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This article is about the Republic of India. For other uses, see India (disambiguation).

Republic of India

Bhārat Gaṇarājya

Flag

State emblem

Motto: "Satyameva Jayate" (Sanskrit)

"Truth Alone Triumphs"[1]

Anthem: "Jana Gana Mana" (Hindi)[2]

"Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People"[3][2]

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 National song
"Vande Mataram" (Sanskrit)
"I Bow to Thee, Mother"[a][1][2]

Area controlled by India shown in dark green;

claimed but uncontrolled regions shown in light green.

Capital New Delhi

28°36′50″N77°12′30″E

Largest city Mumbai

18°58′30″N72°49′40″E

Official languages Hindi

 English[b][6]
Recognised
State level and
regional languages
Eighth Schedule[7][show]

National None[8][9][10]
language

Religion  79.8% Hinduism

 14.2% Islam
 2.3% Christianity
 1.7% Sikhism
 0.7% Buddhism
 0.4% Jainism
 0.9% others[c][11]

Demonym(s) Indian
 Membership UN, WTO, BRICS, SAARC, SCO, G8+5, G20, Commonwealth
of Nations

Government Federal parliamentary

• President Ram Nath Kovind

• Vice President Venkaiah Naidu
• Prime Minister Narendra Modi
• Chief Justice Ranjan Gogoi
• Speaker of the Lok Sumitra Mahajan
Sabha

Legislature Parliament

• Upper house Rajya Sabha

• Lower house Lok Sabha

Independence
from the United Kingdom

• Dominion 15 August 1947

• Republic 26 January 1950

Area
• Total 3,287,263[5] km2(1,269,219 sq mi)[d](7th)
• Water (%) 9.6

Population
• 2016 estimate 1,324,171,354[12](2nd)
• 2011 census 1,210,854,977[13][14](2nd)
• Density 399.7/km2(1,035.2/sq mi) (31st)

GDP (PPP) 2018 estimate

• Total $10.401 trillion[15] (3rd)
• Per capita $7,795[15] (116th)

GDP (nominal) 2018 estimate

• Total $2.690 trillion[15] (6th)
• Per capita $2,016[15] (133rd)

Gini (2013) 33.9[16]

medium · 79th
 HDI (2017) 0.640[17]
medium · 130th

Currency Indian rupee (₹) (INR)

Time zone UTC+05:30 (IST)

DST is not observed

Date format dd-mm-yyyy

Driving side left

Calling code +91

ISO 3166 code IN

Internet TLD .in (others)

India (IAST: Bhārat), also known as the Republic of India (IAST: Bhārat Gaṇarājya),[18][e] is a
country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country
(with over 1.2 billion people), and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian
Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it
shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;[f] China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast;
and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri
Lanka and the Maldives, while its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border
with Thailand and Indonesia.
The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE.
In the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed.
Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE,
and Buddhism and Jainism arose. Early political consolidations took place under
the Maurya and Gupta empires; the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as
Southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived,
and Sikhism emerged, all adding to the region's diverse culture. Much of the north fell to the Delhi
Sultanate; the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th
century in the Mughal Empire. In the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East
India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged
in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent
resistance and led to India's independence in 1947.
In 2017, the Indian economy was the world's sixth largest by nominal GDP[19] and third
largest by purchasing power parity.[15] Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India
became one of the fastest-growing major economies and is considered a newly industrialised
country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition,
and inadequate public healthcare. A nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the second
largest standing army in the world and ranks fifth in military expenditure among nations. India is
a federal republic governed under a parliamentary system and consists of 29 states and 7 union
territories. A pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society, it is also home to a diversity of wildlife in
a variety of protected habitats.