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AASHTO LRFD
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ŵĞŶƵ͘
Organization
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Contents
01 Chapter 1.
Prestressed Box Girder Design (AASHTO LRFD)
52 Chapter 2.
Steel Composite Girder Design (AASHTO LRFD)
/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ
1. AASHTO LRFD 07 and 12 Steel Composite 54
Ϯ͘ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ^ƚĞĞůŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞĞƐŝŐŶ 56
ϯ͘ĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨWůĂƐƟĐDŽŵĞŶƚĂŶĚzŝĞůĚDŽŵĞŶƚ 56
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ϭ͘/'ŝƌĚĞƌ^ĞĐƟŽŶ 84
Ϯ͘ŽdžͬdƵď'ŝƌĚĞƌ^ĞĐƟŽŶ 108
ϯ͘^ŚĞĂƌŽŶŶĞĐƚŽƌ 124
ϰ͘^ƟīĞŶĞƌ 127
ϱ͘ŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞĞƚǁĞĞŶ^,dKͲ>Z&ϰƚŚ(2007)ĂŶĚϲƚŚ(2012) 131
^ƚĞĞůŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞĞƐŝŐŶZĞƐƵůƚ
ϭ͘^ƚƌĞŶŐƚŚ>ŝŵŝƚ^ƚĂƚĞZĞƐƵůƚ 134
2. Service Limit State Result 137
ϯ͘ŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟďŝůŝƚLJZĞƐƵůƚ 138
ϰ͘&ĂƟŐƵĞ>ŝŵŝƚ^ƚĂƚĞZĞƐƵůƚ 141
ϱ͘^ŚĞĂƌŽŶŶĞĐƚŽƌZĞƐƵůƚ 142
ϲ͘^ƟīĞŶĞƌZĞƐƵůƚ 143
ϳ͘^ƉĂŶŚĞĐŬŝŶŐ 144
ϴ͘dŽƚĂůŚĞĐŬŝŶŐ 145
Chapter 1.
Prestressed Box
Girder Design
AASHTO LRFD 6th (2012)
Chapter 1.
Prestressed Box Girder Design (AASHTO LRFD 12)
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dĞŶƐŝůĞƐƚƌĞƐƐĨŽƌWƌĞƐƚƌĞƐƐŝŶŐƚĞŶĚŽŶƐ
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ŚĞĐŬĐƌĂĐŬ
Chapter 1. Prestressed Box Girder Design: AASHTO-LRFD 6th (2012)
I 0.75 if H t d 0.002
dt
I 0.583 0.25 if 0.002 H t 0.005 (1.1)
c
I 1.0 if H t t 0.005
Where,
dt : Distance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the extreme tension steel element
c : Distance from the extreme compression fiber to the neutral axis
İt : Net tensile Strain
Chapter 1.Prestressed Box Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD 2012 2
Input reinforcements to be used in the calculation of resistance in the dialog box below.
Model>Properties>Section Manager>Reinforcements
Rebar coordinate
at the section
Once reinforcement is entered at the PSC section, the rebar which is placed at the closest
position to the extreme compression fiber will be used to calculate the strain. In short, the rebar
at the bottom most is used under the sagging moment. And the rebar at the top most is used
under the hogging moment.
Input tendon profile to be used in PSC design in the dialog box below.
Load>Temp./Prestress>Section Manager >Tendon Profile
[Fig.1.3] Tendon Profile
Initial c = H/2
Assume neutral axis depth, c
(H=Section Height)
(4)
NO
Cc+Cs-(Ts+Tps)=0?
YES
Where,
f 'c : Specified compressive strength of concrete for design
Compressive strength to be used in PSC design is defined in PSC Design Material dialog box.
E 0.85 if f 'c d 4.0ksi
0.85 0.05( f 'c 4.0) t 0.65 if f 'c ! 4.0ksi
Ac : Concrete area of compressive zone ( E1c) u width
Chapter 1.Prestressed Box Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD 2012 4
PSC>PSC Design Data> PSC Design Material…
Concrete
Reinforcement
Enter the concrete and reinforcement grade to be used in PSC design. The strength can be
checked for the selected material grade according to the selected material code. When
“None” is selected in Code field, the strength of concrete and reinforcement can be directly
entered.
Where,
As, As’ : the cross sectional area of tensile and compressive reinforcement
It is entered in Section Manager>Reinforcements as shown in the Fig1. 2.
fs , fs’: the stress of tensile and compressive reinforcement
In order to calculate the tensile stress of reinforcement, midas Civil calculate the
corresponding strains as per the strain compatibility condition. And then the related tensile
stresses are calculated by the stress-strain relationship. The equation is shown as follows.
ඵ Strain
dt c c dc
Hs H cu , H s ' H cu (1.4)
c c
Where,
İs : the strain of tensile reinforcement.
İs’ : the strain of compressive reinforcement.
İcu WKHXOWLPDWHFRPSUHVVLYHVWUDLQLQWKHFRQFUHWHİcu = 0.003)
c : the neutral axis depth.
dt : Distance from the compression fiber of concrete to the extreme tensile fiber of reinforcement
dc : Distance from the compression fiber of concrete to the extreme compressive fiber of reinforcement
H s Es ( fs d f y )
, H s ' Es ( fs ' d f y )
(1.5)
fs ® fs ' ®
¯ fy ( fs ! f y ) ¯ fy ( fs ' ! f y )
Where,
Es : Modulus of elasticity in reinforcement
Fy : Yield tensile stress in reinforcement
Tps ¦A p f ps (1.6)
Where,
Ap : the cross sectional area of tendon.
fps : the stress of tendon.
Tensile stress of prestressing steel fps can be calculated by code or strain compatibility as
specified in PSC design Parameter dialog box. When code is selected in flexural strength option,
the tensile stress fps is calculated by the equation as per AASHTO-LRFD for bonded and
unbounded tendon respectively. When strain compatibility is used, the tensile stress fps is
calculated by the stress-strain relationship.
Chapter 1.Prestressed Box Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD 2012 6
Load>Temp./Prestress>Section Manager>Tendon Property
Tendon Type
Total Tendon Area
fpu
fpy
Bond Type
ඵ Bond Type
Bonded: Section properties reflect the duct area after grouting.
When tendon type is specified as Internal (Pre-Tension), bond type will be taken as Bonded
Type.
Unbonded: Section properties exclude the duct area.
When tendon type is specified as external, bond type will be taken as Unbonded Type.
[Table1. 1] Applicable Bond Type by Tendon Types
Tendon Type Bond Type
Internal (Pre-tension) Bonded
Bonded
Internal (Post-tension)
Unbonded
External Unbonded
ඵ fpu, fpy
Enter the ultimate strength fpu and yield strength fpy of prestressing steel.
Tensile stress of prestressing steel fps will be calculated as shown in the following table.
§ f py · AASHTO LRFD12
k 2 ¨1.04 ¸ (1.8)
¨ f pu ¸¹
(5.7.3.1.1)
© (Eq. 5.7.3.1.1-2)
Where,
fpy: Yield strength of prestressing steel
fpu: Specified tensile strength of prestressing steel
dp: Distance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the prestressing tendons
c: Distance between the neutral axis and the compressive face
2li
le (1.10) AASHTO LRFD12
2 Ns (5.7.3.1.2)
(Eq. 5.7.3.1.2-2)
Where,
li : length of tendon between anchorages
Ni : number of support hinges crossed by the tendon between anchorages or discretely bonded point. It
is always applied as “0” in midas Civil.
C
Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.0 0.001 (Tolerance) (1.11)
T
where,
ac, as, as’, api : the distance from neutral axis depth, c to concrete, reinforcement rebar, tendon.
0.85f˅c
Cs
As˅
a
Cc
c
as '
ac
ap
as
Ap Tps
As
Ts
[Fig.1. 10] Forces and distances from neutral axis depth for Mn
If a tendon in tension is located at the upper part from the neutral axis under the sagging
moment, the flexural resistance will have (-) sign and it will reduce the total moment
resistance.
Mn
Cc ac Cs as ' Ts as ¦ Tps a pi T ps' a 'pi (1.13)
where,
Mn : nominal resistance
ĭ : resistance factor
M r t max(1.33M u , M cr ) (1.15)
ª § Sc ·º AASHTO LRFD12
M cr J 3 «(J 1 f r J 2 f cpe ) Sc M dnc ¨ 1¸ » (1.16) (5.7.3.3.2)
¬ © S nc ¹¼ (Eq. 5.7.3.3.2-1)
In midas Civil, cracked moment shall be calculated as per the following equation.
Where,
Ȗ1 : flexural cracking variability factor
1.2 for precast segmental structures
1.6 for all other concrete structures
Ȗ3 : ratio of specified minimum yield strength to ultimate tensile strength of the reinforcement
0.67 for A615 ,Grade 60 reinforcement
0.75 for A706, Grade 60 reinforcement
1.00 for prestressed concrete structures
fcpe : compressive stress in concrete due to effective prestress forces only (after allowance for all
prestress losses) at extreme fiber of section where tensile stress is caused by externally applied
loads (ksi)
It is obtained in elastic state (uncracked section) and the following equation has been
applied in midas Civil.
f cpe
¦A ps ef
¦A fe
ps e p
(1.18)
Ag S
Where,
f e : Effective prestress forces of prestressing tendons
e p : Distance from the neutral axis to the centroid of the prestressing tendons
Aps : Area of prestressing tendon
Ag : Gross area of cross-section
S : Sectional modulus in compression
Chapter 1.Prestressed Box Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD 2012 10
In midas Civil, construction type of PSC section is determined in PSC design parameter dialog
box.
PSC> Design Parameter> Parameters…
AASHTO LRFD12
(3.4.1)
[Fig.1. 4] Load Combinations and Load factors for strength limit state
Active:
Strength/Stress
Active:
Serviceability
The verification of flexural moment obtained from Strength/Stress type load combination
can be divided into two following cases.
1) No need to satisfy minimum reinforcement
Mr t Mu (1.19)
M r t M u and M r t M cr (1.20)
Chapter 1.Prestressed Box Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD 2012 12
Elem : Element number
Part : Check location (I-End, J-End) of each element.
Positive/Negative : Positive moment, negative moment.
LCom Name : Load combination name.
Type : Displays the set of member forces corresponding to moving load case or settlement load case for
which the maximum stresses are produced.
CHK : Flexural strength check for element
Muy : Design moment
Mcr : Crack Moment
Mny : Nominal moment resistance.
PhiMny : Design moment resistance.
Ratio : Muy/ PhiMny : Flexural resistance ratio, The verification is satisfied when it is less than 1.0.
PhiMny /min(1.33Muy, Mcr) : Verification of minimum reinforcement. The verification is satisfied when
it is less than 1.0. If the verification of minimum reinforcement is not required, it will be displayed as
1.0.
:KHUHVWUHQJWKUHGXFWLRQIDFWRUĭ
Refer to the clause 2.3 Torsion Resistance for the verification of shear resistance where the
effects of torsion are required to be considered. In AASHTO-LRFD (2012), the design for
shear and torsion will be performed for segmental and non-segmental box girders.
Effective web width (bv) is taken as web thickness. For PSC multi-cell girder, web thickness AASHTO LRFD12
can be automatically taken as a summation of thickness for all webs. Also this value can be (5.8.3.3.3)
entered by the user directly as shown in the figure below.
Chapter 1.Prestressed Box Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD 2012 14
Property > Section Property > Section >PSC
In midas Civil, the value of effective shear depth, dv, is calculated as shown in the equation AASHTO LRFD12
below. (5.8.2.9)
§ Mn ·
dv min ¨ , 0.9d e , 0.72h ¸ (1.22)
¨ As f s Aps f ps ¸
© ¹
Aps f ps d p As f s d s
de (1.23)
Aps f ps As f s
Where,
dp : Distance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the prestressing tendons
ds : Distance from extreme fiber to the centroid of nonprestressed tensile reinforcement
dv : 0.8h or the distance from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the prestressing
reinforcement , whichever is greater (in.)
AASHTO LRFD12
In midas Civil, the value of effective shear depth, dv, is calculated as shown in the equation (5.8.6.5)
below.
Where,
h = Total height of a section
dt = Distance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the prestressing tendons
Ϯ͘Ϯ͘ϯEĞƚůŽŶŐŝƚƵĚŝŶĂůƚĞŶƐŝůĞƐƚƌĂŝŶ;ɸs)
Hs is the net longitudinal tensile strain in the section at the centroid of the tension
reinforcement
AASHTO LRFD12
§ Mu · (5.8.6.5)
¨ 0.5 N u Vu V p Aps f po ¸ (Eq. 5.8.3.4.2-4)
Hs ¨ dv ¸ (1.25)
¨ Es As E p Aps ¸
¨ ¸
© ¹
Where,
0 d H s d 0.006
f po 0.7 f pu
M u t Vu V p d v
As and Ap are taken as area of nonprestressing and prestressing steel on the flexural tension side of the
member respectively.
dv : 0.8h or the distance from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the prestressing
reinforcement , whichever is greater (in.)
In midas Civil, the value of effective shear depth, dv, is calculated as shown in the equation
below.
Chapter 1.Prestressed Box Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD 2012 16
Where,
h : Total height of a section
dt : Distance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the prestressing tendons
Where,
Vc : shear resistance component that relies on tensile stresses in the concrete
Vs : shear resistance component that relies on tensile stresses in the transverse reinforcement
Vp : shear resistance component in the direction of the applied shear of the effective prestressing force.
In midas Civil, shear resistance due to prestressing force, Vp, includes primary prestress force. The
secondary effects from prestressing shall be included in the design shear force obtained from the load
combinations.
bv: Effective web width taken as the minimum web width within the depth, dv (refer to the clause 1.2.2.1
Effective web width)
dv: Effective shear depth (Refer to the clause 1.2.2.2 Effective shear depth)
Where,
Vc : shear resistance component that relies on tensile stresses in the concrete
Vs : shear resistance component that relies on tensile stresses in the transverse reinforcement
Vp : shear resistance component in the direction of the applied shear of the effective prestressing force.
In midas Civil, shear resistance due to prestressing force, Vp, includes primary prestress force. The
secondary effects from prestressing shall be included in the design shear force obtained from the
load combinations.
Where,
bv: Effective web width taken as the minimum web width within the depth, dv (refer to the clause
1.2.2.1 Effective web width)
dv: Effective shear depth (Refer to the clause 1.2.2.2 Effective shear depth)
ȕFactor indicating ability of diagonally cracked concrete to transmit tension and shear as
specified in Article 5.8.3.4
AASHTO LRFD12
For the sections containing at least the minimum amount of transverse reinforcement : (5.8.3.4.2)
4.8
E
(1 750H s ) (1.32)
When sections do not contain at least the minimum amount of shear reinforcement:
4.8 51
E
(1 750H s ) (39 S xe )
1.38
S xe Sx 12.0 (in.) d S x d 80.0 (in.)
ag 0.63 (1.33)
,
Where,
Sx: The lesser of either dv or the maximum distance between layers of longitudinal
crack control reinforcement, where the area of the reinforcement in each layer is
not less than 0.003bvsx, as shown in Figure 5.8.3.4.2-3(in.) . In midas Civil, it is applied as dv.
ag : maximum aggregate size(in.)In midas Civil, it is applied as “1in.”.
İs: net longitudinal tensile strain in the section at the centroid of the tension reinforcement.Refer to the
clause 1.2.2.3 Net longitudinal tensile strain.
Where,
bv: Effective web width taken as the minimum web width within the depth, dv (refer to the clause 1.2.2.1
Effective web width)
dv: Effective shear depth (Refer to the clause 1.2.2.2 Effective shear depth)
K: Stress variable K shall not be taken greater tham 1.0 for any section where the stress in the
extreme tension fiber, calculated on the basis of gross section properties, due to factored load
and effective prestress force after losses exceeds 0.19 ¥I¶c in tension
Chapter 1.Prestressed Box Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD 2012 18
f pc AASHTO LRFD12
K 1 (1.35) (5.8.6.3)
0.0632 f c ' (Eq. 5.8.6.3-3)
Where,
fpc : Unfactored compressive stress in concrete after prestress losses have occured either at the
centroid of the cross-section resisting transient loads or at the junction of the web and flange
where the centroid lies in the flange (ksi)
In midas Civil, fpc is calculated as follows.
When the centroid lies in the flange, verify the stress at a junction of the web and
flange.
f pc
¦A ps fe
¦A ps feep
y jo int
Nu
(1.36)
Ag Ig Ag
Where, yjoint is a distance from the centroid to the junction of the web and flange
When the centroid lies in the web, verify the stress at the centroid of the cross-section.
f pc
¦A ps fe
Nu
(1.37)
Ag Ag
Where,
dv:Refer to 1.2.2.2 Effective shear depth (for Non-Segmental Box Girders)
ș: angle of inclination of diagonal compressive stresses as determined in Article 5.8.3.4 (degrees)
; if the procedures of Article 5.8.3.4.3 are used, FRWșLVGHILQHGWKHUHLQ
T 29 3500H s (1.39)
AASHTO LRFD12
(5.8.3.4.2)
(Eq. 5.8.3.4.2-3)
Model>Properties>Section Manager>Reinforcements
Transverse
Reinforcement
AASHTO LRFD12
(5.8.3.3.3)
((Eq. 5.8.6.5-4)
Chapter 1.Prestressed Box Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD 2012 20
Av f y d v (sin D cot D )
Vs (1.40)
s
Where,
dv: refer to 1.1.2.2 Effective shear depth (for Segmental Box Girders)
Į: angle of inclination of transverse reinforcement to longitudinal axis (degrees)
Vu IV p AASHTO LRFD12
vu (1.41) (5.8.2.7)
I bv d v (Eq. 5.8.2.9-1)
Where,
ĭ = Use the shear strength reduction factor of 0.9.
bv: refer to 1.1.2.1 Effective web width
dv: refer to 1.1.2.2 Effective shear depth (for Non-Segmental Box Girders)
2) Calculate smax differently, depending on whether the section is Segmental Box Girder or
not and on the range of vu.
3) Compare the entered spacing of transverse reinforcement with smax.
x If vu < 0.125f’c
AASHTO LRFD12
smax = 0.8dv чϮϰ͘ϬŝŶ͘
(5.8.2.7)
x If vu ш0.125f’c
smax = 0.4dv ч 12.0 in.
Where,
dv: refer to 2.1.2.2 Effective shear depth (for Non-Segmental Box Girders)
x If vu < 0.19яf’c
AASHTO LRFD12
smax = 0.8dv ч36.0 in. (5.8.6.6)
x If vu ш0.19яf’c AASHTO LRFD12
smax = 0.4dv ч 18.0 in. (5.8.2.7)
Where,
dv: refer to 1.2.2.2 Effective shear depth (for Segmental Box Girders)
midas Civil calculates vu using Eq. 5.8.2.9-1 for the shear check and using Eq. 5.8.6.5-5
for the torsion check.
bv s
Av ,min 0.0316 f c' (1.42) AASHTO LRFD12
(5.8.2.4)
fy
(Eq. 5.8.2.5-1)
ඵ For Segmental Box Girders
b s
Av ,min 0.05 w (1.43) (Eq. 5.8.2.5-2)
fy
ඵ For Vu фϬ͘ϱɌ;sc+Vp)
Skip the transverse reinforcement checks.
ඵ For Vu шϬ͘ϱɌ;sc+Vp)
Av ,req1
^V u 0.5I (Vc V p )` s
I f y d v (sin D cot D )
(1.44)
Av ,req 2 Av ,min
Av ,req min( Av ,req1 , Av ,req 2 )
If the area of transverse reinforcement (Av) is greater than or equal to Av,req , it says OK.
The area of transverse reinforcement (Av) is Aw which is entered from Fig.1.22.
Chapter 1.Prestressed Box Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD 2012 22
2.9 Check the shear resistance results
2.9.1 by Result Tables
The results can be checked as shown in the table below.
Design>PSC Design>PSC Design Result Tables>Check Shear Strength…
Chapter 1.Prestressed Box Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD 2012 24
3. Torsion resistance
Check the combined shear and torsional resistance.
Ao : Area enclosed by the shear flow path, including any area of holes therein (in2)
midas Civil uses the area of the closed section enclosed by the torsion reinforcement, instead of the
shear flow path.
Ph : Perimeter of the centerline of the closed transverse torsion reinforcement (in)
Acp : Total area enclosed by outside Perimeter of the concrete section (in2)
P : The length of the outside perimeter of concrete section (in)
Where,
fpc: compressive stress in concrete after prestress losses have occurred at either the centroid of
the cross-section resisting transient loads or at the junction of the web and flange where the centroid
lies in the flange (ksi)
Where, yjoint is the distance from the centroid to the junction of the web and flange.
If the centroid lies in the web: calculate at the centroid of the corss-section.
f pc
¦A ps fe
(1.47)
Ag
Acp2
pc
shall be less than or equal to 2Aobv for a box section.
be : effective width of shear flow path, but not exceeding the minimum thickness of the webs
or flanges comprising the closed box section (in.). be shall be adjusted to account for
presence of ducts as specified in Article 5.8.6.1. midas Civil uses bv.
AASHTO LRFD12
Tu ! 0.25ITcr (1.49) (5.8.2.1)
(Eq. 5.8.2.1-3)
Where,
At: area of one leg of closed transverse torsion reinforcement in solid menbers, or total area of
transverse torsion reinforcement in the exterior web of cellular members (in.2). Awt of Torsional
Reinforcement entered in Fig.1. 26 will be used.
Chapter 1.Prestressed Box Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD 2012 26
s :Pitch of Torsional Reinforcement entered in Fig.1. 26 will be used.
Ĭ: angle of crack as determined in accordance with provisions of Article 5.8.3.4 with the
modifications to the expressions for v and Vu herein (degrees). The same equation, which was used for
the shear check, will be used:
Where,
At : Awt of Torsional Reinforcement entered in Fig.1. 26 will be used.
s : Pitch of Torsional Reinforcement entered in Fig.1. 26 will be used.
The reinforcement data used for the torsion check are as follows:
Model>Properties>Section Manager>Reinforcements
Torsional
Reinforcement
(1.54)
Where,
dv: refer to 2.1.2.2 Effective shear depth (for Non-Segmental Box Girders)
AASHTO LRFD12
Tn ph (5.8.3.6.3)
Al (1.55)
2 Ao f y (Eq. 5.8.3.6.3-2)
midas Civil incorporates the above equation to check the longitudinal torsional
reinforcement. The Alt of Torsional Reinforcement entered in Fig.1. 26 will be used. Alt is
only for resisting warping torsion and is used only for box sections.
(Tu / I ) ph
Alt t (1.56) AASHTO LRFD12
2 Ao f y (5.8.6.4)
(Eq. 5.8.6.4-3)
Where,
bv: refer to 1.1.2.1 Effective web width
dv: refer to 1.1.2.2 Effective shear depth (for Segmental Box Girders)
be : effective thickness of the shear flow path of the elements making up the space truss model
resisting torsion calculated in accordance with Article 5.8.6.3 (in). midas Civil uses bv.
midas Civil calculates the maximum combined stress using the equation below.
Vu Tu
d 0.474 f c' (1.58)
bv d v 2 Ao be
Chapter 1.Prestressed Box Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD 2012 28
3.6 Check the torsional resistance results
3.6.1 by Result Tables
The results can be checked as shown in the table below.
Design>PSC Design>PSC Design Result Tables>Check Combined Shear and Torsion
Strength…
Chapter 1.Prestressed Box Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD 2012 30
Chapter 1. Prestressed Box Girder Design: AASHTO-LRFD 6th (2012)
AASHTO LRFD12
(5.9.4.1.2)
Chapter 1.Prestressed Box Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD 2012 31
Midas Civil calculates the allowable tensile stress of concrete using Table 5.9.4.1.2-1, as
stated in the table below:
Other Than
Without bonded reinforcement and bonded tendon Ə= 0.0948f'0.2
ta ci
Joint
reinforcement or bonded > 0.5fyƏ= 0.0
tendon
Reinforcement stress ta
vG
Ə = 0.0
Segment
ta
Non Joint
With bonded reinforcement or bonded
tendon
> min(0.5fy, 30ksi)
stress Ə= 0.0
If reinforcement ta
vG Ə = 0.0
ta
Joint/non-Joint: In midas Civil, joints can be defined in the dialog below: AASHTO LRFD12
(5.5.4.2.1)
PSC> PSC Segment Assignment
As shown in Fig.2.2, if elements 1, 2 and 3 are assigned as one segment, i-end of element 1 AASHTO LRFD12
and j-end of element 3 become the joints and the rest become the non-joints. (C 5.9.1.4)
Bonded reinforcement
It is assumed that the tensile reinforcement or the tendon defined as Bond Type in Fig.1. 7
are bonded reinforcement.
Based on the aforementioned, if tensile reinforcement or bonded tendon is present in the
tension zone, it is assumed that bonded reinforcement exists.
Chapter 1.Prestressed Box Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD 2012 32
Check the stress in reinforcement
The Code states that the bonded reinforcement, which retains a specific stress value (0.5fy
or 30ksi), shall resist the tensile force on the tension zone. midas Civil applies the above
regulation as follows:
Compute the concrete triangular stress block on the tension zone, using the extreme fiber
tension stress and the extreme fiber compression stress of concrete.
Compute the tension force of concrete by multiplying the compression stress by the area
of the concrete triangular stress block.
Compute the tension force of reinforcement by multiplying the area of reinforcement and
tendon, which are included in the triangular stress block, by the specific stress (0.5fy or
30ksi).
If the tension force of reinforcement is larger than that of concrete, it is concluded that the
tensile stress of reinforcement satisfies the regulation.
Stage Additional
Steps
Activation
Activation>Group List>age:
Select relevant element groups, which are applicable to the current stage, in the Group List
and activate the selected groups by moving them to Activation Group List. Specify the Age of
the selected element groups.
The age entered here will be used to reflect the effects of creep and shrinkage that took
place prior to the current construction stage. The age of the element, which is casted at the
start of the current construction stage, is zero. The age typically represents the time span
from the time of concrete casting to the time of removal of formwork during which the
concrete is considered as a structural element, that is to say the curing period of concrete.
Based on the inputs shown in Fig.2.4, midas Civil takes the following days for the
construction stage analysis:
The duration of the construction stage CS1 is 30 days, the duration of the additional step
within CS1 is 15 days, and the Activation age is 5 days.
The actual duration of CS1 is 35 days (Stage Duration + Activation age).
The compressive strength of concrete is computed at 5 days, 20 days and 35 days for CS1.
If the next stage CS2 is defined with the duration of 20 days, CS2 starts at 35 days and ends AASHTO LRFD12
at 55 days. (5.7.2.2)
The development of concrete compressive strength with days is defined in the dialog
below.
Development of Strength:
Define the function to compute the compressive strength of concrete during the
construction stages. Define a function by selecting ACI, CEB-FIP or Structural Concrete
Design Code, or directly define the values.
The compressive strength of concrete is computed by reflecting the variation of the modulus
of elasticity with concrete ages.
For CS1 the compressive strengths of concrete are computed at 5 days, 20 days and 35 days,
and they are compared to the corresponding stresses.
V c d V ca
, V t d V ta (1.60)
Chapter 1.Prestressed Box Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD 2012 34
1.4 Check the stress results for cross section at a construction stage
1.4.1 by Result Tables
The results can be checked as shown in the table below.
Design>PSC Design >PSC Design Result Tables>Check stress for cross section
at a construction stage…
The Code suggests that the stresses in PSC structures after losses shall be checked for the AASHTO LRFD12
(5.9.4.2.1)
followings:
(5.9.4.2.2)
Check compressive stress: for the load combinations of Service Limit state 1
Check tensile stress: for the load combinations of Service Limit state 3
In midas Civil, the Load Cases to check compressive stress and tensile stress after losses can
be selected via the dialog box shown in Fig.2.9.
The Load Cases in Service Limit1 will be used to check compressive stress, and the Load
Cases in Service Limit3 will be used to check tensile stress.
Chapter 1.Prestressed Box Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD 2012 36
2.1 Allowable stress of concrete
(1) Allowable compressive stress of concrete AASHTO LRFD12
(5.9.4.2.1)
midas Civil calculates the allowable tensile stress of concrete using Fig.2.11, as stated in the
table below:
Corrosion Condition
The data for Corrosion Condition can be entered in the dialog box below:
Chapter 1.Prestressed Box Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD 2012 38
[Table1.5] corrosion condition
Input parameter Term of the Code
Severe Severe
Moderate/Mild Not worse
V c d V ca
, V t d V ta (1.62)
2.3 Check the stress results for cross section at service loads
2.3.1 by Result Tables
The results can be checked as shown in the table below.
Design>PSC Design>PSC Design Result Tables>Check stress for cross section at service
loads…
AASHTO LRFD12
(5.9.3)
Chapter 1.Prestressed Box Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD 2012 40
[Table1.6] Tendon Type
Input parameter Term of the Code
Low Relaxation Tendons Low Relaxation Strand
Stress Relieved Tendons Stress Relieved Strands
d Pl Hi h t th B
Prestressing Bar Deformed Hige-strength Bar
In the graph above the stress at the beginning represents the stress in tendon at anchorage
after immediate losses (FDL1), and the largest stress in the graph represents the maximum
stress in tendon elsewhere along length of member away from anchorages immediately
after anchor set (FDL2).
Chapter 1.Prestressed Box Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD 2012 42
4. Principal stress at a construction stage
Find the maximum principal tensile stress among the stress check points 1~10 of the cross-
section at a construction stage and compare it to the allowable stress. In other words,
maximum principal tensile stress ≤ allowable stress.
midas Civil applies the above equation for both Segment and Non-segment.
V ps
1ª
V x V z r V x V z 2 4W s W t W p 2 º» (1.64)
2 «¬ ¼
where,
σx : Sum of axial stresses in ECS x-direction
σz : Sum of axial stresses in ECS z-direction
τs : Shear stress due to shear.
τt : Shear stress due to torsion.
τp : Shear stress due to shear reinforcement.
Results>Result Tables>Beam>Stress(PSC)…
V ps d V ta
(1.65)
Chapter 1.Prestressed Box Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD 2012 44
5. Principal stress at service loads (Excluding torsional shear
stress)
Find the maximum principal tensile stress among the stress check points 1~10 of the cross-
section at service loads and compare it to the allowable stress. In other words, maximum
principal tensile stress ≤ allowable stress. Here the shear effect due to torsion is excluded.
2.5.1 Allowable tensile stress
The Code (Table .9.4.2.2-1) presents the following equation of allowable tensile stress
for Segmentally Constructed Bridges:
midas Civil applies the above equation for both Segment and Non-segment.
V ps
1ª
V x V z r V x V z 2 4W s W t W p 2 º» (1.67)
2 «¬ ¼
where,
σx : Sum of axial stresses in ECS x-direction
σz : Sum of axial stresses in ECS z-direction
τs : Shear stress due to shear.
τt : Shear stress due to torsion.
τp : Shear stress due to shear reinforcement.
V ps d V ta
(1.68)
Design>PSC Design>PSC Design Result Tables > Result table for principal stress at service
loads(excluding torsional shear stress)…
[Fig.1.50] Result table for principal stress at service loads (excluding torsional shear stress)
[Fig.1.51] Excel report for principal stress at service loads (excluding torsional shear stress)
Chapter 1.Prestressed Box Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD 2012 46
6. Principal stress at service loads
Find the maximum principal tensile stress among the stress check points 1~10 of the cross-
section at service loads and compare it to the allowable stress. Here both shear and torsion
will be reflected in the stress calculation. In other words, maximum principal tensile stress ≤
allowable stress.
midas Civil applies the above equation for both Segment and Non-segment.
V ps
1ª
V x V z r V x V z 2 4W s W t W p 2 º»
2 «¬ ¼ (1.70)
where,
σx : Sum of axial stresses in ECS x-direction
σz : Sum of axial stresses in ECS z-direction
τs : Shear stress due to shear.
τt : Shear stress due to torsion.
τp : Shear stress due to shear reinforcement.
V ps d V ta
(1.71)
Chapter 1.Prestressed Box Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD 2012 48
7. Check crack
The limit state for crack can be checked by comparing the applied spacing of tensile
reinforcement with the maximum spacing of reinforcement.
In accordance with AASHTO-LRFD, the crack limit shall be checked for the “mild steel
reinforcement”. The applied spacing of tensile reinforcement shall be compared to the
computed maximum spacing of reinforcement.
In other words, applied spacing of reinforcement ≤ maximum spacing of reinforcement
dc
Es 1 (1.73)
0.7(h dc )
dc: thickness of concrete cover measured from extreme tension fiber to center of the flexural
reinforcement located closest thereto (in.)
fss: tensile stress in steel reinforcement at service limit state (ksi)
fss is computed according to the following steps:
1) Compute the concrete stress (fcs) at the location of tensile reinforcement using
the extreme fiber tension stress and the extreme fiber compression stress.
2) Compute the strain of concrete (εcs=fcs/Ec) with regard to fcs.
3) Compute fss (fss = Es εcs).
γe :exposure factor
1.00 for Class 1 exposure condition
0.75 for Class 2 exposure condition
Exposure condition can be entered in the PSC Design parameters dialog.
Model>Properties>Section Manager>Reinforcements
Spacing of
reinforcements
When the positive moment is checked, the spacing of bottom reinforcements will be used.
When the negative moment is checked, the spacing of top reinforcements will be used.
Chapter 1.Prestressed Box Girder Design - AASHTO LRFD 2012 50
7.3.2 by Excel Report
Verification results can be checked in MS Excel report as shown in the figure below.
Steel Composite
Girder Design
AASHTO LRFD 6th (2012)
Chapter 1.
Steel Composite Design (AASHTO LRFD 12)
^ƚĞĞůĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞŐŝƌĚĞƌŶĞĞĚƐƚŽďĞĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚƚŽƐĂƟƐĨLJƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐůŝŵŝƚƐƚĂƚĞƐ͘
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ŚĞĐŬ&ĂƟŐƵĞ>ŝŵŝƚ^ƚĂƚĞ
ŚĞĐŬŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJ
ŚĞĐŬ^ŚĞĂƌŽŶŶĞĐƚŽƌ
ŚĞĐŬ>ŽŶŐŝƚƵĚŝŶĂů^ƟīĞŶĞƌ
Chapter 2.Steel Composite Design : AASHTO-LRFD 4thand6th (2007 & 2012)
Introduction
1. AASHTO LRFD 07 and 12 Steel Composite
1.1 Check List of AASHTO LRFD 07 and 12Steel Composite
For AASHTO LRFD 07 and 12 Steel Composite Design, Limit State Design is applied. The criteria that
Steel Composite Section must follow for Limit State Design is as follows.
(4) Constructibility
Review on shear and flexure occurring from load combinations during construction stages
Compact Type
(4) Compact Type : Compact / Noncompact / Slender
AASHTO LRFD 12
(6.2)
Type Description
A composite section in positive flexure, which satisfies specific steel
grade, web slenderness, and ductility requirements, is capable of
Compact
developing a nominal resistance exceeding the moment at first yield,
but not to exceed the plastic moment.
A composite section in positive flexure for which the nominal
Noncompact
resistance is not permitted to exceed the moment at first yield.
Cross-Section of a Compression member composed of plate
Slender components of sufficient slenderness such that local buckling in the
elastic range will occur.
Type Description
In order to find and portray the Steel Composite Section Design Process within the program, utilize
the Construction Stage function.
▪ Modular ratio is the ratio of modulus of elasticity of steel to that of concrete. The short-term
modular ratio "n" is used for transient loads in the program. Long-term modular ratio "3n" is used
for permanent loads acting after composite action. For normal-weight concrete, AASHTO-LRFD 07
and 12 recommend the values of the short-term modular ratio.
1) Web Proportions
[Table 2.5] Web Proportions
Case Condition
WEB
D
Web with longitudinal stiffener d 150 For I section
AASHTO LRFD 12
tw (6.10.2.1.1-1)
(6.10.2.1.2-1)
D
Web without longitudinal stiffener d 300
tw For Box/Tub Section
AASHTO LRFD 12
(6.11.2.1.2-1)
(6.11.2.1.3-1)
2) Flange Proportions
[Table 2.6] Flange Proportions
Section Type
Where,
Iyc : moment of inertia of the compression flange of the steel section about the vertical axis in the
plane of the web
Iyt : moment of inertia of the tension flange of the steel section about the vertical axis in the plane of
the web
3 3
t fc b fc t ft b ft
I yc , I yt (2.1)
12 12
min( F yc , F yt ) d 70 . 0 ksi No
d / t w d 150 :Curved Bridge
D cp Es
2 d 3 . 76 No
tw F yc
Yes
End
[Fig.2.2] Section Classification of Negative Positive Moment
Where,
: depth of the web in compression at the plastic moment determined as per Article D6.3.2
Where,
: Distance from the top of the concrete deck to the neutral axis of the composite section at the plastic
moment
: Total depth of the composite section
t P +P −P −P −P
Y= +1
2 P
In Top Pt Pw Pc
ǥ
flange t Ps Prb Prt § Pc · 2
M ¨¨ ¸¸[Y (t Y ) 2 ]
© 2t c ¹
[ Ps d s Prt d rt Prb d rb Pw d w Pt d t ]
P +P +P −P −P
Pt Pw Pc Y = (t )
P
Concrete §c ·
Ǧ Deck, t ¨¨ rb ¸¸ Ps Prb Prt §Y 2P ·
Below Prb © ts ¹ M ¨ s ¸
¨ 2t s ¸
© ¹
[ Prt d rt Prb d rb Pc d c Pw d w Pt d t ]
Pt Pw Pc Prb Y C rb
Concrete
ǧ Deck, §c ·
at Prb
t ¨¨ rb ¸¸ Ps Prt § Y 2P ·
© ts ¹ M ¨ s ¸ [ Prt d rt Pc d c Pw d w Pt d t ]
¨ 2t s ¸
© ¹
ª P Pw Pt Prt Prb º
Y (t s ) « c »
Concrete Pt Pw Pc Prb ¬ Ps ¼
Ǩ
Deck, §c · § Y 2P ·
Above Prb t ¨ rt ¸ Ps Prt ¨ ¸
¨t ¸ M s
Below Prt © s ¹ ¨ 2t s ¸
© ¹
[ Prt d rt Prb d rb Pc d c Pw d w Pt d t ]
Y C rt
Pt Pw Pc Prb Prt
Concrete
ǩ Deck, §c ·
at Prt
t ¨¨ rt ¸¸ Ps § Y 2P ·
© ts ¹ M ¨ s ¸ [ Prb d rb Pc d c Pw d w Pt d t ]
¨ 2t s ¸
© ¹
ªP P P P P º
Y (t s ) « rb c w t rt »
Pt Pw Pc Prb Prt ¬ Ps ¼
Concrete
Ǫ Deck, §c · § Y 2P ·
Above Prt
¨¨ rt ¸¸ Ps ¨ s ¸
M
© ts ¹ ¨ 2t s ¸
© ¹
[ Prt drt Prbdrb Pc dc Pwd w Pt dt ]
Where,
= (by reinforcement)
= (by reinforcement)
= (by steel girder)
= (by steel girder)
= (by steel girder)
= 0,85 (by concrete slab)
M D1 M D 2 M M_ytop
Fy AD (2.5) AASHTO LRFD 12
S Bot S Bot (3n ) S Bot ( n ) (Eq. D6.2.2-2)
M yBot M D1 M D 2 M AD
Where,
S: Non-composite section modulus
S : Long-term composite section modulus
S : Short-term composite section modulus
M : Moment of non-composite section
M : Moment of long-term composite section
M : Additional yield moment of short-term composite section
2) Flange proportions
[Table 2.9] Flange Proportions
Section Type : I / Box / Tub
bf
d 12.0
2t f
D
bf t
6
t f t 1.1t w
I yc
0.1 d d 10
I yt
[Table 2.10] Calculation of and Mp for section in Negative Flexure Mp for section in
Negative Flexure
Case PNA Condition Y and Mp AASHTO LRFD 12
(Table D6.1-2)
D P −P −P −P
Y= +1
2 P
In
Ǥ Pc Pw t Pt Prb Prt
Web P
M = [Y + (D − Y) ]
2D
+[P d + P d + P d + P d ]
t P +P −P −P
Y= +1
2 P
In Top
ǥ Pc Pw Pt t Prb Prt
flange P
M = [Y + (t − Y) ]
2t
+[P d + P d + P d + P d ]
Where,
= (by reinforcement)
= (by reinforcement)
= (by steel girder)
= (by steel girder)
= (by steel girder)
My in Negative
(4) Yield Moment in Negative Moment (My) Moment
AASHTO LRFD 12
When Appendix A6 is used for negative flexure, My is calculated and utilized. My is calculated
(D6.2.3)
as shown below in Equation 2.7.
My Min(M yTop , M yBot ) (2.7)
Where,
MyTop : Yield Moment of Top Flange
MyBot : Yield Moment of Bottom Flange
M D1 M D 2 M
Fy AD
S Bot S Bot ( R ) S Bot ( R )
(2.10)
M yBot M D1 M D 2 M AD (2.11)
Where,
S : Long-term composite section modulus with longitudinal reinforcements
&RQWHQWV ([SODQDWLRQ
Figure
2) Pitch (do)
Pitch refers to transverse stiffener spacing. At
[Fig.2.12] Stiffener Type Dialog Box the strength limit state, this can be used to
distinguish between stiffened and unstiffened
webs or calculate shear strength of the web.
Contents Explanation
where,
C = ratio of shear-buckling resistance to the shear yield
strength
Vp = plastic shear force.
(1) Category
Category defined by 75yr-(ADTT)SL equivalent to
Infinite Life (Table 6.6.1.2.3-2)
(2) Fu
Shear Resistance of Shear Connector
(2) (ADTT)SL
Number of trucks per day in a single-lane averaged
over the design life (3.6.1.4.2)
(ADTT)SL can be manually calculated as per
3.6.1.4.2-1.
(3) N
Number of stress range cycles per truck passage
Value can be taken from Table 6.6.1.2.5-2.
Using the Auto Generation feature of the program, the load combinations regulated by the design code can be
automatically generated. Load factors are considered for each load combinations in this program. Load factors are
considered only within the program, and γp value can be designated by Auto Generation feature.
(1) Auto Generation of Load Combinations (1) Auto Generation of Load Combinations
Result > Combination > Load Combination > This feature automatically generates load
combinations under provision of AASHTO LRFD 12.
Composite Steel Girder Design > Auto Generation ...
1) Design Code
When load combinations are generated, they
strictly follow the design code selected by the user.
ηi = ηD ηR ηI 0.95
ηi = 1/(ηD ηR ηI ) ≤ 1.0
Where,
ηD: a factor relating to ductility as per 1.3.3
ηR: a factor relating to redundancy as per 1.3.4
ηI: a factor relating to operational classification as per
1.3.5
If a user wishes to review limit states based on the load combinations defined manually, it can be done by selecting
the load combination of interest in Load Combination Type as in Section 1.4.2.
Contents Explanation
[Table 2.13] Modeling Construction Stage Cases for Steel Composite Design
Case Construction Stage Time Dependent Material(Creep / Shrinkage)
Case 1 Defined
Defined
Case 2 Not Defined (Apply modular ratio of 3n)
1.5.1 Member forces and stresses used in steel composite section design
(1) Member forces
For design of steel composite section, member forces per construction stage of steel composite section must be
calculated. The program considers two main factors for design and review of construction stage of steel composite
section.
▪Construction stages of steel composite section
▪Time dependent material properties of Concrete (Creep, Shrinkage and Compression Strength)
Design member forces used for design of steel composite section are divided into three main categories.
Member forces before the concrete deck is activated. Only steel section properties
Dead (Before)
are used.
Member forces occurring due to erection load cases defined by user with the time
Dead (After) dependent material properties (Creep & Shrinkage) of concrete Long term section
properties are used.
Member forces from the post-construction state and load cases not included in
Short Term
the above categories. Short term section properties are used.
(2) Stress
Bending stress (fbu) used for design of steel composite section is calculated as in equation 2.12.
M D1 M D 2 M AD
f bu (2.12)
S NC S LT S ST
Where,
Md1 : moment of non-composite section
Md2 : moment of long-term composite section
MAD : additional yield moment of short-term composite section
SNC : non-composite section modulus
SLT : long-term section modulus
SST : short-term section modulus
fbu : largest value of the flexural stress in the flanges at the section under consideration
On the other hand, lateral bending stress (fl) is calculated as in equation 2.13.
M uz M lat
fl d 0.6 Fyf
Sl
(2.13)
Where,
fl : flange lateral bending stress
Sl: lateral section modulus of the flanges about z-axis
Muz : flexural moment about z-axis
Mlat : lateral bending moment in the flange calculated from the overhang loads
Fyf : specified minimum yield strength of a flange
1.5.2 Case 1
In Case 1, construction stages and time dependent material properties of concrete (Creep/Shrinkage) are defined.
Composite sections for Construction Stages function must be defined as well; otherwise, the sections shall be
excluded from design. If time dependent material property information is inputted as well as long-term modulus of
elasticity, long-term modulus of elasticity has higher priority in consideration of calculation.
Contents Explanation
Composite Section for Construction Stage Composite Section for Construction Stage
Load >Load Type> Construction Stage > Composite For definition of construction stage, information
in this window must be defined.
Section for C.S...
(1) Active Stage
Construction stage where steel composite
section should be activated is inserted.
3) Age column
Age information when each part is activated is
input. Information in this column has higher
priority over the age input during definition of
construction stage.
&RQWHQWV ([SODQDWLRQ
1.5.3 Case 2
In Case 2, construction stages are defined without the time dependent material property (Creep/Shrinkage)
information. Long term effects are considered using the long term modular ratio entered in the Section Data dialog
box. Sections for different construction stages must be defined and differentiated using the Composite Section for
Construction Stage definition. Otherwise, they will not be considered for the design check.
1) Data Selection
Check the box corresponding to Section Stiffness Scale Factor. As explained earlier, Section Stiffness Scale
Factors are used for considering the long term section properties.
Application of AASHTO
LRFD 12
1. I Girder Section
1.1. Introduction
The program designs I-girder sections according to the orders in the flow chart below. This chapter
demonstrates how the AASHTO LRFD 12 is applied in the program.
Check Ductility
6.10.7.3
1.2.1 Ductility
Ductility shall be checked to prevent premature crushing of concrete. For the verification of a
web section that is under positive flexure, the ductility shall be verified as:
Ductility
D p d 0.42 Dt (2.14) AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.7.3-1)
Where,
Dp :distance from the top of the concrete deck to the neutral axis of the composite section at the plastic
moment
Dt : total depth of the composite section
Compact
No Use Optional
Section? No
APPENDIX A6?
Yes Yes
End
If a section is compact and under positive flexural moment, flexural resistance shall be
checked according to the following equation:
Flexural Resistance
1 AASHTO LRFD 12
M u f l S xt d I f M n (2.15) (Eq. 6.10.7.1.1-1)
3
Where,
fl : Flange lateral bending stress
Mn : Nominal flexural resistance of the section.
Mu : Bending moment about the major-axis of the cross-section.
ϕ : Resistance factor for flexure.
AASHTO LRFD 12
§ D ·
Otherwise Mn M p ¨¨1.07 0.7 p ¸¸ (Eq. 6.10.7.1.2-2)
© Dt ¹
3) Especially, the following requirement regarding the nominal flexural resistance must be
satisfied when " M n d 1.3Rh M y in Positive Flexure and Compact Sections" is checked at
Composite Steel Girder Design Parameters>Options for Strength Limit State. (Fig.2.41) Nominal flexural
resistance
AASHTO LRFD 12
M n d 1.3Rh M y (2.16) (Eq. 6.10.7.1.2-3)
6.10.7.2.1-1, 6.10.7.2.2-1
End
[Fig.2.42] Case 2 : Flow chart of flexural resistance of Positive Flexure Moment in Noncompact Section
1) Compression flange
At the strength limit state, the compression flange shall satisfy the below criteria regarding
the flexure:
Compression flange
f bu d I f Fnc (2.17) AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.7.2.1-1)
(Eq.6.10.7.2.2-1)
Fnc Rb Rh Fyc (2.18)
Where,
fbu : Flange stress calculated without consideration of flange lateral bending.
Fnc : Nominal flexural resistance of the compression flange.
Tension flange
The tension flange shall satisfy the below criteria regarding the flexure:
Tension flange
1
f bu f l d I f Fnt (2.19) AASHTO LRFD 12
3 (Eq.6.10.7.2.1-2)
(Eq.6.10.7.2.2-2)
Fnt Rh Fyt (2.20)
Where,
fl: Flange lateral bending stress, ≤ 0.6
Fnt : Nominal flexural resistance of the tension flange.
Rb : Web load-shedding factor.
Compression Flange
1) Discretely Braced Compression Flange AASHTO LRFD 12
For a compression flange, the following requirement shall be satisfied at the strength limit (6.10.8)
state:
(Eq.6.10.8.1.1-1)
1
f bu f l d I f Fnc (2.21)
3
Where,
Fnc Min( Fnc( FLB ) , Fnc( LTB) ) (2.22)
Where,
F ( ) : Local Buckling Resistance based on Discretely Braced Compression Flange
Fnc( FLB )
Fnc(FLB)
Case AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.8.2.2-1)
O f d O pf Fnc( FLB ) Rb Rh Fyc
ª § Fyr ·§ O f O pf ·º
AASHTO LRFD 12
O f ! O pf «1 ¨¨1 ¸¨ ¸» Rb Rh Fyc (Eq.6.10.8.2.2-2)
Fnc( FLB )
¸¨ ¸
«¬ © Rh Fyc ¹© Orf O pf ¹»¼
in which:
: Slenderness ratio for the compression flange
: Limiting slenderness ratio for a noncompact flange
Rb : web load-shedding factor determined as specified in Article 6.10.1.10.2
Rh : hybrid factor determined as specified in Article 6.10.1.10.1
b fc AASHTO LRFD 12
Of (2.23) (Eq.6.10.8.2.2-3)
2t fc
E AASHTO LRFD 12
O pf 0.38 (2.24) (Eq.6.10.8.2.2-4)
Fyc
E AASHTO LRFD 12
Orf 0.56 (2.25) (Eq.6.10.8.2.2-5)
Fyr
Fyr : compression-flange stress at the onset of nominal yielding within the cross-section, including
residual stress effects, but not including compression-flange lateral bending, taken as the smaller
of 0.7Fyc and Fyw, but not less than 0.5Fyc .
Fnc(FLB)
[Table 2.17] Calculation of Fnc(LTB) AASHTO LRFD 12
(6.10.8.2.2)
Case Fnc( LTB)
ª § Fyr ·§ Lb L p ·º
Lp Lb d Lr Fnc( LTB ) Cb «1 ¨1
¨
¸¨ ¸ R R F d Rb Rh Fyc
¸¨ L L ¸» b h yc
AASHTO LRFD 12
¬« © Rh Fyc » (Eq.6.10.8.2.3-2)
¹© r p ¹¼
Where,
Cb: Moment gradient modified
AASHTO LRFD 12
E (2.26) (Eq.6.10.8.2.3-4)
Lp 1.0rt
Fyc
AASHTO LRFD 12
E
Lr Srt (2.27) (Eq.6.10.8.2.3-5)
Fyr
Cb RbS 2 E (2.28)
AASHTO LRFD 12
Fcr (Eq.6.10.8.2.3-8)
( Lb / rt ) 2
AASHTO LRFD 12
1 Dc t w
rt b fc / 12(1 ) (2.29) (Eq.6.10.8.2.3-9)
3 b fc t fc
Lr : Limiting unbraced length to achieve the onset of nominal yielding in either flange under uniform
bending with consideration of compression flange residual stress effect (in).
F : Elastic lateral torsional buckling stress.
rt : effective radius of gyration for lateral torsional buckling
Fyr : compression-flange stress at the onset of nominal yielding within the cross-section, including
Dc : depth of the web in compression in the elastic range determined as per D6.3.1
fmid : Stress without consideration of lateral bending at the middle of the unbraced length of the flange
under consideration, calculated from the moment envelope value that produces the largest
compression at this point, or the smallest tension if this point is never in compression
Calculate
Yes 2 D cp No
d O pw ( D cp ) Web plastification Factor
: Compact web tw : Noncompact web
Mp ª § R h M yc ·§ O w O pw ( Dc ) ·º M p Mp
R pc R pc «1 ¨¨1 ¸¨ ¸» d
M yc «¬ © Mp ¸¨ O O ¸ » M yc M
¹© rw pw ( Dc ) ¹¼ yc
Mp ª § R h M yt ·§ O w O pw ( Dc ) ·º M p Mp
R pt R pt «1 ¨¨1 ¸¨ ¸» d
M yt
«¬ © Mp ¸¨ O O ¸ » M yt M yc
¹© rw pw ( Dc ) ¹¼
Discretely Braced
Compression Flange?
No
Yes :continuously
braced
Local Buckling Resistance
O f d ORf No
: Noncompact flange
Mu d I f RpcM yc
No Built-up
:Rolled section Section?
Yes Mu d I f RptM yt
Yes kc 4 / D / tw
: Compact flange kc 0.76
0.35d kc d 0.76
ª § Fyr S xc ·§ O f Opf ·º
M nc( FLB) Rpc M yc M nc( FLB) «1 ¨¨1 ¸¨ ¸» RpcM yc
«¬ © RpcM yc ¸¹¨© Orf Opf ¸¹»¼
Yes Lb d L p No L p Lb d L r No
Yes
End
If Appendix A6 is applied at the strength limit state, the following four requirements
regarding flexure shall be satisfied. The design verification is done for the compression and
tension flanges.
Where,
ϕ : Resistance factor for flexure.
fl : Flange lateral bending stress, ≤ 0.6
Mnc : Nominal flexural resistance based on the compression flange.
Mu : Bending moment about the major-axis of the cross-section.
Myc : Yield moment with respect to the compression flange.
Mnt : Nominal flexural resistance based on the tension flange.
Myt : Yield moment with respect to the tension flange.
Sxc : Elastic section modulus about the major axis of the section to the compression flange taken as
Myc/Fyc
Rpc : Web plastification factor for the compression flange.
Rpt : Web plastification factor for the tension flange.
in which:
Mp: Plastic moment
Dc : Depth of the web in compression in the elastic range determined as per D6.3.1.
Dcp : Depth of the web in compression in the plastic moment.
My : Yield moment taken as the smaller of Myc and Myt.
AASHTO LRFD 12
ª § Fyr S xc ·§ Lb L p ·º (A6.3.3-2)
L p Lb d Lr M nc( LTB) C b «1 ¨1 ¸¨ ¸» R pc M yc d R pc M yc
«¬ ¨© R pc M yc ¸¹¨© Lr L p ¸¹»¼ AASHTO LRFD 12
(A6.3.3-3)
Lb ! Lr M nc( LTB) Fcr S sc d R pc M yc
Where,
Lp : Limiting unbraced length to achieve the nominal flexure resistance RpcMyc under uniform
bending
Lp
AASHTO LRFD 12
(A6.3.3-4)
Lp 1.0rt
E (2.38)
Fyc
Lr : Limiting unbraced length to achieve the nominal onset of yielding in either flange under uniform
bending with consideration of compression flange residual stress effects Lr
AASHTO LRFD 12
2 (A6.3.3-5)
E J § Fyr S xc h · (2.39)
Lr 1.95rt 1 1 6.76¨¨ ¸¸
Fyr S xc h © E J ¹
▪ Cb: moment gradient modifier, is divided into two cases and calculated according to
either A6.3.3-6 or A6.3.3.3-7 of AASHTO LRFD 12. For the detailed calculations, please
refer to the section "3.2 Strength Limit State > (1) Flexural Resistance > Case 3".
rt
▪ rt : Effective radius of gyration for lateral torsional buckling AASHTO LRFD 12
§ 1 Dctw · (2.42) (A6.3.3-10)
rt b fc / 12¨1 ¸
¨ 3b t ¸
© fc fc ¹
Where,
: compression-flange stress at the onset of nominal yielding within the cross-section, including
residual stress effects, but not including compression-flange lateral bending, taken as the smaller
of 0.7 , , / and , but not less than 0.5 .
h : Depth between the centerline of the flanges.
: Major-axis bending moment at the middle of the unbraced length, calculated from the
moment envelop value that produces the largest compression at this point in the flange under
consideration, or the smallest tension if this point is never in compression. shall be due to
the factored loads and shall be taken as positive when it causes compression and negative when it
causes tension in the flange under consideration.
: moment at the brace point opposite to the one corresponding to , calculated from the
moment envelope value that produces the largest compression at this point in the flange under
consideration, or the smallest tension if this point is never in compression(kip-in). M0 shall be
: Except as noted below, largest major-axis bending moment st either end of the unbraced
length causing comrpession int the flange under consideration, calculated from the ciritical
moment envelop value. shall be taken as positive. If the moment is zero or cause tension in
the flange under consideration at both ends if the unbraced length, shall be taken as zero.
: Yield moment with respect to the compression flange.
: Yield moment with respect to the tension flange.
Stiffened
No Yes
web?
Calculate V n Calculate V n
2Dtw
Vn V cr CV p Vn V cr CV p b t bfttft
fc fc
d 2.5
Vp 0 . 58 F yw Dt w Vp 0 . 58 F yw Dt w No Yes
6.10.9.2-1 6.10.9.3.3-1
6.10.9.2-2 6.10.9.3.3-2
Calculate V n Calculate V n
ª º ª º
« » « »
« 0 . 87 (1 C ) » « 0 . 87 (1 C ) »
Vn V p «C » Vn V p «C
2 »
2
« § d ·
0 »
d « §d ·
«¬
1 ¨ 0 ¸
D »¼ « 1 ¨ 0 ¸ »»
© D ¹ © D ¹ ¼
¬
6.10.9.3.2-8 6.10.9.3.2-2
Check V n
Vu d IV V n
6.10.9.1-1
End
1) Unstiffened Webs
The nominal shear resistance of unstiffened webs shall be taken as: Unstiffened Webs
AASHTO LRFD 12
(6.10.9.2)
Vn Vcr CV p (2.46)
AASHTO LRFD 12
Vp 0.58Fyw Dtw (Eq. 6.10.9.2-1)
(2.47) (Eq. 6.10.9.2-2)
Where,
V : Shear -buckling resistance
V : plastic shear force
C : Ratio of shear-buckling resistance to shear yield strength
1.12 Ek
Ek D Ek C
1.12 d 1.40 D Fyw
Fyw t w Fyw AASHTO LRFD 12
tw (Eq. 6.10.9.3.2-5)
1.57 §¨ Ek ·¸
Ek D C 2 ¨
¸
1.40 § D · © Fyw ¹ AASHTO LRFD 12
Fyw t w ¨¨ ¸¸ (Eq. 6.10.9.3.2-6)
© tw ¹
Where,
k : Shear-buckling coefficient
5 (2.48) AASHTO LRFD 12
k 5 2 (Eq. 6.10.9.3.2-7)
§ do ·
¨ ¸
©D¹
£ End panels
End panels
The nominal shear resistance, Vn, of a web end panel shall be taken as: AASHTO LRFD 12
Vn Vcr CV p (2.49) (6.10.9.3.3)
AASHTO LRFD 12
Vp 0.58Fyw Dtw (Eq. 6.10.9.3.3-1)
(2.50) (Eq. 6.10.9.3.3-2)
Interior web panel
¤ Interior web panels AASHTO LRFD 12
(6.10.9.3.2)
There are two cases of an interior web panel as shown in the following table:
ª º
« »
« 0.87(1 C ) » AASHTO LRFD 12
Vn V p «C
2 Dtw 2 » (Eq.6.10.9.3.2-2)
d 2.5 « § do · »
1 ¨ ¸
(b fct fc b ft t ft ) «¬ © D ¹ »¼
Vp 0.58Fyw Dtw
ª º
« »
« 0.87(1 C ) »
Vn V p «C » AASHTO LRFD 12
2
« §d · d » (Eq.6.10.9.3.2-8)
Otherwise 1 ¨ o ¸ o
« ©D¹ »
¬ D ¼
Vp 0.58Fyw Dtw
Where,
: Transverse stiffener spacing
: Nominal shear resistance of the panel
[Table 2.26] User's option: Post-buckling Tension-field Action for Shear Resistance
AASHTO LRFD 12
Check Vn , V p (Eq.6.10.9.3.2-8)
ª º
« »
« 0.87(1 C ) »
Vn V p «C 6.10.9.3.2-2
2 Dtw 2 »
d 2.5 « §d ·
1 ¨ o ¸ »
(b fct fc b ft t ft ) «¬ © D ¹ »¼
Vn Vcr CV p
Off
Vp 0.58Fyw Dtw
The program does not check elastic deformation. Elastic deformation can be reviewed manually
after moving load analysis at: Results > Deformation
At the completion stage of the construction, the program applies Service II load combination,
specified in AASHTO LRFD 12 Article 6.10.4.2, and reviews the permanent deformation. Therefore,
the permanent deformation is reviewed only for the composite section since the section cannot
be non-composite in the completed state. But, the software can assume the concrete deck in the
composite section to be ineffective as per 6.10.4.2.1, which states that the concrete deck may be
assumed to be ineffective for both positive and negative flexure, provided that the maximum
tensile stresses in concrete deck at the section under consideration caused by Service II loads are
greater than 2fr. Software performs this check and determines whether to consider the concrete
deck to be effective or not.
f f d 0 .95 R h F yf
6.10.4.2.2-1
D
Positive Flexure and d 150 ?
tw
No
End
1.3.1 Flexure
Flange shall satisfy the following requirements at the service limit state for the top and
bottom flanges of the composite sections:
Where,
: Compression-flange stress at the section under consideration due to the Service II loads calculated
without consideration of flange lateral bending
Fcrw : Nominal bending-buckling resistance for webs with or without longitudinal stiffeners
(2.54) Fcrw
0.9 Ek
Fcrw 2
d Min ( Rh Fyc , Fyw / 0.7) AASHTO LRFD 12
§D· (Eq.6.10.1.9.1-1)
¨¨ ¸¸
© tw ¹
Where,
k : bend- buckling coefficient k
9 (2.55) AASHTO LRFD 12
k (Eq.6.10.1.9.1-2)
( Dc / D) 2
f deck d Mf r (2.56)
Where,
fdeck : longitudinal flexure stresses in the concrete deck with short-term modular ratio,n
Φfr : Φ shall be taken as 0.9 and fr shall be taken as the modulus of rupture of the concrete, 0.24 ČfĜc as
per Article 6.10.1.7
Check Contructibility
6.10.3
The constructibility is checked based on the design member forces under Dead (Before).
1.4.1 Flexure
The program shall verify lateral bending stress in discretely braced compression and tension
flanges during the construction stages, for when slabs are not deflected yet. Therefore, the
program considers all flanges as discretely braced flanges for the design check. Constructibility
is verified in terms of flexural resistance according to the following flow chart:
Check local buckling and lateral torsional buckling as per Article 6.10.8.2.2 and Article
6.10.8.2.3 respectively
1 flexural resistance
ff f l d I f Fnc (2.58) AASHTO LRFD 12
3 (Eq.6.10.3.2.1-2)
Check web bend buckling as per Article 6.10.1.9
Only for the sections with slender webs, the following equation shall be checked.
web bend buckling
f bu d I f Fcrw (2.59) AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.3.2.1-3)
Where,
ϕf: resistance factor for flexure specified in 6.5.4.2
f : flange stress calculated without consideration of flange lateral bending.
: flange lateral bending stress, ≤ 0.6
: nominal bending-buckling resistance for webs.
: nominal flexure resistance of the flange.
The total tensile force in the concrete deck is transmitted from the deck through the shear
connectors to the top flange. Software assumes the shear connectors to be sufficiently present
at this location to resist the force and prevent potential crushing of concrete. Software doesn’t
calculate the length over which this force must be transmitted. Shear connector pitch
calculations are as per Fatigue and Strength Limit State only.
Fdeck d If r (2.61)
Where,
fr 0.24 f 'c modulus of rupture of the normal-weight concrete
ϕ : 0.9
Fdeck: Longitudinal tensile stress in the concrete deck
My
Fdeck (2.62) AASHTO LRFD 12
In (Eq. 6.10.1.1.1d)
Where,
= Es /Ec
The program checks the nominal resistance for unstiffened webs and stiffened webs with the
same formula as the tension field action is not considered for Constructibility check.
(1) Unstiffened/Stiffened web
1) The nominal shear resistance of unstiffened/stiffened webs shall be taken as: Unstiffened/
Vn Vcr CV p (2.64) Stiffened web
AASHTO LRFD 12
Vp 0.58Fyw Dtw (2.65) (Eq. 6.10.9.3.3-1)
(Eq. 6.10.9.3.3-2)
For considering the fatigue live load as specified in code, user will have to define a user defined
vehicle and then manually edit the auto generated load combinations, so that the fatigue moving
vehicle is the only vehicle considered for fatigue check and is only included in fatigue
combination.
For fatigue limit state, software assumes the shear connector to be provided along the entire
length of the girder, ensuring composite action. Therefore, the concrete deck is assumed to be
effective in computing all stresses and stress ranges applied to the composite section in the
subsequent fatigue calculations.
The program verifies the load combinations defined in the Load Combination Type. If users
define '(ADTT)SL 75 year (ADDTT)SL' Equivalent to Infinite Life, the verification shall consider
the Fatigue II Load Combination. Otherwise, this combination of fatigue limit state shall be
skipped and Fatigue I Load Combination shall be considered for verification.
(1) The fatigue limit state shall be verified according to the following.
Fatigue Limit State
J ('f ) d ('F )n (2.68) AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.6.1.2.2-1)
Where,
: Load factor for the fatigue load combination.
( ) : Force effect, live load stress range due to the passage of the fatigue load.
( ) : Nominal fatigue resistance.
(2) The load factor, , specified in the table below, shall be applied for the fatigue load
combination. These factors are automatically considered by the software, while auto
generating the load combinations.
Nominal fatigue
('F ) n ('F )TH (2.69)
resistance
AASHTO LRFD 12
The program shall apply the nominal fatigue resistance according to Categories A, B, B', C, C', (Eq.6.6.1.2.5-1)
D, E, and E', specified in the table below. For all other cases, the nominal fatigue resistance
shall be considered as 24.0 ksi (165.0 MPa).
(2) Nominal Fatigue Resistance due to the Load Combinations for Fatigue II Limit State
If Fatigue Resistance is verified for Fatigue Load Combination 2, the below equation shall be
used. For the verification, the program uses the design parameter values inputted by users in
the Fatigue dialog box (Fig.2.22).
1
§ A ·3 Fatigue ้
('F )n ¨ ¸ (2.70) AASHTO LRFD 12
©N¹ (Eq.6.6.1.2.5-2)
Where,
A : Constant taken from Table 2.30
n : Number of stress range cycles per truck passage taken from Table 2.31
Vu : shear in the web at the section under consideration due to the unfactored permanent loads plus the
factored fatigue load
2.1 Introduction
Design of Box/Tub steel composite sections follow the same procedure as for I-Girders.
Check Ductility
6.10.7.3
2.2.1 Ductility
Ductility shall be checked to prevent premature crushing of concrete. If a section is under
positive flexure, ductility shall be verified as:
Ductility
DP d 0.42 Dt (2.75) AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.7.3-1)
2.2.2 Flexure
(1) Classification of Composite Section for Flexure
There are four cases for checking flexural resistance of Box/Tub composite sections as shown
below.
Straight Compression
Bridge? flange?
Yes No
:Curved
Bridge
Yes No
Compact :Tension
No ΗΝΒΟΘΖ
Section?
Yes
End
The webs that are under positive flexure and satisfy the following requirements shall be
▪ Flange and web yield strength do not exceed 70 ksi (485 MPa)
▪Web satisfies the requirements in Article 6.11.2.1 as shown below. AASHTO LRFD 12
(6.11.6.2.2)
Webs without longitudinal stiffeners: D/tw 150
Webs with longitudinal stiffeners: D/tw 300
▪ Web slenderness limit satisfies the requirements in Article 6.11.6.2.2-1
2Dcp/tw ≤ 3.76√(E/Fyc)
The classification of the section under negative flexure, as compact /noncompact /slender is not
required for the design checks.
Yes Dp d 0.1Dt No
Calculate Mn Calculate Mn
§ D ·
Mn M p ¨¨1.07 0.7 p ¸¸ Mn Mp
© Dt ¹
6.10.7.1.2-2 6.10.7.1.2-1 Case 1
AASHTO LRFD 12
Check Flexural Resistance (6.11.7.1)
Mu d I f M n
6.10.7.1.1-1
End
[Fig.2.53] Case 1 : Flow Chart of Flexural resistance for Compact Section in Positive Flexure Moment
For compact sections, flexure at the strength limit state shall be verified as:
Mu d I f M n (2.76)
AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.11.7.1.1-1)
Where,
1) Bending moment about the major-axis( Mu)
Mu is the bending moment about the major axis due to the factored loads. The maximum
bending moment from the load combinations, applied to Strength Limit State in the Load
Combination Type (Refer to Chapter "Modeling Design Variable" Section 1.4.2) is applied
as Mu.
If a section is under positive flexure, plastic moment is calculated for the location of the
plastic neutral axis. For more information, please refer to Chapter "Introduction" Section
3.2.
Flexural resistance
3) If factor
AASHTO LRFD 12
Flexural resistance factor are taken as 1.00 in AASHTO LRFD 12. However, if the factor is (6.5.4.2)
defined by users in the design parameter dialog box, the user defined value is utilized as a
priority.
Case 2
AASHTO LRFD 12
(3) Case 2 : Non-compact Section in Positive Moment (6.11.7.2)
For non-compact sections, flexural strength limit state is verified as shown in the flow chart
follows. Webs of a curved bridge is considered to be non-compact sections.
Compression
Yes
flange? No
:Tension flange
Tub Section? No
Yes
:Box Section
End
[Fig.2.54] Case 2 : Flow Chart of Flexural Resistance for Non-compact Section in Positive Flexure
Moment
1) Compression Flange
At the strength limit state, compression flanges shall satisfy the following in terms of Compression Flange
flexure. AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.11.7.2.1-1)
f bu d I f Fnc (2.77)
The nominal flexural resistance of the compression flange, Fnc, is taken differently for box
and tub sections as:
∆ and fv
AASHTO LRFD 12
Where, (Eq.6.11.7.2.2-3)
2 (Eq.6.11.7.2.2-4)
§ f · T (2.78)
' 1 3¨ v ¸ fv
¨F ¸ in which : 2 Aot fc
© yc ¹
Δ : a factor dependent on St. Venant torsional shear stress in the bottom flange od the tub section.
Rb : Web load shedding factor
D Ek
d 0.95
tw Fyc
2 Dc
d Orw
tw AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.1.10.2-3)
§ awc ·§ 2 DC ·
Otherwise, Rb 1 ¨¨ ¸¸¨¨ Orw ¸¸ d 1.0
© 1200 300awc ¹© tw ¹
Rh : Hybrid Factor
Hybrid Factor, Rh
[Table 2.35] Calculation of Rh AASHTO LRFD 12
(6.10.1.10.1)
Case Rh
12 E (3U U 3 ) 2 Dntw
Hybrid Section Rh E
12 2E in which: Afn
Non-Hybrid or
1.0
Web strength > flange strength
For both box and tub type composite sections, the nominal flexure resistance of tension
flange, Fnt shall be calculated as:
Fnt Rh Fyt ' (2.80) AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.11.7.2.1-5)
Where,
2 AASHTO LRFD 12
§ f ·
1 3¨ v ¸ T (Eq.6.11.7.2.2-6)
' fv (2.81)
¨F ¸ 2 Ao t ft (Eq.6.11.7.2.2-7)
© yt ¹ in which :
Compression No
Yes
flange? :Tension flange
No No
Yes Stiffened web? Tub Section? :Closed-Box
:Unstiffened Web Yes Section
Check flexural resistance Check flexural resistance Check flexural resistance Check flexural resistance
Of Longitudinal of Unsiffened Flange of Tension Flange of Tension Flange
Stiffened Flange of Tub Section Closed-box
[Fig.2.55] Case 3 & Case 4 : Flow Chart of Flexural Resistance for Negative Flexural Moment
[Fig.2.56] Case 3 : Flow Chart of Flexural Resistance for Compression Flange in Negative Flexure
The program shall distinguish unstiffened and longitudinally stiffened elements depending on
whether the longitudinal stiffener is applied on the compression flanges in the section
property dialog box. At the strength limit state, the following requirement shall be satisfied
in terms of flexure: Unstiffened Flange
AASHTO LRFD 12
fbu d I f Fnc (2.82)
(Eq.6.11.8.2.2-1)
1) Unstiffened Flange
For unstiffened flanges, the following requirement shall be satisfied:
b fc Ek Ek
Of , Op 0.57 and Or 0.95 (2.84) AASHTO LRFD 12
t fc Fyc ' Fyr (Eq.6.11.8.2.2-8)
(Eq.6.11.8.2.2-9)
(Eq.6.11.8.2.2-10)
For unstiffened flanges, = 4.0 and = 5.34.
2
§ f ·
1 3¨ v ¸ T
' fv
¨F ¸ in which : 2 Ao t fc
© yc ¹ AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.11.8.2.2-11)
(2.85) (Eq.6.11.8.2.2-12)
Fyr : smaller of the compression-flange stress at the onset of nominal yielding, with consideration of
residual stress effects, or the specified minimum yield strength of the web
Ek s Fcv
O f d 1.12 Fcv 0.85Fyc
Fyc AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.11.8.2.2-5)
Ek s Ek s 0.65 Fyc Ek s
1.12 O f d 1.40 Fcv
Fyc Fyc Of AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.11.8.2.2-6)
Ek s 0.9 Ek s
1.40 Of Fcv
Fyc Of 2 AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.11.8.2.2-7)
2
§ f · Fnc
Fnc Fcb 1 ¨¨ v ¸¸ (2.87) AASHTO LRFD 12
© Iv Fcv ¹ (Eq.6.11.8.2.2-1)
For longitudinally stiffened compression flanges, and are determined depending on
the number and location of stiffeners applied to the flanges.
①Plate-Buckling Coefficient for Uniform Normal Stress(k)
Depending on the number of uniformly spaced stiffeners, shall be taken as:
1.0 d k d 4.0
[Fig.2.57] Definition of w
Tub Section ?
End
[Fig.2.58] Case 4 : Flow Chart of Flexural Resistance for Tension Flange in Negative Moment
2.2.3 Shear
Box and tube type steel composite sections shall be verified for its shear strength as shown in
the flow chart:
End
The program classifies stiffened and unstiffened webs as shown in the table below:
Stiffened
No Yes
web?
Calculate V n Calculate V n
2Dtw
Vn V cr CV p Vn V cr CV p b t bfttft
fc fc
d 2.5
Vp 0 . 58 F yw Dt w Vp 0 . 58 F yw Dt w No Yes
6.10.9.2-1 6.10.9.3.3-1
6.10.9.2-2 6.10.9.3.3-2
Calculate V n Calculate V n
ª º ª º
« » « »
« 0 . 87 (1 C ) » « 0 . 87 (1 C ) »
Vn V p «C » Vn V p «C
2 »
2
« § d · d0 » « §d ·
«¬
1 ¨ 0 ¸
D »¼ « 1 ¨ 0 ¸ »»
© D ¹ © D ¹ ¼
¬
6.10.9.3.2-8 6.10.9.3.2-2
Check V n
Vu d IV V n
6.10.9.1-1
End
1) Unstiffened web
For unstiffened webs, the nominal shear resistance (Vn) shall be taken as:
Unstiffened web
Vn Vcr CVp (2.91) AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.9.2-1)
in which:
Vp 0.58Fyw Dtw (2.92)
AASHTO LRFD 12
Where, (Eq.6.10.9.2-2)
C : ratio of the shear-buckling resistance to the shear yield strength
Vp : plastic shear force
① End panels
For end panel webs, the nominal shear resistance shall be taken as:
End panels
Vn Vcr CVp AASHTO LRFD 12
(2.93)
(Eq.6.10.9.3.3-1)
in which:
Vp 0.58Fyw Dtw (2.94) AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.9.3.3-2)
② Interior panels
For interior panels, the nominal shear resistance shall be taken as:
ª º
« »
« 0.87(1 C ) »
Otherwise, Vn V p «C »
2
« §d · d » AASHTO LRFD 12
1 ¨ o ¸ o
« © ¹ » (Eq.6.10.9.3.2-8)
¬ D D ¼
Where,
[Table 2.42] Calculation of Ratio of the shear buckling resistance to the shear yield strength, C
Case C
D Ek C
d 1.12 C 1.0 AASHTO LRFD 12
tw Fyw (Eq.6.10.9.3.2-4)
Ek D Ek 1.12 Ek
C
1.12 d 1.40 D Fyw
Fyw t w Fyw AASHTO LRFD 12
tw (Eq.6.10.9.3.2-5)
1.57 §¨ Ek ·
¸
Ek D C 2 ¨
¸
1.40 § D · © Fyw ¹ AASHTO LRFD 12
Fyw t w ¨¨ ¸¸ (Eq.6.10.9.3.2-6)
© tw ¹
Where,
k: shear-buckling coefficient
(2.95) k
5
k 5 2
AASHTO LRFD 12
§ do · (Eq.6.10.9.3.2-7)
¨ ¸
©D¹
f f d 0 .95 R h F yf
6.10.1.2.2-1
f c d Fcrw
6.10.4.2.2-4
End
2.4.1 Flexure
The program shall verify flexural strength by assuming that concrete hardening has not occurred
yet and all section are discretely braced. The flexural verification shall be done in three cases as
shown in the figure follows.
Compression No
Yes
flange? :Tension ΗΝΒΟΘΖ
No
Tub Section? :Closed-Box
Yes
Section
End
(1) Open Flange (top flange of tub section) in Compression and Tension
For tub composite sections, compression top flanges shall be verified for yielding, flexure
and bend buckling of webs, as shown in the equation below. If = 0 for slender webs,
AASHTO LRFD 12 Eq.6.10.3.2.1-1 shall not be verified. Tub Section
AASHTO LRFD 12
1
f bu f l d I f Rh Fyc and f bu f l d I f Fnc (2.102) (Eq.6.10.3.2.1-1)
3 (Eq.6.10.3.2.1-2)
For slender webs, bend-buckling shall be verified as:
AASHTO LRFD 12
f bu d I f Fcrw (2.103) (Eq.6.10.3.2.1-3)
(2) Noncomposite box flange (top flange of box section and bottom flange of tub or box
section) in Compression and Tension ( for constructability check, the top flange of box
section is designed as a noncomposite box flange)
2) Noncomposite box flange in tension and continuously braced box flange in tension or
compression shall satisfy the following requirement:
Tension Box Flange
AASHTO LRFD 12
f bu d I f Rh Fyf ' (2.106) (Eq.6.11.3.2-3)
Where,
2 AASHTO LRFD 12
§ f ·
1 3¨ v ¸ T (Eq.6.11.3.2-4)
' fv
¨F ¸ in which : 2 Ao t f (Eq.6.11.3.2-5)
© yf ¹
2.4.2 Shear
For the verification of constructibility, shear shall be verified to prevent shear buckling at webs
according to the following requirement. The program shall distinguish end panel and interior Shear
AASHTO LRFD 12
panel for the verification of shear-buckling resistance. (Eq.6.10.3.3-1)
Vu d IvVcr (2.108)
AASHTO LRFD 12
Where, (Eq.6.10.9.3.3-1)
Vcr CVp in which: Vp 0.58Fyw Dtw (2.109) (Eq.6.10.9.3.3-2)
[Fig.2.64] Flow Chart of Fatigue Limit State for Flexure
The verification of fatigue resistance shall follow Section 2.5.3(1) for the load combinations of
Fatigue 1 Limit State in Load Combination Type (Chapter "Modeling Design Variables" Section
1.4.2) and Section 2.5.3(2) for the load combinations of Fatigue 2 Limit State. However, if
'(ADTT)SL≤ 75year (ADTT)SL' is inputted, Fatigue II Load Combination is verified. Otherwise, the
verification needs not to be done.
As per Article 6.11.5, one additional requirement specified particularly for tub girders sections
For consideration of these distorsion stresses in the software, Longitudinal Warping Stress
Range input is required in the fatigue parameters dialog box. (Fig.2.21)
Where,
γ : load factor for fatigue load combination
(∆f) : force effect, live load stress range due to the passage of the fatigue load
(∆F)n : nominal fatigue resistance
(1) The Nominal Fatigue Resistance of Fatigue I Limit State due to load combinations
The program will calculate the Nominal Fatigue Resistance based on the category selected in Fatigue ่
the Fatigue dialog window. AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.6.1.2.5-1)
('F ) n ('F ) TH (2.111)
AASHTO LRFD 12
(Table. 6.6.1.2.5-3)
Within the program, categories of Nominal Fatigue Resistance, such as A, B, B', C, C', D, E, and
E' are applied as shown in [Table2.29].
(2) The Nominal Fatigue Resistance of Fatigue II Limit State due to load combinations
If fatigue review is performed with consideration to fatigue load combination 2, the following
equation is used to calculate the resistance value of fatigue. Fatigue ้
AASHTO LRFD 12
1
(Eq.6.6.1.2.5-2)
§ A· 3
('F ) n ¨ ¸ in which: N (365)(75)n( ADTT ) SL (2.112)
(Eq.6.6.1.2.5-3)
©N¹
Where,
A : Constant taken from Table 6.6.1.2.5-1
n : Number of stress range cycles per truck passage taken from Table 6.6.1.2.5-2
(ADTT)SL : ADTT for single lane
AASHTO LRFD 12
(Table. 6.6.1.2.5-1)
The value of the Detail Category Constant (A) and 75-yr (ADTT)SL Equivalent to Infinite Life (n, (Table. 6.6.1.2.5-2)
truck per day) are each respectively applied in [Table2.30] and [Table2.31]. If, the n value is
entered into the Fatigue Parameter, this value will be applied first.
3. Shear Connector
When the shear connector is defined in the steel composite sections, the review of the shear
connectors is performed. The shear connector performs review of Pitch, Transverse spacing, Cover
and Penetration, Fatigue, Special Requirement for point, and strength limit state.
Vsr V F
fat
2
fat
2
(2.117)
Vfat
in which :
AASHTO LRFD 12
Vfat: longitudinal fatigue shear range per unit length (Eq.6.10.10.1.2-3)
Vf Q
V fat (2.118) Ffar
I
AASHTO LRFD 12
Ffat : radial fatigue shear range per unit length taken as the largest of either (Eq.6.10.10.1.2-4)
AbotV f lg l Frc (Eq.6.10.10.1.2-5)
F fat1 or F fat 2
wR w
(2.119)
in which :
σflg: range of longitudinal fatigue stress in the bottom flange without consideration of flange lateral bending
Abot: area of the bottom flange
Frc : net range of cross-frame of diaphragm force at the top flange
l : distance between brace point
R : minimum girder radius within the panel
w : effective length of deck (in.) taken as 48.0 in., except at end supports where w may be taken as 24.0 in.
effective length of deck distance
Z r Dd 2 α
AASHTO LRFD 12
Where, (Eq.6.10.10.2-3)
75 year ( ADTT ) SL d 960 Case D
Stud N 0 34.5 Zr
AASHTO LRFD 12
N !0 34.5 4.28 log N (Eq.6.10.10.2-1)
Where,
Qn : nominal shear resistance of a single shear connector determined as in Article 6.10.10.4.3
ϕsc: resistance factor for shear connectors inputted by the user in Composite Steel Design Parameter
(Fig.2.17)
Pp Fp
2 2
P (2.122)
Where,
Pp : total longitudinal force in the concrete deck
Pp Max( P1 p , P2 p ) (2.123) P1p , P2p
AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.10.4.2-2)
in which :
(Eq.6.10.10.4.2-3)
P1 p 0.85 f s ' bs t s (2.124)
in which :
Lp : arc length between an end of the girder and an adjacent point of maximum positive live load plus
impact moment
PT
Where, AASHTO LRFD 12
Pt : total longitudinal force in the concrete deck between the point of maximum positive live load plus (Eq.6.10.10.4.2-6)
impact moment and the centerline of an adjacent interior support
PT Pp Pn (2.127)
in which :
Pn : total longitudinal force in the concrete deck over an interior support taken as:
Pn Min( P1n , P2n ) (2.128) P1n , P2n
AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.10.4.2-7)
in which : (Eq.6.10.10.4.2-8)
P1n Fyw Dtw Fyt b ft t ft Fyc b fc t fc (2.129)
Ft : total radial force in the concrete deck between the point of maximum positive live load plus impact
in which :
Ln : arc length between the point of maximum positive live load plus impact moment and the centerline
of an adjacent interior support inputted by the user in shear connector dialog box (Fig.2.19)
4. Stiffener
The Stiffener calculates the transverse/longitudinal stiffener attached to the web and the longitudinal
stiffener attached to the compression flange.
Stiffeners
6.10.11
Where,
tp : thickness of the projecting stiffener element
bf :for I-sections, full width of the widest compression flange. for tub section, full width of the widest top
flange. For closed box section, the limit of bf/4 does not apply.
Section Type bf
Full width of the widest compression flange with in the field section under
I
consideration
Tub Full width of the widest top flange within the field section under consideration
1) Vu>Vn
I t t Min ( I t1 , I t 2 ) (2.131)
Where,
It : moment of inertia of transverse stiffener
[Table 2.48] Calculation of Moment of Inertia of the transverse stiffener for I girder section, It AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.11.1.3-1)
(Eq.6.10.11.1.302)
Case It
b 3t
Single-sided vertical stiffeners It tp
3
§ b 3t 2·
Double-sided vertical stiffeners It 2¨¨ t p bt t p 0.5bt 0.5tw ¸¸
© 12 ¹ AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.11.1.3-3)
(Eq.6.10.11.1.3-4)
(Eq.6.10.11.1.3-5)
3
It1 btw J
1.5
D 4 Ut § Fyw ·
1.3
It 2 ¨¨ ¸¸ (2.132)
40 © E ¹
2.5
J 2.0 t 0.5
( d o / D) 2 AASHTO LRFD 12
(6.10.11.1.3)
Where,
J : stiffener bending rigidity parameter
Ut Max( Fyw / Fcrs ,1.0) (2.133) AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.11.1.3-6)
AASHTO LRFD 12
2) VuVn
(Eq.6.10.11.1.3-9)
[Table 2.49] Check for Transverse Stiffener when VuVn
§b ·§ D ·
I t ! ¨¨ t ¸¸¨¨ ¸¸ I l (2.135)
© bl ¹© 3.0d o ¹
Where,
bt : projecting width of the transverse stiffener
bl : projecting width of the longitudinal stiffener
Il : moment of inertia of the longitudinal stiffener
longitudinal stiffener
AASHTO LRFD 12
4.2 Web Longitudinal Stiffener (Eq.6.10.11.3.1-1)
(1) Strength limit state
The longitudinal stiffener attached to the web is calculated as shown in the falling equation.
f s d I f Rh Fys (2.136)
Where,
fs : the flexural stress in the longitudinal stiffener
Fys : specified minimum yield strength of the stiffener
projecting width
AASHTO LRFD 12
(2) Projecting width (Eq.6.10.11.3.2-1)
The projecting width of the Longitudinal stiffener is limited as per the following equation. As per
Article C6.11.11.2, for the structural tees, bl should be taken as one half the width of the flange.
E
bl d 0.48ts (2.137)
Fys
Where,
ts: thickness of the stiffener
Case E
AASHTO LRFD 12
(Eq.6.10.11.3.3-4)
For cases where the longitudinal stiffener is on the side of the Z
E 1
web away from the center of curvature 6
Z
For cases where the longitudinal stiffener is on the side of the Z
E 1 AASHTO LRFD 12
web toward the center of curvature 12 (Eq.6.10.11.3.3-5)
Where,
Z : curvature parameter
2
0.95d o
Z d 10 (2.139)
Rt w
n 1 0.125k 3
The calculation only considers the Fatigue 2 Load Based on the conditions, the calculation
Combination out of the user load combinations. considers the Fatigue 1 or 2 Load Combination.
AASHTO LRFD07&12
(6.6.1.2.3)
(6.6.1.2.5)
Fatigue Resistance (ΔF)n Calculation
Fatigue 1 Load Case Combination Is not used in Fatigue Resistance (ΔF)n Calculation
the calculation. When using the Fatigue 1 Load Case
Combination, the value of ΔF)n Is calculated as
such:
When using the Fatigue 2 Load Case When using the Fatigue 2 Load Case
Combination, the value of ΔF)n Is calculated as Combination, the value of ΔF)n Is calculated as
such: such:
1 1
§ A ·3 1 § A ·3
('F ) n ¨ ¸ t ('F )TH ('F )n ¨ ¸
©N¹ 2 ©N¹
in which: N (365)(75)n( ADTT ) SL in which: N (365)(75)n( ADTT ) SL
The Fatigue resistance(Zr) of the stud type for The Fatigue resistance(Zr) of the stud type for
the Shear Connector is calculated as such: the Shear Connector is calculated as such:
38.0d 2
Zr Dd 2 t (in SI Unit) Z r Dd 2 (in US Unit)
2
D 238 29.5 log N ( in SI Unit) D 34.5 4.28 log N ( in US Unit)
Calculation of the Stiffener bending rigidity Calculation of the Stiffener bending rigidity
parameter(J) parameter(J)
2
§ D · 2.5
J 2.5¨¨ ¸¸ 2.0 t 0.5 J 2.0 t 0.5
© do / D ¹ ( d o / D) 2
When the Web post buckling or tension-field When the Web post buckling or tension-field
resistance is considered, the following is resistance is considered, the following is
calculated. calculated.
It ! It 2 (1) I t1 ! I t 2 AASHTO LRFD07&12
(6.10.11.1.3)
1) Vn ! Vcr
§ V IvVvr ·
I t t I t1 ( I t 2 I t1 )¨¨ u ¸¸
© IvVn IvVcr ¹
2) Other conditions
It ! It 2
(2) I t1 d I t 2
It ! It 2
1) Fcb
£ O f d Op
kE kE
2) R1 O f d R2 Fcb Rb Rh Fyc '
Fyc Fyc
¤ O p O f d Or
Fcb Rb Rh Fyc u
ª § ' 0.2 ·§ O f O p ·º
ª ª § · º ½º Fcb Rb Rh Fyc «1 ¨¨1 ¸¨ ¸»
Rh ¸¹¨© Or O p ¸¹»¼
b F fc
« ° « ¨ R2 fc ¸ » °» «¬ ©
« § ·° ¨ ¸ » °»
¸®1 sin «« S ¨
Fyr t fc kE
«' ¨¨ ' ¸ ¸ » ¾» ¥ Or O f
« © R h F yc ¹° « ¨
2 R 2 R1 ¸ » °»
« ° « ¨ ¸ » °» 0.9 ERb k
¬« ¯ ¬ © ¹¼ ¿¼» Fcb
Of 2
3) O f ! R2
kE
2) Fcv
Fyc
£ O f d 1.12
Ek s
2
0.9 ERb k
2
Rb f v k § b fc · Fyc
Fnc ¨ ¸
§ b fc ·
2 2 ¨t ¸
¨ ¸
0.9 Ek s © fc ¹ Fcv 0.85Fyc
¨t ¸ ¤ 1.12 Ek s O d 1.40 Ek s
© fc ¹ f
Fyc Fyc
0.65 Fyc Ek s
Where, Fcv
Of
R1 : constant which when multiplied by ¥ 1.40 Ek s O
f
Fyc
kE / Fyc yields the slenderness ratio equal to
0.6 times the slenderness ration for which Fnc 0.9 Ek
Fcv
from Eq.3 is equal to Rb Rh Fyc ' Of 2
0.57
R1
ª § f v · § k · º»
2 2 Where,
1« ¨ ¸
' ' 4
2
¨ ¸
2« ¨F ¸ ¨k ¸ »
© yc ¹ © s ¹ Ek
¬« ¼» Op 0.57
Fyc '
R2 : constant which when multiplied by Ek
Or 0.595
kE / Fyc yields the slenderness ratio for Fyr
which Fnc from Eq.3 is equal to Rb Fyc
1.23
R2
ª § Fyr ·
2
§ f v · § k · º»
2 2
1 « Fyr ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
4 ¨ ¸
1.2 « Fyc ¨F ¸ ¨F ¸ ¨k ¸ »
«¬ © yc ¹ © yc ¹ © s ¹ »¼
Based on the different search conditions, the result values which appear will vary, as shown in
the table below.
[Table 2.52] Result Case Table for Strength Limit State of Flexure
fle
Applied
xu Section My Mp Mu phiMn fbu phiFn Dp Dt
Clause
re
compact 6.10 & 6.11 O O O O - - O O
(+)
non-
6.10 & 6.11 - - - - O O O O
compact
- 6.10 & 6.11 - - - - O O - -
(-)
- Appendix A6 O O O O - - - -
1) Positive Flexure
1.2 Shear
(1) Result Table
As shown in the table below, the results can be checked in the result table.
Design > Composite Design > Design Result Tables > Strength Limit State (shear)…
Where,
Vu : shear due to the factored load
phiVn : nominal shear resistance multiplied by resistance factor, phi, for shear
bt_lim1 : projecting width limit for transverse stiffener, 2.0+(D/30), as per Eq. 6.10.11.1.2-1
bt_lim2 : projecting width limit for transverse stiffener, 16tp, as per Eq. 6.10.11.1.2-2
bt_lim3 : projecting width limit for transverse stiffener, bf/4, as per Eq. 6.10.11.1.2-2
bt : projected width of transverse stiffener as per Article 6.10.11.1.2
lt_lim : limiting moment of inertia of transverse stiffener as per Eq. 6.10.11.1.3-3&4
lt : Moment of Inertia of transverse stiffener as per Article 6.10.11.1.3
Design > Composite Design > Design Result Tables > Service Limit State…
3. Constructibility Result
3.1 Flexure
(1) by Result Table
The results can be viewed in a result table as shown below.
Design > Composite Design > Design Result Tables > Constructibility (flexure)...
Where,
fbuw : flange stress calculated without consideration of flange lateral bending
phifcrw : nominal bend-buckling resistance for webs
fbuc : compression-flange stress with consideration of flange lateral stress
phifc : limit of compression-flange stress
fbut : tension-flange stress with consideration of flange lateral stress
phift : limit of tension -flange stress
fdeck : longitudinal tensile stress in a composite section deck
phifr : limit of concrete deck tensile stress. fr shall be taken as the modulus of rupture as per the Article
6.10.1.7
3.2 Shear
(1) by Result Table
The results can be viewed in a result table as shown below.
Design > Composite Design > Design Result Tables > Constructibility (shear)...
Design > Composite Design > Design Result Tables > Fatigue Limit State...
6. Stiffener Result
(1) by Result Table
The results can be viewed in a result table as shown below.
Design > Composite Design > Design Result Tables > Longitudinal Stiffener...
7. Span Checking
(1) by Result Table
Design > Composite Design > Design Result Table...
Most critical member results in each span can be viewed in a result table as shown below.
The results of the span group defined by the span information can be checked here. The flexure
and shear results based on distance or node can be checked here. The current applied member
force or elasticity is marked in red while the strength or elasticity is marked in green.
8. Total Checking
(1) by Result Table
Design > Composite Design > Design Result Table...
Summary results for each member can be viewed in a result table as shown below.