Sound and Vibration Control ‘openings, and the room correction (27) converting the sound power lev- els atthe ceiling to comesponding sound pressure levels in the room, The total sound pressure levels in the receiver room from the three paths are obtained by logarithmically adding the individval sound pres- sure levels associated with each path. From the total sound pressure levels for all three paths, the NC value inthe room is NC 42, and the RC value is RC 34 (R-H), which is « combination of lower fiequency rumble and higher feequency hiss If the regenerated noise due to airflow through the ductwork, silencer, and diffuser are not considered, the NC value in the room is C42, and the RC value is RC 26 (R-H). While the calculation proce- dure is simplified, the typically higher-frequency regenerated noise is ‘not accounted for in the overall ratings especially in the RC value, ‘whose numeric magnitude is often set by the higher frequency noise contribution. At a minimum, the self-noise or regenerated noise ofthe silencers and outlet or inlet devices such as giles, registers, and difus- fxs should be considered along with the atenuation provided by the ‘duct elements and dynamic insertion oss ofthe silencers, VIBRATION ISOLATION AND CONTROL ‘Mechanical vibration and vibration-induced noise are often ‘major sources of occupant complaints in modern buildings. Lighter weight construction in new buildings has made these buildings ‘more susceptible to vibration and vibration-related problems, Increased interest in energy conservation in buildings has resulted ‘in many new buildings being designed with variable air volume sys- tems. This often results in mechanical equipment being located in penthouses on the roof, inthe use of roof-mounted HVAC units, and in mechanical equipment rooms located on intermediate level floors. These trends have resulted in an increase in the number of pieces of mechanical equipment located in a building, and they often have resulted in mechanical equipment being located adjacent to or above occupied areas. Occupant complaints associated with building vibration typi- cally take one of three forms: 1. The level of vibration perceived by building occupants is of suf- ficient magnitude to cause concen or alarm, 2, Vibration energy from mechanical equipment, which is transmit- tedto the building structure is transmitted to various parts ofthe building and then is radiated as structure-bome noise. 3. Vibration present ina building may interfere with proper opera tion of sensitive equipment or instrumentation, ‘The following sections present basic information to properly select and specify vibration isolators and to analyze and correct field vibration problems. Chapter 7 in the 1997 ASHRAE Handbook— Fundamentals and Reynolds and Bevirt (1994) provide more detailed information. EQUIPMENT VIBRATION Vibration can be isolated or reduced to a fraction of the original force with resilient mounts between the equipment and the support- ing structure. To determine the excessive forces that must be iso- lated or that adversely affect the performance or life of the equipment, criteria should be established for equipment vibration, Figures 38 and 39 show the relation between equipment vibration levels and vibration isolators that have a fixed vibration isolation efficiency. In this case, the magnitude of transmission to the build- ing is a function of the magnitude of the vibration force. VIBRATION CRITERIA Vibration criteria can be specified relative to three areas: (1) human response to vibration, (2) vibration levels associated with potential damage to sensitive equipment in a building, and (3) vibration severity of a vibrating machine. Figure 40 and 46.37 eRATORY FORCE toe 1000 190% 90% EFFICENT ISOLATOR “0h TRANSMISSIORITY iY ‘ 4 te de ry TRANSMISSION Fig. 38 Transmission to Structure Varies as Function of Magnitude of Vibration Fore 10000018 FORCE S04 EFFICIENCY 30% EFFICIENCY so Tagetssion om TRANSMISSION she 0018 FORCE abe Fig. 39 Interrelationship of Equipment Vibration, Isolation Efficiency, and Transmission Table 43 present recommended acceptable vibration criteria for vibration that can exist in a building structure (Ungar et al. 1990). Vibration values associated with Figure 40 are measured by vibration transducers (usually accelerometers) that are placed on the building structure in the vicinity of vibrating ‘equipment or in areas of the building that contain building ‘occupants or sensitive equipment. The occupant vibration crite- ria are based on guidelines specified by ANSI Standard $3.29, and ISO Standard 2631-2. ‘The manufacturer's vibration criteria should be followed for sen- sitive equipment. If acceptable vibration values are not available from manufacturers, the values specified in Figure 41 can be used. Figure 41 gives recommended equipment vibration severity ratings ‘based on measured RMS velocity values (IRD 1988). The vibration values associated with Figure 41 are measured by vibration trans- ducers (usually accelerometers) mounted directly on equipment, equipment structures, or bearing caps. Vibration levels measured on equipment and equipment components can be affected by unbal- ance, misalignment of components, and resonance interaction between a vibrating piece of equipment and the structural floor on which itis placed. Ifa piece of equipmentis balanced within accept- able tolerances and excessive vibration levels still exis, the equip- ‘ment and its installation should be checked for possible resonant conditions, Table 44 gives maximum allowable RMS velocity lev- cls for selected pieces of equipment. With regard to maintenance and preventive maintenance requirements, the vibration levels measured on equipment structures should be in the “Good” region or below in Figure 41. Machine vibration levels in the “Fair” or “Slightly Rough” regions may indicate potential problems. Machines with vibra- tion levels in these regions should be monitored to ensure prob- Jems do not arise. Machine vibration levels in the “Rough” and “Very Rough” regions indicate a potentially serious problem exists, and immediate action should be taken to identify and correct the problem. SPECIFICATION OF VIBRATION ISOLATORS ‘Vibration isolators must be selected to compensate for floor stiff- ness. Longer spans also allow the structure to be more flexible, per- ‘mitting the building to be more easily set into vibration. Building46.38 1999 ASHRAE Applications Handbook Table 43 Equipment Vibration Criteria oa | Human Occupancy Time ofDay Cane? | Workshops rT 7 Office areas ait 1 ab Residential (good environmental 0700-72000 = HA. standards) 2200-0700" © G Hospital operating rooms and al F cue vetociry sitical work areas «soa rn ne Equipment Requirements Gane | Computer areas # Bench microscopes up to 100% magnification; laboratory robots F Bench microscopes upto 400% magnification; optic! and E £ oo Sher precision balances; coordinate measuring mackins; > metrology itboratories; optical comparstors; microelectronics 5 ‘manufacturing equipment—Ciass A g Microsurgery eye surgery, neurosurgery: bench microscope at 5 ‘magnification greater than 400%; optical equipment on isolation g o000 ~ tubles; microelectronic manufacturing equipmest—Ciass B® £ 2 Electron microscopes up to 30,000x magnification; microtomes; magnetic resonance imagers; microelectronics mansfacturing e 7 equipment—ClassC 00 F Electron microscopes at magnification greater than 30,000%; B tase spectrometers; ell mplant equipment; microelectronics eee ‘manufacturing equipment—Class D® Unisolated laser and optical esearch systems; microelectronics A 00a | A oe ‘manufacturing equipment—Class E® See Figur 0 forconespndiag carves. Sim eas wher indvidoae are sensitive to vibraon, we cure H. A 000125 Cases of microsecwescs manufacture equipment: fast I Css A: Inspection, probe est, an ther manufetrng suppor equipment. Pea ee ao gg 100 | Clas B: Aline teppern and oer eral qupment for phoiogrnky ‘with ie wits of 3 un o mor. FREQUENCY, Hz Fig. 41 Equipment Vibration Severity Rating for Vibration Measured on Equipment Structure or Bearing Caps asc: Kignes ae, tl ee cea equipment or alibi oie of um coud: Mig er ee si pet x hte Fig. 40. Building Vibration Criteria for ce, iin wi of 05 nc onan ee Vibration Measured on Building Structure CE SE ecto um ine iceertean geen f ~ ‘Table 44 Equipment Vibration Criteria 10° “Alowable raw Equipment Tot. E cw na ao vervrousn Yuet =~ sc Centrifugal compresors a RouGH 0.202 Fans (vent sets, centrifugal, axial) 0.09 SUGHTEY ROUGH a ya, i wk spans, equipment operating speeds, equipment power, damping, 2° Fran oo thd tet factors have been considered in te Vibration isolator z selection gui in Table 45. § Ficcoo oar? By specifying isolator deflection rather than isolation efficiency | é caneaiges ater bee pre, 2 espero 5 veRY GOOD fn ‘compensate for floor stiffness and building resonances by selecting 8 Cocom | fsolsiors that provide minimum vibration transmission and thal mc 0.0069 1 have more deflection than the supporting floor. To apply the infor- | aay SOT 4 | mation from Table 45, base type, isolator type, and minimum E 2.0036 deflection columns are added to the equipment schedule. These iso- F-sancwewouoomm 4 lator specification ae then incorporated into mechanical specifi f tons forthe project | : "The minimum deflections listed in Table 45 are based on the ot 7 a experience of acoustical and mechanical consultants and vibration control manufacturers. Recommended isolator type, base type, and ‘minimum static deflection are reasonable and safe recommenda tions for 70% to 80% of HVAC equipment installations. The selec tions are based on concrete equipment room floors 4 to 12 in. thick with typical floor stiffness. The type of equipment, proximity t0 noise-sensitive areas, and the type of building construction may alter these choices.sound and Vibration Control 46.39 Table 45 Selection Guide for Vibration Isolation ‘Equipment Location Note) Upe20n 2010308 oan SlabonGrade_ Floor Span Floor Span. Floor Span Te Min Tho: Mia, 1s- Ma. Tso Min. Horsepower Base lator Defl, Base lator Defl, Base intor Defl, Base lator Dell, Reference Equipment Type and Other Rom_Type Type_in.’ Type Type_n.” Type Type in.” Type Type_ in. Notes, ‘Refrigeration Machines and Chillers Bure compressors a al A 2 025 C3 os C3 ts 4 250 zat Reciprocating a al A 20025 A 4 ors A 3 IS A 8 25023 Ceatifugat a al A 1 035 A 4 07 A 3 175 Stas ada Open centrifugal al ale G1 035 C4 07s C3 as tts Ba Absorption al alo A 1 035 Ae OS KTS LS ‘Air Commpresors and Vacuum Pumps Taakemounted| Upwe10 au A 3075 A 3 OS A 3 SA 31s tas 1Sand over all € 3 075 G3 os C8 as tts SSS Base-nouned "All al 043 075 G3 om CO TS GS tas sata Large reciprocating al alo G3 075 C3 0m C3 ts C3 19s SaaS Pumps Closed coupled upto7s al B20 «C3 os C3 Os C3 Os 10d over al 3 075 «C3 os CG 3 Is 6 3 18 ib Laz nine 51025 al A 3 075 A 3 18K 3 13s 3 30and over al A 3 495 A 3 SA 318 SD Bad suction and spit cate Upto alo € 3 ors G3 om 6G 3 ns C3 Ls $00 125 al 3 075 3 os 3 1s 3 80 150 and over ai «3 oS C3 1s 3 1s G8 a0 Cooling Towers au Upto A 1 025 A 4 350 A 4 350 A 4 350 sors A 1 025 A 4 25 A 4 250 A 4 250 sOmdovr A 1 025 A 4 O75 A 4 O95 A 4 LIS Bollers—Fre-tabe au aul A 1 025 B44 oS Be SB 4 mg ‘Axial Fans, Fan leds, Cabinet Fans, and Fan Sections Upto 22in di. al al, A 2 0 A 3 075 A 3 07 © 3 095 2a, du aod over Uptotinsp Upto0. B38 250 C 3 350 C 3 35 © 3 350 300500 B43 075 «BS 17s C3 28 © 3 280 SOlmdover B 3 07 B 3 175 B 3 178 B 3 198 2iinsp.and “Ups C3 2 CF SDC «C3 3 3 48 ove soowso) C3 175 C 3 17 C 3 250 6 3 230 sOlmdor C 3 07 C 3 175 C 3 175 © 3 290 (Contigal Fans Upto 22in dia. All al B2 035 B 3 os BR 3 Os C3 1s 2a da tad over Uptoso Ups BF 230 BS 55 BS 3 BOS 30 3000500 B33 17S BOS 17S BOS 250 «BOS 280 SOlmdover B 3 075 B 3 O75 B 3 O75 B 3 178 SOandower —Upwo30C «3 «28 «COS 30 COS 850 8D soowso0 C3 175 Cc 3 1s C3 2% C3 280 SOimdover C 3 10 C 3 175 C 3 17 © 3 250 Propeller Fens Wallmnted a al A 1 035 A 102s A 0s A ns Roof mounted au au A 1 025 A 1 ons Bs Ls Dk 8 leat Pumps a al A 3 07S A 3 07S A 3 07S AD 3 8 Condensing Units au Al A 1 035 A 4 0S A SD 4s ‘Packaged AH, AC, Hand’ Unite Al Upte10 Al A 3075 A 3 OS A 3 OS 3 os 1Smdove, “Upio300 A 3 OS A 3 350 A 3 350 «CS S80 2akID wpiodinsp. 3010500 A 3078 A 3 202028 aD sOladovr A 3 075 A 3 178 A 3 its A 3 195 4D ISandove, Upw300 B43 075 C3380 CO 350 CO 380 2s ha9 ‘imspandover 30110500 B 3 07 C 3 17S C 3 250 C 3 230 a3Kd SOlmdover B 3 07 C 3 175 C 3 17s © 3 290 2349 Packaged Rooftop Equipment al Al WD 1 025 D3 ars See Note 17 568.17 Ducted Rotating Equipment ‘Smal fans, fan powered Upto 6006fm al A 3050 A 3 080 A 3 050 A 3 ODT ‘bores COleimandover = Al.—«s SAS O7S OTS ATS 3 OST Engine Driven Generators All Al A 3 os cs sc 3 20 C3 350 a8 Base Tbolator Types: ‘A. No bse, isolators attached direty to equipment (Note 27) Structural ste ral or base (Noes 28 and 29) C. Conceinertia bate (Note 30) .Curbmounted bese (Not 31), [Pad uber, glass ber (Note 20 and 21) 2. Rubber flor iselator or hangee (Notes 20 and 25) 3 Spring flor issator or banger (Note 22,23, and 25) 4 Reswained spring isolator (Notes 2 and 24) 5. Thrust estat (Note 26)