FOG HARVESTING

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Freshwater scarcity has increased over time and is expected to further intensify, due to: uneven
distribution of water resources and population densities; increasing demand for water due to population
growth and mobility; changing diets; impacts of social change and economic growth on consumption
preferences and lifestyles; and, changing climate and rainfall patterns . A plethora of options are
available to improve water-use efficiencies and productivity , but these may not be sufficient to make
the conventional water resources—surface water in rivers and lakes, reservoirs, and aquifers to meet
the human needs in many water-scarce areas. Thus, water-scarce countries, regions, and communities
should increasingly consider alternate, unconventional water resources in order to narrow the water
demand-supply gap, as water scarcity forms a risk to the global economy and water is increasingly
considered as an instrument for international cooperation to achieve sustainable development. Among
the various unconventional water resources, the potential to recover water from air is by far the most
under-explored. As part of the natural global water cycle, at any given time, the amount of water in the
atmosphere is 12,900 km3, which represents 0.001% of total water and 0.04% of freshwater existing
in the planet. Under specific conditions, the air at ground level may contain fog, which refers to the
presence of suspended liquid water droplets with diameters typically from 1 to 50 µm. Fog originates
from the accumulation and suspension of these tiny droplets of water in the air, creating masses of
humid air over land or sea. As an important source of water in desert environments, fog collection is
achieved by the collision of suspended droplets on a vertical mesh, where they coalesce, after which
the water runs down into a collecting drain and a tank or distribution system . Gathering atmospheric
moisture is far from a new idea: evidence shows that the original inhabitants of the Canary Islands dug
holes under trees with large foliage to collect fog water condensing on leaves . While the general
concept can thus be found in indigenous heritage and practice, 20th- and 21st-century technologies
have enabled fog harvesting to be considered in more systemic, mainstream water supply approaches.
The volume of fog water that was intercepted was measured with two rain gauges—one was left open
in the usual manner, while a cluster of reeds was suspended above the other gauge . Later studies
focused on the material composition of fog collection nets and their sizes, direction, and angle of
installation of fog collectors, wind intensity, and climate and topography of the area. A timeline on the
history of several fog and dew water collection methods that were practiced in arid and semi-arid areas
is available elsewhere. While local communities continue to collect fog and dew in a multitude of ways
using custom-made materials or ancient techniques.

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Fig 1.1 fog harvesting tower

Fog harvesting is an alternate water source to rural population that faces challenges in accessing
drinking water. It is first and foremost architecture project. It is a vertical structure designed to harvest
potable water from atmosphere, our ambition is to provide with an average of 100L of drinking water
every day. Air is always contain certain amount of water irrespective of humidity and temperature of
local conditions. This makes possible for produce the water from atmosphere in anywhere on world ,
locations with high rates of aerosol and humidity are best to install warka water.
1.2 INSPIRATION
Tower is inspired by nature and lost ancient traditions. Many plants and animals have developed
singular skills to enable them to collect Water from the air and survive in most hostile environment on
earth.
Some key examples:
 Namib beetle
 Lotus flower
 Spider web

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Namib beetle lotus flower spider web

Fig 1.2 Inspiration
These are collect fog water and water storage system in cactus .we enhance dew condensation , water
flow and storage capabilities . the construction techniques has inspired by vernacular architecture and
is use of local biodegradable materials to design a structure that compliments the natural landscape and
can be built easily by hand with collaboration of villagers further more water uses very little materials
for environmental sustainability’s.
1.3 OBJECTIVE
The goal of this project is to develop technological methods, creating a device that could harvest
moisture from the air Collecting water from fog has many advantages to the world:
 To Increase clean water availability.
 Using fog as a viable source of potable water
 To design a low cost and easy to maintain system.
 Eliminate the use of energy in producing water.

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CHAPTER 2
MATERIALS

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2.1 MATERIALS USED

Fog harvesting tower realized with local and biodegradable materials such as bamboo, fiber
ropes and bio plastic and designed to easily built and maintained by local villages without scaffolding
and electrical tools. Main construction materials used are
Mesh: polyester
Frame: split bamboo canes
Ropes: polyester ropes
Base: stone blocks
2.1.1 MESH: POLYESTER OR NYLON
To assist researchers and product designers in choosing the best mesh for their applications, we
want to define and explain the different properties of our mesh and how they impact each other.
There are seven major attributes of mesh: 1) mesh opening, 2) open area, 3) mesh count, 4)
thread diameter, 5) weight, 6) thickness and 7) air permeability. At Component Supply, we don’t list
weight, thickness or air permeability in our product information because, unlike the first four
specifications, these three are not typically relevant in determining mesh use most applications.
However, to give you a full picture of mesh properties, we will provide a simple definition for those
terms as well.
Mesh Attributes
1) Mesh Opening refers to the actual size of the opening. In the charts on our site, this is measured in
microns. Mesh opening is typically the most critical attribute because it determines the size of the
particles it will capture and the size of the particles it allows to pass through. This attribute is specified
in microns, which is a metric measurement equaling one thousandth of a millimeter.

Fig 2.1 Mesh attributes

2) Open area indicates the percentage of a specified area that is open. Open area can help determine
what sort of flow restrictions might occur because of the filter. If we take a square piece of mesh
screening that is exactly one inch by one inch and move all the lateral and horizontal fibers (warp and
weft – we will cover this in another post or video) up and to one side we will be left with some part of

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a 25% open area the square inch will be segmented into four parts, three (75%) will be covered by the
threads and one (25%) will be open.

3) Mesh count is the number of threads in a linear inch and is fairly easy to determine. For example,
if you were to lay out a piece of mesh and place a ruler on top, then count the horizontal threads from
the beginning of the ruler to the one inch mark that would give you the mesh count. Of course, this is
a simple task for mesh sizes like 1000 microns, which has 19 threads per inch. But it is daunting or
even flat out impossible for some of the smaller mesh sizes. For mesh sizes down to about 200 microns
you can count, or at least count one quarter of an inch and multiply. For sizes much smaller than that,
it becomes difficult without some magnifications and a good bit of patience.
4) Thread diameter is the diameter of the thread measured in microns.

Fig 2.2 Nylon mesh

5) Weight is the weight of the material typically measured in ounces per square inch.
6) Thickness is the overall thickness of the mesh and measured in microns.
7) Air permeability measures the rate of air flow passing perpendicularly through the mesh and, for
our mesh, is measured liters (l)/square meter (sq. m.)/second (s).
The Relationship between Mesh Attributes
When selecting the appropriate mesh for an application it is important to know how these
attributes are related to each other. Let’s use an example of mesh that has a 500 micron mesh opening,
a 50% open area, a thread count of 20 and a thread diameter of 250 microns. If we were to change just
one of these attributes, it would completely alter the product you’d be using. For example, if we
decreased the thread diameter but left the mesh count constant, we would wind up with a larger mesh
opening and open area. If we needed to capture smaller particles with a smaller mesh size, but wanted
a similar open area for flow restriction reasons you could find a mesh that has the same thread diameter
and a higher mesh count, or you could find a mesh that has an increased thread diameter and keep the
thread count constant.

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2.1.2 FRAME: SPLIT BAMBOO CANES

Strength properties for bamboo have already been tested by universities around the world and
present outstanding results which are in many cases much superior to conventional building materials.
However, building code standards require more than the strength properties of a material alone, other
properties to consider are:

 Durability
 Fire Safety
 Environmental Impact
 User Safety
 Energy Efficiency

Fig 2.3 Bamboo canes

Fire resistance and durability are areas that still need further research before a standard building
code can be appointed to bamboo. Nevertheless, important progress has been made by introducing an
international ISO 22157 standard for the mechanical properties of bamboo.

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

The International Organization for Standardization, known as ISO has drawn up its own
standard for determining the mechanical properties of bamboo in 2004. This is a first and very
important step to get bamboo poles approved as a building material worldwide.
The ISO 22157 standard describes how bending strength, compression, tension, shear and
durability must be determined. For those interested, the guidelines can be found. In this article we
present several test results from various sources and on various bamboo species. It is important to note

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that not all tests were conducted according the ISO 22157 standard but it does give a general idea of
the mechanical properties of bamboo.
2.1.3 POLYESTER ROPES
Polyester has a specific gravity of 1.38 which means it does NOT float.
 Polyester is very strong, it has a similar tensile strength to Nylon 6, and is slightly stronger than
regular Nylon.
 Unlike Nylon or Polypropylene, Polyester is not stretchy. Usually any stretch present in
Polyester is minimized by pre-stretching during the manufacturing process. It also has low creep
under load.

Fig 2.4 Polyester ropes

 Unlike Nylon, Polyester retains its strength when wet.

 Melting Point 240 degree Celcius. Varies with different composition
 UV resistance is Excellent. Typically a polyester rope will only lose 10% of its breaking
strength after 2 years of outdoor use. This is excluding cuts or severe abrasion. Polyester is
often chosen as the outside coating for a cored rope made from a stronger but uv sensitive
materials such as kevlar.
Excellent abrasion resistance.
 Polyester is non conductive to electricity.

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CHAPTER 3
DESIGN

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3.1 CONTEXT
Tower is 9.5m tall and weighs only 80kg.the triangular frame structure , made with bamboo, is
optimized for lightness and strength and offer both stability . it is also modular and foldable ,making it
easy to transport. There are 8 fixation points placed radially around the tower base where there a
network of ropes are attached and fastened to create more stability and allow the tower to withstand
strong wind inside the bamboo structure hangs polyester mesh that collect droplet from high humidity
in the air and collector for dew and rainwater . a textiles canopy all around creates a shaded area for
social activities.

Fig 3.1 Stability of tower

3.2 COMPONENTS
Water tower consist of several components. Base, water tank, funnel, collector ropes, canopy,
structure and antenna interact with each other .also each of functions is for the nature and peoples.
Canopy: Canopy provides shade creating a gathering place for the community
Collector: water droplets falling from the mesh by the force of gravity are catched by collector and
channeled to be water tank. It also works as a dew condenser

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Fig 3.2 Parts of tower

Water tank: 800 gallons(3000Ltrs) tank is used to contains the harvested water
Antenna: a group of antennas attached to structure with silver kites attached to the tip of reflected
lights keeping the birds away.
Structure: triangulated split bamboo frames provides under structural strength keeping the overall
light weight and stable.
Ropes: triangulated network of poly ester ropes is used to add stability to the freestanding structure.
Funnel: water passes from the collector through the filtration system funnel and into the water tank.
Base: blocks of stones are used as a platform for tower.
3.3 HOW ITS FUNCTION
It is designed to harvest water from atmosphere. its functions only by natural phenomenon such
as evaporation, condensation, gravity and doesn’t require electrical power . it is designed and operated
by villagers , key factor that will be facilitate the success of project. The tower not only provide a
fundamental resource for life water but also create social place for community
3.4 MODULARITY
The consist of five modules that are easy to assemble, from top to bottom, and takes 2 hours of
assembly time by collaboration of 10 people without any scaffolding. The elegant triangular framed
structure, made with local bamboo split element, if optimize for lightness and strength offer both
stability and robustness. It is also modular and foldable making it easy to transport. each module is then
security adjoined with each other with natural fibers ropes. There are 8 fixation points placed in to
ground radially around the tower base where a network of ropes with varying thickness are attracted
and fastened to create more stability and allow the tower to withstand strong wings.
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CHAPTER 4
MAKING

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4.1 TOOLS
The tower is designed to be easily built and maintained without any scaffolding or electricity
equipment .we are working in collaboration with the local community integrating traditional tools and
construction technique

Fig 4.1 Tools for construction

4.2 CONSTRUCTION:
The structural frame made out of a 3-dimensional triangulated geometry realized with splited
bamboo elements.
After carefully selecting bamboos, we are them for a long time. The browned bamboos are used
as an element of each module. Each element is precisely measured and then structured.
Fog harvesting tower can be constructed in 4 weeks erected in 1 hour with a team of 16 people.
It consists of 6 modulus that are mounted together one after another from the bottom up.
4.3 INSTRUCTURE:
1 .Tower is transported and deliver to the site.
2 .The ground levelled and a base with stone blocks placed.
3 .Deployment of the modules.
4 .Assembly of modules installed from top to bottom.
5 .Tentioned ropes to fix the tower to the ground.

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Fig 4.2 Instructure

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CHAPTER 5
FOG HARVESTING IN CHEEKURUPALLI

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5.1 ABOUT CHEEKURUPALLI

cheekurupalli is a village in bangarupalyam mandal in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh,
India. It belongs to Rayalaseema region. It is located 10 K.m towards North from district head
quarters Chittoor. 8 K.m from bangarupalyam. cheekuarupalli pincode is 517416 and postal head
office is kg satram.

5.1.1 DETAILS
Total population in village= 2003

Number of houses =505

Water demand =50*2003=100150 L/day

Total water supply from overhead tank = 1899*50=94950L/day

Deficiency of water supply = 5200 L/day

Total inaccessing water houses =30

Total peoples living in elevated area =104 (30 houses)

5.1.2 PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH DRINKING WATER IN VILLAGE

Peoples living in elevated ground facing difficulties for accessing drinking water around 3 i.e,
nearly 13 families. There is no water distribution system in elevated area.so by constructing these
towers we can supply water without any use of energy.

Fig 5.1 Cheekurupalli village

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Fig 5.2 Satellite view of village

5.2 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

This project intends to improve knowledge and facilitate adoption of fog harvesting as a way
of providing drinking water to communities in suitable areas. The Specific Objectives include:
 To mobilize the local community to effectively and efficiently be able to understand and
manage the collection of fog for drinking water.
 To strengthen the capacity of local community to plan and effectively use of resources like FOG
and rainwater.
 To Increase water availability particularly in the dry, yet foggy months and thus reduce water
scarcity and incidences of preventable waterborne diseases through improved access to safe and
reliable water for households and schools.
 Capacity built of post-graduate researchers through testing of local materials for use in fog
collector designs, as well as other relevant scientific research inputs.
 Promote policy support for fog harvesting technologies as an important water resource, and
thus facilitating access to affordable equipment (tower) through awareness creation
countrywide.
5.3 RELATIVE HUMIDITY
The amount of water vapour present in the air expressed as a percentage of the amount needed
for saturation at the same temperature.

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RH= pw/pws.100%

Fig 5.3 Hygrometer

It is expressed in percentage. Relative humidity is ratio of actual amount water vapour in the
air compare to the maximum water vapour the air is able to hold at the temperature . relative humidity
doesnot tell how much water vapour actually in the air. But it tells how close the air is to be saturated.
So air is said to be saturated or full if relative humidity is 100%..humidity can be measured by
hygrometer.

Graph: 5.1 Relative humidity vs Temperature

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Graph 5.2 Relative humidity and Cloud

Relation between rain and humidity: Raindrops form in clouds that are few hundred or even few
hundred metres or a couple of kilometres above ground. As a raindrop starts falling down, it accelerates
due to gravity, reaches the terminal velocity, and continues falling. Terminal velocities are usually
almost always below 10 m/s. so it usually takes a couple of minutes to reach the ground. During that
time, the water from the raindrops starts evaporating into the surrounding air.
If the relative humidity of the air below clouds is high, the evaporation would not remove much of the
water from raindrops. However if the humidity of the air is low, the evaporation can significantly
reduce the amount of water in falling raindrops. Therefore, reduced rainfall.
In some cases, all raindrops evaporate before reaching the ground. Therefore, we experience no
rainfall, but we can observe gray streams in the sky above us. This phenomenon is called virga .

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CHAPTER 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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6.1 SITE MEASURED METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS:

Many meteorological parameters influence the fog formation, parameters such as wind speed,
altitude, wind and its direction, relative humidity and cloud cover. Wind is one of the important
parameters in fog formation. Increased wind velocity increases heat losses, causing reduced dew
formation; however, within certain limits, higher wind speed yields higher water quantity. Thus, fog
water collected is considered to be a function of the wind. Another important factor is humidity. It has
been observed that relative humidity is a significant factor for fog formation. The amount of fog water
collected is considered to be a function of relative humidity.
High relative humidity is essential for dew condensation. Furthermore, to begin the dew
condensation process requires a cooling effect similar to that of a condenser; the condenser surface
temperature has to be lower than the air temperature. Similar conditions are met at night and in the
early morning where air temperature reaches a minimum thus helping relative humidity to reach its
maximum. This creates a favourable situation for fog formation. The required average values of
atmospheric conditions of the site were collected from a weather station that is 10km away from the
site through the indian government authority in the delhi region. Table 5.1 shows average ambient
temperature, wind speed and relative humidity
Table: 6.1 relative humidity in cheekurupalli:
Winter season:
Temparature Relative Wind (kmph) Elevation(m)
(centigrade) humidity(percentage) Above mean
sea level
High 35 60 9 301
Low 20 91 6 301

Summer season:
Temparature Relative Wind (kmph) Elevation(m)
(centigrade) humidity(percentage) Above mean
sea level
High 40 40 10 301
Low 29 53 7 301

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Monsoon season
Temparature Relative Wind (kmph) Elevation(m)
(centigrade) humidity(percentage) Above mean
sea level
High 38 50 11 301
Low 23 80 7 301

Maximum humidity = 91%

Minimum humidity = 40%
6.2 FOG WATER COLLECTION RATES:
When there is no fog, there is no water collected. Similarly, when a fog event occurs the
amount of water collected will be greater. The fog water quantity collection depends upon many
parameters like the fog water content, the fog droplet sizes, the wind speed and the mesh efficiency
and mesh size
Table: 6.2 Summary of collected fog water studies from around the Africa:
Relative humidity Amount of water collection( Elevation: above mean sea
(percentage) L/day) level(m)
40-50 60-100 300-400
50-60 100-140 300-400
60-70 140-190 300-400
70-80 190-240 300-400
80-90 240-270 300-400
90-95 270-300 300-400

fog water collection details in cheekurupalli:

Collection of water from each tower from above data
Winter season = 190-240 L/day
Summer season=80-100 L/day
Monsoon season =140-190 L/day
Average water collection per day =160-200 L/day
For complete water supply
No .of water towers required = 5200/200=26 towers
For drinking and cooking purpose only
Drinking water require for each men = 5 L/day
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For cooking =10 L/day

Total require water for each person =15 L/day,
So total quantity of water required from tower =15*104 =1560 L/day
Total towers require= 1560/180= 8 towers
6.3 ECONOMIC STUDY

Water from fog is one of the most feasible and cheaper sources available in the arid
environment. Fog water collection system costs may be calculated based on the quantity of fog water
produced, materials used and cost of labour in the area where it is being installed.
The fog water setup needs continuous maintenance and supervision. Apart from this, the
maintenance cost of the collector also depends upon the collector size and on the local environmental
conditions. The cost may be further increased by including a pipeline, storage tank, and small
chlorination plant for its purification. Based on the average water quantity produced, the fog water cost
can be derived. Based on the local market, the breakdown of fabrication costs for a scaled-up fog
collector is shown in Table 5 where a scaled-up fog collector costs around 3000/- per unit. Furthermore,
operation and maintenance costs of fog water collectors are low compared to other conventional water
sources.
6.4 FOG WATER QUALITY
Fog water quality obtained through fog collector is always a big concern. The air quality
influences the fog water quality in the vicinity. The presence of an air pollution source in the vicinity
may impact the water quality tremendously. The water quality is also influenced by mesh surface area
when it is contaminated by the presence of dust, insects, algae and bird droppings. Low levels of total
dissolved solids, sodium, calcium, chloride and bicarbonate may be present in fog water; however,
such operations for fog harvesting are in line with the quality standards of the World Health
Organization (WHO) for ions and heavy metals in drinking water.
sulphate, chloride and dissolved calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium. Microbiological
fog water test for 10 samples were found to be within the Saudi water quality standards for faecal
coliforms and coliform organisms, negative, (Saudi Arabian Standards and metrology). Although
harmful bacteria may not been an issue in the fog harvesting, particular care must be taken in the
transmission and storage of the water. Once the collected fog water is stored in tanks, it must be kept
clean and free from contamination in order to be provided safely to users . In the present study, fog
systems are utilized for individual agriculture farms and with simple precautions, if needed, there
should not be any problem with l coliform. However, in case of replacing or mixing a clean water

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system with fog water, institute a careful water quality testing program must be there. Economic study
Water from fog is one of the most feasible and cheaper sour.
Table : 6.3chemical analysis of collected fog water:

Maximum allowable value

Sample (mg/l)
Nylon mesh Unfiltered Filtered
water water
TEST 1 2 3
PH 5.6 5.3 5.9 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5
AMMONIA 0.5 0.01 0.3 1.5 0.5
T.D.S 110 280 120 1000 500
NITRITE 0.1 0.34 0.09 3 3
NITRATE 30 28 19 50 50
CHLORIDE 48 28 45 250 150
SULPHATE 71 55 44 250 150
FLOURIDE 0 0.04 0 1.5 1.5

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CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION

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CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
7.1 CONCLUSION
CHEEKURAPALLI village is facing extreme water shortage conditions. To overcome the
scarcity of water, low-cost and renewable water resources are required. The collection of fog water is
a simple and sustainable technology and offers a supplementary water supply in the chittoor region,
especially for drinking usage
. Two fog water towers have been installed for 1 year in order to evaluate the potential of fog collection
in the cheekurapalli and promising results were obtained.
(2) The results indicated that average water collected by nylon mesh was 250L/day compared to
the polyester mesh which was 190 L /day. The effectiveness of the fog collection was calculated and
compared with the international standards. The highest amount of water was collected in December by
nylon mesh at 270L /day. The efficiency of nylon mesh was measured as 45%. The obtained results
indicate that fog water can be an alternative source of water in the southwest region of kg satram,
especially for drinking purposes.
(3) It is recommended to investigate potential fog water collection at other sites in the southwest region
of kg satram. Mechanical study on polyester mesh properties is recommended with a comparison to
imported mesh. Social awareness programs should be organised to tap this source of water, highlighting
the proper steps to be taken to impart the technical knowhow of the design and implementation to the
public. Finally, the current cheekurupalli low water pricing does not encourage consumers to move
toward efficient water usage; therefore, a new water pricing system is needed.

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CHAPTER 8
REFERENCES

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CHAPTER 8
REFERNCES
8.1 REFERENCES
1. Abdul-Wahab, S.A., Al-Hinai, H., Al-Najar, K.A. and Al-Kalbani, M.S. (2007) Feasibility of Fog
Water Collection: A Case Study from Oman. J. Water Supply: Res. Technol. – AQUA, 56, 275–280.
Abualhamayel, H.I. and Gandhidasan, P. (2010) Design and Testing of Large Fog Collectors for Water
Harvesting in Asir Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. In Proceedings of the 5th Int. Conf., on Fog, Fog
Collection and Dew, pp. 116–119. Munster, Germany.
2. Al-Hassan, G.A. (2009) Fog Water Collection Evaluation in Asir Region–Saudi Arabia. Water
Resour. Manage., 23, 2805–2813.
3. Basulaiman, M., El Bcheraoui, C., Tuffaha, M., Robinson, M., Daoud, F., Jaber, S., Mikhitarian, S.,
Wilson, S., Memish, Z.A., Al Saeedi, M., AlMazroa M.A. and Mokdad A.H. (2014)
Hypercholesterolemia and its Associated Risk FactorsKingdom of Saudi Arabia. Ann. Epidemiol., 24,
801–808. Gandhidasan, P. and Abualhamayel, H.I. (2007) Fog Collection as a Source of Fresh Water
Supply in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Water & Environ. J., 21, 19–25.
4. Gandhidasan, P. and Abualhamayel, H.I. (2012) Exploring Fog Water Harvesting Potential and
Quality in the Asir Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Pure Appl. Geophys., 169, 1019– 1036.
Karkee, M.B. (2005) Harvesting of Atmospheric Water: A Promising Low-Cost Technology. In Ninth
international water technology conference, pp. 17–20. Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt. Klemm, O.,
Schemenauer, R.S., Lummerich, A., Cereceda, P., Marzol, V., Corell, D., van Heerden, J., Reinhard,
D., Gherezghiher, T., Olivier, J., Osses, P., Sarsour, J., Frost, E., Estrela, M.J., Valiente, J.A. and
Fessehaye, G.M. (2012) Fog as a Fresh-Water Resource: Overview and Perspectives. Ambio, 41,
5. MacQuarrie, K.I.A., Pokhrel, A., Shrestha, Y., Osses, P., Schemenauer, R.S., Vitez, F., Kowalchuk,
K. and Taylor, R. (2001) Results from a high elevation fog water supply project in Nepal. In
Proceedings of the 2nd Int. Conf. on Fog and Fog Collection, pp. 227–229.
6. Vancouver, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada. Marzol, M.V. (2008) Temporal Characteristics and
Fog Water Collection During Summer in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain). Atmos. Res., 87, 352–361.
Marzol, M.V. and Sanchez, J. (2008) Fog Water Harvesting.

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