1001 Inventions eel Chief Editor Salim TS Al-Hassani Co-editors Ae naga eal Elizabeth Woodcock & Rabah Saoud SEE Fcchrotegy anc Civilisation‘Much ofthe meters! for this book is based cn aticles published on ‘worn MuslimHeritage com. Principal articles are written by the following schelars, arranged in alphabetical order Profesior Mohemmed Abattouy (Engineering and Mechanics) RH Princess Widan Ali Art and Islamic coins) Dr Salim Ayduz (Ottoman Science) Dr. Subhi Al-Azzawi (Architecture) Professor Charles Burnet (Medicine and Mathematics) Dr Mahtub Gani (Mathematics and numbers) Professor SM Ghazanfar (Muslim Spain) Professor Salim T'S Al-Hassani (Engineering) Dr Zohor Idris (Agriculture and Codes) Professor Ekmeleddin Ihsanogha (History of Science) Dr Abdul Nasser Kaadan (Medicine) Dr Munim Al-Kaw (Geology) Dr Rabah Saoud (Architecture and Town Planning) Professor Nil Seri (Ottoman Medicine) Professor Aydin Sayili (Muslim Observatories) Dr Ibrahim Shaikh (Surgery) Professor Sevim Tekeli (Engineering and Mapping) Dr Emily Winterburn (Astrolabes) Dr Salah Zaimeche (Muslim Science and Geography) Professor Salim TS AL-Fiassani, University of Manchester, Chairman of Foundation for Scence, Technulogy and Giilsauon (FSTC) CO-EDITOR AND FRODUCTION MANAGER Elizabeth Woodcock, 1001 Inventions Lid co-eprToR ‘Dr Rabab Sacud, Muslim Heritage Consulting (MIC) RESEARCHERS De Salim Ayduz, FSTC ‘Wai Yin Chang, MHC ‘More Kemah MHC Margaret Morris, PSTC Dr Rabia Yousef, MHC Dr Subki ALAzzawi Architect, Kent Dr Faroog Baja, FSTC, London Dr Ruth Barnes, Ashmolean Museurn, Oxford Dr Anne-Maria Brennan, London South Bank U sity Professor Chatles Burnett The Warburg Insite, London Professor Sami Chalhoub, Institute of History of Arab Science, University of Aleppo Professor Nabila Dawoed, Centre forthe Study of Arab & Muslim Heritage, University of Baghdad Professor Moharutrad El-Gorsath, University of Vork Dr Abdul Nasser Kxadan, Institute of History of Arab Science, Univesity of Aleppo (Mr Paul Keder, Golden Web, Cambridge ‘Dr Musiafa Mawaldt, stitute of History of Arab Science, Aleppo (Mr Peter Raymond, MBE, Manchester Professor Emily Savage-Smuth, Universty of Oxford [Dr Rim Turkmani, Imperial College nd Medicine, Landen, Samia Khan, MHC Nosheen Ladha, MHC DESIGN & LAvoUr ‘Mukluar Sanders Inspiral Design tiustrators {All Amro, MHC Sayed Al Hash IHG Nighat Bajwa (Carolyn Garwes (Carolyn Garwes Dr Ranjan Chaudhuri FIRST EDITION PURLISHED AY FSTC ITH Copyright © 2006 by the Foundation for Science, Technology and Civilisation (FSTC), UK + 27"Turner Srcet, Manchester (M4 IDY,Great Britain SECOND EDITION PUBLISHED RY sSTC ITD ‘Copyright © 2007 bythe Foundation for Science, Technology and Civilisation (FSTC), UK All sights reserved. No putt ofthis hock may be reproduced inany form or by ary means without petrssioa from the ‘publishers, ahough brief passages may be quoted for reviews. te0n-13:978-0-9552426-2-8 vitsh Library CIP Deter Al-Hassani, Salim TS. 1001 Inventions: Muslin Heritage in Our Wold US Library of Congress CIP Dates AlHassani Salim TS. 1001 Inventions: Mun Heritage in ‘Our World / Salim TS Al-Hassani 1. Adamic Science History Includes manuscript ist. 2."Technology-Civlisction, 1. Technology: Iskam History. 1 Tile 2.Setence-Civisation. 50953/ HAs L Title 21-391-$951137 2005 Printed end bound by Mega Basim in Istanbsl, TurkeyPreface Te FIRST EDITION OF THIS BOOK was part of the 1001 Inventions project. com- prising a touring exhibition, book, teachers’ pack, educational posters and website www. €0Linventions.com, The resounding success of this project saw the book selling out within three months. This revised second edition provides an opportunity to improve the content by introducing new material, im- ages and clarifying ambiguities. For the benefit of the academic reader there isa fuller reference list of authoritative manuscripts and their locations. An expanded glossary of Arabic and other relevant terms have also been added and the index extended. ‘There is a worldwide demand for the 1001 inventions project. and we are now translating the book into other languages and developing the exhibition to tour the world, ‘The popular and specialist media, the public, the education community and academe have praised the project and from various surveys conducted on the impact of the 1001 Inventions project, it seems that it has impinged positively upon the public mind, Thousands have re-evaluated their perception of the so-called 'Dark Ages’ and the role of Muslim civilization in laying the founda. tions of modern science and technology. The question very frequently asked is why it is that none of this material is found in the UK National Curriculum? The 1001 Inventions project has proved its effectiveness to stimulate young people’ interest in sci ence and technology to instil confidence, and to provide positive Muslim role models for evolving ‘Muslim identities, especially in the West. Great Muslim men and women of the past - mathematicians, astronomers, chemists, physicians, architects, engineers, economists, sociologists, artists, artisans, and educators - expressed their religiosity through beneficial contributions to society and humanity. They did so with open: mindedness and, in many instances, positively and constructively worked alongside non-Muslims. ‘This track record of cooperation over the centuries, although deeply rooted within early Muslim society. seems to have been forgotten. The 1001 Inventions project, indirectly, is tapping into that tradition by seeking to develop a better understanding between peoples and cultures Some terminology used here can have a wide meaning, used in specific contexts, and should not be taken literally, For example, in this book the word invention can also mean innovation, embrac ing new discoveries, concepts, methods, devices and machines which were hitherto unknown, It also includes items such as chess, the waterwheel and paper, which were known before Islam but brought to Europe by Muslims. Itis encouraging to see Muslim heritage at the forefront of media coverage, documentaries, arti- les, festivals, books and academic projects. In this context, | would like to take this opportunity to express my deep gratitude to the endless number of supporters of this project, in particular to those who have joined the global community of Mu tion. For new readers, I wish them an enjoyable and stimulating journey of discovery: Heritage since the launch ofthe frst edi PROFESSOR SALIM T § AL-HASSANI Chief Editor & Chairman of FSTC