ELEC0047 - Power system dynamics, control and stability

Long-term voltage stability : transmission aspects

Thierry Van Cutsem

t.vancutsem@ulg.ac.be www.montefiore.ulg.ac.be/~vct

December 2017

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 Long-term voltage stability : transmission aspects

Classification of power system instabilities

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 Long-term voltage stability : transmission aspects

Table of contents

Voltage instability results from the inability of the combined transmission

and generation system to provide the power requested by loads

I Transmission aspects
Generation aspects
Load aspects

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 Long-term voltage stability : transmission aspects

One-generator one-load system in steady-state operation

Complex power absorbed by the load:

Ē ? − V̄ ? j
S = P + jQ = V̄ I¯? = V̄ = (EV cos θ + jEV sin θ − V 2 )
−jX X
Power flow equations:
EV
P = − sin θ (1)
X
V2 EV
Q = − + cos θ (2)
X X
After eliminating θ:

2
V2 + (2QX − E 2 )V 2 + X 2 (P 2 + Q 2 ) = 0 (3)
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 Long-term voltage stability : transmission aspects

Feasible region in load power space

To have (at least) one solution:
 2
PX QX
− − 2 + 0.25 ≥ 0 (4)
E2 E

any P can be reached provided Q is adjusted (but V may be unacceptable !)

dissymmetry between P and Q due to reactive transmission impedance
locus symmetric w.r.t. Q axis; not true any longer when some transmission
resistance is included 5 / 16
 Long-term voltage stability : transmission aspects

Maximum load power under constant power factor

Under the given load power factor cos φ : Q = P tan φ
Substituting in (4) gives:

E2 E4
P2 + tan φ P − =0
X 4X 2
from which one obtains:
cos φ E 2 sin φ E 2 E
Pmax = Qmax = VmaxP = √ √
1 + sin φ 2X 1 + sin φ 2X 2 1 + sin φ

Particular cases:
E2 E
cos φ = 1 : Pmax = Qmax = 0 VmaxP = √
2X 2

E2 E
cos φ = 0 : Pmax = 0 Qmax = VmaxP =
4X 2
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 Long-term voltage stability : transmission aspects

Load voltage as a function of load power

Solving (3) for V 2 and taking the square root:
s r
E2 E4
V = − QX ± − X 2 P 2 − XQE 2
2 4

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 Long-term voltage stability : transmission aspects

PV curves

for a given power :

1 solution with “high” voltage and “low” current (normal operating point)
1 solution with “low” voltage and “high” current
compensating the load increases the maximum power but the “critical”
voltage approaches normal values !
similar curves: QV or SV under constant tan φ, QV under constant P, etc.
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 Long-term voltage stability : transmission aspects

Effect of line capacitance and/or shunt compensation

Thevenin equivalent seen by the load:

E X
Eth = Xth =
1 − (Bc + Bl )X 1 − (Bc + Bl )X
Maximum deliverable power under power factor cos φ:
2
cos φ Eth 1 cos φ E 2
Pmax = =
1 + sin φ 2Xth 1 − (Bc + Bl )X 1 + sin φ 2X
corresponding load voltage:
Eth 1 E
VmaxP = √ √ = √ √
2 1 + sin φ 1 − (Bc + Bl )X 2 1 + sin φ
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 Long-term voltage stability : transmission aspects

Effect of variable shunt compensation

Bl = 0, Bc varied

shunt compensation adjusted to

keep voltage in an interval

smooth change in compensation

by SVC at load bus

V almost constant as long

as SVC is within limits

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 Long-term voltage stability : transmission aspects

Power flow Jacobian and sensitivities

Jacobian of power flow equations

The power flow Eqs. (1, 2) are rewritten as :

EV
sin θ + P = 0 (5)
X
V2 EV
− cos θ + Q = 0 (6)
X X
A linearization of these equations for small variations ∆P and ∆Q gives :
 EV E 
cos θ sin θ    
 X X  ∆θ ∆P
= − (7)
EV 2V E ∆V ∆Q
 
sin θ − cos θ
| X X
{z X }
J
where J is the Jacobian matrix of the power flow equations with respect to the
state variables V and θ.
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 Long-term voltage stability : transmission aspects

Singularity of the Jacobian at the maximum load point

The maximum load point (under constant power factor) is the solution of :
maxρ,V ,θ ρ
EV
subject to : sin θ + ρP o = 0
X
V2 EV
− cos θ + ρQ o = 0
X X
Consider the Lagrangian :
EV V2 EV
L = ρ + µp ( sin θ + ρP o ) + µq ( − cos θ + ρQ o )
X X X
The ((Karush-)Kuhn-Tucker) necessary conditions of optimality give :
∂L
=0 ⇔ 1 + µp P o + µq Q o = 0 (8)
∂ρ
∂L EV EV
=0 ⇔ µp cos θ + µq sin θ = 0 (9)
∂θ X X
∂L E 2V E
=0 ⇔ µp sin θ + µq ( − cos θ) = 0 (10)
∂V X X X
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 Long-term voltage stability : transmission aspects

∂L EV
=0 ⇔ sin θ + ρP o = 0 (11)
∂µp X
∂L V2 EV
=0 ⇔ − cos θ + ρQ o = 0 (12)
∂µq X X

Eqs. (9, 10) can be rewritten as :

 EV E 
cos θ sin θ
µp µq  X X
    
= 0 0
EV 2V E
sin θ − cos θ
| X X
{z X }
J
while Eq. (8) shows that :    
µp 0
6=
µq 0

Hence, it can be concluded that the Jacobian J of the power flow equations is
singular at the maximum load power point.
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 Long-term voltage stability : transmission aspects

Sensitivity of the generator reactive power to the load reactive power

How many additional Mvar must be produced if the load consumes 1 Mvar more ?

The reactive power generation is given by :

E2 EV
Qg = − cos θ
X X
A linearization of this equation for small variations ∆P and ∆Q gives :
EV E
∆Qg = sin θ ∆θ − cos θ ∆V
X X  
EV E ∆θ
= sin θ − cos θ
X X ∆V
   
EV E ∆P
sin θ − cos θ J
−1
= − (13)
X X ∆Q

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 Long-term voltage stability : transmission aspects

∆Qg
The sought sensitivity is SQg Q = .
∆Q
Eq. (13) shows that, as the maximum load power point is approached, the
sensitivity tends to infinity.

It can also be shown that the sensitivity changes from positive to negative as the
operating point moves from the upper to the lower part of a PV curve.

This allows identifying on which part of the PV curve the oper. point is located.
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 Long-term voltage stability : transmission aspects

First glance at instability mechanisms

Assume that the load behaves as constant power in steady-state
P = zPo Q = zQo

When z increases, the load characteristic

changes until it eventually does not intersect the
network characteristic. Equilibrium is lost at the
loadability limit.

The large disturbance causes the network char-

acteristic to shrink so drastically that the
post-disturbance network characteristic does no
longer intersect the (unchanged) load character-
istic

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