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Transmitter Working
Principle
The speed of sound through the medium (usually air) varies with the
medium’s temperature. The transducer may contain a temperature
sensor to compensate for changes in operating temperature that would
alter the speed of sound and hence the distance calculation that
determines an accurate level measurement. Temperature compensation
is provided to account for uniform temperature variances of the sound
medium. The temperature sensor is placed inside the transducer and the
signal is sent to the transceiver via the transducer’s wiring. Optionally, an
alternate temperature sensor can be used to provide a temperature input,
rather than by using the integral temperature sensor. If the temperature of
the sound medium is to remain constant, instead of using either the
integral temperature compensation or the remote sensor, the desired
temperature may be entered during the transceiver configuration.
The presence of heavy foam/dust on the surface of the material can
act as a sound absorbent. In some cases, the absorption may be
sufficient to preclude use of the ultrasonic technique. To enhance
performance where foam/dust or other factors affect the wave travel to
and from the liquid surface, some models can have a beam guide
attached to the transducer.
Extreme turbulence of the liquid can cause fluctuating readings. Use
of a damping adjustment in the instrument or a response delay may help
overcome this problem. The transceiver provides damping to control the
maximum changing rate of the displayed material level and fluctuation of
the mA output signal. Damping slows down the rate of response of the
display especially when liquid surfaces are in agitation or material falls
into the sound path during filling.
Non Contact RADAR
Level Transmitter
Principle
FMCW and pulse technologies produce the same result: an echo curve.
In the past, the lower power consumption of ‘pulse’ technology has been an
advantage for building a loop‐powered radar transmitter. Nowadays, both
technologies deliver the same performance. There are no longer any major
differences between these two measuring principles when it comes to
accuracy, dynamic range, measuring range or response time.
Radar transmitters are available with different operating frequencies. For the
measurement of liquids, there are low frequencies (between 4.5 – 10 GHz)
sensors and high frequency (24 – 27 GHz) sensors.
Basics of Differential
Pressure Level
Transmitters
The importance of level measurement cannot be overstated. Incorrect or
inappropriate measurements can cause levels in vessels to be excessively
higher or lower than their measured values. Low levels can cause pumping
problems and damage the pump, while high levels can cause vessels to
overflow and potentially create safety and environmental problems. Vessels
operating at incorrect intermediate levels can result in poor operating
conditions and affect the accounting of material.
Note that this example presumes that the liquid is water. Liquids with other
specific gravities will generate other differential pressures and cause
inaccurate measurements. Continuing with the previous example, the same
500-millimeter level of another liquid with a specific gravity of 1.10 at operating
conditions in the above vessel will generate 550 mmWC of pressure at the
transmitter. As such, the differential pressure transmitter calibrated for water
would measure 50 millimeters higher than the actual 500 millimeter liquid
level. Conversely, if the liquid has a specific gravity that is lower than that of
water, this transmitter will measure lower than the actual level. This example
illustrates that differential pressure technology does not measure level, but
rather infers level.
1. Direct method
2. Indirect method
Here we discuss about indirect method and which is using DP transmitter for
level measurement.
For DP Transmitter Configuration, we have to find out Zero Level & Span
Level. Accordingly we have to configure Lower Range Value (LRV) and Upper
Range Value (URV) using HART communicator.
DP Transmitter installed at the exact HP tapping point
= 500 mmwc
= 100 mmwc
= 600 mmwc
The tank bottom tapping point is High pressure (HP) tapping point and Tank
top tapping is Low Pressure (LP) tapping point. The DP Transmitter is
connected at these HP & LP tapping points accordingly.
They are :
Here we are discussing two types : Wet Leg & Dry Leg
Wet Leg : if LP impulse line is filled with liquid like water, glycol, glycerin
or liquid inside tank
Dry Leg : if LP impulse line is filled with air, gas or any other gases.
The hydro static pressures applying on DP transmitters will vary depending on
wet leg or dry leg. so we have to consider these & calibration formula also
varies accordingly.
We can only decide for a particular DP transmitter is having Wet leg or Dry leg
from the field installation & its process application. Sometimes we can make a
dry leg installation into wet leg by filling water into the LP impulse line also.
Transmitter mounted leveled with the min. level
Span = ρp • g • H
Span = SGp • H
Span = ρp • g • x , or = SGp • x
Span = SGp • H
NOTE: