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Functions
Functions and their Graphs
Objectives
• Domain
• The set of all values of x for which the function is defined
• Range
• The set of all values of y for which the function takes from the
values of the domain
Determining the Domain and the Range
• When determining the domain and the range of a rational function, it is important
to note that the domain of the function should not include values of x which would
make the denominator zero (0)
• The domain of a rational function consists of all real number except for those
values which would make the denominator zero.
• One way to determine the range of a rational function is by getting the domain of
the inverse of the rational function
Example
• Get the domain and the range of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥−1
𝑥+1
• 𝑦=
𝑥+1
𝑥−1
𝑦 𝑥−1 =𝑥+1 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 = 𝑦 + 1
• 𝑥 𝑦−1 =𝑦+1
𝑦+1
𝑥 = 𝑦−1 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑠
𝑥+1
𝑥−1
• 𝑦=
𝑥+1
𝑥
𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 = 1 𝑥 𝑦−1 =1 𝑥=
1
𝑦−1
• 1
The inverse is 𝑦 = 𝑥−1
• Range is all values of 𝑦 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑦 = 1
Determining the intercepts, zeroes
and asymptotes of rational functions
Graph rational functions
www.hccfl.edu/media/723099/l4-1140-sec%205-3.pptx
Definitions
• Intercept
• An intercept, or x-intercept and y-intercept, is a point on the axis where the graph of the
function passes through.
• Asymptote
• An asymptote is a vertical or horizontal line in the Cartesian plane that a graph approaches to
but never passes through.
• Zeros
• Zeros of a function are x-intercepts
The Graph of a Rational Function
• General Steps to Graph a Rational Function
• 1) Factor the numerator and the denominator
• 2) State the domain and the location of any holes in the graph
• 3) Simplify the function to lowest terms
• 4) Find the y-intercept (x = 0) and the x-intercept(s) (y = 0)
• 5) Identify any existing asymptotes (vertical, horizontal, or oblique)
• 6) Identify any points intersecting a horizontal or oblique asymptote.
• 7) Use test points between the zeros and vertical asymptotes to locate the graph above or below
the x-axis
• 8) Analyze the behavior of the graph on each side of an asymptote
• 9) Sketch the graph
Example
• 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥2 +𝑥−12
𝑥2 −4
• 1) Factor the numerator and the denominator
• 𝑓 𝑥 =
(𝑥+4)(𝑥−3)
(𝑥+2)(𝑥−2)
• 2) State the domain and the location of any holes in the graph
• Domain: (−∞, −2) ∪ (−2, 2) ∪ (2, ∞)
• No holes
• 3) Simplify the function to lowest terms
• 𝑓 𝑥 =
(𝑥+4)(𝑥−3)
(𝑥+2)(𝑥−2)
General Steps to Graph a Rational Function
• (0+4)(0−3)
𝑓 0 = (0+2)(0−2) Use numerator factors
• 𝑓 0 =
−12
−4
=3 𝑥+4 =0 𝑥−3 =0
• (0, 3) 𝑥 = −4 𝑥=3
• (−4, 0) (3, 0)
General Steps to Graph a Rational Function
• 5) Identify any existing asymptotes (vertical, horizontal, or oblique
𝑥 2 +𝑥−12
• 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 −4
(𝑥+4)(𝑥−3)
𝑓 𝑥 = (𝑥+2)(𝑥−2)
• 𝑦=1
1
𝑥 = −2 𝑥=2
• 𝐻𝐴: 𝑦 = 1 𝑉𝐴: 𝑥 = −2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 2
General Steps to Graph a Rational Function
• 6) Identify any points intersecting a horizontal or oblique asymptote.
𝑥 2 +𝑥−12
• 𝑦 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2−4
𝑥 2 +𝑥−12
• 1=
𝑥 2−4
• 𝑥 2 − 4 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 12
• −4 = 𝑥 − 12
• 8=𝑥
• (8,1)
General Steps to Graph a Rational Function
• 7) Use test points between the zeros and vertical asymptotes to locate the graph above or
below the x-axis
𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒
-4 -2 2 3
• 𝑓 𝑥 =
(𝑥+4)(𝑥−3)
(𝑥+2)(𝑥−2)
𝑓 −3 =
(+)(−)
(−)(−)
=−
• 𝑓 −5 =
(−5+4)(−5−3)
(−5+2)(−5−2)
𝑓 −3 = 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤
• 𝑓 −5 =
(−)(−)
(−)(−)
=+ 𝑓 0 =
(+)(−)
(+)(−)
=+
• 𝑓 −5 = 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑓 0 = 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒
General Steps to Graph a Rational Function
• 7) Use test points between the zeros and vertical asymptotes to locate the graph
above or below the x-axis
𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒
-4 -2 2 3
-4 -2 2 3
𝑥 → −2− 𝑓(𝑥) → −∞
𝑥 → −2+ 𝑓(𝑥) → ∞
General Steps to Graph a Rational Function
• 8) Analyze the behavior of the graph on each side of an asymptote
𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒
-4 -2 2 3
𝑥 → 2− 𝑓(𝑥) → ∞
𝑥 → 2+ 𝑓 𝑥 → −∞
9) Sketch the graph
Example
𝑥+3=𝑥−2
3 = −2
𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝑛𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑒
General Steps to Graph a Rational Function
• 7) Use test points between the zeros and vertical asymptotes to locate the graph
above or below the x-axis
𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒
-3 2
𝑓 0 = 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝑓 −4 = 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑓 3 = 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒
General Steps to Graph a Rational Function
• 8) Analyze the behavior of the graph on each side of an asymptote
-3 2
• (𝑥−2)
𝑓 𝑥 = (𝑥+3)
• 𝑥 → −3− 𝑓(𝑥) →
(−)
(0− )
𝑓(𝑥) → ∞
• 𝑥 → −3 +
𝑓(𝑥) →
(−)
(0+ )
𝑓 𝑥 → −∞
9) Sketch the graph
Example
• 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥2 +3𝑥+2
𝑥−1
• 1) Factor the numerator and the denominator
• 𝑓 𝑥 =
(𝑥+2)(𝑥+1)
𝑥−1
• 2) State the domain and the location of any holes in the graph
• Domain: (−∞, 1) ∪ (1, ∞)
• No holes
• 3) Simplify the function to lowest terms
• 𝑓 𝑥 =
(𝑥+2)(𝑥+1)
(𝑥−1)
General Steps to Graph a Rational Function
• 𝑓 0 =
(0+2)(0+1)
(0−1)
Use numerator factors
• 𝑓 0 =
2
−1
= −2 𝑥+2 =0 𝑥+1 =0
• (0, −2) 𝑥 = −2 𝑥 = −1
• (−2, 0) (−1, 0)
General Steps to Graph a Rational Function
• 5) Identify any existing asymptotes (vertical, horizontal, or oblique
𝑥 2 +3𝑥+2
• 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥−1
𝑓 𝑥 =
(𝑥+2)(𝑥+1)
(𝑥−1)
−𝑥 2 −+𝑥 𝑉𝐴: 𝑥 = 1
4𝑥 +2
−4𝑥 −+4
0
O𝐴: 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 4
General Steps to Graph a Rational Function
• 6) Identify any points intersecting a horizontal or oblique asymptote.
• 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 𝑥 =
(𝑥+2)(𝑥+1)
𝑥−1
• 𝑥+4 =
(𝑥+2)(𝑥+1)
𝑥−1
• (𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 1) = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 1)
• 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2
• 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
• 𝑛𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑒
General Steps to Graph a Rational Function
• 7) Use test points between the zeros and vertical asymptotes to locate the graph above or
below the x-axis
𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒
-2 -1 1
• 𝑓 𝑥 =
(𝑥+2)(𝑥+1)
(𝑥−1)
𝑓 −1.5 =
(+)(−)
(−)
=+
• 𝑓 −4 =
(−)(−)
(−)
=− 𝑓 −1.5 = 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑓 3 =
(+)(+)
(+)
=+
• 𝑓 −4 = 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑓 0 =
(+)(+)
(−)
=− 𝑓 3 = 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒
• 𝑓 0 = 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤
General Steps to Graph a Rational Function
• 8) Analyze the behavior of the graph on each side of an asymptote
• 𝑓 𝑥 =
(𝑥+2)(𝑥+1)
(𝑥−1)
• 𝑥 → 1− 𝑓(𝑥) →
(+)(+)
(0− )
𝑓 𝑥 → −∞
• 𝑥→1 +
𝑓(𝑥) →
(+)(+)
(0+ )
𝑓 𝑥 →∞
9) Sketch the graph
Solve problems involving rational
functions, equations and inequalities
http://iws.collin.edu/jmerrill/1314/1314%20ppt_files/3.5-RationalFunctions.ppt
The Average Cost of Producing a Wheelchair
• You must check for extraneous solutions. (A solution that doesn’t work)
SOLVE: LCD?
( x 3)(x 3)
x x 2
( x 3)(x 3) 2 ( x 3)(x 3)
x 3 x 3 ( xx 3)(9x 3)
Multiply by LCD
SOLVE x( x 3) x( x 3) 2
x 2 3x x 2 3x 2
Check for Extraneous solutions.
2x 2
2
(plug answer into original problem
1 1 2 1 1 2
x 1
2
1 3 1 3 12 9 1 3 1 3 (1) 9
2
x 1 1 1 2 1 1 2
2 4 8 4 8 2
1 1
1
1
4 4 4 4
SOLVE: LCD?
( x 2)(x 1)
x 1 2 x x 1 ( x 2)(x 1)
( x 2)(x 1) 2
( xx 2
)(
3x 12) x 2 x 1
x 1 2 x( x 1) ( x 1)(x 2)
x 1 2x2 2x x2 x 2
2 x 2 3x 1 x 2 x 2
x2 2x 1 0
CHECK ??
( x 1)(x 1) 0 -1 does not work so
there is NO SOLUTION
x 1
How to solve using the CALC.
100(0.02) x(0.005)
y
100 x
• How man ML of the 0.5% solution must be added to have a combined
concentration of 0.9%?
100(0.02) x(0.005)
.009
100 x
Answer: (graph? solve X=275
by hand)
• You earn a 75% on the first test of the quarter how
many consecutive 100% test scores do you need to
bring your test average up to a 95%?
Write a rational function. 75 100x
Answer:
f ( x)
Find when the rational x 1
function will be 95%
75 100 x
95
x 1
To find the average of Answer: (graph) You will need to make
something: add and divide 100% on the next 4 test to
by total number bring your test average
up to a 95%
Distance = rate x time
When a problem involves “how fast”, “how far”, or “for how long”, think about distance
equation d =rt
1850 480(t )
• A plane flies 1850 miles at a speed of 480 mph. Find the time of the trip to the nearest hundredth.
Answer: t 3.85
• On the return trip the plane travels at the same speed (480) but a tail wind helps the plane move faster. The
total flying time for the round trip is 7.55 hours. Find the speed x of the tail wind.
• “you have to think of the problem in terms of how much each person or thing does
in a given amount of time” Working together Mary and Sally
How much of the job can Joe do in can paint a fence in 5.14 hours.
one hour? Steve? Working alone Mary can paint the
fence in 9 hours. How long would it
1 1 1
take Sally to paint the fence alone?
8 12 t 1 1 1
5 1 24 9 x 5.14
t
24 t 5 x 11.98
A plane leaves Chicago and flies to San Rate * time = distance
Francisco (1850 miles away) with a headwind r *t d Time of a trip equals
the distance over
The same plane returns to Chicago with a speed d
tailwind. The round trip took 7.75 hours.If the 1850 t
t r
airplane cruises at 480 mph, what is the speed 480 x
of the wind? (Assume the winds are constant.)
X=wind speed
San Francisco
Chicago
1850 1850
7.75
480 x 480 x
1850
t
Solve by Graphing 480 x
Zoom fit, x-max to 50
X = 35.195 Write an equation