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1/3/2019
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The SWELL model simply adds the following two swelling functions to Mohr-Coulomb
constitutive model:
1. Logarithmic function
2. Linear function
Note, these two functions were implemented using FISH programming and tested in a few
examples in Noorany et al. (1999) for the case x y z coincides with x y z (i.e., = 0 in
Figure 1). Here we essentially convert FISH functions in Noorany et al. (1999) into C++
constitutive model and extend them to 3D. The modified Mohr-Coulomb model with add-on of
swelling functions, named as SWELL, is also tested with all the examples documented in
Noorany et al. (1999).
The SWELL model is programmed using C++ language and statically loaded into FLAC7.10 as
a built-in model. Besides the existing properties of Mohr-Coulomb model, the extra properties
are listed below:
2.0 EXAMPLES
2.1 One zone test
A 2m x 2m single zone is generated first then an elastic material with density of 1000 Kg/m3,
bulk modulus of 100 MPa and shear modulus of 30 MPa is assigned. With roller boundary
condition enforced at two lateral and bottom boundaries, the model is settled under gravity
loading (g = 10 m/s2). At this point, the vertical stress ( yy ) is equal to -10 KPa.
Next, the displacements and velocities are reset in the model; the material model is switched
from ELASTIC to SWELL, which has same stiffness and high strength (cohesion and tension).
The swelling properties are:
a1 1.5335
c1 1.87 10 2
a3 0.436
Formulation, Implementation and Validation of a Simple Swelling Model Page 3
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c3 0
The property ninc is set to 200, which means the swelling stress will be introduced into the zone
over 200 steps. With pressure of 100 KPa and logarithmic function (i.e., modnum = 1), the
swelling strain in the vertical direction is evaluated by Equation (1) to be 0.01523, so,
analytically, this zone will swell upward for 30.46 mm.
ini xd 0 yd 0 xv 0 yv 0
model swell notnull
prop bulk 1.54e7 shear=0.712e7 coh=4.8e3 fric=30 tens=1e15 &
angle 0. a1 1.533 c1 -1.87e-2 a3 0.436 c3 -2.15e-2 j=8,15
prop bulk 3.25e7 shear=1.5e7 coh=4.8e3 fric=30 tens=1e15 &
angle 0. a1 0.694 c1 -2.11e-2 a3 0.468 c3 -2.3e-2 j=3,7
prop bulk 2.93e7 shear=2.2e7 coh=1.44e3 fric=40 tens=1e15 &
angle 0. a1 -4e-4 c1 0. a3 -4.7e-4 c3 1e-4 j=1,2
prop modnum 1 ; log law
prop modnum 2 j=1,2 ; linear law
prop ninc 50000 pressure 1.0133e5 sv0 0.0
Formulation, Implementation and Validation of a Simple Swelling Model Page 6
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hist ydisp i 28 j 16
step 50000
save wslopea.sav
plot hold bound disp
LEGEND
3.250
25-Oct-12 14:56
step 54000
3.150
-4.945E+00 <x< 9.395E+01
2.426E+02 <y< 3.414E+02
0 2E 1
2.950
Displacement vectors
max vector = 3.045E-01
2.850
0 1E 0
2.750
2.650
2.550
2.450
REFERENCES
1. Noorany, I., S. Frydman and C. Detournay. (1999) "Prediction of Soil Slope Deformation
Due to Wetting," in FLAC and Numerical Modeling in Geomechanics (Minneapolis,
Minnesota, September 1999), pp. 101-107, C. Detournay and R. Hart, Eds. Rotterdam:
Balkema.