F101 96

American Water Works Association
ANSI/AWWA F101-96
(Revision of ANSI/AWWA F101-91)
AWWA STANDARD
FOR
CONTACT-MOLDED,
FIBERGLASS-REINFORCED PLASTIC WASH
WATER TROUGHS AND LAUNDERS
All changes specified in addendum AWWA F101a-97 are incorporated into this standard.
Effective date: Mar. 1, 1997.

First edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors Jan. 27, 1991.
This edition approved June 23, 1996.
Approved by American National Standards Institute Nov. 27, 1996.
AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION

6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, Colorado 80235
Copyright (C) 1998 American Water Works Association, All Rights Reserved.
AWWA Standard
This document is an American Water Works Association (AWWA) standard. It is not a specification.
AWWA standards describe minimum requirements and do not contain all of the engineering and
administrative information normally contained in specifications. The AWWA standards usually con-
tain options that must be evaluated by the user of the standard. Until each optional feature is
specified by the user, the product or service is not fully defined. AWWA publication of a standard
does not constitute endorsement of any product or product type, nor does AWWA test, certify, or
approve any product. The use of AWWA standards is entirely voluntary. AWWA standards are
intended to represent a consensus of the water supply industry that the product described will
provide satisfactory service. When AWWA revises or withdraws this standard, an official notice of
action will be placed on the first page of the classified advertising section of Journal AWWA. The
action becomes effective on the first day of the month following the month of Journal AWWA publi-
cation of the official notice.
American National Standard

An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope
and provisions. An American National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the
consumer, and the general public. The existence of an American National Standard does not in any
respect preclude anyone, whether that person has approved the standard or not, from manufactur-
ing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the stan-
dard. American National Standards are subject to periodic review, and users are cautioned to obtain
the latest editions. Producers of goods made in conformity with an American National Standard are
encouraged to state on their own responsibility in advertising and promotional materials or on tags
or labels that the goods are produced in conformity with particular American National Standards.
CAUTION NOTICE: The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front
cover of this standard indicates completion of the ANSI approval process. This American National
Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. ANSI procedures require that action be taken
to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of publication.
Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by
calling or writing the American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., New York, NY 10036;
(212) 642-4900.
Copyright © 1997 by American Water Works Association

Printed in USA
ii
Committee Personnel
The AWWA Standards Committee on Fiberglass Weirs, Troughs, and Baffles,

which reviewed and approved this standard, had the following personnel at the time
of approval:
Roger P. Baker, Chair
Consumer Members
Joseph Butch, Warminster Municipal Authority, Warminster, Pa. (AWWA)

L.A. Grasha, Metro Water District, La Verne, Calif. (AWWA)
G.A. Johnson, City of Nashville Metro Water Services, Nashville, Tenn. (AWWA)
R.S. Pang, City of Sacramento, Sacramento, Calif. (AWWA)
General Interest Members
R.P. Baker, Jones & Henry Engineers Inc., Toledo, Ohio (AWWA)
T.W. Crist, Carmichael, Calif. (AWWA)
G.M. Jones, Brown & Caldwell Consultants, Walnut Creek, Calif. (AWWA)
E.S. Ralph,* Standards Engineer Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo. (AWWA)
D.P. Wetstein, Montgomery Watson, Las Vegas, Nev. (AWWA)
J.S. Young,* Council Liaison, American Water Works Service Company,
Voorhees, N.J. (AWWA)
Producer Members
D.H. Eden, Roberts Filter Manufacturing Company, Darby, Pa. (AWWA)

J.J. Roley, Warminster Fiberglass Company, Southampton, Pa. (AWWA)
R.L. Shinsky, F.B. Leopold Company Inc., Zelienople, Pa. (AWWA)
J.K. Vitas, Plasti-Fab Inc., Tualatin, Ore. (AWWA)
*Liaison, nonvoting
iii
This page intentionally blank.
Contents
All AWWA standards follow the general format indicated subsequently. Some variations from this format may
be found in a particular standard.
SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGE
Foreword 4.4 Chemical and Physical

Requirements.................................. 10
I Introduction....................................... vii
I.A Background ....................................... vii 5 Verification
I.B History............................................... vii 5.1 Sample Specimens............................ 10
I.C Acceptance......................................... vii 5.2 Production Testing............................ 11
II Special Issues.................................. viii 5.3 Inspection.......................................... 11
III Use of This Standard ..................... viii 5.4 Rejection............................................ 11
III.A Purchaser Options and
Alternatives .................................. viii 6 Delivery
III.B Modification to Standard .................. ix
6.1 Marking............................................. 11
IV Major Revisions ................................. ix
6.2 Packing and Shipping ...................... 12
V Comments .......................................... ix
6.3 Affidavit of Compliance.................... 12
Standard
Tables
1 General
1 Gel-Coat Properties ............................ 5
1.1 Scope.................................................... 1 2 Conditions Requiring Wall-to-Wall
1.2 Purpose................................................ 2 Lateral Stabilizers for Water
1.3 Application .......................................... 2 Backwash with Agitator and
Effluent Launders with V-notch or
2 References......................................... 2 Submerged Orifices .......................... 6
3 Conditions Requiring Wall-to-Wall
3 Definitions ........................................ 2
Lateral Stabilizers for Air-Scour
4 Requirements Backwash Systems ........................... 7
4 Standard Trough and Launder
4.1 Information to Be Supplied by the
Dimensions........................................ 8
Manufacturer .................................... 3
5 Allowable Cosmetic Defects............... 9
4.2 Materials ............................................. 3
6 Minimum Physical Properties of
4.3 Laminate Construction and Design .. 4
Laminates ....................................... 11
Foreword
This foreword is for information only and is not a part of AWWA F101.
I. Introduction
I.A. Background. The purpose of this standard is to establish the minimum
quality requirements for contact-molded, glass-fiber-reinforced, thermoset resin wash
water troughs and launders for use in municipal and industrial water treatment
plants. The troughs and/or launders are intended for use in treatment basins or
tanks. However, the specific application must consider the limitations specified un-
der Sec. 1.1, and information must be provided by the purchaser to completely de-
scribe the fabrication requirements. Purchaser-specific information that should be
considered is summarized in the foreword, Sec. III.A. The purchaser should review
these recommendations and other appropriate data, and make provisions in the pur-
chaser’s specifications to describe the specific service requirements.
I.B. History. In 1986, the American Water Works Association (AWWA) Stand-
ards Council authorized the development of AWWA standards to describe contact-
molded, glass-fiber reinforced thermoset resin wash water troughs and launders.
Beginning in 1987, with preliminary, unfinished standards developed by an earlier
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) group, the AWWA Standards
Committee on Fiberglass Weirs, Troughs, and Baffles formulated and reviewed sev-
eral drafts of this final standard. The AWWA Standards Committee on Fiberglass
Weirs, Troughs, and Baffles prepared AWWA F101 and completed work on the first
edition of this standard titled AWWA Standard for Contact-Molded, Fiberglass-Rein-
forced Plastic Wash Water Troughs and Launders. The final draft was submitted to
the committee for letter ballot voting on Aug. 23, 1990, and a consensus for accep-
tance was received. This edition was approved by the AWWA Board of Directors on
June 23, 1996.
I.C. Acceptance. In May 1985, the US Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA) entered into a cooperative agreement with a consortium led by NSF Inter-
national (NSF) to develop voluntary third-party consensus standards and a certifica-
tion program for all direct and indirect drinking water additives. Other members of
the original consortium included the American Water Works Association Research
Foundation (AWWARF) and the Conference of State Health and Environmental
Managers (COSHEM). The American Water Works Association (AWWA) and the As-
sociation of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA) joined later.
In the United States, authority to regulate products for use in, or in contact
with, drinking water rests with individual states.* Local agencies may choose to
impose requirements more stringent than those required by the state. To evaluate
the health effects of products and drinking water additives from such products, state
and local agencies may use various references, including
1. An advisory program formerly administered by USEPA, Office of Drinking
Water, discontinued on Apr. 7, 1990.
2. Specific policies of the state or local agency.
*Persons in Canada, Mexico, and non-North American countries should contact the
appropriate authority having jurisdiction.
vii
3. Two standards developed under the direction of NSF, ANSI*/NSF† 60,
Drinking Water Treatment Chemicals—Health Effects, and ANSI/NSF 61, Drinking
Water System Components—Health Effects.
4. Other references, including AWWA standards, Food Chemicals Codex,
Water Chemicals Codex,‡ and other standards considered appropriate by the state or
local agency.
Various certification organizations may be involved in certifying products in
accordance with ANSI/NSF 61. Individual states or local agencies have authority to
accept or accredit certification organizations within their jurisdiction. Accreditation
of certification organizations may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.
Appendix A, “Toxicology Review and Evaluation Procedures,” to ANSI/NSF 61
does not stipulate a maximum allowable level (MAL) of a contaminant for sub-
stances not regulated by a USEPA final maximum contaminant level (MCL). The
MALs of an unspecified list of “unregulated contaminants” are based on toxicity
testing guidelines (noncarcinogens) and risk characterization methodology (carcino-
gens). Use of Appendix A procedures may not always be identical, depending on the
certifier.
AWWA F101-96 does not address additives requirements. Thus, users of this
standard should consult the appropriate state or local agency having jurisdiction in
order to
1. Determine additives requirements including applicable standards.
2. Determine the status of certifications by all parties offering to certify prod-
ucts for contact with, or treatment of, drinking water.
3. Determine current information on product certification.
II. Special Issues. This standard has no applicable information for this section.
III. Use of This Standard. AWWA has no responsibility for the suitability or
compatibility of the provisions of this standard to any intended application by any
user. Accordingly, each user of this standard is responsible for determining that the
standard’s provisions are suitable for and compatible with that user’s intended
application.
III.A. Purchaser Options and Alternatives. The following items should be cov-
ered in the purchaser’s specifications:
1. Standard used—that is, ANSI/AWWA F101, Standard for Contact-Molded,
Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastic Wash Water Troughs and Launders, of latest revision.
2. Trough or launder flow capacity.
3. Dimensional and weight limitations.
4. Materials present in the water to be treated, with which the fabrications
will be in contact.
5. Range of normal operating and extreme ambient temperatures anticipated
during storage, project construction, maintenance, or other dewatered conditions.
6. Fittings and attachment methods to be used and their requirements.
7. Type of installation.
8. Operating conditions.
*American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., New York, NY 10036.
†NSF International, 3475 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48106.
‡Both publications available from National Academy of Sciences, 2102 Constitution Ave.
N.W., Washington, DC 20418.
viii
9. Fabrication classification (Sec. 1.1.1).
10. Whether certified drawings are to be furnished (Sec. 4.1).
11. Color and aesthetic treatments (Sec. 4.2.2.1(b)).
12. Whether ultraviolet stabilizers are required (Sec. 4.2.3).
13. Loading conditions and design criteria for the fabrications (Sec. 4.3.2).
14. Specimens to be provided by the manufacturer (Sec. 5.1).
15. Tests to be performed by the manufacturer (Sec. 5.2).
16. Retest agreement requirements (Sec. 5.2.3).
17. Whether plant inspection is required (Sec. 5.3).
18. In the event that materials or products fail to conform to the requirements
of this standard, the assignment of cost for replacement should be addressed
(Sec. 5.4).
19. Whether a guarantee statement is to be placed on the final product
(Sec. 6.1.2).
20. Whether an affidavit of compliance is to be provided (Sec. 6.3).
21. Whether a fire-retardant additive is required. The purchaser may desire
plastic fabrications that include a fire-retardant additive to protect against flame
spread and smoke propagation during storage, plant construction, and other condi-
tions when basins are dewatered. The purchaser should recognize that such fabrica-
tions may be more costly, availability may be more limited, and NSF or other
certifications for products in contact with drinking water may not be possible.
III.B. Modification to Standard. Any modifications to the provisions,
definitions, or terminology in this standard must be provided in the purchaser’s
specifications.
IV. Major Revisions. Major revisions made to the standard in this edition
include the following:
1. The format has been changed to AWWA standard style.
2. The acceptance clause (Sec. I.C) has been revised to approved wording.
3. Definitions for cosmetic defect and structural defect have been added
(Sec. 3).
4. A requirement for labeling fabrications regarding storage has been added
(Sec. 6.2).
V. Comments. If you have any comments or questions about this standard,
please call the AWWA Standards and Materials Development Department, (303) 794-
7711 ext. 6283, FAX (303) 795-1440, or write to the department at 6666 W. Quincy
Ave., Denver, CO 80235.
ix
This page intentionally blank
American Water Works Association
ANSI/AWWA F101-96
(Revision of ANSI/AWWA F101-91)
AWWA STANDARD FOR
CONTACT-MOLDED,
FIBERGLASS-REINFORCED PLASTIC
WASH WATER TROUGHS AND
LAUNDERS
TROUGHS AND LAUNDERS
SECTION 1: GENERAL
Sec. 1.1 Scope
This standard covers the minimum requirements for glass-fiber-reinforced plas-
tic wash water troughs and launders made by the contact molding process, including
flatbottom, round-bottom, and V-bottom troughs and launders. Requirements are in-
cluded for materials, properties, design, construction, dimensions, tolerances, work-
manship, and appearance. This standard also covers the requirements for using
general purpose and chemical-resistant resins. These fabrications are used in mu-
nicipal water supply service and industrial water supply service applications.
1.1.1 Classification. Resistance to the corrosive or chemical environment shall
be determined prior to molding either type I or type II fabrications. Typically, mu-
nicipal water supply service applications use type I, while industrial water supply
service applications may use either type I or type II, depending upon the environ-
ment. Troughs and launders shall be classified according to type as follows:
1.1.1.1 Type I. Fabrications shall be manufactured with a polyester resin of
the orthophthalic or isophthalic formulation. Type I fabrications shall be manufac-
tured of materials suitable for general purpose applications having a temperature
range not exceeding 150°F (83°C).
1.1.1.2 Type II. Fabrications shall be manufactured with a chemical-resistant
polyester resin, such as vinylester, bisphenol-a-fumarate, or chlorendic formulations.
1
2 AWWA F101-96
Type II fabrications shall be manufactured for chemical-resistant applications hav-

ing a temperature range not exceeding 200°F (111°C).
Sec. 1.2 Purpose
The main purpose of this standard is to provide the minimum requirements for
contact-molded, fiberglass-reinforced plastic wash water troughs and launders, in-
cluding laminate construction and design, chemical and physical requirements, veri-
fication, and delivery.
Sec. 1.3 Application
This standard can be referenced in specifications for contact-molded, fiberglass-
reinforced plastic wash water troughs and launders. The stipulations of this stand-
ard apply when this document has been referenced and then only to contact-molded,
fiberglass-reinforced plastic wash water troughs and launders.
SECTION 2: REFERENCES
This standard references the following documents. In their latest editions,
these documents form a part of this standard to the extent specified within the
standard. In any case of conflict, the requirements of this standard shall prevail.
ANSI*/ASTM† C581—Standard Practice for Determining Chemical Resistance
of Thermosetting Resins Used in Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Structures Intended for
Liquid Service.
ANSI/ASTM D256—Standard Test Methods for Determining the Pendulum Im-
pact Resistance of Notched Specimens of Plastics.
ANSI/ASTM D570—Standard Test Method for Water Absorption of Plastics.
ANSI/ASTM D638—Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics.
ANSI/ASTM D790—Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unrein-
forced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials.
ANSI/ASTM D2583—Standard Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Rigid
Plastics by Means of a Barcol Impressor.
ASTM G23—Standard Practice for Operating Light-Exposure Apparatus (Carbon-
Arc Type) With and Without Water for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials.
SECTION 3: DEFINITIONS
The following definitions shall apply in this standard:
1. Chemical resistant: When used in accordance with this standard, the ter-
minology “chemical resistant” shall always mean type II fabrications.
2. Contact molding: Contact molding is used herein to include “hand lay-up”
or a combination of “hand lay-up” and “spray-up” manufacturing processes.
*American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., New York, NY 10036.
†American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA
19428-2959.
TROUGHS AND LAUNDERS 3
3. Cosmetic defect: A blemish that has no effect on the ability of the compo-
nent to meet the structural design and production test requirements of this stand-
ard. Should the blemish or the activity of plugging, grinding, or repairing of such
blemish cause the component to fail these requirements, then the blemish shall be
considered a structural defect.
4. General purpose: When used in accordance with this standard, the termi-
nology “general purpose” shall always mean type I fabrications.
5. Launder: Launder generally refers to a structure more complex than a
trough; open at the top and having vertical sidewalls and a round, “V,” or flat bot-
tom, positioned to carry away supernatant from a clarifier, sludge thickener, or a
sedimentation basin under free or submerged discharge conditions.
6. Manufacturer: The party that manufactures, fabricates, or produces mate-
rials or products.
7. Purchaser: The person, company, or organization that purchases any mate-
rials or work to be performed.
8. Structural defect: A flaw that causes the component to fail the structural
design or test requirements of this standard. This includes, but is not limited to,
imperfections that result in leakage through the walls, failure to meet the minimum
wall-thickness requirement, or failure to meet production tests.
9. Supplier: The party that supplies material or services. A supplier may or
may not be the manufacturer.
10. Wash water trough: Wash water trough generally refers to a simple struc-
ture open at the top; having vertical sidewalls; and a round, “V,” or flat bottom,
positioned to carry away backwash water from a filter under free discharge conditions.
SECTION 4: REQUIREMENTS
Sec. 4.1 Information to Be Supplied by the Manufacturer
When required, the manufacturer shall submit, for review by the purchaser,
certified drawings showing the principal dimensions, construction details, and mate-
rials used for the fabrication. All work shall be done in accordance with these certi-
fied drawings after they have been accepted by the purchaser.
Sec. 4.2 Materials
4.2.1 Resin.
4.2.1.1 Type I (general-purpose) fabrications. The resin for type I fabrications
shall be a commercial-grade polyester thermosetting resin that has been evaluated
in a laminate and is acceptable for the service conditions.
4.2.1.2 Type II (chemical-resistant) fabrications. The resin for type II fabrica-
tions shall be a commercial-grade, chemical-resistant polyester thermosetting resin
that has been evaluated in a laminate and is acceptable for the service conditions.
4.2.2 Fillers and additives.
4.2.2.1 Type I (general-purpose) fabrications. The resin shall contain no fillers
or additives except as follows:
a. A thixotropic agent, which does not interfere with laminate quality or with
the required chemical resistance of the laminate, may be added for viscosity control.
b. Pigments, dyes, or colorants used shall be suitable for contact with potable
water. Pigments shall be light stable, not soluble in water, and compatible with the
4 AWWA F101-96
resin. Typical color shall be thalo green, blue-green, white, or as specified by the
purchaser.
4.2.3 Ultraviolet stabilizers. Ultraviolet (UV) stabilizers, whether in the form
of inorganic pigmentation, UV absorbers, or energy transfer agents, are required in
all laminates exposed to UV light. The laminate shall exhibit no more than 2 per-
cent deterioration of flexural and tensile properties after 1,000 h of exposure in a
type E, single open-flame, sunshine carbon-arc lamp apparatus, as detailed in
ASTM G23.
4.2.4 Additives. Catalysts, accelerators, or promoters shall be added to pro-
vide a complete cure of the laminate and shall meet the physical properties indi-
cated in Sec. 4.4.2.
4.2.5 Reinforcements.
4.2.5.1 Fibrous glass. The reinforcing materials used shall be type E (electrical
borosilicate), or equivalent, glass with a chrome or silane finish, and a binder com-
patible with the resin. Surfacing veil, if used, shall be 0.010 in. (0.25 mm) type C
(chemical), or equivalent, veil with a binder containing silane and compatible with
the lay-up resin.
4.2.5.2 Synthetic fibers. Synthetic surfacing mat shall be used for chemical
environments when type C veil is not compatible with the intended chemical
environment.
4.2.5.3 Metallic. When metal and noncorrosive reinforcements are used, they
shall be free of rust, oil, and any foreign matter. They shall be completely encapsu-
lated with a minimum of 1⁄8-in. (3-mm) thick laminate to ensure against pinhole
bleeding and subsequent rust streaking. Additional protection of the metal reinforce-
ment (galvanizing or the application of rust-inhibitive primer) does not preclude the
need to completely encapsulate the reinforcing member. Encapsulated metal rein-
forcement should not be used in environments exceeding 150°F (65.5°C) ambient
temperature, due to the differential expansion of the two materials.
4.2.5.4 Composites. When composite sandwich structures are used as rein-
forcements, liquid-resistant materials such as end-grain balsa wood or polyurethane
closed-cell foam may be used as core materials. Standard wood products are not
acceptable as core materials.
Sec. 4.3 Laminate Construction and Design
4.3.1 Construction. The laminate comprising the structure shall consist of a
molded or inner surface, a structural layer, and an exterior or outer surface, with
integral metallic structural elements as required.
4.3.1.1 Inner surface. The molded or inner surface (inside the trough) shall be
one of the following systems:
a. A resin-rich layer, 0.010 in. to 0.020 in. (0.25 mm to 0.50 mm) thick, rein-
forced with a C veil surfacing mat or an organic fiber surfacing material in accord-
ance with Sec. 4.2.5.1. This resin-rich layer shall contain less than 20 percent, by
weight, of the reinforcement material.
b. A gel-coat consisting of a resin layer of 0.015 in. to 0.020 in. (0.38 mm to
0.50 mm) thickness may be used instead of that listed in Sec. 4.3.1.1(a). Acceptable
commercial gel-coat resins must have been tested and proven in fabrications as be-
ing suitable for contact with potable water.
Table 1 Gel-coat properties
Property Test Method Minimum Properties

Minimum tensile strength ANSI/ASTM D638 6 × 103 psi (420 kg/cm2)
Minimum modulus of elasticity ANSI/ASTM D638 4.5 × 105 psi (3.2 × 104 kg/cm2)
Minimum barcol hardness ANSI/ASTM D2583 35
Maximum water absorption ANSI/ASTM D570 0.2%
Porosity, blisters, wrinkles — None
4.3.1.1.1 Gel-coat.
a. When type I laminates are surfaced with a commercially manufactured
gel-coat, the gel-coat shall be crack- and craze-resistant and shall exhibit properties
listed in Table 1.
b. When type II laminates are surfaced with a commercially manufactured
gel-coat, the gel-coat shall be a chemical-resistant polyester thermosetting gel-coat
resin and shall exhibit the same properties listed in Table 1.
c. A gel-coat, whether used with type I or type II resin, shall be compatible
with each resin and shall not exhibit delamination from the substrate when sub-
jected to the tests in Sec. 5 of this document.
4.3.1.2 Structural layer.
4.3.1.2.1 Subsequent reinforcement shall consist of plies of chopped strand
mat or spray-up passes to provide for a laminate structure to meet the design re-
quirements of Sec. 4.3.2.
4.3.1.2.2 Other structural reinforcement materials such as cloth, woven roving,
or unidirectional rovings may be substituted, provided each layer is interlayered
with chopped strand mat and the resulting laminated structure meets the require-
ments of Sec. 4.3.2.
4.3.1.2.3 In all structural designs, each successive ply or pass of reinforcement
shall be thoroughly wetted with type I or type II resin and shall be well rolled to
eliminate all air pockets and bubbles prior to the application of additional reinforcement.
4.3.1.3 Exterior or outer surface. The outer surface shall consist of a resin-
rich layer not less than 0.020-in. (0.50-mm) thick of resin paraffinated to prevent air
inhibition. This layer is applied after gelation or cure of the structural layer suitably
embeds all reinforcing fibers.
4.3.1.4 Metallic structural elements. Metal reinforcing members, where re-
quired, shall be encapsulated in accordance with Sec. 4.2.5.3. The overlay laminate
or encapsulating materials shall, where feasible, extend beyond said metal members
a minimum of 2 in. (50 mm).
4.3.1.5 Composite structural elements. Core elements of a composite struc-
tural element shall be encapsulated with a minimum of 1⁄8 in. (3 mm) of type I or
type II structural laminate layer. This overlay laminate shall, where feasible, extend
beyond the core member a minimum of 2 in. (50 mm).
4.3.1.6 Laminate cuts, slots, and holes. When it is necessary to cut the lami-
nate structures, drill holes, machine slots, and so forth, all cut edges shall be sanded
smooth and sealed with resin solution, and paraffinated to prevent air inhibition to
ensure the complete sealing of edges to prevent water from penetrating or wicking
into the laminate.
6 AWWA F101-96
4.3.2 Design.
4.3.2.1 Loadings. The troughs and launders shall be designed to support,
within stress and deflection limitations, the following loadings:
4.3.2.1.1 Downward vertical loads or gravity loads shall include the weight of
the fabrication and appurtenant attachments, such as weir plates and the spreader
bars, together with the weight of water to fill the fabrication. Any additional loads,
such as piping, shall be considered.
4.3.2.1.2 The buoyant load shall act vertically upward, its magnitude equal to
the weight of displaced water (fabrication weight neglected). The line of action
passes through the centroid of the submerged cross-sectional area.
4.3.2.1.3 Lateral loads are those loads acting against the trough or launder
sidewalls by differential water levels on either side of the trough or launder walls.
The maximum possible differential, existing when the trough or launder is empty
and the tank is full, or, when the trough or launder is full and the tank is empty,
shall be used when calculating deflection fiber stress.
4.3.2.2 Thermal stress. The fabrication shall be designed to accommodate
temperature-induced stresses resulting from differences in coefficients of thermal
expansion and contraction between the product and tank-support materials.
4.3.2.3 Torsional stability. The trough or launder system shall be designed to
resist torsional oscillations induced by the flow of water over trough weir edges. The
maximum permissible torsional oscillation is 3⁄8 in. (9 mm) sideways or torsionally
during normal operating conditions. The conditions under which trough-to-trough
and wall-to-wall stabilization is required are as follows.
4.3.2.3.1 For water backwash with agitator and effluent launders with V-notches
or submerged orifices, wall-to-wall lateral stabilizers are required under the condi-
tions listed in Table 2.
4.3.2.3.2 For air-scour backwash systems, wall-to-wall lateral stabilizers are
required under the conditions listed in Table 3.
4.3.2.3.3 The following definitions describe various stabilization techniques,
which are required when the torsional oscillation exceeds the allowable limits pre-
scribed previously.
(1) Trough-to-trough stabilization. Members that prevent oscillation by place-
ment transversely to the trough direction and are fastened or firmly connected to
each trough, and if necessary, to the sidewalls of the basin or filter. Members may be
under tension (such as cable), in compression (such as tubing or rods), or may be
bolted (such as angles), but shall not obstruct flow within the troughs or movement
of liquid outside the troughs.
Table 2 Conditions requiring wall-to-wall lateral stabilizers for water backwash with agitator
and effluent launders with V-notch or submerged orifices
Trough Width Trough Span

12 in. (300 mm) 12 ft. 0 in. and over (3,700 mm)
Table 3 Conditions requiring wall-to-wall lateral stabilizers for air-scour backwash systems
Trough Width Trough Span

(2) Torsional stiffeners within each trough. Members within the trough that,
by shape (such as diagonal bracing), prevent torsional movement characteristic of
oscillation. Typically, such members shall be rigidly fastened to the trough invert
and adjacent sidewalls. These stiffeners shall not provide a cross-sectional shape
that will obstruct flow or cause excessive turbulence.
(3) Support spacing and rigidity. Provision of adequate supports, appropri-
ately spaced, or stiffening methods, which may include integrally molded metallic
members, sandwich construction with balsa or other core materials, or heavy sec-
tions of fiberglass. Section stiffness, which is adequate to meet the requirements of
Sec. 4.3.2.4, may be adequate to prevent oscillation.
(4) Internal baffles or flow straighteners. Vertical members, located within
the troughs and aligned parallel with flow direction, which separate the cross sec-
tion into two or more channels, effectively preventing or reducing wave action or
“sloshing” within the trough. Such members are not to be continuous for the full
length of the trough, providing for zones in which liquid level may equalize between
channels.
4.3.2.4 Deflection under load.
4.3.2.4.1 Maximum vertical deflection under full buoyant or gravity load shall
be equal to or less than L/1,000, where L is defined as the unsupported fabrication
length, in inches. The maximum vertical deflection, measured at the midpoint be-
tween product supports, shall not exceed 3⁄16 in. (4.7 mm).
4.3.2.4.2 Maximum trough or launder sidewall horizontal deflection under full
lateral load shall be equal to or less than D/100, where D is defined as the fabrica-
tion depth, in inches. The maximum sidewall deflection shall not exceed 3⁄16 in.
(4.7 mm).
4.3.2.4.3 Trough or launder bottom deflection (oilcanning) under full buoyant
or gravity load shall be equal to or less than W/100, where W is defined as the
fabrication width, in inches. Maximum bottom deflection shall not exceed 3⁄16 in.
(4.7 mm).
4.3.2.5 Fiber stress limitations. Supplemental to the deflection criteria estab-
lished in Sec. 4.3.2.4, the product shall be designed such that the maximum wall
stress under the most severe loading condition is less than or equal to 1,500 psi
(105 kg/cm2). This stress criterion is approximately equivalent to an 8:1 factor of
safety, as applied to the tensile and flexural properties of contact-molded troughs
and launders (Table 6, Sec. 4.4.2).
4.3.2.6 Thermal expansion/contraction. The fabrication shall be designed to
accommodate thermally induced expansion and contraction over a temperature
range of –10°F to 100°F (–23°C to 38°C), without exceeding the deflection or strain
limitations set forth in Sec. 4.3.2.4 and Sec. 4.3.2.5.
8 AWWA F101-96
4.3.3 Dimensions and tolerances.

4.3.3.1 Dimensions. Recommended standard trough or launder dimensions,
based on internal measurements, are listed in Table 4.
4.3.3.1.1 Fabrication sizes other than those shown in Table 4 may be produced
with agreement between purchaser and manufacturer, and shall conform to the de-
sign criteria established in Sec. 4.3.2 of this standard.
4.3.3.1.2 The dimensional criteria included in this standard for width, depth,
length, and thickness are based on existing tooling and practice, which have become
the industry standard.
4.3.3.2 Tolerances.
4.3.3.2.1 The top edges of the trough or launder shall be level and parallel
with a tolerance of ± 1⁄8 in. (3 mm), measured when the fabrication is empty.
4.3.3.2.2 The length of a trough or launder section shall have a tolerance of
± 1⁄8 in. per 10 ft (1 mm/m) length.
4.3.3.3 Thickness.
4.3.3.3.1 The thickness shall be in accordance with the design requirements
(Sec. 4.3.2) of this standard or specific purchaser’s specifications, but not less than
3⁄16 in. (4.7 mm). The thickness tolerance shall be ± 1⁄16 in. (1.5 mm); however, in no
case shall the thickness be less than 3⁄16 in. (4.7 mm).
4.3.3.3.2 Thickness at locations of supports such as saddles shall be at least
1.5 times the nominal thickness of the fabrication and shall conform to the fiber
stress limitations established in Sec. 4.3.2.5.
4.3.3.3.3 End flanges and blind ends shall be a minimum of 1.5 times the
nominal thickness of the fabrication and shall conform to the fiber stress limitations
set forth in Sec. 4.3.2.5.
4.3.4 Finish and appearance.
4.3.4.1 Finished laminate. The finished laminate shall be checked visually,
and defects in excess of limitations stipulated in Table 5 shall be cause for rejection.
Cosmetic defects in excess of those listed in Table 5 may be repaired except where
such repairs might affect the serviceability of the laminate.
4.3.4.2 Repairable defects. Cosmetic defects in excess of those listed in Table 5
shall be repaired by sanding or grinding to remove the defective areas, followed by
coating with an overlay of paraffinated resin, used for manufacture, and reinforce-
ment consisting of a minimum of one layer of 1.5 oz/ft2 (0.5 kg/m2) chopped strand
glass mat, plus either a surfacing mat or 0.015 in. (0.38 mm) of gel-coat. All repaired
Table 4 Standard trough and launder dimensions
Recommended Depth—in. (mm)

Width—in. (mm) Minimum Maximum
9 (225) 9 (225) 14 (350)
12 (300) 12 (300) 17 (425)
15 (375) 15 (375) 20 (500)
18 (450) 18 (450) 23 (575)
21 (525) 21 (525) 26 (650)
24 (600) 24 (600) 30 (750)
30 (750) 30 (750) 36 (925)
36 (925) 36 (925) 42 (1,075)
Table 5 Allowable cosmetic defects (continued)
Defect Definition Inner Surface Exterior Surface

Cracks An actual separation of the None None
laminate visible on opposite
surfaces and extending
through the thickness
Cracks (fine surface Crack existing only on the None Maximum dimension of
cracks) surface of the laminate 1⁄2 in. (12 mm)
maximum density 5
per ft2 (930 cm2). Not
less than 2 in. (51 mm)
apart
Blisters Rounded elevations of the None Maximum 1⁄4 in. (6 mm)
laminate surface over diameter × 1⁄8 in.
bubbles with boundaries that (3 mm) high,
may be more or less sharply maximum 1 per ft2
defined (930 cm2). Minimum
2 in. (51 mm) apart
Wrinkles and solid An imperfection that has the Maximum deviation, Maximum deviation,
blisters appearance of a wave molded 20% of wall thickness, 20% of wall thickness,
with one (1) or more plies of but not exceeding 1⁄8 but not exceeding 1⁄8
the reinforcement material in. (3 mm) in. (3 mm)
Pits (craters in the A small crater in the surface Maximum dimensions, Maximum dimensions,
laminate surface) of the laminate 1⁄32 in. (0.8 mm) 1⁄32 in. (0.8 mm)
diameter × 1⁄32 in. diameter × 1⁄16 in.
(0.8 mm) deep (1.6 mm) deep
Surface porosity Pinholes or pores in the Maximum number of 25 Maximum number of 50
laminate surface pinholes or pores in pinholes or pores in
5 in.2 (32 cm2), no 5 in.2 (32 cm2) of
defect shall be less surface, no defect area
than 2 in. (51 mm) shall be less than 1 in.
from another (25 mm) from another
Chips A small piece of laminate None Maximum dimension of
broken off an edge or surface break—1⁄4 in. (6 mm)
and thickness no
greater than 20% of
wall thickness;
maximum density 1
per ft2 (930 cm2). Chip
to be sealed
Dry spot (nonwetted Area of incomplete surface None None
reinforcing) film where the reinforcement
has not been wetted with
resin
Entrapped air Bubbles or voids within the 3⁄16 in. (4.7 mm) Same as for inner
laminate maximum diameter, surface if exposed to
10 per in.2 (6 cm2) the liquid environment
maximum density;
1⁄16 in. (1.6 mm) and
smaller diameter, not
counted
Table continued next page.
10 AWWA F101-96
Table 5 Allowable cosmetic defects (continued)
Defect Definition Inner Surface Exterior Surface

Exposed glass Areas where the reinforcement None None
has not been wetted with
resin
Burned areas Evidence of thermal None None
decomposition through some
discoloration or distortion of
the surface of the laminate
Exposure of cut edge Areas of cut or machined None None
laminate exposing edges of
reinforcement that have not
been sealed with coating of
resin
Scratches Shallow mark, groove, furrow, None Maximum length 1 in.
or channel caused by (25 mm); maximum
improper handling or storage depth of 0.10 in.
(0.25 mm)
Foreign matter Particles of substance included None 1⁄16 in. (1.6 mm)
in a laminate that are diameter; maximum
foreign to its composition density 1 per ft2
(930 cm2)
areas shall be built up until the surface is flush and the original thickness is re-
gained. Pits or other small deep defects shall be filled with resin putty.
4.3.4.3 Laminate. There shall be no areas of the laminate that are excessively
resin rich or poorly wetted out. The laminate shall be dense, without dry spots or
cracked or crazed surfaces. The minimum ratio of resin to glass shall be 70:30, plus
or minus 5 percent.
Sec. 4.4 Chemical and Physical Requirements

4.4.1 Chemical resistance. Chemical resistance of the resin shall be deter-
mined using ANSI/ASTM C581. The reinforcing materials prescribed in the test
laminate are only for the purpose of establishing a uniform basis for comparison;
they may not necessarily represent the preferred materials for the particular envi-
ronment. This procedure may be adapted to test or evaluate components, composi-
tion or fabrication variations, and production samples.
4.4.2 Minimum physical requirements. All laminates shall meet the minimum
physical properties listed in Table 6.
SECTION 5: VERIFICATION
Sec. 5.1 Sample Specimens
Test specimens shall be cut from a production trough or launder and tested in
accordance with the methods listed in Table 6 of this standard. It is acceptable to
make the product over-length to provide an area from which test coupon specimens
can be cut without damaging the unit. The number of test coupons required for each
test shall be in accordance with the applicable test method referenced.
Table 6 Minimum physical properties of laminates
Property Test Method Minimum Properties

Tensile strength ANSI/ASTM D638 12.0 × 103 psi (844 kg/cm2)
Flexural strength ANSI/ASTM D790 19 × 103 psi (1336 kg/cm2)
Flexural modulus ANSI/ASTM D790 900 × 103 psi (63.3 × 103kg/cm2)
Barcol hardness ANSI/ASTM D2583 35 min
Izod notched impact ANSI/ASTM D256 13 ft-lb/in (1.8 kg m/m)
Water absorption (24 h) ANSI/ASTM D570 0.2% maximum
Sec. 5.2 Production Testing

5.2.1 Physical property tests. Physical property tests shall be performed on
coupons taken from a minimum 5 percent of the fabrications manufactured.
5.2.2 Chemical-resistance property tests. Chemical-resistance property tests
shall be conducted prior to production molding, unless previously documented per-
formance and tests demonstrate suitability as a type I or type II laminate.
5.2.3 Retest. If any failure occurs, the material may be retested to establish
conformity in accordance with agreement between the manufacturer and purchaser.
Sec. 5.3 Inspection

5.3.1 Inspection at the manufacturer’s plant. The purchaser may inspect the
fabrications at the manufacturer’s plant, and shall specify the conditions under
which the inspection shall be made.
5.3.2 Access to work. When the purchaser desires to conduct inspections they
shall have free access to those parts of the manufacturer’s plant that are necessary
to ensure compliance with this standard. The manufacturer shall make available for
the purchaser test equipment and apparatus, and shall provide assistance, as neces-
sary, for inspection.
Sec. 5.4 Rejection
Materials or products that fail to conform to the requirements of this standard
shall be rejected and replaced. Rejection shall be reported to the manufacturer
promptly in writing. Whether or not the purchaser has an agent at the manufac-
turer’s site, an affidavit of compliance may be required from the manufacturer as
provided in Sec. 6.3 of this standard.
SECTION 6: DELIVERY
Sec. 6.1 Marking
6.1.1 Required marking. Products manufactured to this standard shall be
identified with the designation, “type I” or “type II,” and the name of the manufac-
turer shall be molded in, stamped on, or placed on printed labels attached to all
troughs or launders manufactured to this standard.
6.1.2 Optional marking. As an option, each product may bear the statement
“Guaranteed by (name of manufacturer) to meet the requirements of AWWA Standard
F101 for (list item),” provided that the requirements of this standard are met and
12 AWWA F101-96
the materials are not of different quality, in separate agreement between the sup-
plier and purchaser.
Sec. 6.2 Packing and Shipping
Fabrications shall be suitably packed to avoid damage during handling and
shipment. A statement similar to the statement that follows shall be placed on a
label attached to each fabrication.
NOTE: Should it be necessary to store fabrications prior to installation, precau-
tions should be taken to prevent warpage or distortion. Products should be stored on
a flat, level place and adequately supported on wood support members to evenly
distribute the weight of the troughs. When stored more than one high, the succeed-
ing items should be stored level and evenly supported by blocks or spacers.
Sec. 6.3 Affidavit of Compliance

If required by the purchaser’s specifications, the manufacturer shall furnish
the purchaser an affidavit stating that the material was manufactured, sampled,
and inspected in accordance with this standard and the purchaser’s specifications,
and that all tests specified therein have been performed and all test requirements
have been met.
1P-7.5M-46101-4/97-MG Printed on recycled paper.

F101 96

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

F101 96

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

American Water Works Association

Effective date: Mar. 1, 1997.

AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION

American National Standard

Copyright © 1997 by American Water Works Association

The AWWA Standards Committee on Fiberglass Weirs, Troughs, and Baffles,

Roger P. Baker, Chair

Joseph Butch, Warminster Municipal Authority, Warminster, Pa. (AWWA)

General Interest Members

D.H. Eden, Roberts Filter Manufacturing Company, Darby, Pa. (AWWA)

SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGE

Foreword 4.4 Chemical and Physical

*American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., New York, NY 10036.

†NSF International, 3475 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48106.

AWWA STANDARD FOR

Type II fabrications shall be manufactured for chemical-resistant applications hav-

*American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., New York, NY 10036.

Table 1 Gel-coat properties

Property Test Method Minimum Properties

Trough Width Trough Span

Trough Width Trough Span

4.3.3 Dimensions and tolerances.

Table 4 Standard trough and launder dimensions

Recommended Depth—in. (mm)

Table 5 Allowable cosmetic defects (continued)

Defect Definition Inner Surface Exterior Surface

Table continued next page.

Table 5 Allowable cosmetic defects (continued)

Defect Definition Inner Surface Exterior Surface

Sec. 4.4 Chemical and Physical Requirements

Table 6 Minimum physical properties of laminates

Property Test Method Minimum Properties

Sec. 5.2 Production Testing

Sec. 5.3 Inspection

Sec. 6.3 Affidavit of Compliance

You might also like