good enough to help me.
(h) He has completely reserVed / changed his views.
. 6. .'Adverbs ofReason, Cause or Purpose (showing reason):

" .
. (a) He, therefore, cannot be taken in the team.

(b) She was hence turned out ofthe class.
7. Adverbs ofAssertion (affirming or negating astatement):
(a) He left his home undoubtedlY.

(b) Ido not find anything wrong in it.
(c) You are certainly groping in the dark.
FORMATION OF ADVERBS
A. Alarge number ofAdverbs are formed by adding "ly" to certainAdjectives: Most ofthe Adverbs
formed in this manner are Adverbs ofManner, e.g.:
Adjective Adverb· Adjective Adverb

Brave bravely Sincere ::::: sincerely
Beautiful beautifully Quick = quickly
Bright brightly Real ::::: really
Careful :::::
carefully Obedient obediently
.Foolish ::::: foolishly· Calin calmly'
, Strong strongly Meek = meekly
Wide = widely Slow. = slowly,
Broad ::::: broadly Rapid = rapidly
&
t·
Faithful ::::: faithfully Neat = neatly·
, .
ti
I Narrow = narrowly . Nice - . nicely
Wise - ,
wisely . Cold, ::::: coldly. ,
Free . - freely Cool = coolly'
Dill .- diligently
. gent
2. In the case ofAdjectives ending in "Ie" the last !Ie" is changed into 'y": (a)
single = singly; double = doubly.
A. In the case ofAdjectives ending in "y" but preceded by a Consonant the last "y" is changed into "i"
and "ly" is added to it: -
-
Adjective = Adverb Adjective = Adverb
Busy = busily Easy = easily

Happy = happily Heavy = heavily
lazy = lazily Ready = readily
Note: In the case ofsome words, (e.g. 'gay') the final"y" changes into "i" even when it is
preceded by a vowel"
Gay = gaily
A. In the case ofsome words the final "e" is removed before adding "ly"
True = truly Whole = wholly
Due = duly
A. However, the final "e" is retained in certain words, e.g.:
Sincere = sincerely Extreme = extremely
Sure = surely Severe = severely
A. Adverb from an Adjective like 'good' is not derived directly from it; e.g.:
Adjective = Adverb
Good = well
7. Some Adjectives have no Adverb Forms, e.g., friendly, lonely, lovely, lowly, cowardly etc. In such
cases, a different Adverb or an Adverb phrase has to be used to serve the purpose, e.g.:
(a) (i) !tis likely that it will r~ tonight (Adjective) ,
(ti) Probably it will rain tonight (Adverb)
(b) (i) The host was very friendly with me (Adjective)

I
I
(ii) The host treated me in a friendly way. (Adverb Phrase) j
(c) (1) He leda simple life. (Adjective)
(Ii) He lived humbly (Adverb)
or He lived in a humble way. (Adverb Phrase)
8. SomeAdverbs are formed by adding aNoun and aQualityingAdjective, e.g. Yesterday, sometimes.
9. Some Adverbs are formed by adding aNoun to "a", e.g. Asleep; away; abreast; ahead.
1O. Some Adverbs are formed by combining a Preposition and a Noun, e.g. besides; today; tonight;
underground; overboard.
11. Some Adverbs are formed by combining "a" an and Adjective or "be" and an Adjective, e.g.
abroad; along; aloud; anew; behind; below.
12. There are severalAdverbs which are used together, having beenjoined together by Conjunctions,
to formAdverbial phrases, e.g.:
(a) By and by (i.e. within a short period)

(b) Again and again
(c) Far and near (in/from all directions)
(d) Far and wide
(e) Far and away
(f) First and foremost (the very first)
(g) (Every) Now and then
(h) Offand on (occasionally)
(i) Out and away
G) Out and out (by far; beyond comparison)
(k) Over and above (beside; in addition to)
0) Through and through (thoroughly)
(m) To and fro (up and down; backwards and forwards)

(n) Here and there
(0) Hither and thither
(P) Once and forever
Exercise on the Form of Adverbs
Find the adjective in the first sentence and fill the gap with the adverb.
1. Joane is happy. She smiles _ _ _ _ __

The boy is loud. He shouts _ _ _ _ _
3. Her English is Huent. She speaks English _ _ _ __
4. Our mum was angry. She spoke to us _ _ _ _ __
. 5. My neighbour is a careless driver. He drives _ _ _ __
6. The painter is awfuL He paints _ _ _ __

7. Jim is a wonderful piano player. He plays the piano _ _ _ __
8. This girl is very quiet. She often sneaks out of the house _ _ __
9. This exercise is simple. You ______ have to put one word in each space.
10. He is a sincere teacher. H~ teaches _ _ _ __
Exercise - IAdverbs of Manner

Rewrite the sentences and put the adverbs in correctly.
1. She speaks. (slowly) _ _.. .

2. They sang. (wonderfully)
3. He treated her. (respectfully)
4. John speaks English. (well)
j' 5. The dog barks. (loudly)
,
6. My sister plays the piano (well)
7. She met him (recently)
8. The chilclrenlaughed (happily)
9. She hurt her leg. (badly)
10. They sneaked out of the house (quietly) _ _ .
Exercise - II
Adverbs of Place
Make sentences and put the adverbs (in print) in correctly (behind the verb or object).
1. is / over there / the cinema
2. inside / go !let's
3. the kitchen / downstairs / is
4. playing / the kids / are / outside
5. she / not / been / here / has
6. the bathroom / is / upstairs
.·7. were / everywhere / we / for /looking / you
8. we/ anywhere/you/find/ couldn't 1,1
9. there / a post office / nearby / is

10. must / we / walk: / back home
Form of Adverbs
Fill in the correct adverb.

Adjective Adverb
careful
loud
slow
easy
hard
ADVERBS-KEY
I Find the adjectives. Fill up the blank:
1. happy happily
2. loud loudly
3. fluent fluently
4. angry angrily
S. careless carelessly
6. awful awfully
7. wonderful wonderfully
8. quiet quietly
9. simpl~ simply
10. smcere sincerely
Exercise - II
Adverbs of place
1. The cinema hall is over there.

2. Let's go inside.
3. The kitchen is downstairs.
4. The kids are playing outside.
S. She has not been here.
6. The bathroom is upstairs
7. We were looking for you everywhere.
8. \Ve couldn't find you anywhere.
9. There is a post office nearby.
10. We must walk back home.
Forms of Adverbs
1. Carefully
2. Loudly
3. Slowly
4. Easily
. S. Hardly
51
ADJECTIVES
If I say to you,
A man came into the room
the noun man doesn't make a clear picture in your mind.
If! say,
A thin man came into the room
I limit the meaning ofthe noun man: you don't see in your mind afat man or even a man ofordinary shape,
only athin man.
The word thin is an adjective. It tells us what kind of man we mean by our noun man.
We use an adjective with a noun to limit the meaning ofthe nOUn. The adjective qualifies the noun.
Here are some more examples:
a thin man afat man

an old book a new book
a heavy box alight box
a good egg a bad egg
a white rabbit a black rabbit
The words man book, box, egg, rabbit are nouns. The words fat, thin, old, new, heavy, good, bad, white,
black all tell us something about the meaning of these nouns. They tell us what kind ofman, what kind of
book, what kind of egg, etc. They are adjectives.
You will notice that in English the adjective usually goes before the noun.
Ared flower
a big dog
alongjoumey
in later lessons you will see some exceptions.
Adjectives of the kind we have looked at in lesson adjective quality
EXERCISES
APut suitable adjective before each ofthe following nouns

Example: car
Answer: a red car
52
1. house 4. book 7. lion 10.headache .

2. day 5. boy 8. train .. 11. flower
3. dinner 6. tree 9. river 12. dog
AnsI. Ans 7.
Ans2. Ans8.
Ans 3. Ans9.
Ans 4~ Ans 10.
Ans 5. Ans 11.
Ans6. Ans 12.
B Pick out the adjectives in the following sentences
Example: Look at that old black car.
Answer: old, black·
. 01. They live in a big red house.

02. Lloyd is a clever boy.
03. This plant ha~ small yellow flowers.
04. Mr. Chung is a kind man.
05. The camel is a very useful animal.
06. In New York they have warm weather in summer and cold we.atherilLwinter.
07. Mary has a new green jumper.
08. Lions are strong, fierce animals.
09. Cairo is a large, busy city;
10. These small apples are sweet.
C) Complete these sentences with suitable adjectives.
We have filled in number 1for you.
1) The man bought a white car
2) The teacher taught us an . lesson.
3) Mahender has broken his knife.
4) An elephant is a animal, a mouse is a one.
5) Do you like apples?
6) In my country we have weather in summer and
weather in winter.
7) Have you seen a ____ cow? We have lost it
8) Mr. Pavan is not a - - - man
Adjectives ofquantity
I
!, There are several other kinds ofadjectives besides adjectives ofquality. They are, for example, adjectives
tf that tell you 'how much' or 'how many'.
I have two eyes.
There are twenty books on the desk.
They are called adjectives ofquantity.
Here is alittle song with adjectives ofquantity in it.
Ten green bottles
There were ten green bottles standing on the wall,
Ten green bottles standing on the wall,
And ifone green bottles should accidentally fall,
There'd be nine green bottles standing onthe wall,
After this verse you continue:
There were nine green bottles standing on the wall,
And ifone green bottle should accidentally fall,
There'd be eight green bottles standing on the wall.
Then, 'There were eight. .. 'and so on, until you come to:
'There was one green bottle ... ' and the last line will be
'There'd be no green bottles standing on the wall.' And the word no here is also an adjective ofquantity.
Much and many are also adjectives ofquantity. They tell us the quantity but not so definitely as the
numbers one, two, three etc.
Much is llsed with singular nouns; many with plural nouns and we almost always use them with not or
n't.
I don't have many friends in Cairo.
We didn't have much rain this morning.
There aren't many apples on that tree.
I didn't eat much breakfast this morning.
Adjectives ofquantity show 'how much' or 'how many'
EXERCISE
Complete the sentence with an adjective ofquantity in each ofthe blank spaces.
01. There were bottles on the wall.
.0:2. . In the last verse of the song there were_
.. ___ bottles on the wall.
03. There are not _ _ _.pictures in that book.
04. I have _ _ _eyes and _____nose
05. We hadn't _ _- - time to do our work.
06: Ali didn't spend _-----'-_ money on his holiday.
07. There are days in a week.
08. You haven't done very work
09. There are not watches that keep perfect time.
Demonstrativ~ and interrogative adjectives
There are also adjectives that 'point out' people, things, etc.
This and these are generally used for things thatare near.
That and those are generally used for things that are further away. This and that go with singular nouns.
These and those go with plural nouns.
This car is old (singular)

That car is old (singular)
.These cars are new (plural)
. Those cars are new (plural)
This, that, these, those are demonstrative adjectives.
There is another kind ofadjective that we must mention.
IntelTogative adjectives are used with nouns to ask questions.
What book are you reading now?
What price are eggs today?
Which bo)' can answer this question?
EXERCISES
A. Complete the sentence with a demonstrative adjective in each blanks space.
Example: . girl over there is beautiful.
Answer: That girl over there is beautiful.
01.· nike ___ flower.
02. I like _ _ _ flowers..

. 03. stars are in the east.
04. ___ star is called the north star.
05. Have you read ___ book I am reading?
06. Do you like shoes I am wearing?
07. Will you give me _ _ _ pen for ___ silver pencil?
08. _ _ girls on the back seat are not working as hard as ___ girls on
the front seat.
09. I brought _ _ _ apples from _ _ _ shop in the high street.
10. ___ exercises we are doing on _ _ _ _ page are more difficult than _ __
exercises we did on page seven.
B. Make the following phrases plural.
~xample:thatpicture
Answer: those pictures.
01. this door Ans ......................................... .
02. that house Ans ......................................... .
03. that big boy Ans ......................... :............... .
04. this red apple Ans......................................... .
05. this new bicycle Ans......................................... .
06. that open window Ans......................................... .
07. that clever girl Ans ......................................... .
08. that large table Ans......................................... .
09. this clean new book Ans ......................................... .
10. that small yellow orange Ans......................................... .
C. Make the following phrases singular
01. those boys Ans ......................................... .
02. these boys Ans........................ ·................ ..
03. those blue flowers Ans......................................... .
04. . those black hens Ans......................................... .
05. these big dogs Ans............... ~ ...................... ; .. .
06. these stupid boys Ans......................................... .
07. those large fierce animals Ans ....... ~ .................•...... :......... .
08. those dirty old books Ans ......................... ~ ........ ;....... .
09. these fine new bicycles Ans.......................... : ............ .' .. .
10. these bright red flowers Ans ......................................•.....
D. Complete the sentence with an interrogative adjective in e~ch blank space.
Example: hand.am I holding itin?

Answer: Which hand am I holding it in?·
1. _ _ _ bicycle is. that?
2. _ _ _ questions have you answered?

3. _ _ _ time is it now?
4. _ _ _ lesson do you llke best?
5. _ _ _ colour were the bottles on the wall?
A. Pick out the adjectives in the following and say what kind of adjective each one is.
Example: Whose car is that red Peugeot?

Answer: Whose - interrogative adjective
that demonstrative ().djective·
red - adjective of quality
01. There were four apples and two oranges on the plate.
02. This book is a good one.. '
03. A clever boy can soon do these exercises.
04. There are not many students in the class today.
05. I saw four birds in the tall tree.
06. We haven't much time to do this long exercise.
07. I wish my mother would buyme that big, new bicycle.
08. Which bicycle do you want?
09. What price is that bicycle?
10. Those four boys are brothers.
57
FORMATION OF ADJECTIVES
Adjectives 'are fonned from Nouus, Verbs and otherAdjectives. Examples:

;,
I
I
,I , FROM NOUNS
I"
I
I
! Noun Adjective' Noun Adjective
Boy Boyish, ' ' Cqwarqice Cowardly
Action Active " Hope Hopeful
l
Adventure
Doubt
Adventurous
Doubtful
Application
, Attendance
Appli~ble
Attentive
f
I
Wisdom Wise Attraction Attractive
r.
[ Sense Sensible, ' . Appreciation Appreciable
Ir 'Shame' Shameful Ability Able
,
I Business,
, Length
Busy
Long
Capability
Care
Capable
Careful
Breadth Broad Child Childlike
Width Wide Destruction Destructive
Silk Silken Satisfaction Satisfactory !
i
! Laugh Laughable Fool Foolish I
~ Pardon Pardonable Popularity Popular
;
~ ,
"
:'I
Beauty Beautiful Good Good (or well)
Vice Gold Golden
!
Girl
Vicious
Girlish Dirt Dirty
I
( ..
Virtue Vutuous Envy Envious
Man Manly Glory Glorious
t
King Kingly Courage Courageous J
I
Desire Desirous Bravery Brave I
I,
I
I Tragedy Tragic Creation Creative "
Verb Adjective, Verb Adjective ,!

Act Active Rely Reliable 1r

., i
It; Apply Applicable ' Depend Dependable I
" Like ]
f,
'"
)\1, Agree
'Likeable
Agreeable
BeautifY
Sale
Beautiful
Saleable
Believe Believable,' Move Movable
Love Lovable Hate Hateful
Quarrel Quarrelsome ' TIre Tiresome
, Talk ' Talkative Cease Ceaseless
FROM OTHER ADJECTIVES
Adjective Adjective Adjective Adjective
One Single Whole Wholesome

~
-
Black Blackish Sick Sickly
Red Reddish Comic Comical
. Note: It will be seen that most ofthe Adjectives are formed by addition ofthe following (apart from other
changes in some cases):
A. _ish (b) _ive(c) 3ble (d) _en (e) _en (t) _ous (g) _ious (h) _eous (i) Jy CD _cable(k) _less (1) jc
(m) _ical (n) _som--e(o) Jike etc.
ADJECTIVES - KEY
Exercises
1. A big house
2. A sunny day
3. A delicious dinner
4. An interesting book
5. An intelligent boy
6. A huge tree
7. A ferocious lion.
8. A local train
9. A long riverl a turbulent river I perennial river
10.A severe headache
11. A beautiful flower
12. A faithful dog
B:
1. Big red
2. Clever
3. Small yellow
4. Kind
5. Useful
6. Warm, cold
7. New green
8. Strong, fierce
9. Large, busy
10. Small, sweet
C:
1. Interesting
2. Blunt / sharp
3. Huge, small
4. Green
5. Warm I cold
, 6. White
7. Tall
Exercise
1. Nine
.. 2. No
.3: Many
4. Two, one
5. Much
6. Much
7. Seven
8. Much
9. Many
Exercise
1. This
2. These
3. Those
4. That
5. This
6. These
7. That I this
8. Those, these
9. These, that
10.These, this, those
Exercise
1. These doors
2. Those houses
3. Those big boys
4. These red apples
5. These new bicycles
6.
7.
Those open windows
Those clever girls I!
8. Those large tables I

I
9. These clean new books
10.Those small yellow oranges
Exercise
'1. That boy

2. This b()y "
'3. That blue flower
, 4. That blackhen "
5. l'hlsbig dog
',6. This sID.pid boy'
,
7. That large fierce animal,
, '
, I
8.• That:dirtyold book
9. This fine new bicycle
, 10.This bright red flower
Exercise
1. Whose,
2. Which
I
I ' 3. What
4. Which
Ij
5. 'What
'I
Exercise
I
1. Four, two 'adjectives of quantity
2. Good / this adjectives ofquality / demonstrative adjective
3. Clever / these adjectives ofquality / demonstrative adjective
4. Many adjectives ofquantity
5. Four / tall adjectives ofquantity / adjective ofquality
6. ' Muchl long adjectives ofquantity / adjective ofquality
7. Big, new / that adjectives ofquality / demonstrative adjective
8. Which interrogative
9. What interrogative
10. Those/ fOUF demonstrative adjective / adjecti'/es of quantity
f
!
I
62
PREPOSITIONS
Place:
At
a) Indicate small area. E.g. locality
Ex: 1. Russell's corporate office is at Somajiguda.
2. Big Bazaar is at Abids.
b) Indicates particular place I place of work.
Ex: 1. We discussed the matter at the meeting.

2. I met my friend at the bus stop.
3. He works at the university library.
4. We stayed at the Hilton hotel.
In - is used for large areas, countries, continents, capital cities, places of
work and for residence where no specific place is mentioned.
Ex: 1. Srinivas works in abank.

2. My cousin stays in the U.S.A.
3. The President lives in abungalow.
In - signifies inside
Ex: 1. The jewellery is in the box.
2. The M.D. is in his cabin.
On to indicate position in relation to another object.
Ex: 1. The book is on the table.
2. The doctor's dinic is on the 1st floor.

3. The nameplate is on the door.
·4. The boy sat on the bench.
Time:
On - indicates specific date, day ofthe week and a special day.
Ex: 1) I will visit the head office on Monday.
2) India gained independence on the 15rh ofAugust.

3) Businessmen have lavish parties on Diwali day.
In - is used in front ofyear, period oftime, seasons, morning.
Evening, afternoon.
Ex: 1) Russell's holds classes in the mornings and evenings.
2) Gandhiji was born in 1869.
3) We conduct classes for children in summer.
At - indicates exact clock time / certain point oftime.
Ex: 1) She got married at the age of 16.
2) Russell's classes start at 7 in the morning.
3) The Taj Mahallooks beautiful at night.
In time very early
Ex: The passengers should be in time for the bus.
On time- at the exact time
Ex: The 9.30 bus started on time.
Among - refers to people or things when you are talking about them as agroup.
Ex: 1) Kalpana Chawla was the only woman astronaut among those
chosen for the space trip.
2) Mr. Sharma has divided his property among his 5 sons.
Between - is used for two persons or two things
Ex: 1) There will be acompetition between Rahul and Priyanka for
the Prime minister ship.
2) The letter 'y' lies between 'x' and 'z'.
Below - is used for lower than.
Ex: 1) Candidates below 18 years cannot get membership to this club.
2) The temperature in Ladakh goes below 0° C.
Above - is used for higher than.
Ex: 1) The bank is above the showroom.
2) You have to be above average to get admission in a good
college.
Under is used for vertically below.
Ex: 1) She rested under the tree.
2) She keeps the keys under the pillow.
Over is used for vertically above.
;;
ii
Ex: 1) The plane flew over the hill.
2) The thief jumped over the wall.
Beneath - means a lower position.
Ex: She hid the document beneath the mattress.
Into - signifies motion or direction to a point.
Ex: I) He loaded the film into the camera.
2) Go into the kitchen and get me a knife.
Against - denotes opposition of some kind or pressure.
Ex: 1) He leaned against the wall.
2) Many leaders were against the new policy.

,
Out of- signifies motion from inside to outside.

Ex: Take the bag out of the car.
Off - refers to separation.
Ex: I) The boy fell off the swing.
2) The books feU off the shelf.
From - refers to the starting point of action.
Ex: I) We have classes from lOam to 4 pm.
2) They reserve from Bombay to Pune by bus.
After - refers to sequence
Ex: I) We have a Biology class after the lunch break.
2) December comes after November.
Behind - means at the back of.
Ex: j) Sarovar hotel is behind the British library.
2) The lorry hit the cat from behind.
Beyond - rneans on the farther side of
Ex: 1) If the ball goes beyond the boundary it is considered a six.
2) The village lies beyond the hills.
About - is used to indicate the subject of a conversation, idea, book, etc.
Ex: 1) Tell me about your family.
2) What are you thinking about? .
By - is used to indicate the person or thing that did something.

And for transport.
Ex: 1) It was written by Shakespeare.
2) I was shocked by what she told me.
3) We went by train.
With a) is used to indicate in company.
b) what you use to do something
Ex: 1) I went to the market with my mother.
2) He cut himself with his penknife.
For purpose + noun or V 1 ing form.
It also indicates a general period of time.
Ex: 1) Let's goforacupofcoffee.
2) We went there for three weeks.
I) :FILL IN THE BLANKS USING THE GIVEN PREPOSITIONS
(In, on, at from, to, dUling, by between, among, into, behind, off, with, onto)
1) I fell asleep _ _ _ _ _ the film.
2) I didn'twant my mother to see her present, so I held ______ my back.
3)Thecatjumped _ __ my arms and ran away..
4) I threw the U~ _______ the sea.
5) What have you got _ _ _ _ _ your hand?
6) The cat was sitting ______ "< cupboard, looking down at me.
7) If you are feeling sick, you should sit ______~ chair and put your
head your knees.
8) The cat jumped outof the tree _ . _ _ ---"c- the roof of my car.
9) The bread was cut __.____- knife.
10) He will start attending sctiool_·_ _---,--'--Monday.
11) ~ee that you return _ _ _ _ _ one hour.
1Z) There is a considerable property to be shared ______-. 'brothers.
.13) There. was a pedestrian --,-~_ _ _'. the crossroad wh? gor-injured.
14) I decided not to go - - car, I went _ _ _ _ _my bike instead.
15) These photographs were taken _ _ _ _ _~ very good camera.
16) There was a small table - - - - t h e bed _ _ _ _ _-lamp and a
clock _ _ _ _ _...
17) I won't be here next week. I will be a holiday.

18) There are no trains today. The railway workers are strike.
19) We stopped at a small village the way to my hometown.
20) I learnt to drive four weeks.
II) FILL IN THE BLANKS USING APPROPRIATE PREPOSITIONS
1) I shall talk _ _ _ _ _ him ____ this matter.

2) He has invested all his money _ _ _ _ _ the textile business.
3) The train has unf0l1unately met accident.
4) I agree your proposal.
5) Divide the apple four parts.
6) We entered the town night.
7) The boy took no interest studies.
8) Has she recovered her illness?
9) Please. Send the doctor.
10) I come to school foot.
11) I come to school ____ study.
12) The child was run by a car.
13) This road leads Bombay.
14) The book is lying ___ the table.
15) The foolish lion jumped the well.
16) I shall return a week.
17) The students did not pay attention ~___._ _what the teacher said.
1 _ _~. ___ the holidays, we played cricket and did a lot of swimming.
19) I can't remember when we left the cinema. I think it was_ _ lO and lO-30.'
20) I was ill _____.January to March.

21) The school finishes _ _ _ _ _12.30 _--'---___ Saturdays.
22) We had a party _ _ _ _ _Wednesday.
23) I can work . the morning but I can't work _ _ _ _ _night.
24) We explained the problem __.. . the attendant.
2S) I don't know why they were laughing _ _ _ _ _ -~.
26) Please pay cheque.
27) The company is doing well, sales were _ _ _ _ _ average last month.
28) He tells me every thing. There are no secrets _ _~__ us.
29) The bottles fell the lorry and rolled _ _ _ _ _ the h,ill.
30) She went to Chennai _ _ _ _ _her parents.
KEY-l
1. during 2. behind 3. From 4. into S. in 6. on 7. in, on

8. onto 9. with lO.from ll-in 12.amol1g 13.at I4.by, on
IS. with 16. by, with, on 17. on 18. on 19. on 20. in
KEY-ll
1) to, about 2) in 3) with 4) to S) into 6) at

7) in8) From 9) for 10) on 11) to 12) over 13) to
14)on IS) into I6)in 17) to I8)during 19) between
20) from 21) at, on 22) on 23) in, at 24) to 2S) at
26) by 27) above 28) between 29) off, down 30) with
:\
"
1\
IIII
!I
!J
UNIT-III
PREPOSITIONS
1) I am leaving _ _ _ _ _Friday.
2) Ialways feel tired the evening.
3) Will you be at home this evening?
4) She is getting married Friday.
5) Did you go out Tuesday?
6) I often go away the weekend.
7) My father isn't here the moment.
8) Igot up 8' 0 clock this morning.
9) My sister got married May.
10) The company stalied 1969.
11) Iam going out I will be back an hour.
-----
12) I don't often ~o out _ _ _ _ _ night.
13) I went to Madras - - - last summer.
14) I can't go to the party next Sunday.
15) I will meet the Manager _ _ _ _ _ Monday.
16) I will send you the money the end ofthe month.
17) My father's birthday is ~_ _ _ _ January.
18) My exams will begin a few days.
19) Ramuand Laxmi have been married __ . . ._ ____ 1980.
20) Iwas tired this morning. I stayed in bed _ _ _ _ _ lO'O clock.
21) Iwaited for my friend - - - - - halfan hour but she didn't come.
22) Last night, I stayed at the mid night.

23) I'm tired I'm going to tie dmvn a few minutes.
24) Don't open the door ofthe train - - - - - the train stops.
25) This is my house I've lived here I was seven years old.
26) He has gone away. He'll be away Wednesday.
. 27) Ihave been waiting for you twenty minutes.
28) Don'tsit _ _ _ _ _ grass. It's wet.
29) What do you have your bag?
, ' ,
30) There are a lot of fish _'_-'--_ _ this river.

31) I usually do my shopping ~_____, city center.
32) My sister lives _~___.London.
33) There is a small park --'-_ _ _ _-'''- top of the hill.
34) There are a few shops end of the street.
35) There is miITor ______.,- wall _ _ _ _ _" living room.
36) It is difficu It to carry a lot of things _ _ _ _ _.. bicycle.
37) My brother is studying M.B.A. Osmania University.
38) Were there many people the conceit last night?
39) Will you be _ __ home tomorrow afternoon.
40) My children are _ _ _ _ _ school.
41) My friend is coming by train I'm going to meet him _ _ _ _ _ the station.
42) How many pages are there _ _ _ _ _ the book.
43) r m sorry. 1'm late my car broke clown _ _ _ _ _ the way here.
44) Don't believe everything you see _ _ _- - the newspaper.
45) I walked to work but I came home _ _ _ _ _ bus.
46) I like reading bed.
47) I didn't go work yesterday.
48) Would voulike to come the party on Saturday?
49) There were a lot of people waiting __ ~_ _ _ the bus SlOp.
50) We had a good meal---restaurant and then we went hotel.
KEY:
1)0112)iI13) 4) 5)on6)at7)at8)at9)in 10) in 11)in 12)at

13)-14)-~ 15)on 16)by 17)in 18)in 19) since 20) till 21) for
22) till 23) for 24) tiIl25) since 26) till 27) for 28) on 29) in 30) in
31) at 32) in 33) at 34) at 35) on, in 36) on 37) at 38) at 39) at 40) at
41) at 42) in 43) on 44) in 45) by 46) in 47) to 48) to 49) at 50) at, to
PREPOSITIONS (TIME):
AT,ON, IN TIME
8'0 Clock . FOR THE TIME OF DAY AT
10.30
MID NIGHT etc.
Lunch Time Sunset
Sunday (S) 1Monday etc. .FOR THE TIME OF DATES ON
25 Apri1l6 June etc.
New year's Day etc.
IN APRIL I JUNE etc. FOR LONGER PERIODS IN THE PAST
1985 11990 etc.
IN THE FUTURE SUMMER 1SPRING etc.
We Say AT WEEKENDS, AT THE SAME TIME, AT THE WEEK END.
AT NIGHT, AT THE MOMENT, AT THE END OF MONTH etc.
AT PRESENT, AT CHRISTMAS (BUT ON CHRISTMAS DAY)
IN THE MORNING 1IN THE AFTERNOON 1IN THE EVENING BUT
ON MONDAY MORNING 1ON TUESDAY AFTERNOON
ON FRIDAY EVENING ION SATURDAY NIGHT etc.
WE DO NOT USE AT ION I IN I BEFORE I THIS 1LAST /NEXTI EVERY IN FIVE
MINUTES 1IN A FEW DAYS 1IN SIX WEEKS 1IN TWO YEARS
(A TIME IN FUTURE)
FROM TO
WE LIVED IN THE U.S.A FROM 1982 TO 1990 FROM- TO
CAN ALSO SAY FROM UNTIL
WE LIVED IN THE U.S.A FROM 1982 UNTIL 1990
CAN ALSO SAY FROM UNTIL
WE LIVED IN THE U.S.A. FROM 1982 UNTIL 1990
•UNTIL + THE END OF A PERIOD UNTIL FRIDAY

•UNTIL FRIDAY 1UNTIL JULY 1UNTIL 3'0 CLOCK
UNTIL I COME BACK
SINCE + ATIME IN THE PAST (TO NOW) ~SINCE
MONDAY 1SINCE 1968/SINCE 2.30
SINCE IARRIVED
WE CAME TO HYDERABAD IN 1990.
NOW WE LIVE IN HYDERABAD.
WE HAVE LIVED IN HYDERABAD SINCE 1990.
WE USE SINCE AFTER THE PRESENT PERFECT
(HAVE BEEN, HAVE DONE)
We Use For (Not Since) + A Period Of Time
For Three Days 1For Ten Years 1For Ten Minutes
For AFew Weeks 1ForALong Time Monday-Tuesday-Wednesday
BEFORE I AFTER + VI + INGThey went home after they did the shopping (or)
After doing the shopping, they went home.

Before I ate the apple, I washed it carefully (or)
Before eating the apple, I washed it carefully.
During / WhileWe use during + Noun
We use while + sub + verb / verb
We did not speak during the meal
We did not speak while we were eating. (Not during we were eating)
I watch T. V. for one hour in the evening.
Ido not watch T.v. during study hours
.I do not watch T.v. while the children are studying
By / Until/ By the time / on Time / in Time
PREPOSITIONS (PLACE):
IN,AT,ON
IN IN
IN A ROOM IN THAT CUPBOARD
IN ASHOP IN AGARDEN
INACAR IN ATOWN /VILLAGE
IN THE WATER IN THE CITY !i
! IN THE RIVER IN INDIA
IN THE SWIMMING POOL IN THE NORTH OF INDIA
IN THE KITCHEN IN ABANKIN AFACTORY ,
,
!t
IN THAT BOX IN YOUR HAND I MOUTH
IN THAT BAG IN ALINE
IN AROW
IN AQUEUE
INA MIRROR !.
i
AT AT
AT THE BUS STOP AT THE TOP OF
AT THE DOOR AT THE BOTTOM OF
AT THE TRAFFIC LIGHTS AT THE END OF j
AT THE DESK AT THE RECEPTION

I! AT THE TABLE AT THE CHURCH
;
!
ON
ON PAGE SEVEN ON YOUR NOSE.

ON i!
II
ON ASHELF I ON THE BEACH . ON THE ENVELOPE.
ON APLATE ON AWALL. I
ON A BALCONY ON ADOOR I NOTICE BOARD.
ON THE FLOOR ON THE CEILING.
ON THOSE TREES ONAHORSE.
ON THE GRASS/GROUND ON ABICYCLE.
ON A MOTOR-BIKE
~
IN· AT
INBED' AT HOME
IN HOSPITAL AT WORK
IN PRISON' AT SCHOOL
. INASTREET AT UNIVERSITY
IN THE SKY AT COLLEGE
IN THE WORLD AT THE STATION
IN ANEWS PAPER AT THE AIRPORT
INA BOOK I LETTER AT MY HOUSE
IN A PHOTOGRAPH AT SITA' SHOUSE
IN APICTURE AT ACONCERT
IN ACAR I IN ATAXI ATAPARTY
IN THE MIDDLE (OF) ATA FOOTBALL MATCH
WE CAN USE IN OR AT FOR BUILDING; HOTELS etc
ON
ON AMAPIMENUILIST/ON ABUS ON ATRAIN ION APLANEI
ON ASHIP ON THE GROUND FLOOR ION THE FIRST FLOOR I ON
THE LEFTIRIGHT ON THE WAY (TO--)/ONTHE WAY HOME.
TO
GO/COME I RETURN I WALK (etc) To--
GO/COMEI WALK (etc) HOME (WITHOUT TO)
BE/STAYIDO SOMETHING etc AT HOME,
ON AT
ON BUSINESS ATTHEAGEOF21
. ON ATOUR AT 100 DEGREES CELSIUS
ON ATRIP
ON THE RADIO BY
ON THE TELEVISION
ON THE PHONE BY CAR/BY BIKEIBY BUS
ON FIRE BY PLANE
ON TIME BUT ON FOQT
ON ADIET ABOOKBY I APAINTING BY
ON STRIKE 'BY' AFTER THE PASSIVE
ON ARIVER (PLACE IS) BY MISTAKE I BY CHANGE
ON AROAD
ON A COAST
ON THE WHOLE
ON PURPOSE
WITH ABOUT
WITH FRIENDS TALK/SPEAK/THINK/HEAR
WITHOUT ME KNOW ABOUT
WITH / WITHOUT MILK ABOOK / AQUESTION / .
WITH GLASSES APROGRAMME ABOUT
WITH KEY
WITH A PAIR OF SCISSORS IN .
IN THE RAIN / IN THE SUN

IN THE SHADE / IN THE DARK
IN BAD WEATHER
FORA HOLIDAY /FOR YOUR HOLIDAYS

IN INK / IN PENCIL / IN BLOCK LETTERS.
(PAY) IN CASH / BY CHEQUE
IN MY OPINION
IN THE CORNER OF AROOM / AT THE CORNER OF STREET
IN THE END (FINALLY) / AT THE END (OF SOMETHING)
NEXT TO (BESIDE/ BY
BETWEEN IN THE FRONT / IN THE BACK
CAR
IN FRONT OF AT THE FRONT/AT THE BACK
BEHIND -BUILDINGS
ON THE LEFT CINEMA, AGROUP OF PEOPLE
ON THE RIGHT ON THE FRONT/ON THE BACK

::
A LETTER
IN THE MIDDLE
(OF THE GROUP) A PIECE OF PAPER
OPPOSITE
UNDER
ABOVE
~
'. BELOW
I
I
II
i
"".
""::: ::=:::::~::: :::: :::::.':::::::::::::::::::::'
................
~
"'::::.:::::::,.:::.::::::.::::::::::::::::::::':~:':":
.. .........
~ :::~: ~~
. :-.::..:.::"::"::::.::::':':":::...
CONJUNCTIONS
JOINING SENTENCES
.A Conjunctions is aword that joins words or sentences together
Two and two make four.
She must lUn fast or she will lose the race.
B Some Conjunctions are used in pairs. Such Conjunctions are called Correlative
Conjunctions or merely Correlatives.
Both...and. We both loved and honored him.
Either...or. Either take it or leave it.
Neither...nor. t is neither useful nor ornamental.
Not only... but also. e was not only fined but also imprisoned.
C Two Simple sentences may be joined together by the use of a Co-ordinating Conjunction.
01. God made the country. Man made the town,
God made the country and man made the town.
02. We learn English. We learn Hindi.
We learn English as well as Hindi.
03. He was fined. He was sent to prison.
He was not only fined but also sent to prison.
04. He has plenty of money. He is not contented
He has plenty of money, still he is not contented.
05. He failed He reserved.
He failed; nevertheless he persevered.
L
06. . He is slow. He is steady.
He is slow but he is steady.
07. Is he asleep? Is he awake?
Is he asleep or awake?
08. He is a fool. He is arogue.
Either he is a fool or he is arogue.
09. He is not a liar. He is not a coward.
He is neither a liar nor a coward.
10. Make haste. You will miss the train.
Make haste, otherwise (or else) you will miss the train.
.
~.-
..
~
_,,_ -
... - . .............. ....- .......- -... ... .. ... --- . - .........- ....
.........................- .......... --_................. ................... ................. _...... _-- ....... -
~" ~ -----".-.-~
_ -...... ---
............ __ _-__ --_._
............ . ..
. '''''''' ..................- ...._--_ .......--... ... ..... ....-.
-.~
__......................
....... -
" _ .............
.... . ......--.............. - ...._--, .
11. It is raining heavily. I will take an umbrella with me.
It is raining heavily, so I will take an umbrella with me.
12. He was ill. He could not attend the meeting. . .
He was ill; therefore he could not attend the meeting.
EXERCISE.
D. Join each of the following pairs of sentences by using Conjunctions given in brackets:·
01. Theybeganbadly. They ended well. (but)

They began badly but they ended well.
02.· Man proposes. God disposes. (and)
03. She can speak English. She can speak Hindi.(as well as)
04. He robbed the old woman. He killed the old woman.(not only...but also)
05. We were highly annoyed. We keptquite.(still or yet)
06. There was no news of her husband. She went on hoping.(nevertheless)
07. Will you have tea? Will you have coffee?(or)
08. You must confess your fault. You must go to prison.(either. Or)
09. He is not my friend. He is not my enemy. (Neither. Nor)
10. Work hard. You will not pass the examination.(otherwise)
II. He was caught stealing. He was alTested.(therefore)
12. He was very ill. He could not attend the meeting. (so)
The chief Subordinating Conjunctions are:
When, as, because, if, that, though, although, till, until, before, after, since, unless, where, as soon as, so
that.
Two simple sentences may be joined together by using anyone of these subordinating
Conjunctions:
01. The teacher came into the classroom. All the boys were silent. .
When the teachers came into the classroom all the boys were silent.
02. I found this purse I was walking along the road.
I found this purse as I was walking along the road.
03. He failed in the examinations. He did not work hard.
He failedin the examinations because he did not work hard.
·.. .............. .......== .. ~RUSSEl.L'S::==,:::: . ..
04. Youwi!l pass.Your workinghard is a condition.'
You will passIf you work hard:
05. He works hard. His object is to pass the examinations.
He works hard that he may pass theexaminatiQns
06. He is very old. He enjoys good health.
He enjoys good health though he is very old.
07. I will return. Do not go till then.
Do not go until !return.
08. I left home. Your letter arrived afterwards
I had left home before your letter arrived.
09. We arrived. She left earlier.
We arrived after she had left.
10. I must believe it. You say so.
I must believe it since you say so.
11. You must take your medicine. You will not get better.
Unless you take your medicine you will not get better..
12. I missed the train .I walked fast.
I missed the train although I walked fast.
13. The sun shines. Make hay now.
Make hay while the sun shines.
14. He saw the policeman coming. He immediately took to his heels.
15. As soon as he saw the policeman coming he took to his heels.
It is so simple even a child can understand it.
F. Join each of these pairs of sentences by using the conjunctions given in the brackets:
01. When the weather becomes cold .The swallows fly to warmer countries.
When the weather becomes cold, the swallows fly to warmer countries~
02. No more funds are available. The work has been stopped for the present. (as)
Ans
03. Everyone will trust you. Your being honest is acondition. (if)
,
I
~~~.====================================================================~J;
04. He works ",ery hard.His objeCtive is to become rich. (so)
05. He is not very rich. He always helps his poor friend. (though).
06. He was hanged. He was found guilty of murder. (because).
07. She had left home.Your telegram arrived afterwards. (before).
08. You must work hard. You will not pass the examination (unless).
09. She could hardly walk. She was very tired. (so...that).
10. The children saw the headmaster corning. They immediately took to their heels. (as soon
as ).
11. He held my hand I should fall. (lest).
12. Will you wait? Ishall frnish doing my homework. (until).
13. We reached home. The sun had not set then. (before).
14. They made a good deal of noise. I could not work.(so...that).
15. The young man is not happy. He is very rich (although).
TENSES IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

1There are three kinds ofconditions:
(1) Open condition, i.e., a condition which mayor may not be fulfilled:
. What shall we do if it rains?
I shall take an umbrella in caseit rains.
We shall go provided the weather is fine.
He will not get there in time unless he hurries.
If it rains, the match will not be played.
(2) Rejected condition, i.e., acondition which might have been fulfilled, but is not:
IfI weren't so busy, I would go to the station with you.

IfI hadtime, I should visit the zoo.
She would come. If she had time.
If the references is to the past, we have constructions like these:
If I had not been so busy, I would have gone to the station with you.
(3) Imaginary condition, i.e., one which could not be true.
If you were a bird, you would fly.
If I were you, I should post that letter at the main post offIce.
If I were the President, I would Iivein Rashtrapathi Bhavan.
What would you do if you were attacked by a dacoit?
If Parliament were to pass a law forbidding the playing ofloudspeaker, how quiet the streets
would be!
2. Miscellaneous Examples ofConditions
Conditions, Inversion of subject and finite verb.
Were she to see you (=if she were to see you), she would be surprised.
Were I alone, I should be afraid to go.
Were she Iiving in our neighborhood, I should see her more often.
Had I known, I should have never gone there.
. EXERCISE - 1
Put the following conditional sentences into the past:
01. If it rains, the match will be cancelled.
02. If I have time, Ishall visit the museum.
03. If the weather is fine, we shall go out for a walk.
04. IfI tell the truth, no one will believe me.

!
I
05. . If the price is not too high, she will buy it.
06. Ifshe arrives in time, we shall go to the theatre.
07. Ifshe needs my advice, I will surely help her.
08. . Ifhe buys that books, I shall be able to borrow it.
09. They will not know unless you tell.them.
10. Ifshe stays in Paris for another year, she willieam to speak French welL
EXERCISE-2
Put the following sentences into the Past perfect: .
1. Ifshe took a taxi, (conditional) she would reach the station in time.
2. You would not pass unless you worked hard..
3. If I were you, I should not accept the post.
4. In sold this house, Ishould get at least Rs.95,OOO for it.
5. .What would you do ifyou missed the last train?
6. Ifhe were a year younger, he would be eligible for the post.
7. In weren't so tired, Iwould go for a walk with you.
8. In had more money, I should buy a present for you.
9. If! were arniflionaire, I would give generously to the poor.
10, What would you do ifyou were attacked by a wolf.
. .
. .
..Exercise 3. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms ofverbs given in brackets:
.1. Ifyou had bought this house last year it would have cost you much tess than now.
2. you:......'---_ _ unless you had tak~n my advice. (not succeed)
. 3. I them more money in had had more. (give) .
will bepostponed. (rain)
5. If an accident , you should report it at once to the police. (happen)

6. lfit had not been so stonny, we the top ofthe mountain. (reach)
7. Ifhe harder he would have failed. (not work)
8. We the train unless we hurry. (miss)
9. Ifyou a mistake, you should correct it. (make)
10. If! sent the letter on Wednesday, he it on Friday. (get)
Exercise 4. Put a tick mark(6) against the correct Verb:
1. Ifyou were the Prime Minister, you

A. Will live
B. Would live in Delhi D
C. Would have lived D
2. Were she to see you, she

A. Will be surprised. D
B. Would be surprised
C. Would have been surprised D
3. Had I saved money I

A. Will purchase D
B. Would purchase
C. Would have purchased D
4. Ifyou had been at the meeting, I

A. will see you. D
B. would see you.
C. would have seen you.
5.. What would you have done ifyou

A. Missed the train? D
B. had missed the train? D
C. would have missed the train? D
6. If! were younger, I

A. studied language D
B. would study language. D
C. would have studiedlanguage D
7. Your suit would look better if you

A Wear a red tie D
B. wore a red tie D
-
C. had worn a red tie D
8. I would have helped you if you
f
A. had asked D
f
f,
I B. would ask me to D
,t
f
lt C. would have asked D

,
SSE lL'S===-===-·--~.-----~----·-------·-----=-:=--====----"",
CONJUNCTIONS - KEYS ... .. II
D)
IIII
1. Eg. I:
2: Man proposes and God disposes. Ii
Ii
3. She can Speak English as well as Hindi. i:
4. He not only robbed the old woman but also killed her. Ii
Ii
. 5. We were highly annoyed, still we kept quiet I we were highly annoyed yet i!
Ii
Ii
we kept quiet. !,
Ii
Ii
6. There was no news of her husband; nevertheless she went on hoping. I:
\1
i:
7. Will you have tea or coffee? iI
I!
8. You must either confess your fault or go to prison. ii
I.
!j
9. He is neither my friend nor my enemy.

10. Work hard, otherwise you will not pass the examination. II
Ii
,
11. He was caught stealing, therefore he was atTested.
12. He was very ill, so he could not attend the meeting.
F)
1. As no more funds are available, the work has been stopped for the present
(or)
2. The work has been stopped for the present as no more funds are available.
3. Everyone will trust you ifyou ifyou are honest.
4. He is objective is to become rich, so he works hard.
5. Though he is not very rich, he always helps his poor friend.
6. He was hanged because he wa~ found guilt of murder.
7. She had left horne before your telegram arrived.
8. Unless you work hard, you will not pass the examination.
9. She was so tired that she could hardly walk.
1O.As soon as the children saw the headmaster corning, they immediately took
to their heels.
11. He held my hand lest I should fall.

12. Will you wait until I finish doing my homework?
. i 3. We reached horne before the sunset.
14.They made so much of noise that I could not work.

15. Although the young man is very rich, he is not happy. .
1. Ifit rained, the match would be cancelled
2. In had time, I should visit the museum
3. Ifthe weather was fine, we would go out for a walk
4. In told the truth, no one would believe me. •
5. If the price was not too high, she would have buy it.
6. Ifshe arrived in time, we should go to the theatre.
7. If she needed my advice, I would surely help her.
8. Ifhe bought book, I should be able to borrow it.
9. They would not know unless you told them
10. If she stayed in Paris for another year, she would learn to speak French welL
Exercise - 2
1. Ifshe had taken a taxi, she would have reached the station in time.
2. Unless your had work hard, you would not have passed.
3. If I had been you, I would not have accepted the post.
4. If I had sold this house, I should have got at least Rs. 95,000 it.
5. What would you have done if you had missed the last train?
6. Ifhe had been a year younger, he would have been eligible for the post.
7. If I hadn't been so tired, of I would have gone for a walk with you.
8. If I had had more money, I should have bought a present for you.
, ,
9. In had been a millionaire, I would have given generously to the poor.
11'\
10. What would you have done if you had been attacked by a wolf.
I
J
Exercise ~ 3
1. You would not have succeeded, unless you had taken my advice.
2. I would have given them more money, if I had had more.
3. If it rains, the sport meetwill be postponed
4. If an accident happens, you should report it at once to the police
5. If it had not been so stormy, we would have reached the top of the mountain.
6. If he-had not worked harder heiwould have failed
7.We will miss the train unless we hurry
8. If you make a mistake, you should correct it

9. If I sent the letter on Wednesday, he would get it on Friday.
Exercise - 4
1. B
2. B
3. B
4. C
5. B
6. B
7. B
8. A
INTERJECTIONS· .
" " • , .'. t". . , •
There are not many words in thisbox. They are words (or sometimesphrase·s, orjust noises)
that we use to express a sudden feeling, for example, surprise, pleasure,pain,etc;.
Here are some: Hello! Hurrah! Oh! Ah! Good heavens!

How pretty! Oucht Ugh! Wow!
Note that they usually have an exclamation mark (!) after them. .
Here are six interjections or exclamations and six sentences. Write one of the sentences after
the interjection that is most suitable. Use each interjection and each sentence once only. For
example, 8follows 1, so you write:
EXERCISE
Hurrah! We've won the match.
1) Hurrah! 7) I haven't enough money to buy a car like that.

2)Oh! 8) We've won the match.
3) Hello! 9) That hurt me.
4)Ah! 10) I didn't expect to meet you here.
5) How interesting! 11) This is the book I wanted.
6) Ouch! 12) You have been to Italy.
INTERJECTIONS - KEYS
2) Oh! I haven't enough money to buy a car like that
3) Hello! I didn't expect to meet you here
4) Ah! This is the book I wanted
5) How interesting! You have been to Italy
6) Ouch! That hurt me
UNIT-II
LIST OF VERBS - I
VI V2 V3
(PRESENT) (PAST) (pAST PARTICIPLE)
1. ACCEPT ACCEPTED ACCEPTED
2. ACT ACTED ACTED -
-
-
3. ALLOW
.,
ALLOWED ALLOWED
4. APPLY APPLIED APPLIED
5. ASK ASKED ASKED
6. BLOW BLEW BLOWN
7. BOARD BOARDED BOARDED
8. BOOK BOOKED BOOKED
9. BORROW BORROWED BORROWED ,.
lO.BREAK BROKE BROKEN ,
--
II. BRING BROUGHT BROUGHT "
12. BRUSH BRUSHED BRUSHED

13. BUILD BUILT BUILT
14. BUY BOUGHT BOUGHT
IS. CALL CALLED CALLED
16 CATCH CAUGHT CAUGHT
17. CHOOSE CHOSE CHOSEN
18. CLEAN CLEANED CLEANED
19. CLOSE CLOSED CLOSED
20. COMB COMBED COMBED
21. COME CAME COME
22. COMPLETE COMPLETED COMPLETED
23. CRY CRIED CRIED
24. DIRECT DIRECTED DIRECTED
2S.DISTURB DISTURBED DISTURBED
26. DO DID DONE
27. DRAW DREW DRAWN
28. DRINK DRANK DRUNK
29. DRIVE DROVE DRIVEN
30. DRIZZLE DRIZZlED DRIZZLED
31. EAT ATE EATEN
32. ENTER ENTERED ENTERED
33. FAIL FAILED FAILED
34. FALL FEIL FALLEN
3S.FEEL FELT FELT
36. FILL FILLED FILLED
f
i[~
37. FIND FOUND FOUND Hi
;~
38. FINISH FINISHED FINISHED if

:.f
39. FORGET FORGOT FORGOTTEN ,~
I
40. GET MARRIED GOT MARRIED GOT MARRIED ';1
41. GETUP GOT UP GOT UP

42. GET GOT GOT
43. GIVE GAVE GIVEN
44. GO WENT GONE
4S.HEAR HEARD HEARD
46. HIDE HID IDDDEN
47. HOLD HELD HELD
48. INVITE n'NITED INVITED
49. JOIN JOINED JOINED
50. KEEP KEPT KEPT
..
51. KNOW KNEW KNOWN
-
52.LAUGH LAUGHED LAUGHED -
53. LEARN LEARNT LEARNT

54. LEAVE LEFT LEFT
55. LEND LENT LENT
56. LIVE LIVED LIVED
57. LOOK LOOKED LOOKED
58. LOSE LOST LOST
59. MAKE MADE MADE
60. MEET MET MET
61. OFFER(Namaz) OFFERED OFFERED
62. OPEN OPENED OPENED
63. OVER TAKE OVERTOOK OVERTAKEN
64. PASS PASSED PASSED
65. PAY PAID PAID
66. PERFORM PERFORMED PERFORMED
67. PICK UP PICKED UP PICKED UP
68. PLAY PLAYED PLAYED
69. PRAY PRAYED PRAYED
70. PREPARE PREPARED PREPARED
71. PULL PULLED PULLED
i.
E n.PUSH PUSHED PUSHED
I 73. RAIN
74. READ
75. RECEIVE .
RAINED
READ
RECEIVED
RAINED
READ
RECEIVED
76. REFUSE REFUSED REFUSED
00
-LIST OF VERBS - II
l.ABDUCT ABDUCIED - ABDUCIED

2. ABSCOND ABSCONDED ABSCONDED
3. ACCOUNT ACCOUNTED ACCOUNTED
4. ACCUSE ACCUSED ACCUSED
,
, 5. ACHE ACHED ACHED
6. ACHIEVE ACHIEVED ACHIEVED
7. ADDRESS ADDRESSED ADDRESSED
8. ADJUST ADJUSTED ADJUSTED
1"
9. ADMIRE __ ADMIRED ADMIRED
10. ADVERTISE ADVERTISED ADVERTISED
11. AIM AIMED AIMED
12. ANALYZE ANAL¥ZED ANALYZED
--
13. ANOINT ANOINTED ANOINTED
14. APOLOGIZE APOLOGIZED APOLOGIZED
15. APPEAL APPEALED APPEALED
16. ARBITRATE ARBITRATED ARBITRATED
17. ARGUE ARGUED ARGUED
18. ARRANGE ARRANGED ARRANGED
19. ARREST ARRESTED ARRESTED
1
~-
20. ASSIGN
21. ATTACK
22. ATTAIN
ASSIGNED
ATTACKED
ATTAINED
ASSIGNED
ATTACKED
ATTAINED
23. ATTEMPT ATTEMPTED ATTEMPTED
24. AVOID AVOIDED AVOIDED
25. BARGAIN BARGAINED BARGAINED
26. BASH BASHED BASHED
27. BEAR BORE BORNE
28. BEQUEATH BEQUEATHED BEQUEATHED
~
,~ 29. BLAST BLASTED BLASTED
t:
! 30. BLUFF BLUFJ:-<'tD BLUFFED
[,
t,
31. BOOST BOOSTED BOOSTED
32. BOTHER BOTHERED BOTHERED
33. BREAK DOWN BROKE DOWN BROKEN DOWN
34. BREW BREWED BREWED
35. BUCKLE BUCKLED BUCKLED
BUGGED BUGGED
BURNT OUT BURNT OUT
CAMOUFLAGED CAMOUFLAGED
UNIT-II
SIMPLE PRESENT -'ACTION':

TENSES
A. TIME FRAME:
Every day, every week, every month, every year, regularly, often, some tiTnes, whenever, in
summer, in the morning, in the evening, at night, usually, never, always, seldom, and rarely.
B. STRUCTURE:
I. Positive:
Sub + VI + other words + ~ime frame of Simple Present
(I, We, You, They)
Sub + VI with s, es or ies + other words + time frame of simple present
(He, She, It)
1. I go to my hometown in summer.
2. My friends and I go for movies sometimes.
3. Sachin earns a lot of money every year.
4. My parents come to Hyderabad whenever they find time.
5. Madhu comes to the class regularly.
6. This pen writes well.
7. Myfl1end works in Satyam.
8~ My father goes for a walk every day.
9. My sister plays tennis very well.
10. My brother gets angly easily.
11. I sew my dresses.
12. Ramesh stays at Ramantapur.
II. Negative:
Sub + don't + V1+ other words + time frame of Simple Present
(I, We, You, They)
Sub +doesn't+ VI + other words + time frame ofSimple Present
(He, She, it)
1. I don't use my bike everyday.

2. My friends and I don't skip English classes. .
3. I don't have non-vegetarian food everyday.
4. Azar doesn't stay in Hyderabad.
5. My computer Institute doesn't offer placement services.
6. Mrs. Reddy doesn't teach History.
7. Sunil doesn't work in anMNC.
8. Radha doesn't ride a scooter well.
9. Sunitha doesn't grumble about anything.
10. I don't waste time.
11. Ravi doesn't like milk.
III QUESTIONS
Do + Sub + VI + other words + time frame for Simple Present (you, they)
Does + Sub + VI + other words + time frame for Simple Present
1. Do you play cricket regularly?
2. Do your parents stay with you?
3. Do you read the Hindu?
4. Does Sachin play football?
5. Does our P.M visit Hyderabad every month?
6. Does your brother-in-law work in BHEL?
7. Do you watch infonnative programmes on television?
8. Does your mother work anywhere?
9. Does your friend run a Cyber cafe?
10. Do you work in a BPO?
It. Do you manage your time well?
C. APPLICATIONS
T0 indicate actions those happen regularly.

To indicate actions those happen sometimes.
actions that never happen.
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. I
SIMPLE PRESENT - 'SITUATION' I
B. STRUCTURE:
I. Positive:
/'
+
I + am Noun/Adjective.
You + are + Noun/Adjective.
We + are + Noun/Adjective.
These, those, they + are + Noun/Adjective.
He + is + Noun/Adjective
She + is + Noun/Adjective
It + is + Noun/Adjective
1. I am an Indian.
2. My brother is a doctor.
3. Janmaboomi is a good programme.
4. Roads in Hyderabad are clean.
5. Mr. Chandra Babu Naidu is the Ex-CM of AP.
6. I am a happy man.
7. I am a hardworking student.
8. My father is very sincere.
9. My sister is very optimistic about getting ajob.
10. My niece is naughty.
II. Negative:
I + am not + Noun / Adjective
You, we, they + aren't + Noun / Adjective
He, she, it + isn't + Noun / Adjective
1. I am not an American.
2. My brother isn't a teacher.
i
3. The Charrninar isn't 800 years old. I
4. Most of the political leaders aren't honest. II
5. Ravi isn't present today.
6. Radhaisn'tactive.
7. My brother isn't very serious about his studies.
~.~==================================================================~~
.? My neighbour isn't nosey.

9. My manager isn'tcompetent.
1O. Radhajsn' t very reserved.
11. My grand mother isn't very orthodox.
III QUESTION:
Are + you, we, they + Noun!Adjective?
Is + he, she, it + Noun!Adjective?
1. Is your brother?
2. Are you a student?
3. Is this your pen?
4. Is it 8'0 Clock?
5. Is this an imported watch?
6. Are you angry?
. 7. Is your mother particular about food?
8. Is your house spacious?
9. Is your aunt excited to go on a world tour?
10. Is your grandfather considerate?
11. Are you worried about your future?
C. APPLICATIONS:
To indicate present physical state
To indicate present mental state
To indicate relationship
To indicate time, date, & cost
To indicate profession, qualification
To indicate nationality
To indicate any quality
PRESENT CONTINUOUS:
FRAME: Now, now-a-days, these days

A. Positive:
I + am + (verh+ing) + other words + timeframe

You, we, they + are + (verh+ing) + other words + time frame
He, she, it + is + (verh+ing) + other words + timeframe
1. I am learning Spoken English these days.

2. We are listening to the teacher now.
3. Congress is ruling the state now-a-days.
4. My mother is looking for a job now-a-days.
5. You are sitting next to Raju.
.6. My mother is arranging flowers in a vase.
7. Students are noting down new words in the class.
8. My father is watching news on television in the living room.
9. Radha is chopping vegetables for biryani in the kitchen.
10. The Principal is scolding the students in the class.
II. Negative:
I + am not + (Verh+ing) + other words + timeframe

You, we, they + are not + (Verh+ing) + other words + timeframe
He, she, it + is not + (Verh+ing) + other words + time frame\
1. I am not taking classes in the morning these days.
2. You are not paying attention.
3. Ravi isn't helping his brother (now), he is free.
4. Mr. Radha Krishna isn't speaking clearly on the dais.
5. The receptionist isn't answering the call. She is writing something.
6. My manager isn't corning to office these days.
7. My grandmother isn't complaining about the food these days. ;
,,}
8. Radha isn't cleaning utensils. She is frying potato chips.
9. It is not raining now.
j
I
10. I am not learning Spoken English.
11. Iamnot learning computers these days.
III QUESTIONS·
Are +Sub + VI + ing + other words + time frame for Simple Present
(I; we, you, they)
Is + Sub + VI + ing + other words + time frame for Simple Present
He, She, It
1. Are you reading the newspaper now?

2. Are they staying in the same building now-a-days?
3. Is Ramu waiting for you now?
4. Is this phone working?
5. Is your sister browsing the net?
6. Is the clerk checking the register?
7. Is your uncle conducting classes these days?
8. Is your maidservant coming on time these days?
9. Are you playing with your brother now?
C. APPLICATION:
To indicate an action that is happening now

To indicate an action that is happening now-a-days/these days
SIMPLE PAST -'ACTION'

A. TIME FRAME:
Yesterday, the day before yesterday, last night, last week, last month, last
year, few years ago, last evening.
B. STRUCTURE:
I. Positive:
Sub + V2 + other words + time frame of Simple Past

(I, We, You, They)
1. The teacher taught a new lesson last Friday.
2. I visited Delhi last year.
I
~. It rained heavily last night.

\
4.1,~y friend came to my house last week.
5. Madhu got apromotion last week.

6. The police caught the cUlprit last Sunday.
7. My mother performed a special puja this morning.
8. Anju Bobby George broke her previous record.
9. Amnjoined Wipro in Feb last year.
10. Sunitha studied in Telugu medium.
II. Negative:
Sub + didn't + VI + other words + time frame of Simple Past

(I, we, You, They, He, She, It)
1. Madhu didn't attend the class yesterday

2. My mother did not bake a cake on my birthday last year.
3. Mohan didn't pass the exam.
4. Salma didn't go to school the day before yesterday.
5. Vijay didn't pay his school fees yesterday.
6. They didn't pay the electricity bill last month.
7. My nephew didn't buy a home theatre system last year.
8. She didn't study in S1. Ann's School.
9. They didn't allow him to enterthe theatre.
III Question:
Did + Sub + VI + other words + time frame for Simple Pastss

(I, we, you, they, he, she, it)
]. Did you watch T.Y. yesterday?

2. Did your father send you money last month?
3. Did your friend come to your house last week? t
£v·, I
4. Did your brother take admission in NIIT last week?
5. Did you call up your father last week?
6. Did you board the train on time?
7. Did your niece trouble you when you went out with her?
8. Did you see any movie yesterday?
9. Did you complete your project on time?
10. Did Naveen attend the interview last week?
C. APPLICATIONS:
To question about an action that is complete or over
PAST - 'SITUATION':
A. TIME FRAME:
Yesterday, the day before yesterday, last night, last week, last month, last year, few years ago, last
evening.
B. STRUCTURE:
I. Positive
I + was + noun/adjective
We, you, they, those + were + noun/adjective
He, she, it + was + noun/adjective
1. I was a student of St. Theresa's School 10 years ago.

2. Mohan was absent last week.
3. Mrs. Rao was my neighbour 5 years ago.
4. Ravi was late to the class yesterday.
was a teacher 5 years ago.
was very sad yesterday.
7. My nephew was irritated last night, as he didn't get what he wanted.
8. Mrs. fudira Gandhi was an able administrator.
9. Sunil Gavaskar was an excellent batsman.
10. Jagan Mohan Dalmia was the presidentofB.C.C.I. for a long time..
II. Negative:·.
I + was not + noun/adjective

We, ·you, these, those + were not + noun/adjective
She, he, it + was not + noun/adjective
1. I wasn't a teacher 10 years ago.

2. Mohan and Rajesh weren't students ofRussell 's last year.
3. The price of 1kg. onions wasn't Rs.20/-last month.
4. Mrs. Ahmed wasn't very slim 5 years ago.
5. Salman wasn't late to class yesterday.
6. My father wasn't happy with the results.
7. She wasn't a competent manager.
8. Radha wasn't accurate in her work.
9. My uncle wasn't angry with his child.
10. My grandfather was not abusinessman, he was a farmer.
III. Question:
Were + you, they + noun/adjective

Was + she, he, it + noun/adjective
1. Was Madhu a chubby child?
2. Was Nargis a good actress?
3. Were your children at home last evening?
4. Were you a student of Russell's last year?
5. Was Sac;hinTendulkar Captain of the Indian cricket team 5 years ago
/;;::.=:~:::==::::::::::::::::::=::=:=:::::=::::=::==:::::::: ..::::::::::::::==::::::::::::::::=::::::.::::RU SSE Ll'S,====::::==::::::::::::::::::=:::::::::::::=:::::::::::::::::::::=::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.==::::::::::::.:;\
I - iI
I . i!
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i 6~ Were you surprised to see your sister last week? .
!I
II
I 7. Were you very happy with your result? II
I :1
8. Was your mother very strict when you were a child? ;i
il
9. Was your teacher understanding? II
10. Was Mr. N.T. RamaRao an able politician? il
l!
II
'I
)1
Ce APPLICATION II
To indicate profession, qualification and designation.

To indicate a person in the past. 1
To indicate quality. (past)

To indicate relationship. (past)
To indicate age. (past)
To indicate time, date, day &cost.
PAST CONTINUOUS:
A. TIME FRAME: Specific time in the past
B. STRUCTURE:
Ie Positive:
I + was + VI ing + other words + specific time in the past

We, you, they + were +VI ing + other words + specific time in the past
He, she, it + was + VI ing + other words + specific time in the past
1) I was watching TV at 6 last evening.

2) We were having dinner when my friend came.
3) My brother was writing an exam at 11 am the day before yesterday.
4) Madhu was crossing the road when she met with an accident on Friday. ii
il
Ii;1
5) Radha's children were playing when she returned home from school yesterday. I!
II
6) My friend was surfing the net when I went to her place. II

.. ,
,
7)1 was studying for my exam when my father came home.
il
II
L
.~~ _ _~.~==:== _ _ _ _ ~__ _~:-::.::::. .c..... __._ _._ _._ -.---............_. -.... .- !)
II
II
8) I was talking to my friend at 4.00pm in the evening.
9) My sister was writing her exam at 10' 0 c1ockyesterday.
10. My aunt was checking the answer sheet of the students in the morning.
II. Negative:
I + wasn't + VI + ing + other words + specific time in the past
We, you, they + weren't +VI ing +other words + specific time in the past
He, She, It + wasn't + VI ing +other words + specific time in the past
1) The guests weren't having dinner when I went to the function yesterday.
2) We weren't making a noise when our teacher entered the class in the morning.
3)My family wasn't watching TV at5lastevening.
4) The employee wasn't doing his work when his boss went to his room yesterday.
5) Raghavwasn't playing with his friends at 4 last evening.
6) Radha wasn't sleeping at 4.30 in the afternoon. She was doing her homework.
7) Sailesh wasn't listening to the teacher carefully in the class.
8) I wasn't singing asong, I was just humming atune.
9) My mother wasn't serving food. She was rolling chapattis.

./
10) The child wasn'tjumping. He was sitting quietly.
III. Questions:
Were + you, they + VI ing + other words + specific time in the past
Was + he, she, it + VI ing + other: words + specific time in the past
I) Was it raining when you went out last evening?

2) Was your friend studying when you went to his house last night?
3) Was your brother playing cricket between 5 and 6 last evening?
4) What was your brother doing between 9 and 10 this morning?
5) Was Mohan attending a function at this time yesterday?
6) What were you doing at 5.30 last evening?
7) Where were you going yesterday morning?

8) Were you writing a letter when I called you up?
9) Was your mother watching television at 2.30 p.m.?
10) Was he crossing the road when he met with an accident?
C. APPLICATION:
1) To question an action which was going on when another action happened.

2) To talk about an action which was at a specified time.
FUTURE ACTION:
A. TIME FRAME: Tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week, next month, next year, after
a few days.
B. STRUCTURE:
I. Positive:
(I, We, You, They He, She, It) + will + VI + other words + time frame of simple future.
1) I will return your book tomorrow.

2) I will go abroad after my post graduation.
3) I will wait for you outside, after the class.
4) He will give you the book the day after tomorrow.
5) It is raining I will wait here for some time.
6) I will buy a personal computer next week.
7) My father will go abroad next month.
8) They will set up the factory next month.
9) Radha will meet the doctor day-after-tomorrow.
10) Ramesh will return from London in December.
II. Negative:
(I, We, You, They, He, She, It) + will not/won't + Vi + other words + time frame of simple
future.
1) I won't come late tomorrow.
2) He won't make this mistake again in future.
3) He will not apply for ajob next year.
4) She won't appear for the exam next year.
5) They will not contribute to the charity fund. They have run out offunds. )
-
6) Radha won't agree for a change.

7) The child won't admit his fault.
8) Rakesh won't advertise this product in the newspaper.
9) Madhu won't come to the class tomorrow, as he has some work
10) I won't take up this job.
III. Question:
(Will, you, they, he, she, it) + VI + other words + time frame of simple future.
1) Will you come to the institute tomorrow?

2) Will you call me up in the evening tomOlTow?
3) Will your brother settle down in India?
4) Will your children return home by 3 in the afternoon?
5) How long will you take to complete this work?
6) What will you do after your graduation?
7) Where will you be after 5 years from today?
8) Will you write a letter to your parents tomorrow?
9) Will your sister give a party on her birthday?
10) Will the company expand in the near future?
c. APPLICATON:
To question any action that will take place in future.
FUTURE SITUATION:.
A) TIME FRAME: Tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week, next month I year, after afew
days.
B) STRUCTURE:
00 POSITIVE:
(I, we, you, they, he, she, it + will be + noun I adjective + future time)
Examples:
1. Iwill be on time tomorrow.

2. My brother will be a graduate by next year.
3. By next year, I will be a manager.
4. Weather forecast "It will be very hot tomorrow."
5. I am doing my B.Ed now; I will be very patient with my students when Ibecome a teacher.
6. Your son will be more organized when he grows up.
7. Net working courses will be in demand next year.
8. He will be tired after such a hectic day.
9. There will be 50,000 newjobs in BPO sector by next year.
10. The company will be stable by the next financial year.
(II) NEGATIVE:
I, we, you, they, he she, it + will not be + other words + time frame
Examples:
1. I won't be absent to the class tomorrow..
2. Iwill not be here at 5this evening.
3. She will not be 18 years old when she joins college next year.
4. She is very unhappy in this group. She will not be a member ofthis group for long.
.,
,..
~
5. Don't call up at 5 this evening. The manager will not be available. then.
6. The office will not be open tomorrow due to the bandh declared.
7. The students will not be present till theirdemands are fulfilled.
8. The government will not be able to accept the demands at any cost.
9. People will not be happy after this decision ofthe Prime Minister.
10. The customers will not be satisfied with this qUality.
ill. QUESTION:
Will + you, they, he + be+ other words + time frame of simple future .
Example:
1. Will you be regular to school from tomorrow onwards?
2. Will the shop be open at 8 tomorrow evening?
3. Will there be more jobs in software field in the next 5 years.
4. Will you be in India next year?
5. Will you be present for the seminar next week?
6. You have not done your homework. Will your teacher be angry with you?
7. Will you be there to help me for dirtner?
8. Will you be attentive in the class in future?
9. Will the boss be patient enough to listen to his words?
10. Will they be practical in their approach towards the job?
Application: To indicate:
(1) Profession, qualification
(2) PhysicaVstate
(3)Time,day, date, cost

(4) Age
(5) Any quality, of a person/place/thing in future time.
PRESENT PERFECT
A) TIME FRAME: Just now, recently, this week/month/year

Still, yet, never, till now, since, for.
. B) STRUCTURE:
(i) POSITIVE:
I, you, they + have + V3 + other words + time frame

He, she, it + has + V3 + other words + time frame
Examples:
1. We have come to Hyderabad recently
2. Sita and her husband have gone outjust now.
3. Ihave seen three movies this month.
4. This government has done many things till now.
5. Gold price has fallen this week.
6. I have forgotten my pen today.
7. Mr. Rameshhas gone to Bangalore.
8. Ihave met my cousin recently.
9. We have had our dinnerjust now.
10. We have submitted the project just now.
II) NEGATIVE:
(I, you, we, they, he, she, it) + haven't/have never +V3 +other words + time frame has never
+hasn't + V3 + other words + time frame
Example:
1. Ihave never seen aTamil movie..
2. I haven't read today's newspaper.
3. You haven't met Radha.
4. Ihavert'tseenamovie since Sunday.
5. Today's post hasn't come yet.
· III) QUESTION:
Have + I, we, you, they + V3 + other words-+ time frame
Has + he, she, it + V3 + other words + time frame
Example:
1. Have you ever seen a ghost?
2. Has Rao passed his exam?
3. Have you read today's newspaper?
4. Has anyone seen my glasses?
5. Has Mr. Ramesh left for Bangalore?
6. Have you seen any recent movie?
7. Have you ever met a film star?
8. Have they brought the relevant papers?
9. Has Mr. Suresh come for the meeting?
10. Have you submitted your project report?
APPLICATION:
1. To indicate an action that happened just now.

2. To indicate an action, which, happened in the past but the result, is still on.
3. An action, which has never happened till now for an individual.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
A) TIME FRAME: Since / for / or any event.
B) STRUCTURE:
1) POSITIVE:
Subject (I, we, you, they) + have been + verb +ing + other words + time frames
Subject (he, she, it) + has been + verb + ing + other words + time frame.
Example:
1. I have been staying in Hyderabad since 1982.

2. Rupa has been working in Wipro for the past 10 years.
3. Mala ha3 been teaching English since 1994.
4. 1have been waiting for an hour.
S. Ihave been watching T.v. continuously for2 hours.
II) NEGATIVE:
Subject (1, we, you, they) + have not been + verb + ing +other words +time frame.
Subject (he, she, it) + has not been +Verb + ing + other words + time frame.
Example:
1.1 haven't been waiting fora long time.

2. Sunil hasn't been working since1993.
3. Manisha hasn't been acting for the past two years.
4. The printer hasn't been working sincemoming.
S. 1 haven't been teaching since 2001.
III) QUESTION:
For how long + have + subject (you, we, they) + been + verb+ing + other words?
For how long + has + subject (he she, it) + been + verb + ing + other words?
Since when + have + subject (you, we, they) + been + verb + ing + other words?
Example:
1. For how long have you been staying here?

2. For how long has Sachin been playing cricket?
3. Since when have you been working here?
4. Since when has Ramesh been studying at Russell's?
5. For how long have you been watching TV?
APPLICATION:
To indicate an action or situation which started in the past and is still going on.
1AO
THE PAST PERFECT TENSE
The past perfect tense denotes an action completed at some point oftime inthe past before another
action was commenced. In this case, that action which was completed first is put into the Past
Perfect Tense; and the other action which happened second, isput into the Simple Past Tense:
Completed Action SubsequentAction
The rain had stopped when she arrived
Ihad finished my work when Hari carne to see me.
The patient had died before the doctor arrived.
The train had left before we reached the station.
As soon as he had recited the people cheered him.
Fill in the blanks with the Simple Past Tense or the Past Perfect Tense of the Verbs given
in brackets:
1. When we _ _ _ (arrive), theparty ___ already _ _ _. (begin)

2. We _ _ _ our holidays in Kashmir last year. (spend)
3. We (wait) until everybody (leave)
4. Amoment ago I_ _ _ thestrangenews. (hear)
5. The teacher (be) very angry when he _ _ _, what the boy
_ _ _.(do)
6. I___ (leave) Bihar before the earthquake (occur)
7. We (not be) there five minutes when all the lights _ _ (go) out.
8. I in that house until February last. (live)
9. When I (show) what I (write), he _ _ (say) it _ _\
very good.
10. The farrners ____ (sow) the seedafterthey _ _ theirfields. (plough)
Key for simple past, past perfect tense
1. Arrived, had already begun

2. Spent
3. Waited, had left
4. Heard
5. Was, saw, had done j
[
6. Had left occurred i

I
7. had not been, went
·8.. lived
9. Showed, had written, said, was
10 Sowed ,had .ploughed
UNIT-ill
CAN/COULD
APPLICATION:
l. TO DENOTE PRESENTIPASTABILITY.
2. TO MAKE FORMAUINFORMAL REQUESTS, OFFERS
3. TO SEEK AND GIVE PERMISSION.
CAN
STRUCTURE·- POSITIVE:
Subject:
(I, You, We They,
He, She, It) + Can + VI + 0, W
1. I can play the sitar.

2. My father can fix afuse.
3. Ravi's aunt can bake cakes.
4. Harita is tall so she can reach the top shelf.
5. Cats can climb trees.
6. You can type well.
7. My father and I can speak Hindi.
8. Abird can fly in the sky.
NEGATIVES:
Subject + can't + VI + OW.

1. I can't ride a horse.
2. My father is old now so he can't walk fast.
3. My sister can't operate a computer.
4. She can't speak English fluently. .
5. Ahelicopter can't carry many passengers at a time.
6. My parents can't read without glasses.
7. I can't sing well.
8. He is fat. He can't touch his toes.
QUESTION:
Can + Sub + VI + OW?

(I, You, We, They, He, She, It)
1, Can you sew buttons on your shirt? (Ability)
2. Can you lend me your book, please? (Request) I _
3. Can I get you a cup of tea? (Offer)

4. Can you wait a moment, please? (Request)
5. Can you give me alift? (Request)
6. Can you pass me that salt? (Request)
7. Can 1sit here? (Request)
8. Can he leave the office early today? (Permission)
9. Can 1watch T.V. to night? (Permission)
10. Can Ijoin the party? of course, you can (Permission)
COULD:
STRUCTURE - POSITIVE:
Sub + could + VI + ow.

(1, You, We, They, He, She, It)
1. Kapil Dev could bow I very fast.
2. Rajiv Gandhi could fly aircrafts.
3. 1could play chess when I was eight.
4. My pet dog couldjumpover the wall four years ago. Now it is old.
5. My cousin and 1could ride bikes even as students.
6. You could memorise very easily when you were young.
7. She could read when she was fOllr.
NEGATIVE:
STRUCTURE:
Sub + couldn" + VI + ow.
(I, You, We, They, He, She, It)
1. I couldn't understand what was happening.

2. Sheela couldn't score 70% in Telugu.
3. They were deaf. They couldn't hear what was being said.
4. You couldn't speak clearly as a child.
S. I couldn't eat the dish. It was very spicy.
6. Raj couldn't get a job in an MNC so he joined a local company.
Ex -111 CAN/COULD:
Make requests, what do you say?
(Use can or coulcfto start)
1. You want someone to shut the door.

2. You are in a train and you want to sit down.
3. You are in a class and you want some one to say something again.
4. You are in a class and you want the teacher to explain something again.
5. You are in the class and want permission to leave early.
6. You want someone to help you.
7. You want to borrow someone'spen.
8. You want someone to make the sandwiches.
, ~
f·
KEY Ex - 111 CAN/COULD

1. Could you shut the door, please?
2. Could I sit here, please?
3. Could y?u repeat that please?
i 4. Could you explain it again, please?
5. Could Ileave early, please?
6. Could you help me, please?
7. Can I borrow your pen, please?
8. Could you make the sandwiches?
Ex - 11 CAN I COULD
Fill in the blanks with can could can't, couldn't + one ofthe following verbs.
(come, eat, hear, run, sleep, wait, understand, smell, walk, and see)
1. 1am sony, l-------Icome to your party next week.

2. When Ravi was sixteen, he was a fast runner, He 100 meters
. in 10 seconds.
3.Are you in a hurry? No, 1have got plenty oftime. 11--
4.1 was feeling sick yesterday. 1 anything.
5. Can you speak a little louder? 1 you very well.
6. You look tired. Yes, 1 last night.
7. The C.M. spoke in Telugu. I what he said.
8. When we went in to the house, we---something burning.
9. It was foggy in the morning. I anything in frontof me.
10. As he is physically challenged he without crutches.
KEY EX-ll CAN/COULD:

1. Can't come 2. Could run 3. Can wait
4. Couldn't eat 5. Can't hear 6. Couldn't sleep
7. Couldn't understand. 8. Could smell 9. Couldn't see
10. Can't walk
Ex:-l CAN
Match the verbs to the jobs. Write sentences using can
1. A teacher a) make a speech

2. Apolitician b) argue cases
3. Awaiter c) explain grammar
4. Asecretary d) fix pipes
5. A doctor e) speak 3 or 4 languages
6. Aplumber f) sewc10thes
7. Acarpenter g) diagnose an illness
8. A la\\yer h) make fumiture
9. Atranslator 1) take orders
10. Atailor .
j) take dictation and type
KEY EX-l CAN:

2 a
5 g 6 d 7-h . 8,'--.:-~b
9 e 10 f
HAS/HAVE/HAD
STRUCTURE: (POSITIVE) .
Sub + has + noun.

(he, she, It)
. Sub + have + noun.
Cl, We, You, They)
Ex:
.1. I usually have chapattis for dinner.
2. My sister has a Maruti Car.
3. Hyderabad has many theatres.
4, Mohan has two sisters.
5. Russell's has branches all over Hyderabad~
NEGATIVE:
(He, She, It)
Sub + doesn't have + noun
Cl, We, You, They)
Sub + don't have + noun
Ex:
1. Raju doesn't have a steady job.
2. My mother doesn't have adriving license.
3. Surya apartments doesn't have a lift.
4. I don't have any cousins.
5. My brother and I don't have tea or coffee.
6: My brother and I don't have interest in politics.
;. 7. My neighbor doesn't have membership in the British Library.
QUESTION:
I
I . Does+ Sub + have + noun?
j (He, She,lt)
Do + Sub + have + noun?

(I; We, You, They)
Ex:
1. Does Chiranjeevi have interestin politics?
I ~
2. Does Mr. Reddy have a large family?
3. Does your T.V. have a flat screen?
4. Do you have an appointment with the doctor?
5. Do the ITT's have many foreign students?
HAD I WILL HAVE STRUCTURE

POSITIVE
Sub + had + noun.
(I, we, you, they, he, she it)
Sub + will have + noun.
Ex:
1. I hadidlis for breakfast in the morning.
2. My grandfather had a lot ofproperty.
3. The passengers had a terrible experience when the plane crash-landed.
4. Radhika had a party on her tenth wedding anniversary.
5. My dream house will have all modem facilities.
6. We will have a holiday on Election Day.
7. You will have a stomach ache if you overeat.
NEGATIVE
+ didn't have + noun.
we, you, they, he, she, it)

+ won't have+ noun
she, it)
we, you, they)
Ex:
1. My friend didn't have a car two years ago.
2. I didn't have dessert when I went to the restaurant last night.
3. Rubina didn't have a test in the morning.
4. I won't have more than 2children.
5. The IIM's didn't have so many branches some years ago.
6. The new building won't have more than 3 floors.
7. We will not have a holiday on Diwali day.
QUESTIONS:
Did + sub + have + noun?
Will +,sub + have + noun?

1. Did you have your tea?

2. Did Rita have a strict boss?
3. Did they have a pleasant holiday?
4. Will Ali have time to attend the function?
5. Will your next car have anA.C?
APPLICATIONS:
For past / present / future
1. To indicate ownership/possession.
2. To indicate relationship.
3. To indicate part ofsomething/some body.
4. To indicate food habits.
5. To indicate aches and pains, any health problems.
6. To indicate experience, habit, facilities, tests, interviews etc.
EXERCISE - 10·
,
FILL IN THE BLANKS USING HASIHAVE:
1. Acamel a hump on its back.
2. Birds wmgs.
I
3. Raj two sisters.
4. Those girls longhair.
5. My father a Maruti Car.
6. We a cat at home.
7. The Reddy's three children. --
8.1 dinner at 9 p.m. ,
9. This table 3 legs.
10. We an interview today.
Write question then answer the question using words in brackets.
Ex: I have a Maths period today (Tomorrow)

c·
,
I·
Q: Do you have a Maths period today?
A: No, I don't, I have a Maths period tomOlTOW.
Ex: 11
1. He has a new car (bike).
2. They have a lot offriends. (A few friends)
3. Radha has brown hair (black).
4. Russell's has 6 branches in Hyderabad. (9)
5. The English alphabet has 20 letters in it. (26)
6. Drawing rooms usually have a computer (Sofa set)
7. Aeroplanes have a deck (Cock pit)

8. Most high buildings have escalaters. (Lifts)
EXERCISE-12:
SUBSTITUTION TABLE
I Had Afarm house, Dinner,
WE Didn't have High B.P., An engineering
My friend Will have college, Grape orchards,
My partners .A1arge family, a full time
My hometown maid, Friends, Atest, Many

opportunities.
People in the past
.
KEY TO EXERCISE - 10: .
-
1. Has 2. Have 3. Has 4. Have ..
-
5. Has 6. Have 7. Have 8. Have
9. Has 10. Have
KEY TO EXERCISE -11

,
I 1. Does he have a new car?
. I'
t No he doesn't. He has a bike.
~
rr 2. Do they have lot of friends?
~
,
!
( No, they don't. They have few friends.
3. Does Radha have brown hair?
No, she doesn't. She has black hair.
4. Does Russel\'s have 6 branches in Hyderabad?
No, it doesn't It has 16 branches in Hyderabad.
5. Does the English alphabet have 20 letters?
No, It doesn't. It has 26 letters.
6. Do drawing rooms have acomputer?
No, they don't. Drawing rooms usually have a sofa set.
7. Do Aeroplanes have a deck?
No, they don't aeroplanes have a cockpit.
8. Do high buildings have escalators?
No, they don't. They have lifts
.SHOULD I HAVE TO I HAS TO !HAD TO
APPLICATION: It is used to give advice/suggestion

STRUCTURE - POSITIVE:
Sub + should + VI + ow.

Ex:
1. Students s,hould go to bed and rise early.

2. To improve vocabulary, we should read the newspaper every day.
3. We should offer seat to elders in buses.
4. The government should introduce stricter measures to implement
the ban on tobacco.
5. One should think positively to achieve success.
6. We should always use polite language.
7. Politician should keep their promises after they are elected.
NEGATIVE:
Sub + shouldn't + VI + ow.

(I, we you, they, he, she, it)
Ex:
1. One shouldn't drink tea or coffee in excess.
2. One shouldn't litter public places.
3. Students shouldn't go unprepared for interviews.
4. Citizens shouldn't damage public property.
5. Indians shouldn't blindly ape the west.
6. People shouldn't encourage beggars.
HAVE TOIHAS TO
APPLICATION - It is used to indicate obligations or external
compulsions/rules' and regulations..
STRUCTURE - POSITIVE
Sub + has to + VI + ow.
(He, she, it)
Sub + have to + VI + ow
(I, we, you, they)
Ex:
1. There is no direct bus from here to Koti. You have to change bus at the station.
2. In summer vacations you have to reserve seats in advance on any train.
3. There is no lift in this complex. You have to go up the stairs.
4. We have to pay the fine to get the vehicle released.
5. Citizens of India have to cross 18 years of age to cast their vote.
6. To obtain a driving license, we have to pass a test.
NEGATIVE:
Sub + don't have to + VI + ow.
(I, we, you, they)
Sub + doesn't + have to + VI +ow.
(He, She, it)
Ex:
1) Senior citizens don't have to stand in regular queues at booking counters.
2) We don't have to buy tickets for children below 5 years.
3) I don't have to submit my original certificates, as it is a temporary job.
4) My father doesn't have to go for duty on Saturdays.
5) Those drawing less than sixty thousand rupees per annum don't have to pay taxes.
6) My uncle doesn't have to renew the club membership every year, as he is alife member.
7) We don't have to declare our baggage when we are traveling within the country..
HAD TO
Indicates past compulsions and obligations.

+ had to + VI + ow.
you, they, he she, it)
1'"\"
Ex:
1. I had to take a long leave wh~n I was unwelL
. 2. Rajita had to. produce her I.D..card to enter the exam hall.
3. Mr. Sinha had to have a license to possess a gun.
4. The pr'~ducer had to take special permission to shoot at the location.
5. My cousin had to file an FIR after the burglary in his house.
6. We had to speak to the hospital authorities to admit the patient.
7. The defendant had to appear in the court to plead his case.
8. The businessman had to take a loan to clear his debts.
Exercise-I
Look at the 'contract' which a teacher made with her students.
THE TEACHER THE STUDENTS

I promise to We promise to
Befiiendly Work hard
Give some home work do the home work
Help the students be on time
Speak clearly speak English in the class
Write sentences about the contract using have to / has to
Ex: The teacher has to be friendly.
Exercise - 11
Last year Shiva was a secretary, now he has a new job-he's a traveling salesman.
Write sentences about his old job and his new job using has toe + ve) and doesn't have to/didn't have to
(-ve)
.When Shivawasa Secretary Now Shiva is a Sales man

a) He-,---type'tetter(+ ve) b) He:-----'--type letters (-ve)
c) He travel a lot (-ve) d) He . travel alot (+ve)
e) He-.-workatthe week end (-ve) f) He--.work at the week end (+ve)
g) He--workfrom 9-5 p.m. (+ve) h) He--workfrom 9-5 p.m.(-ve)
i) He work hard (+ve)
Exercise - 111
Complete the table using have to / has to / didn't have to
PRESENT PAST
Necessary Not necessary
_____ produce an identity 4 _ _ _ _ _ produce an identity

card at the gate card, at the gate.
.~~.____ secure 70% attendance He secure 70% attendance
____ follow dress code. They _-----,~-follow dress code.
We ____ learn computers She _ _ _ attend coaching classes.
~ ..~. _ _ _ attend coaching classes. You ____wear the school badge.
Key to Exercise- 1
1) The teacher has to be friendly.
2) The teacher has to give some home work.
3) The teacher has to help the students.
4) The students have to work hard.
5) The students have to do the home work.
6) The students have to be on time.
7) The students have to speak English in the classes.
Key to Exercise - 11
a) He had to type letters.
b) He doesn't have to type letters.
c) He didn't have to travel a lot.
d) He has to travel a lot.
e) He didn't have to work at the weekend.
£) He has to work at the weekend.
He had to work from 9-5 p.m.
have to work from 9-5 p.m.
has to work hard.

Key to Exercise - 111:
Necessary:
1) I have to produce an identity card at the gate.
2) He has to secure 70% attendance.
3) They have to follow adress code.
4) We have to learn computers.
5) She has to attend coaching classes.
6) You have to wear the school badge.
Not necessary:
1) I didn't have to produce an identity card at the gate.

2) He didn't have to secure 70% attendance.
.
3) They didn't have to follow a dress code.
4) We didn't have to learn computers.
5) She didn't have to attend coaching classes.
6) You didn't have to wear the school badge.
SIMPLE PRESENT
Active Passive
The grocer sells tea.

Tea is sold by the grocer
An electric flre wanns the rooms

The room is warmed by an electric flre.
Frost kills these flowers.

These flowers are killed by frost.
Cats eat mice.

Mice are eaten by cats.
Do cats eat mice?

Are mice eaten by cats?
Does cotton grow in India?

Is cotton grown in India?
SIMPLE FUTURE
Active Passive
The cat will catch the mouse. The mouse will be caught by the cat.
We shall flnish the work. The work will be finished by us.
The teacher will help us. We shall be helped by the teacher.
The teacher will correct our work. Our work will be corrected by the teacher.
I'm afraid the flre will destroy those 1'm afraid those house will be destroyed by
houses. the fire
Will the cat catch the mouse? Will the mouse be caught by the cat?
And here are examples of each of the other tenses.
PRESENT PERFECT
The boys have eaten some of the cakes Some of the cakes have been eaten by the boys
Have the boys eaten some of the cakes? Have some of the cakes been eaten by the boys?
GERUND - KEY
D Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb given in brackets
1. Studying
2. Proving
3. Smoking
4. Playing
5. Coming
6. Passing
7. Finding
8. Cheating
9. Doing
10. Achieving
E Replace the verbal Nouns ending by infinitives.
1. To see is to believe
2. To give is better than to receive
3. To ride a bicycle is not very difficult
4. She loves to solve cross word puzzles
5. To talk too much is not a sign of intelligence

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RUSSELrs ®

An Educational product from

Research and Development division of

Russell's Institute ofSpoken English (P) Ltd.

4th floor, Imperial Plaza, Somajiguda, Hyderabad- 82,

Andhra Pradesh, India.

Russell's Institute of Spoken English (P) Ltd

402, 4th floor, Imperial plaza,

Lane adjacent Topaz building,

Andhra Pradesh, India.

© Copyright: Russell's Institute of Spoken English Pvt.Ltd

I am sure it will prove a great learning experience for you.

1) Nouns ..... ,.. ,. ................ ,....................... <I • • • • • • • • 'I • • • • • • • • • • • ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . '" • • , • • • • • • • • • • • 6

1) List of Verbs ....................................................................................... 87

2) Tenses ....... ~ ........................................................................................ 91

1) Can,Could ........................................................................................ 110·/

2) Has / Have / Had / Will have ........................................................... 114

3) Should / Have to / Has to / Had to .................................................. 119

4) Used to ...... ,............................................................. ".......", ...", ...,.. ,.," 124

b) Question tags ..................................................................................... 134

a) Articles (A, An and The) ................................................................. 138

c) Active and Passive Voice ................................................................ 156

d) Direct and Indirect Speech ........................................... :.................. 171

a) Simple, Compound and Complex Sentences .................................. 202

b) . The I,nfinitive ........ ~ ..".....................•.................................................. 206

c) The Gerund ............................................. ·............... "................................... 212

A There are four kinds of nouns· in English:

B A noun can function as:

A Masculine: men, boys and male animals (pronoun he I they)

B Personal masculine / feminine nouns

(a) boy, girl gentleman, lady son, daughter

Baby infant relative

. (b) duke, duchess king, queen prince; princess

bull,cow duck, drake ram,ewe stallion, mare

A The plural of a noun is usually made by adding (s) to the singular:

Other plural forms

B Nouns ending in 0 or ch, sh, ss or x fonn their plural by adding es:

But words offoreign origin or abbreviated words ending in 0 add s only:

baby, babies country, countries fly, flies lady, ladies

Nouns ending in yfollowing a vowel fonn their plural by adding s:

E A few nouns form their plural by a vowel change:

F Names of certain creatures do not change in the pluraL

G Afew other words don't change:

A. Certain words are always plural and take a plural verb:

garments consisting oftwo parts:

Also certainotherwords including:

anns (weapons) particulars

damages (connpensation) prennises / quarters

greens (vegetables) spirits (alcohol)

pains (trouble/effort) valuables

K Words plural in fornn but singularin nneaning include 'news':

nnurnps rickets slringles

billiards darts draughts

cnsIs, cnses phenonnenon,phenonnena

erratunn, errata radius, radii

nnennorandunn, nnennoranda ternninus, ternnini

Butsonne follow the Englishrules:

dognna, dognnas, gymnasiunn, gynnnasiunns

fornnula, fornnulas (though fornnulae is used by scientists)

Sonnetinnes there are two plural fomiS with different nneanings:

appendix, appendixes or appendices (nnedical ternns)

appendix, appendices (additionls to a book)

index, indexes (in books), indices (in nnathennatics)

Musicians usually preferItalianplural fomos for Italian nnusicaltemos: