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r=a*φ
n = φ / 360°
r1 = a * 360° = r / n
l = a / 2 * [ φ * √ 1 + φ² + ln( φ + √ 1 + φ² ) ]
p = l(φ) + r for n≤1
p = l(φ) - l(φ-360°) + r1 for n>1
d = a * φ + a * (φ-180°) for φ>180°
κ = ( φ² + 2) / [ a * ( φ² + 1) 3/2 ]
n
A = 4/3 π³ a² +
Σ 8 ( i - 1 ) π³ a²
i=2
Σ is the sum symbol, ln is the logarithmus naturalis (natural logarithm).
pi:
π = 3.141592653589793...
Radius, parameter a, length, perimeter and diameter have a one -dimensional unit (e.g.
meter), the area has this unit squared (e.g. square meter). The number of turnings is
dimensionless. The unit of the curvature is 1 / length unit.