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ZAMA CONSTRACTION P.L.C FINAL REPORT 2007 E.

DECLARTION
This is certifying (approving) that, BERHANU HADUSH EIT/UR0922/03, a student of
Mekelle University has completed the internship report titled ʿʿ Building constriction ʼʼ structure
successfully under my supervision. To the best of my knowledge and as per his declaration the
report is an author tic work on the issue and has not been submitted to anywhere. I wish his every
success in his life.

Name; - BERHANU HADUSH

ID.NO; - EIT UR0922/03

Signature;-

Adviser’s name; - MESGINA .G

Signature;-

Supervisor’s name;-MENGSTU

Signature;-

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ZAMA CONSTRACTION P.L.C FINAL REPORT 2007 E.C

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my sincerest appreciation to my advisor, INS .MESGINA. G, for


his guidance, expert instruction; he has made in me over the past four months starting from
March up to June, giving me the opportunity to be involved in such interesting Internship. I
would also like to extend sincere thanks to my Site Advisor. I will fondly remember the hours
upon hours of conversations with both of them, I would like to acknowledge also to supervisor
(project manager) Mengustu for his appreciable support of office and site works of my
Internship activities through his comments during every activities. Additionally, I would like to
acknowledge for EIT-M, our department Civil Engineering and University Industry Linkage
(UIL) officer Birhanu Dino helping to do my internship. Last but not least, I would like to
express my deepest gratitude to my family for their moral and financial support.

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ZAMA CONSTRACTION P.L.C FINAL REPORT 2007 E.C

Executive summary
This document is final report for internship program in the Zamra plc. Construction
Company the report involves four chapters’ references, appendices, and table of content
describing the exact location of topics.
The first chapter tells us about the company’s history, main service of the company, costumers
and the organizational work flow of the company in clouded in this chapter.
The second chapter is all about me and the company starting from how I get in to the company
to what I have been doing in the company, working procedures are also involved in the chapter.
The third chapter is contacted about my achievements during the program, knowledge and skills
obtained are also in this chapter.
The last chapter is the conclusion part and recommendation for the hosting company. So I am
inviting you to share my experience that I gained during the four months period of practice.
I have performed my internship in Zamra construction p.l.c. in structural building part. The
owner of this project is Mekelle University and its site is in Mekelle University known as sport
field at Mekelle University campus. This is Stadium building and its purpose is for sport
activities (M.U.B.P-87),). Duration of my internship with this project is for four months, from
01/07/2005E.C to 30/12/2005E.C.
I can grouped my internship activities in to two broad groups these are
→ Site work
→ Office work
Some of from these site activities are ; how to mix concrete, erect crusty, how to adjust
formworks of( beam, columns) , take of sheet reinforcement arrangement & etc. And from
these of office works are: bar schedule project management & etc.

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ZAMA CONSTRACTION P.L.C FINAL REPORT 2007 E.C

Table of content

Contents
DECLARTION ................................................................................................................................ I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................ II
Executive summary....................................................................................................................... III
Table of content ............................................................................................................................ IV
List of tables ................................................................................................................................... V
List of figure .................................................................................................................................. V
Objective of internship program ..................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 2
1.1, History .................................................................................................................................. 3
1.2, Overview of the company: ................................................................................................... 3
1.3, Main customers .................................................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................ 6
2. OVER ALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE INCLUDING ........................................................ 6
2.2, In which activity of the company I work ............................................................................. 6
2.3, Work flow in our site: .......................................................................................................... 6
2.4, Work task that I have been involve .................................................................................... 10
2.4.1, Office work: ................................................................................................................. 10
2.4.2, site work/ processes on site Construction .................................................................... 12
2.4.4, Scaffolding; ................................................................................................................. 21
2.4.5, Steel reinforcement ...................................................................................................... 21
2.4.6, Concrete work.............................................................................................................. 24
2.6, Control of material ............................................................................................................. 37
2.7, Challenges that I have faced............................................................................................... 38
CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 39
3, OVER ALL BENEFI GAINED FROM THE INTERNSHIP .................................................. 39
3.1 In terms Improving Practical skill ....................................................................................... 39
3.2 In terms of upgrading Theoretical knowledge .................................................................... 40
3.3 In terms Improving Interpersonal communication skills .................................................... 42

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ZAMA CONSTRACTION P.L.C FINAL REPORT 2007 E.C

3.4 In terms of Improving team player skill .............................................................................. 43


3.5 In terms of Improving Leader ship skill .............................................................................. 43
3.7 In terms of entrepreneurship skills ...................................................................................... 44
CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................................... 46
4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ........................................................................ 46
4.1 Conclusion........................................................................................................................... 46
4.2 Recommendation:- .................................................................................................................. 47
5, References ................................................................................................................................. 48
Glossary ........................................................................................................................................ 49

List of tables
Table 1- Tack off sheet format for reinforcement ........................................................................ 12
Table 2—minimum cover ............................................................................................................. 23
Table 3Batching ............................................................................................................................ 28
Table 4- concrete mix ................................................................................................................... 30
Table 5- Stripping of form works ................................................................................................. 35

List of figure
Figure 1;- excavator ...................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 2;- compacter ..................................................................................................................... 17
Figure 3;-spacer ............................................................................................................................ 18
Figure 4;- beam formwork ............................................................................................................ 20
Figure 5;- column formwork ......................................................................................................... 21
Figure 6;--steel .............................................................................................................................. 22
Figure 7;-Lean concrete ................................................................................................................ 25
Figure 8;-Coarse aggregat ............................................................................................................. 28
Figure 9- bathing box 29
Figure 10;-drum mixer .................................................................................................................. 31
Figure 11;- placing & compaction of concrete ............................................................................. 33

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ZAMA CONSTRACTION P.L.C FINAL REPORT 2007 E.C

Objective of internship program


The purpose of the internship is to expose Ethiopian institute of technology, MU students to
the world of work so that can relate theoretical knowledge with practical skill & application in
industry. They develop skills in work ethics, communication and management.

To like students with industries so that they practice and acquired technical and operational
knowledge in various section of the industry.

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ZAMA CONSTRACTION P.L.C FINAL REPORT 2007 E.C

INTRODUCTION
This month Internship program is concerned to integrate theoretical and practical skill, as
well as organizational work process both in the site and office.
This will help us to develop our work ethics skill, communication skill and management
capacity and improve our professional knowledge. This has been a great experience for my
practical knowledge, and I have been participating both in site and office works.

In this month: I explore practical experiences on how structures are designed and how
structural elements are built on construction site. How designing could progress and how all the
sequences of the activities that were use to execute an item work follow their own steps and
procedures. Therefore, I have well acquainted with all those steps and procedures to do the
specific activity and activities in order to improve my practical skills

CHAPTER ONE

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ZAMA CONSTRACTION P.L.C FINAL REPORT 2007 E.C

1, BACKGROUND OF HOST COMPANY


1.1, History:

Zamra construction was established in 1992 Ec. as an organization with limited capacity, by
the owner and one additional worker. Zamra started to grow based on the principle of quality.
Zamra construction is first rank contractor at this time, and this company is great competent in
the country.

The organization started to gain reach experience in the area of construction and enhanced its
human and material resources which enable it to increase its level from time to time.

With that knowledge the organization has greater than 250 permanent staffs and above 2000
contractual workers. In addition to the large number of daily laborers working in different
projects of the construction, Consequently, Zamra is playing significant role in the economy of
the nation in line with it role at curtailing the social economic problem of unemployment
phenomena of our country.

1.2, Overview of the company:

Vision;-

 Zamra has a vision to contract different big projects such as road, bridges and other
projects in addition to buildings.
 Zamra want to become competent in the construction and other similar sectors
undertaking to have better contribution in the area.
Mission;-

Play a significant role in the construction sector.


To increase its organizational strength by recreating professional, who will have at their
disposal are advanced.
To construct quality buildings, roads, bridges and other with competency and at currently
required standards.
To creating strong linkage in industries to produce and supply industrial products necessary
in building construction both for nationally and international markets.

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ZAMA CONSTRACTION P.L.C FINAL REPORT 2007 E.C

By using strong man power and material capacity and organization to win construction
projects at international standards.
Contribute a major role in the hospitality industry of the nation.
Goals;-

Keeping its level of growth step by step to undertake different construction activities

construct building of various standards for government, public and privet sector through
competition
It wants to participate in different activities such as in electricity, water, etc.
It wants to participate in bridge construction.
1.3, Main customers:
Zamra has well established office in the Tigrai national regional states capital - Mekelle
besides it has established similar office in the national capital -Addis Ababa therefore Zamra is
under taking its construction business at National level.

 Zamra has construct the following projects:-


 Mekelle university female dormitory.
 Bureau of agricultural and rural development Maine office building in Mekelle.
 Fifa ambo goal project
 Mekelle university fedu laboratory, fedu drawing studio, dormitory, SGS staff office,
etc.
 Mesebo building material plc
 Mass media & broad casting agency complex project Mekelle
 Tigrai original council office building complex Mekelle
Organization for women in self-employer

 Magic carpet plc Mekelle.


 Sellasie cathedral administration.
 Mekelle radio broad casting station
 Water supply infrastructure(berahla)
 Dedebit credit and saving institution s.co Mekelle
 Quiha meles Zenawi campus

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ZAMA CONSTRACTION P.L.C FINAL REPORT 2007 E.C

 Mekelle university stadium at process


1.4, Company organizational flow chart;

general
manager

Site Construction
administration Engineering

Guared Stor Keeper Time Keeper Office Engineer Site Engineer

Quantity General Forman


Suppervisor

Data Colector Forman

Gange Leader

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ZAMA CONSTRACTION P.L.C FINAL REPORT 2007 E.C

CHAPTER TWO
2. OVER ALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE INCLUDING
2.1, How I get the company:
Before staring of Internship University industry linkage gives a chance to find the hosting
company ourselves. Therefore I was starting to find the hosting company. From some of
company that I was applying my paper First I entered my internship paper in Zamra construction
p.l.c in Mekelle in summer season. The company receipts my internship paper, but didn’t give
me acceptance paper at that time. Later on as duration of my internship arrive, I ask to the
company and they give me positive response.

2.2, in which activity of the company I work:

Since Zamra have been doing in construction sector at this time, it constructs different buildings
throughout the nation .From these it has done projects in Mekelle university campus, MUBP-87;
my internship also has done in that campus on that site. Most of my work time spent in site work,
but I work also different office works. Consultant of this site is NOMI consultant and designers
group.

2.3, Work flow in our site:


We know that mostly in one project three persons are involved, these are;

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ZAMA CONSTRACTION P.L.C FINAL REPORT 2007 E.C

Client
Consultant
Contractor

By initiating these groups work flow in our site seems like this:

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ZAMA CONSTRACTION P.L.C FINAL REPORT 2007 E.C

Project manager

Site Engineer
Site Adminstration

Guard General Forman

Store keeper For man

Time keeper Gang leader

Skilled & un skilled


labor

Site project organization chart ;( MUBP-87)

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ZAMA CONSTRACTION P.L.C FINAL REPORT 2007 E.C

The work flow in the section as shown in the above chart has the following activities:

 Project manager: manages the whole site work execution.

- Makes payment to sub contract workers.


- Approves material request.
- Analyses the work processes.
- Executes sub-contracting agreements.
- Issues the grant of higher power of working class.
- Reviews and checks the reports made by the office engineer etc.
 Site engineer: is the second power holder in the contractor side.

- Prepares daily labors output report.

- Organizes the monthly reports to be sent to Head office.

- Schedules weekly or monthly work implementation.

Checks and reviews any sub contract payments.


- Quantifies any materials on request etc.

 Office engineer: includes quantity surveyor.


- Prepare periodic report to concerned departments and project
manager.

- Prepare payment for sub-contractors.

- Supervise and confirm site activities.


 General Forman: Assigns and controls the general leaders and carpenter Forman

- checks the whole work process

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ZAMA CONSTRACTION P.L.C FINAL REPORT 2007 E.C

- quantifies some materials and makes request

- Reports any challenges of work procedures and their execution etc.

 Store keeper

Controls, manages and registers all materials which are going out in to the store
Balances the materials consumed with the unconsumed one and so on.

 Time keeper

 Controls the time the workers start, break and end.


 Registers ordinary time amount and overtime works.
 Reports a summary of working times to Payment administrator for salary.

2.4, Work task that I have been involve


Activities of the company that we have been working in are:

 Office work
 Site works
 Some of the activities that we work in office works are
Quantity survey
Bar schedule ………..etc.

2.4.1, Office work:


The activities that we have performed in office works are bar schedule and takeoff sheet.

2.4.1.1 Quantity surveying


It is calculating the total amount of work in a building and estimating the cost of executing
them.

 By quantity surveying
The total construction cost of the project is approximately estimated
The completion time of the project is fixed
Bigger works are broken in to a smaller units so that the evaluation and control is simple
The total amount of construction required by the project is calculated
The method of construction is fore casted.
The type of equipments, tools and machineries are known ahead

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ZAMA CONSTRACTION P.L.C FINAL REPORT 2007 E.C

The number and qualification of workers required are known ahead


The work schedule, labor schedule and material schedule are prepared
Bill of quantity is prepared for competent bidders to submit their offer
Approval is obtained from concerned authorities for budget constructions.

2.4.1.2, bar schedule:


is the schedule of bars is a list of reinforcement’s bars in tabular form giving the particular of
bars, shape of bending with sketches, length of each, total length and total weight.
For each type of R.C.C work a schedule of bars the requirement of different sizes and lengths of
bars may be known, and may be arranged and bent up during the time of construction schedules
of bars of R.C.C of slabs, column, beam, two airs, too things etc.

The total weight (wt.) of bars of site can be calculated as

d2
wt = ∑ L ×
162
Where: d =diameter of bars in mm

L =total length of the bar in mm

W= weight of bars in kg/m

2.4.1.3 Takeoff sheet


It is a tabular standard format in which dimensions of items from the Drawing are transferred
for further calculations.

While preparing take off sheet


 repeated words must be avoided,
 Non popular abbreviations must be avoided,
 Must use clear English with less technical words.
Reinforcement takeoff sheet

Project:-

Block:-

Structure:-

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ZAMA CONSTRACTION P.L.C FINAL REPORT 2007 E.C

It. Loca Typ Shap (mm Len No. No To Total length (m)
N tion e e ) gth of . of tal
(m) bars me no. Φ6 Φ8 Φ10 Φ12 Φ14 Φ16 Φ20 Φ24
per mb of
me er bar
mbe s
r

Total length(m)
Weight(kg/m)

Total weight(kg)

Table 1- Tack off sheet format for reinforcement


In order to fill out the above table properly the following steps should be taken.
 Identify the type bar present
 Then calculate the number of bars present based on the spacing and the length on which
these bars are placed
 Calculate on how many members these bars are present on a single floor system
 Then calculate the total length by multiplying the total number of bars with the length of
single bar
 Now based on predetermined conversion factor we can calculate the total mass of bar in
kilograms.

0.222∗r2
Unit weight of bar= , kg/m
9

total length of the bar


Total weight= , kg
unit weight

2.4.2, site work/ processes on site Construction

When I had been work on ZAMRA Construction plc I had seen the following works.

 Setting out and earth work


 spacer
 Concrete work
 Form work works
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ZAMA CONSTRACTION P.L.C FINAL REPORT 2007 E.C

 Back fill works

2.4.2.1Setting out

is the process of laying down the excavation lines and center lines etc. on the ground, before
excavation is started. The setting out is done correctly with proper measuring tape and accurate
leveling instrument.
 The procedure I was followed to mark points in the given areas are;
 Establish reference points.
 Fix wooden pegs and batten boards around the site to be excavated.
 Make the center line of the walls.
 Mark the plinth lines
 By stretching strings, check right angles by forming triangles with sides 3,4 and 5 units
long or by measuring the diagonals.
 If all dimensions are correct and all corners are right angel, the cutting lines are marked
on the ground using lime powder.

2.4.2.2 Earth work


Is any operation involving the excavation or construction of earth
embankment. Some of these are including in earth work are site clearance, excavation, backfill
and compaction.

 The following procedures are followed during earth work;

Site clearance

 Shall consist of the removal of all trees, brush, other vegetation, rubbish, fences and all
other objectionable material including the disposal of all material resulting from the
clearing and grubbing.
Excavation
 Excavations are suitable trimmed and leveled before any concrete or masonry work is
placed.
 Decide the place to pile out the suitable excavated material and check it is 2 meters
outside the building perimeter.
 Decide the place for the cart away which is not necessary for backfilling or terracing.
 All excavations are carried out to the lines levels, width and depths shown on the
drawing.
 In location where the soil is subjected to softening during excavation, a bottom layer of
soil removed immediately before the placing of concrete in accordance with the standard
technical specification.
 The excavation or foundation is executed 25 cm wider on each side than the thickness of
the foundation wall as given in the standard technical specification.

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ZAMA CONSTRACTION P.L.C FINAL REPORT 2007 E.C

 The trench and pits to be free from grass, bushes, pieces of wood free of water by
pumping or other means.
 The faces of excavation are retained with sheeting, the Bering strutting and shoring to
protect workmen and prevent damage where necessary.

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ZAMA CONSTRACTION P.L.C FINAL REPORT 2007 E.C

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ZAMA CONSTRACTION P.L.C FINAL REPORT 2007 E.C

Figure 1;- excavator

2.4.2.3 Backfill
 All internal and external backfilling is done with approved material, if possible with
material excavated on the site.
 All ground trenches and places where back filling shall be executed are clean from grass,
bushes and pieces of wood.
 All organic materials, such as pieces of wood roots, bushes and black cotton soil are
removed from all backfill material.
 All back filling to be in layers and compacted to 95% of maximum dry density in
accordance with standard technical specification.
 Each layer to be well rammed and consolidated with the addition of water as necessary
to achieve the required compaction.
 The maximum layer of fill for one time compaction does not exceed 20 cm, thickness
accordance with standard technical specification.

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ZAMA CONSTRACTION P.L.C FINAL REPORT 2007 E.C

2.4.2.4 Compaction
Compaction is the reduction in the void ratio on a soil by mechanical means (rolling or
tamping) at constant moisture. Compaction improves characteristics of soils;

 Increase strength of soil


 Decrease permeability of soil
 Reduces settlement of foundation
 Increase slop stability of embankment

Figure 2;- compacter


2.4.2.5; Spacer
Spacers are materials (either reinforcement bars or wire imbedded in a concrete) which
provides space for the concrete to cover the reinforcement bars in columns, beams, slabs,
foundations, etc.

In slab it’s used to provide sufficient spacing b/n top and bottom reinforcement

The cover to reinforcement is required for the following reasons:

 To provide additional depth of effective depth.


 To provide sufficient bond or adhesion between steel and concrete.
 To ensure sufficient protection of the steel in a fire.
 To protect reinforcement against corrosion.

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ZAMA CONSTRACTION P.L.C FINAL REPORT 2007 E.C

Figure 3;-spacer
2.4.3.6, Formwork
Formwork;-shall mean temporary support construction forecast-in-place concrete, designed and
constructed in timber, timber product or metal and capable of withstanding the live and dead loads
imposed on it and fully preventing leakage of concrete. When the concrete is attained its desired
strength the form work is no longer needed, then it removed. The operation of removing of formwork
is called striping. Formworks may be rectangular, circular shape of different size.

1, Material for forms; - Concrete forms usually are made of wood. They also can be made of
steel, or a combination of wood and steel. So, timber, timber product, steel panels, shores, wedges,
nails, labor and tools shall be provided as required for the satisfactory construction of formwork.

Wooden forms are built by carpenters working at the construction site. The carpenters may make
every part of the form at the site, or they may assemble forms that have been partly fabricated
(made) at a manufacturing Plant.

2,Preparing the materials;- The first step in building forms is to prepare the materials, the
lengths of the pieces of dimension log (Eucalyptus) that will be needed must be measured and
cut. Common tools for measuring are carpenter’s squares and flexible metal measuring tapes.
When the pieces required for the forms have been cut to size, they then are assembled and
fastened together. Usually the log (Eucalyptus) in the forms is fastened together with nails and
tying wire.

3,Formwork construction;- Forms shall be constructed to the exact shapes and dimensions
shown and as required to obtain accurate alignment, location grade, level and plumb work in
finished structures.

4, Formwork requirements:

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 The formwork should be strong enough to carry safely the dead weight of the wet concrete
placed on it, together with the live loading from the men and machines used in placing the
concrete in position and the impact loading caused by the concrete being discharged into
the formwork.
 It should be practically water proof so that it does not absorb water from concrete. Also, its
shrinkage and swelling should be minimum.
 There should be sufficient rigidity in the formwork to maintain the correct lines and levels
without undue bulging or sagging.
 The joints between sections of formwork should be sufficiently tight as to prevent the loss
of water or grout from the contained concrete.
 The joints between forms should be smooth so that no unwanted surface irregularities are
apparent on the finished unit.
 The forms should be designed to be strong and rigid enough not only in use but also for
handling and stripping purposes as well, since durable formwork is also economic.

Various concrete works requires different types of formwork as discussed below;

A; Form work for footing: - this is consisting of vertical or horizontal board called sheeting,
wedges and yokes. The cleats used at the base of the box so as to withstand the pressure which is
exerted by the weight of the concrete. The two side yokes can be connected together by wooden
planks.

2.4.3.6.1, Types of formwork;-The construction procedure for footing form work is;
 After compaction are done make a lien concrete 5 cm
thicknesses.
 Side form work are placed
 Support the sheet by wooden planks

B; Beam formwork:

 Beam- is a horizontal structural member of a building which is used to carry roof


&transfer load to the column.
Beam form work is basically a three sided box supported and propped in the correct position and
to the desired level. The beam formwork sides have to retain the wet concrete in the required
shape and be able to withstand the initial hydrostatic pressure of wet concrete where as the
formwork soffit apart from retaining the concrete has to support the initial load of the wet
concrete and finally the set concrete until it has gained sufficient strength to be self-supporting.

The formwork must be strain enough to carry the load until the concrete is strong enough to
carry itself and burdened sufficiently.

 The construction procedure is:

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ZAMA CONSTRACTION P.L.C FINAL REPORT 2007 E.C

 Props positioned as per the required spacing and leveled through.


 Soffit placed, leveled and position checked.
 Side forms placed after placing of re-bar, their position checked before
being fixed.
 Strutting position and fixed.
 Final check before casting

Figure 4;- -beam formwork

C, Column formworks:

This consists of a vertical board called sheeting, cleats, wedges and yokes which has to retain the
wet concrete and resist the initial hydrostatic pressure caused by wet concrete.

 The Construction procedure is:


 Column yokes (Cratury) were placed immediately after the slab is cast, and helps to
keep the column forms straight and strong.
 Column forms were then placed in the yokes after the already
 Prepared column reinforcement was placed, on four sides.
 And this should erect straight & supported very well.
 Finally, checked before casting.

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Figure 5;- - column formwork

The construction procedure is: -


 Form works (panels) were constructed, in addition. The level, cleanness and smoothness
of the form work were also cheeked.
 The reinforcement was placed and the diameter, number, length, shape and bending
dimensions of main bars were checked in accordance with the drawing.
 The re-bars and form works are checked before casting.
 Both the slab and stair are casted monolithically.
 The form works were removed after 21 days.

2.4.4, Scaffolding;-
works either is a temporary structure erected against construction existing or being built, its
purpose is to provide a working platform for building work which cannot be reached from the
ground and also a means of enabling materials to be brought up to the work area.

These are constructing to support the from work, in addition it serves as a ladder for the workers
to walk up and down and to transport the necessary construction in puts, also enables for the
workers to stand on it at the time of plastering and painting it is necessary to consider width. It
must be enough to pass walk up and down with material at the time.

2.4.5, Steel reinforcement


Steel reinforcements: are available in the form of round bars and welded wire fabric. The
most commonly used bars have projected ribs on the surface of bar, such bars are called
deformed bars. The ribs of deformed bar improve the boned between steel and the surrounding
concrete in a RC members by providing mechanical keys. A wide range of reinforcing bars is
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available with nominal diameter ranging 6mm – 35mm. most bars except 6mm diameter are
deformed one. Reinforcement steel has capable of resisting both tension and compression. As
compared with concrete, it is a high strength material. For instance, the strength of ordinary
reinforcing steel is about 10 and 100 time, the compressive and tensile strength of common
structural concrete. The tensile bearing strength of plain concrete is much lower than its strength
in compression. It is, therefore, important to strengthen it by reinforcing bars so that it can be
suitably used for structures where tensile stresses are formed. Mild steel or high tension steel is
embedded as reinforcement in the concrete to make that good deficiency of the plain concrete.

Figure 6;--steel
It is very important that reinforcement is made up and placed strictly in accordance with the
drawing, and that it is so maintained during the placing of concrete. Overlap location is 30 to
40D (diameter of the bar).

Reinforcement bar stored under cover, until required for use, kept clear of mud, dirt and
preferably stacked by sizes on racks.

Use only bars that are free from mud, dirt, oil, grease, paint, loose rust, mill scale and pitting due
to corrosion. Slightly oxidized bars are not harmful; in fact they improve adhesion of concrete.

Test result of reinforcement bar for tensile, yield and belong should be taken and tying stirrups
with the main bar should be according the drawing and specification.

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2.4.5.1, Preparing reinforcing steel


As per the design, as shown in the plan the size of bars and spacing of bars are to be placed in the
concrete are known. The supervisor gives a copy of the engineers plan to the bar bender who
prepare the reinforcement.

When the bar bender receives the plan the bar schedule showing nothing but lengths, sizes and
bending needed for all the reinforcing bars in the construction for a given footing pad, foundation
column, beam, column or slab. The bar bender then cut and bend the steel rod as the
requirement.

2.4.5.2, Placing of reinforcement


As required for the constriction of footing pad, foundation column, beam and columns, when all
of the rein forcing bars have been cut to the right length and have been bent, then the main beam
and column reinforcements tied with stirrups of diameter 6mm bars by tying wire. For case of
footing pad it may be fixed in the site of its cast as per size of footing.

Reinforcing steel is placed in position in the concrete form by workers (bar benders). As the
main beam and column bars have been produced before, it should place in position carefully.

2.4.5.3, Cover to reinforcement:


Concrete cover: is used after placing of reinforcement at the bottom of the bar. It has different
size for different structural part. 25 mm size concrete cover is used for beam and column and for
slab 15 mm is used. Concrete cover is made from a mix of cement, sand, and water with a ratio
of 1:2 of cement: sand. This is mainly used to prevent reinforcement from corrosion.

Concrete cover is the distance between the outer most surface of reinforcement (usually stirrups)
and the nearest concrete surface. The thickness of cover required depends both up on the
exposure conditions and on the concrete quality.

Minimum cover:

Type of exposure Mild Moderate Sever


Min cover (mm) 15 25 50
Table 2—minimum cover
Durability and control of crack width is related with finishing and provision of adequate cover to
reinforcement. Nominal cover for structural elements located in the, interior of the building with

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dry environment and mild condition 15mm, example; slabs. Humid environment with moderate
exposure is 25mm, example; beams. Sever environment is 50mm, example; footing.

 Reinforcements must have the following behavior:-


 They should be free from rust.
 They don’t straighten or bent in a manner that injures the material.

2.4.6, Concrete work:


Concrete: is stone like material obtaining artificially by hardening of the mixtures of cement,
inner– aggregate material (fine and course) and water in predetermined proportions. When these
ingredients are mixed, they form a plastic mass which can be poured in suitable moulds (form)
and set-on standing in to hared solid mass, as a result of exothermic chemical reaction between
cement and water. To
produce workable mix, more water is used over and above that needed for this chemical reaction
(water-cement ratio required for complete chemical reaction is about 0.25). The reaction between
cement and water is relatively slow and requires time and favorable temperature for its
completion. Concrete is characterized by compressive strength. A range of strength properties
can be obtained for concrete by appropriate adjustment of the proportions of the consistent
materials, using different degree of compaction and condition of temperature and moisture in
which it is placed and cured.
From these water-cement ratio is the main factor affecting the strength of the concrete.
Compressive strength of concrete is tested by 150mm cube are taken at the age of 28 days to
determine the compressive strength of concrete according to Ethiopia standard institute (ESI). At
age of 7 days, also concrete may attain approximately about 2 ∕ 3 of the full compressive strength
of concrete.

If large size aggregates are used, a cube mold with side 200mm may be used to determined
compressive strength of concrete. This strength of concrete is converted to 150mm cube
compressive strength by factored of 1.05

Two types of concrete are observable in our site:


 Lean concrete
 Reinforced concrete

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2.4.6.1. Lean concrete


Lean concrete is concrete of 5mm thick with class, C-5 with minimum cement content of
150kg/m3 of concrete. Approximately at ratio of1:4:6.

I have informed this kind of concrete used under:

1. Footing 3. Floor slab


2. Grade beam 4.Masonry foundation
Advantages of lean concrete:
 It protects all sub-structure elements from extra moisture.
 It acts like hard stratum.
 It prevents the soil particles that are present under substructure from any relative
movement.

Figure 7;-Lean concrete

2.4.6.2; Reinforced concrete


Reinforced concrete is composite material made of concrete and steel. Plain concrete possesses
high compressive strength, but little tensile strength which makes it week in bending, shear,
torsion. Reinforced concrete is more advantageous than lean concrete because of its high strength

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in both tension and compression. In RC the steel provides the tensile strength and concrete
provides the compressive strength. The tensile stresses developed in the section are transferred to
reinforcing steel by bond between the interfaces of the two materials. Reinforcing steel and
concrete may work readily due to the following reasons:

 Bond between the bars and surrounding concrete prevents slip of the bars relative to the
concrete.
 Proper concrete mixes provide adequate impermeability of concrete against bar
corrosion.
 Sufficiently similar rates of thermal expansion for the two material s introduce negligible
stresses between steel and concrete under temperature changes.
 Concrete prepared from the following ingredients;
I. cements
II. Aggregate
III. Water
IV. Admixture

. Cement

It is the setting agent of concrete and the bulk of cement used in the site is Portland cement.
Whichever type of cement is being used it must properly stored on site to keep it in good
condition. The cement shall be stored in a dry and well ventilated store with a wooden floor
which is raised minimum 20cm above the ground level

Aggregate

Those materials are mixed with cement to form concrete. Generally, an aggregate consists of
65-75% of the volume of concrete. They are used in may be natural aggregates, such as sand and
gravels taken directly from riverbank or gravel deposits or they may be by products of industrial
process. The aggregates should be well graded in order to minimize cement paste and improving
workability.

Sand or fine aggregates:-

 shall be clean river or pit sand of approved quality

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 It should consist of hard, dense, durable, and uncrated rock fragments


 I t should not contain harmful amounts clay, silt, dust, organic matter or other
impurities to such an extent that either together or separately they render it
impossible to attain the required properties of concrete when employing normal
proportions of the ingredients
 That before any sand is delivered to the site the quality shall be checked against the
following field test.
 Rub a little sand between fingers stains left on fingers will indicate the presence
of clay impurities.
 Vigorously stir a sample of sand in a glass of water and allow it to rest. Amount
of clay or silt present in it would settle on sand.
 Stir a sample in a 3% acoustic soda and keep the bottle corked for 24 hours. If the
color of liquid turns brown it indicates the presence of organic matter.

Coarse aggregate

 Shall be crushed basaltic stone or gravel of approved quality.


 It shall consists of hard, dense durable and uncrated rock fragments
 It shall not contain any clay, soft, thin elongated or laminated pieces

The quality of the concrete is affected in several ways by the aggregate

 The strength of the aggregates limits the strength of the concrete


 The surface of the grains affects the plasticity of a concrete mix
 Rounded grains will move more easily as the concrete is placed.
 Long and thin aggregate will weaken concrete.

Water

It is used in concrete mixes has two functions; to react chemically with the cement which will
finally set and hardened, and to lubricate all other materials and make the concrete workable.

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Too much water will cause the aggregate to segregate, resulting in concrete that is uneven in
strength. The excess water will float the fine, light particles of cement of the top of freshly
placed concrete. This process is called bleeding.

Generally, water should be cleaned and free from impurities which are likely to affect the
quality or strength of the resultant concrete

--
Figure 8;-Coarse aggregate

2.4.6.1, Batching and mixing of concrete

The main ingredient materials of concrete are measured by weights and volumes for mixing.

 In our case the measurements were seems like the following:

The mix ratio for C-25, S-300 is 1:2:3 (cement, sand &aggregate)

Material Measurement quantity


Sand m3 0.52
Gravel M3 0.78
Cement Kg(bag) 360
Water Trial mix (orally)
Table 3Batching

2.4.6.3, Mixing of concrete:-


The process of mixing cement, water, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate in suitable proportion
is known as mixing of concrete. This process should ensure uniform color, consistency and

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homogeneity of the concrete. Segregation should not take place during process of mixing. Here
before mixing for casting, trail mix should be done to know the quality of concrete.

The mixing methods may be hand mixing or machine mixing. On large woks, machine mixing
proves economical and convenient. Concrete produced by machine mixing is more
homogeneous. The mixer shall contain excess cement to coat the inside of the drum. The volume
of concrete in any batch shall not exceed the rated capacity of the mixer.

 One quintal cement


 Four box fine aggregate
 Six box coarse aggregate and
 60 liters of water
 The mix ratio for the preparation of concrete to be in cast in our site is 1:2:3 (for C-25).
This ratio is based on the size of the box provided for proportion the materials of concrete.

The size of the box for the d/t concrete grades is; 16 cm

- For C-20-------- 50*40*20cm

- For C-25-------- 50*40*18cm 50cm 40cm

- For C-30---------- 50*40*16cm Figure 9- bathing box

Table of concrete grade material

NOTE

Volume of sand Total volume of


& gravel per 50 Sand & Gravel
Concrete Grade Materials No and size of
kg cement per cubic meter
boxes
of concrete

C-5 - Sand 4-40 x 50 x 20 0.16 0.48

150 kg -crushed Ag. 6-40 x 50 x20 0.24 0.72

-Water 60L

C- 25 -Sand 2-40 x 50 x 18 0.08 0.52

360 kg -crushed Ag. 3-40 x 50 x 18 0.12 0.79

-Water 31 L

C- 30 -Sand 2-40 x 50 x 18 0.072 0.48

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400kg -crushed Ag. 3-40 x 50 x18 0.11 0.80

-Water 29 L

Table 4- concrete mix


Concrete prepared by mixing has to be transported to its place of use, before hydration of cement
starts. During the transportation, efforts should be made to prevent segregation or loss of any of
the ingredients.

2.4.6.4, Test of concretes


We haven’t been tested any concrete either slump test or compressive strength of concrete
since there was no materials availability for test: there was no lavatory for test of compressive
strength of cube.

2.4.6.5, Transporting of concrete


Concrete prepared by machine mixer has to be transported to place of use before setting of
concrete. During transportation effort should be made to prevent any loss of concrete. Concrete
were transported by bucket (large and massive construction handled by crane) and human.

 In our site concrete was transported by human

2.4.6.6, Placing and finishing concrete


The forms for the concrete (beam, column and slab) have been completed. The reinforcement
steel has been set, tied and fastened in its position in the forms. The materials for the concrete
have been prepared, and then concrete has been mixed. The concrete should be placed and
vibrated before its setting starts.

 Following precautions should be taken while placing the concrete.


 Concrete should be laid continuously to avoid irregular and unsightly lines to
avoid sticking of concrete; form work should be oiled before concreting.
 When concrete is placing, the position of form work and reinforcement should not
be disturbed.
 To avoid segregation, concrete should not be dropped height more than 1m
 Concrete should not be placed in rains.
 Walking in freshly laid concrete should be avoided.
 In order to achieve the full potential of the concrete, its mix design is the most important that
there should be a proper dispersal of the various consistent with each element of concrete.

The speed at which this dispersal takes place will depend upon a number of factors amongst
which are;-

Type of mixer and its speed of rotation.

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Size of ingredients put in the mixer in relation to the volume of mixer.


Degree of wear on paddles and blades.
Order of ingredient material.

Various types and size of mixer are available, and some of them;-

 Drum mixer; this type of mixer is available in our site.


 pan mixer
 ready mixer
 truck mixer: also available in our site

Figure 10;--drum mixer


 Generally there are two types of concrete mixing operation these are;-

1. Central mixing concrete: This concrete mixed completely in a stationery mixer and
transported to the project in truck- agitator or manually.

2. Transient mixing concrete: In which concrete is mixed in a central batch plant and
transported to job site in transient mixer-truck. The trucks are also ready mixed concrete trucks.
Truck mixer is generally rotate from 70 to 100 times.

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2.4.6.7, Placing and Compaction


Concrete should be immediately being placed in the structure and should be compacted before
placing the next layer.

Placing: -wet concrete is set in to the position in which it to harden with the aid of crane skips,
conveyor and the primary objective is to avoid the need for extensive subsequent movement
from the point of deposit to its final position.

 Some Post tensioning Do’s and Don’ts:-


 During concrete placement:
 Any chloride bearing chemicals in the concrete must be avoided for obvious reasons.
 Concrete should not be placed until all tendons and reinforcing steel have been
inspected and are in compliance with the design criteria and approved shop drawings.
 During the placement of concrete, care must be taken to avoid moving the tendons out
of their designated positions.
 When truck dumping, do not place too much concrete in one location to avoid
excessive spreading which may affect the placement of the tendons.
 When pumping concrete do not rest the hose on the tendons, and move the hose nozzle
in such a manner so as to avoid displacement of the tendons.
 When placing concrete by crane and bucket, release the concrete at an elevation that
avoids displacement of the tendons.
 Do not place the vibrator on the tendons; avoid contact between the vibrator and the
concrete as much as possible.
 Before casting concrete we have to check all the following:
 The rigidity of the scaffolding and shuttering.
 The leak-tightness of joints between formwork elements.
 Conformity of the dimensions of the formwork with the (drawings).
 The cleanliness of the formwork.
 The surface condition of the reinforcement.
 The position and size of reinforcement.
 The rigidity of the reinforcement securing systems, and the quality of the joints
between bars.
 Cover to reinforcement is correct.
 Class of concrete, mix design and water cement ratio.
 Compaction: - the relationship between the degree of compaction of concrete and its
compressive strength has been indicated in a previous section and the need for achieving a
densely compacted mix will be part. Purpose of compaction is to eliminate entrapped air
from the concrete so that concrete is less permeable and good bond between reinforcement
and concrete is achieved. Because 1% entrapped air causes 5-6% reduction in concrete
strength.

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Figure 11;-- placing & compaction of concrete


 Some problems that we observed commonly in site during mixing, placing, and compaction, these
are;-
Bleeding; - Tendency of water to rise to the surface.
This is due to;
 Excessive amount of water; this is checked in site using slump test
 Insufficient amount of fine materials (cement & sand).
This leads to create weakness on concrete surface.
Segregation; - The tendency for sand-cement (mortar) to separate from coarse aggregate.

This is due to;-

 Excessive or inadequate vibration.


 Dropping fresh concrete from height.
 Excess coarse aggregate and water.

 Problem: Causes strength reduction.


 Prevention: we can be avoided by using moderate vibration & by not transporting a concrete
over a distance through a rough surface & using well graded aggregates.

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2.4.6.8, Properties of hardened concrete:


A) Strength & durability: well-made concrete is naturally strong & durable material. It is dens,
water tight & able to resist change in temperature as well as water fear from weathering.

Strength & durability are affected by the density of the concrete. Denser concrete is water tight
(less permeable).concrete durability is increased with strength.

Strength of concrete in the hardened state is usually measured by the compressive strength using
a compression test machine.

In our site the compression strength of concrete is determined by using the following formula.

Concrete strength =Log of days*0.7*class of concrete

B) Shrinkage: Occurs when exposed to air (dry), water tends to evaporate from the concrete
surface. It causes:

 Volume reduction or contraction of concrete


 Cracking of concrete
 Shrinkages are two types.
 Drying shrinkage: appears due to drying of concrete.
 Plastic shrinkage: appears after placement of concrete, caused by a rapid loss of water
from the surface of concrete while setting.

C) Creep: It is a squeezing out water due to long term stresses.

2.4.6.9, Leveling of concrete


When all the concrete has been placed, the concrete surface should be at the same level as the top
of the form. To level the concrete, we have been used a straightedge rests on screeds (guides for
leveling the surface). The straightedge is a long piece of straight wood or metal. One end of the
straightedge rests on the top of one side of the form while the other end rests on the opposite
sides of the form. Cement finishes push the board back and forth over the concrete until the
surface is level with the screeds or top of the form.

2.4.6.0, Removing of form works


The process of removing the forms from around the concrete is called striping the forms. The
work men must not strip the forms until the concrete has properly set. In some cases, the
concrete is allowed to cure before the forms removed. The men must work carefully to when
removing the forms so that they do not damage or break the parts. Form materials can be reused,
and this reduces or lowers the cost of construction. After all the form parts have been removed
the workers clean and store theme for future use. Clearing off concrete particles, and treating the
forms for future use.

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 Stripping: - is the process of removing formwork from the structure.

The striking time of form work for the different components of a structure at MUBP-87 is shown
below. Struck of form work after expiry is:

 For vertical form work to column, wall &beam------------------------------------------------ 16


hours
 For props to slabs ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------14
days
 For soffit form work to beam-----------------------------------------------------------------------21
days
 For props to beams-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------14
days
 For soffit form work to slab-------------------------------------------------------------------------
21 days

Type of form work Stripping of form works

1. vertical post for column and footing 18-24 hours

2. vertical post (crist) for beam 21days

3. vertical post (vontie ) for slab 21 days

4. bottom supporter (phondos) for slab & beam 21 days

5. Stripping for shear wall 24 hour

Table 5- Stripping of form works

2.4.7.0, Curing of concrete

The process of keeping the fresh concrete under moist condition and favorable temperatures to
this helps to continuo the hydration until concrete gain its strength. This may be done
using pounding (for flat surface e.g., slabs & pavements), sand dikes, and sack etc.

Concrete with different compressive strength may obtain by varying the ingredients. Some of
these concrete type commonly used in our country are;-

C-5, C-7, C-10, C-15, C-20, C-25, and C-30.

In our site we have been used concrete C-25 and steel Reinforcement S-300.

 The purpose of curing can be summarized as

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 To prevent rise in temperature on account of the heat of hydration developed during


hardening of cement
 To prevent drying of the concrete this might result in contraction crackers.
 The most commonly used methods of curing are
 Covering the surface with a layer of sand and keep it damps of spraying water from time
to time.
 Spraying the concrete surface with water
 Covering the surface with a layer of canvas, hessian, sacking by spraying with water from
time to time.
 After moistening the surface, it is sometimes covered with water poor paper which will
prevent evaporation of moisture from the surface to be cured.

2.5, Construction supervisions

Supervision is a branch of construction engineering the examiners inspects and controls the
overall performance the quality and progress of construction works as per specifications under a
contract. Since aim and objective supervision work is mainly quality control it plays a very
important role towards successful construction of civil works.

In general, the supervision and inspection of work consists of furnishing of engineering work for
the construction supervision of a project complete in all aspects including all field office works.

 Site supervision is carried out by Resident Supervision Team. Supervision of constructions


shall be begun on commencement date of a project and will continue during the whole of the
construction period until completion.
 Supervision work include:-
 Checking contractor’s program of work including staff, construction equipment
and organization.
 Supervising and inspecting the construction work to ensure that the works are
executed in accordance with the plans and specification.
 Ensuring that the contractor carries out his entire obligation under contract.
 Supervise tests of construction materials.
 Provide technical advice during execution of the works.
 Provide technical assistance during the initial stakeout to establish line and grade
setting stakes for alignment and structures.

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 Measuring of work, checking, certifying and approving of Monthly payment


certificates prepared by the contractor
 Prepared and summit periodic progress report, commencement concerning
equipment and material shall be indicated
 Preparation of record of the work and “As-built” drawing
 Conducting inspection and issuing of certificates of completion

2.6, Control of material


Source of Supply and Quality:

The contractor shall furnish all materials required to complete the work. The material
furnished and used shall be new and unused, except as may be otherwise specifically provided
in the special provision. The material shall be manufactured, handled and used in a Workman
like manner to ensure completed work in accordance with the contract document.

All material proposed to be used may inspected or tested at any time during their preparation
and use. After trial if it is found that sources of supply which have been do not furnish a
uniform product or if the product from any source proves unacceptable. At any time, the
contractor shall furnish material from other approved sources. No material, which after
approval has anyway become unfit for uses, shall be used in the work.

The approval of material represented by any sample or sampled shall not be considered as an
approval of all materials from the same sources and it shall be understood that all materials
delivered on the work are subject to test at any time and will be rejected if they do not meet the
requirements of the specifications.

Samples and Tests:

 No materials shall be used by the contractor or any sub-contractor until it has been
inspected, or tested and approved by the Engineer. The contractor shall furnish samples
without charge, and shall provide means and assistance in the verification of all scales,
measures, and other devices. Unless otherwise noted, tests will be made acceptance with
the latest published standard methods of AASHTO or ASTM.

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 All pit and quarry sources shall be approved by the Engineer before any material to be
incorporated in the work is removed there from. Inspection and testing of materials and
finished Articles to be incorporated in the work may be made at the place of production,
manufacture, or shipmen, whenever the quality justifies it. This inspection may be done
by the Engineer or by his representative.
 All materials not conforming to the requirements of the specifications shall be considered
as defective and whether in place or not, it shall be rejected and removed.

2.7, Challenges that I have faced


Generally I spent my internship in a good manner. But we know that as we prepared our
self for work, problems and challenges are as much as that
 Some of these challenges that I faced in the internship period are;-
 During mix of concrete ingredients the workers didn’t use the actual proportion.
 Site languages interpretation: such as cover to reinforcement with site’s name
kevel to, stirrup site name Staffa and etc..

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CHAPTER THREE
3, OVER ALL BENEFI GAINED FROM THE INTERNSHIP
When I was entered to the construction site ,I have only theoretical knowledge like type of
soil, foundation, form work, design of beam, the relationship between compression stress&
tensile stress, how to read site plan etc. .This internship program gives significant knowledge be
for going to work in the real world. It improves the communication skill, and it increases the
confidence of the student, since this practical work is not new. During my stay in the company I
have got some practical knowledge on how office &site works are done in the practical world. I
largely participate in this area of work during my stay and the site works was for four month. So
most of the practical knowledge obtained is from the site & office works. And I am presenting it
as follows.

Some of these benefits that I gained from the internship;-

 Goals /Objectives:

1. To identify the major benefit that can be gained from an internship program,

2. To relate theoretical knowledge with the practical one,

3. To show to the interns what interface is there when they conduct in such area after graduation,

4. To relate the interns with the common obstacles who those must straggle

3.1 In terms Improving Practical skill


During the four month internship program. I was able to introduce myself with any dynamic
working environment. And in order to cope up with such environment it was expected that I have
to improve my practical skills of solving engineering problems. Since the field is civil
engineering mostly comprises of field activities. It is obvious that I encounter practical skill is
that I got to learn how to associate myself with professional who had a lot to offer in the field.
Being able to easily communicate and understand each other with superiors by it is greatly
improving one’s practical skills.

During the four month I stay in the company, I had a chance to associate myself with some
professionals and doing so, I was able to ask practical question and demand explanation on the

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topic. During my routine site visits, I had a chance to spend time with the construction workers
to gain more knowledge about site related activities and was able to easily inquire about situation
that seemed vague to the time. I have also developed a confidence to do the given work
practically without any problem and I also observe practical skill is simpler than theoretical.

3.2 In terms of upgrading Theoretical knowledge

When it comes to upgrading the theoretical knowledge that I posses on the field of civil
engineering the program did help by providing brand new ideas that are practically quit helpful
when it comes to solving practical problems. There were brand new ideas that I never got the
chance to know about when attending regular classes. The internship experience didn’t totally
bring brand new ideas to the table instead it helped in improving the already available ways and
ideas of problem solving skills to a great level. It is obvious that in order to improve ones
theoretical based knowledge.

During my stay I have also known the duties and responsibility and the points to be controlled
by office engineer, site engineer and supervisor during building construction. And this helps me
to know what is expected from me to do while I involve in the different section of the company.

The duties and responsibilities of the different section are as follows:

A. Duties and responsibilities of site engineer

Site engineer perform a technical, organizational and supervisory role on the project. Also
involves as part of the site management team liaising with and Working a long side engineers,
construction managers, supervisors, planners and surveyors. They share responsibility for site
security, health and safety, and the organization and supervision of material and human
resources.

The site engineer involves in:

 Ensuring that all materials used and work formed as per specifications
 Managing, monitoring and interpreting the contract design documents supplied by the
client.

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 Liaising with any consultants, supervisors, planners, quantity surveyors and the general
work force involved in the project.
 Day- to- day management of the site, including supervising and monitoring the site labor
force
 Planning the work and efficiently organizing the plant and site facilities in order to meet
agreed deadlines.
 Overseeing quality control, health and safety matters on site
 Preparing reports as required
 Resolving any unexpected technical difficulties and other problems that may arise.

B. Duties and responsibilities of office engineer

The office engineer involves in different activities like:

 Preparation of payment certificate


 Prepare working drawing
 Computation of earthwork volume
 Computation of clearing and grubbing volume
 Preparation of weekly and monthly report

C. Duties and responsibility of supervisor

The supervisor involves in different activities like;

 checking area of reinforcement and the overlap


 checking alignment of columns and beams
 checking eccentricity of column
 checking arrangements of beams
 controlling concrete mix ratio
 checking arrangements of reinforcement and placement
 controlling placement of concrete
 checking section
 checking the quality of the construction materials prior to execution

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3.3 In terms Improving Interpersonal communication skills

Interpersonal skills are the skills that a person uses to interact with other people.
Interpersonal skills are sometimes also referee to as people skills or communication skills.
Interpersonal skills involve using skills such as activity listening and tone of voice, they include
delegation and leadership. It is how well you communicate with someone and how well you
behave or carry yourself. In addition, they help people further their careers.

My Interpersonal communication develops including message sending and message reception


between two or more individuals. This can include all aspects of communication such as
listening, persuading, asserting, nonverbal communication, and more. A primary concept of
interpersonal communication looks at communicative acts when there are few individuals
involved unlike areas of communication such as group interaction, where there may be a large
number of individuals involved in a communicative act.

I can also communicate on different interpersonal levels depending on whom they are
engaging in communication with. For example, if an individual is communicating with a family
member, that communication will more than likely differ from the type of communication used
when engaged in a communicative act with a friend or significant other.

My Overall, interpersonal communication can be conducted using both direct and indirect
mediums of communication such as face-to-face interaction, as well as computer-mediated-
communication. Successful interpersonal communication assumes that both the message senders
and the message receivers will interpret and understand the messages being send on a level of
understood meanings and implications.

This is one of the many skills I was able to acquire during the internship program. So I was
able to easily engage myself in a discussion with a professional manner and was able to gain
something out of it. I tried to communicate easily with the company workers and site engineers
for the four months of the internship program. I tried my best to create a channel of
communication with my good colleagues so that I would come out benefited from the
experience. I was learned how to communicate peoples smoothly without any conflict at the
work place because this helps to the company to increase their productive and profit. It also helps

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me to control my feeling that emerge in difficult situations and respond appropriately; instead of
overwhelmed by emotion. I would like to say thanks to my supervisor for helping and advice me
to be good communicator with people at work place.

3.4 In terms of improving team player skill

While working for the company, it is obvious that I work and collaborate with other
professionals. But in order to ease the working relationship with other employees I had to play
the team card throughout the program. In the beginning, I had difficulties ongoing myself within
the team but through time and with the constant supervision from the supervisor, I was able to
easily interact and communicate with the entire stuff. Making a team work with them allows me
to make friends and enjoy a better social experience when studying and working. Because
everyone also has their own individual talents, it will allow us to do something far better than we
could before. Skills necessary to improve our teamwork include:

 Respect for individual contributions


 Putting aside individual glory
 Consensus building
 Clear communication
 Persuasive speech and Compromise

3.5 In terms of Improving Leader ship skill


The skill of leadership is the ability to guide, control and monitor peers and colleagues
are taking part in a given activity may it be in the office or at construction sites by speaking and
getting into the internship program. I never expect to order or boss anyone who obviously has a
greater working experience than me. Instead I was to witness a quality leadership skill from my
supervisor. When observed I could say I learned how to handle tricky situations that may
escalate into unwanted stage.

Of course it is not always that such situations arise but since the work is done by profession
who after all are human beings, it is expected to see some altercations. And as a leader one needs
to learn how to handle and resolve such case without too many negative consequences.
Controlling the overall activities taking place on a construction site by itself is a big leadership
quality that needs to be encouraged. Thanks to my supervisor and employer, I was able to
observe and witness a great leadership quality and able to take some pointers on how to develop
my own leadership quality.

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3.6 In terms of understanding about work ethics related issue

In my internship stay time, I try to follow through the company’s work ethics. When I talk
about work ethics: With roots in the same religious belief system, the “ethics of the workplace”
are usually thinks of today as a set of moral standards for each trade, profession, or job
classification.

There are also many general ethical principles, applicable to any occupational Area.
Honesty, loyalty, confidentiality, accuracy, and open-mindedness are qualities that most
employers hope their workers will possess. You could probably think of many others as well.

Every worker, including me, practices workplace ethics. Some workers practice them more
conscientiously than they practice others. Unfortunately, some workers are unethical in their
performance of duties. At times, they break laws and are prosecutes, but more often they simply
fail to live up to accepted standards of doing the job well.
And also I gained a good work ethics for better positions, more responsibility and ultimately
promotion (placed in position of a greater responsibility). These all teaches a lot for the future
work life of my life. Characteristics that I gained generally includes being;

 Strong work ethics-laming the most efficient way to complete tasks and finding ways to
save time while completing daily assignment.
 Dependable and responsible-come on time, responsible for the actions.
 Adaptability-adapting to the personality and work habits of co- workers and supervisors
being open to change and improvements to complete work in more efficient.
 Possessing a positive attitude- to get the job done in a reasonable period of time motives
others to do the same with in colleges.
 Honesty and integrity-is the responsibility of each person to use their own individual
sense of moral and ethical behavior when working within the scope of their job

3.7 In terms of entrepreneurship skills

In my internship time, I improved my Entrepreneurial Skills. So I decide to become an


entrepreneur person after I graduate because of this internship program I understand how to
become an entrepreneur. By improving the following behaviors:

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 Highly confident
 Risk Taker
 Motivated reasoning
 Thirsting for the right answer
 Thinking logically
 Being practical
Management skills; - the ability to manage time and people (both yourself and others)
successfully

 Communication skills and the ability to sell ideas and persuade others
 The ability to work both as part of a team and independently
 Able to plan, coordinate and organize effectively
 Financial literacy
 Able to research effectively, for example available markets, suppliers, customers and the
competition
 Self motivated and disciplined
 Adaptable
 Innovative thinking and creative
 The ability to multi-task
 Able to take responsibility and make decisions
 The ability to work under pressure
 Perseverance
 Competitiveness
 Willingness to take risks
 Ability to network and make contacts

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CHAPTER FOUR

4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION


4.1 Conclusion:

Generally all the construction process in the site is done based on the design details and
specifications until I have followed in the company mainly concerns on the quality of
construction that is why the client purposed to construct himself.

The schedules identify all the required to be completed on a project, determine how long each
will take and place them in logical order and are the key for the project economy and safety
because all things can go by the require way. Before construction in the site is begun the
engineers or the experts should survey all the quantity for the project and then prepare the bill of
quantity unless it is impossible to start construction process.

The monthly report is the report of physical and financial works that has been done on that
month and volume of work executed during the month report total expanse during the month. For
the reinforcement concrete quality the main works that should be done are checking the form
work correctness, checking the correct arrangement of bars based on the design details, good
mixing the concrete based on the mix design proportions carefully, casting the concrete
immediately and compacting then after it should be cured for the required time of day.

The form work should be removed carefully when the stripping time is reached. So as to re-use
the form works should be removed carefully and place they arranged. Because it may be very
costly using other materials for the form work of the coming works.

The material which are used to preparing the concrete should be with good property to form
good concrete i.e. the mix- ratio of the concrete, so as to fulfill the engineering property of the
concrete.

I conclude that this internship program is very god and it helps to develop practical skill and inter
personal communication skill. Hence practical skill is preferable than theoretical skill. Students
are able to work after graduation without problem. I accumulate also a lot of knowledge from
this program that helps me in work time.

Some of these are;-

 How to prepare quantity of different materials.


 I have improved communication skill.
 How to organized one site.
 How to supervise.

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4.2 Recommendation:-
My training experience at ZAMRA construction has been so satisfying that there is
very title to complain about I feel very lucky to have been offered a place here.

I am perfectly happy with style of supervision of ato mengstu, site manager Engineer and other
members of staffs too have been very friendly and fact the company have high professional
exports and states this makes it an ideal host for students except some defects explained below
facilities are in great condition and the work environment is very organized professional and
conductive to.

The quality of material is the major to fulfill the design strength. So, the material needed by the
construction should store well so that we can have better quality but in the site this was the basic
problem that should be recommended (especially for the reinforcement)

Steel reinforcement is not stored on the wood bed prepared so that moisture and soil content is
avoided

Steel reinforcement should store on a leveled surface to prevent from bending.

I am also pleased with the internship unit (university industry linkage) they have actively
responded to all questions and requests. The only set back way has been the unavailability of
clear and transport finance and grading system.

The department (MU) should think over the courses that we take before the intern period. But
they also a setback way on giving information on working with software’s (AUTOCAD,
SAP2000, ETABS Eagle point & others).

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5, References
 Reinforced Concrete I &II Handout
 EBCS- I&II ………………1995
 Construction of Materials Handout
 Building construction Handout
 Observation of daily site & office activities activity

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Glossary
 Plumbing bob……………………………-leveling instrument used to
check a member is vertical
 Cratury…………………………….a form work used to fix column in
position
 Fondo (soffit)…………………….. a form work under a beam
 Sponda……………………………….side form work used in casting
concrete for beams and slabs
 Damitow ………………………….. compaction machine
 M.U.B.P. -78……………MU building project No78
 Ferro………………………………reinforcement
 Staffa………………………..……stirrup
 Fond(soffit)…………………….…bottom formwork for beam
 Sponda…………………………....side formwork of beam
 Egiwihalik…………………….…measurement of formwork level
 Gomawihalik……………….…....measurement of leveling
 Tumbi ………………………..…plump pop
 Asqadra ……………………….….to measure right angle

 Pontee …………………………used for slab supporting


 Segato……………………………… Used for cutting the bars
 Armata…………………………… concrete

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