Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1) Explain what is CQI ? What are the general values for CQI ?
CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) is the feedback which the system receives from the UE
and it mainly indicates the radio condition of the UE. Depending on the CQI values,
NodeB scheduler allocates resources to the UE. Higher the CQI, better the network. An
average CQI value of about 22 and above, indicates a reasonably good network. CQI
values less than 17, indicates a low quality network and optimization is required.
3) What is TTI ?
a. Transmission time interval – 2ms : The TTI is related to the size of the data blocks
passed from the higher network layers to the radio link layer. To combat errors due
to fading and interference on the radio link data is divided at the transmitter into
blocks and then the bits within a block are encoded and interleaved. The length of
time required to transmit one such block determines the TTI. At the receiver all bits
from a given block must be received before they can be deinterleaved and decoded.
Having decoded the bits the receiver can estimate the bit error rate (BER). And
because the shortest decodable transmission is one TTI the shortest period over
which BER can be estimated is also one TTI
HSDPA code multiplexing is a complimentary method to time multiplexing that gives the
possibility to share the HS-DSCH resource among users in both code and time domain,
thereby improving the overall performance in terms of system throughput and number
of users served at a given delay HS-SCCH power control reduces the RBS output power
needed for the HS-SCCHs and thereby increases the system capacity
Ec/No signifies the level difference between received pilot signal and the overall noise
floor. No is the noise floor, which signifies all the signals (useful and interfering) present
at the receiver side.
It represents the quality of the 3G network
For example: A value of Ec/No= -8dB tells us that the spread signal is 8 dB below the
noise floor
Higher the Ec/No value, the better it is….
Ec/No = RSCP/RSSI
According to 3GPP Def- Ec/Io = RSCP/RSSI (Ratio of the Received signaling code power to
the power spectral density in the band and measurement shall be performed on CPICH)
while SIR = RSCP/ISCP (Ratio of the Received signaling code power to Interference
signaling code power) ISCP is the non-orthogonal part of RSSI Pilot SIR considers
orthogonality and Pilot power is not included as Interference power, So we have to take
Orthogonality factor @ into account.@ = 0.4 (Macro cell) and @ = 0.06 (Micro cell)
a. The operator can configure the number of HS-PDSCH codes (SF=16) that should be
reserved for a HSDPA capable cell by setting numHsPdschCodes. The maximum
number of HS-PDSCH codes is dependent on license level and parameter
maxNumHsPdschCodes; up to 15 codes may be allocated. With a high number of HS-
PDSCH codes allocated, the risk for code blocking will however increase and
allocating 15 HS-PDSCH codes from the RNC is not advised. The number of HS-PDSCH
codes in use for HS-DSCH transmission may also be dynamically adapted by the
HSDPA Dynamic Code Allocation feature. With this feature it is possible to borrow
codes from the DCH domain when those codes are not used for DCH traffic.
15) What are the different optimization tools available in Ericsson OSS ?
a. MRR , NCS , FAS , FOX ( Frequency Optimization Expert) , NCS ( Neighbor Cell
Support) , TET
a. With the help of qoffset2n parameter traffic can be pushed from f1 to f2 and vice
versa
b. IF LS – Inter frequency Load sharing
2G
A connection is not transmitted using only one frequency in a cell, but bursts of consecutive
TDMA frames of that connection are transmitted using certain frequencies of a specified
frequency set which is defined by the MA (Mobile Allocation) list. Without using frequency
hopping, the speech quality of a connection may either be good or bad. There are calls in a cell
which will suffer under bad speech quality; other connections will have a quite good speech
quality.
Rayleigh fading (short term fading) is different for different frequencies; the interference level is
different on different frequencies.
For a certain connection, the link quality may now change from burst to burst. Nevertheless,
due to interleaving, not only 1 but 8 consecutive bursts as a whole must be successfully
decoded. Therefore, even if there are some bad quality bursts in these 8 consecutive bursts a
speech frame may be still successfully decoded.
Frequency hopping is most effective in case of slow moving or static mobile stations.
Baseband hopping
In Baseband hopping the call is hopped between TRX and each TRX is having
fixed frequency. For freq planning the number of frequencies required has to be
equal to the TRX planned. Combiner limitation is not there as such any combiner
can be used for this hopping system
Synthesizer hopping
In Synthesizer hopping the call remains on the same TRX but the TRX changes
frequencies in each frame based on allocated freq list. For freq planning the
number of frequencies required is more than the TRX per cell. Fractional loading
is considered for the freq planning. Combiner limitation is there as such this
hopping cannot be used with filter combiners. Need hybrid or special
combiners.
Each band has its own BCCH, this feature enables possibility to combine multi-
frequency bands into one cell having one BCCH ( Broadcast common control Channel).
Normally lower frequency bands are chosen for more coverage area.
Advantages:
23) What are the ways to steer traffic between different bands within GSM
One way to steer traffic between different bands in Ericsson network would be by
changing the threshold values for path loss (LOL) and Hysteresis (LOLHYST) and TAOL
(Timing advance Threshold) and Hysteresis (TAOLHYST). This way traffic can be steered
between Under laid (UL – 900 Band) and Overlaid (1800 Band) and vice versa
Temporary Block Flow (TBF) is a logical connection between the BSS and the MS. A TBF
is set up when there is data to send at the BSS or MS side.
General Knowledge
o Link Budget (3g) - For 3g/UMTS , we calculate only reverse link or uplink. In the
downlink we wish to find out the maximum cell range, as with the uplink. In the
down link we share the available power of the base station(let say 20W)
amongst all the users, but really we don’t know the amount of available power
at the base station for another user. This available power is {20W- Summation
(Pi) } where Pi is the power consumed at the base station to maintain a link with
user i. But we don’t know the position of UE, we don’t know what is Pi –This is
downlink problem. In uplink each user has his own power amplifier and
therefore the uplink is not a power limited
29) What is the difference between GSM and UMTS Link Budget calculations?
dB ( Decibel) is a ratio and is a relative measure of two values ; As a unit for the strength
of a signal, dB expresses the ratio between two power levels. To be exact, dB = log
(P1/P2).
The unit dBm denotes an absolute power level measured in decibels and referenced to 1
milliwatt (mW). To convert from absolute power "P" (in watts) to dBm, use the formula
dBm = 10*log (P/1 mW). This equation looks almost the same as that for the dB.
However, now the power level "P" has been referenced to 1 mW. It turns out that in the
practical radio world, 1 mW is a convenient reference point from which to measure
power.