Outwood Academy Bydales AWA 2015

Starting Chemistry Revision from Year 10 – Jan 2016

Unit 1- Core Science GCSE

*This booklet covers ALL Foundation & Higher Content

‘400 Simple Facts to Learn’

Name: Class:

Unit 1 – A Recall Question on EVERY bit of the Syllabus

Part of your revision should be memorising key facts and words from the syllabus, before making sure you can then applying
your understanding to GCSE questions. Test yourself repeatedly on these questions, using friends, family until you can do
them all from memory! Put at least 1-2 hours a week ON TOP of your Science HW to do this.
P1.1.1 Questions on Atoms

1. What particles are all substances made from?

2. What do we call a substance made of only one sort of atom?

3. Around how many different elements are there?

4. Name the table (given to you in the exam) that lists all the elements.

5. What do we call the columns that show elements with similar properties?

6. Are metals on the left or right of the periodic table?

7. Are non-metals on the left or right of the periodic table?

8. When drawing the line that separates metals and non-metals, where do you start?

9. O, Na, Mg are chemical s____________ for the elements.

10. What do we call the small central part of an atom?

11. What two particles make up the centre of an atom?

12. What particles orbit around the centre of an atom?

13. What is the relative charge on a proton?

14. What is the relative charge on an electron?

15. What is the relative charge on a neutron?

16. In an atom, which two particles are their exactly the same numbers of?

17. We say the charges on these two particles c________ o______ each other.

18. Do atoms have an overall electric charge?

19. What defines which element you have, the number of protons, neutrons or electrons?

20. Do atoms of different elements have the same or different numbers of protons?

21. Give another name for the proton number of an atom (bottom number in periodic table)

22. What do we call the ‘top’ number of an element shown in the periodic table?

23. The sum of the protons and neutrons in a atom is its m_________ n_________.

24. For fluorine, work out the number of protons, electrons and neutrons.

25. For oxygen, work out the number of protons, electrons and neutrons.

26. For lithium, work out the number of protons, electrons and neutrons.
27. For hydrogen, work out the number of protons, electrons and neutrons.

28. We say electrons occupy s________ (or e_________ l_________ )

29. When working out the electronic structure of an atom, do you fill the inner shells first, or
the outer shells?

30. What is the maximum number of electrons that can fill the first shell of an atom?

31. What is the maximum number of electrons that can fill the second shell of an atom?

32. What is the maximum number of electrons that can fill the third shell of an atom?

33. What is the maximum number of electrons that can fill the fourth shell of an atom?

34. Draw the electronic structure of Sodium (Atomic Number is 11)

35. Draw the electronic structure of Chlorine (Atomic Number is 17)

P1.1.2 Questions on The Periodic Table

36. What do atoms in the same group of the periodic table have the same of in outer shells?

37. Do atoms in the same group of the periodic table have similar or different properties?

38. What do we call the Group that has 1 electron in the outer shell?

39. Do Group 1 metals react with water?

40. What gas is released when Group 1 react with water?

41. What compound is left behind after this (dissolved in water?)

42. Do Group 1 metals float on water?

43. What else do you see when Group 1 metals are put in water.

44. Complete this: sodium + water  sodium ____________ + hydrogen

45. Complete this: ____________ + water  potassium hydroxide + ___________

46. Complete this: lithium + water  ___________ __________ + ___________

47. What do we call the gases that make up Group 0?

48. Do Group 0 have full or non-full outer energy levels/shells?

49. Are Group 1 gases reactive or unreactive?

50. How many electrons does Helium have in its outer shell?

51. How many electrons do all the other Group 1 gases have in their outer shells?
P1.1.3 Questions on Chemical Reactions

52. What do we call substances formed by atoms reacting and joining?

53. If atoms react and give or take electrons, what new particles are formed?

54. If atoms react and share electrons, what new particles are formed?

55. What particles are formed by metals reacting with non-metals?

56. What particles are formed by non-metals reacting with non-metals?

57. What do we call bonding between metals and non-metals?

58. What do we call bonding between non-metals only?

59. Do metals tend to want to lose or gain electrons?

60. Do non-metals tend to want to lose or gain electrons?

61. What charge ions do metals form?

62. What charge ions do non-metals form?

63. We can represent chemical reactions by w______ equations or s_______ equations.

64. Write a word equation for the combustion of methane.

65. Write a word equation for the reaction of iron with oxygen.

66. Write a word equation for the decomposition of calcium carbonate by heat.

67. Are atoms lost, gained or preserved during a chemical reaction?

68. Is the total mass of compounds the same or different after a reaction?

69. What term is used for all the compounds at the start of a reaction?

70. What term is used for all the compounds at the end of a reaction?

71. Does the mass of products always equal mass of reactants?

P1.2 Questions on Limestone

72. What is a benefit/use of limestone?

73. Give three negative aspects of quarrying for limestone.

74. Give two advantages of concrete over timber for building.

75. Give a disadvantage of concrete over timber for building.

P1.2.1 Questions on Calcium Carbonate

76. What process is used to obtain limestone rock?

77. What chemical compound is limestone mostly composed of?

78. What is limestone often used for a material?

79. What form of energy is needed to break up a compound?

80. What is the correct term for ‘breaking up a compound using heat’?

81. What gas is released if calcium carbonate is heated?

82. What solid compound remains if calcium carbonate is heated?

83. Give the formula of calcium carbonate.

84. Give the formula of carbon dioxide.

85. Give the formula of calcium oxide.

86. Complete the equation: calcium carbonate + heat  __________ + _________

87. Complete the equation: magnesium carbonate + heat  __________ + _________

88. Complete the equation: copper carbonate + heat  __________ + _________

89. Complete the equation: zinc carbonate + heat  __________ + _________

90. Complete the equation: sodium carbonate + heat  __________ + _________

91. Complete the equation: CaCO3 + heat  ___________ + CO2

92. Can all Group 1 carbonates decompose at Bunsen burner temperatures?

93. What chemical is formed when calcium oxide reacts with water?

94. Is the chemical formed in this way acid, alkali or neutral?

95. Complete the equation: calcium oxide + water  ________ _______

96. Can calcium oxide be used in the neutralisation of acids?

97. What do we also call a solution of calcium hydroxide in water?

98. What gas can this solution be used to test for?

99. When the gas reacts with limewater, we observe the limewater turning c___________

100. What precipitate compound is produced when carbon dioxide gas is bubbled through
limewater (calcium hydroxide solution)?

101. Complete the equation: limewater + carbon dioxide  _________ __________

102. When metal carbonates react with acids, what gas is released?

103. What neutral liquid is produced when acids react with metal carbonates?

104. What else is produced when metal carbonates react with acids?

105. What man-made weather pollution can damage limestone buildings?

106. What salt is produced when calcium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid?

107. What salt is produced when sodium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid?

108. What salt is produced when copper carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid?

109. What salt is produced when zinc carbonate reacts with sulphuric acid?

110. What salt is produced when calcium carbonate reacts with sulphuric acid?

111. What salt is produced when magnesium carbonate reacts with nitric acid?

112. Balance the equation: CaCO3 + ____ HCl  CaCl2 + H20 + CO2

113. Balance the equation: Na2CO3 + ____ HCl  ____NaCl + H20 + CO2

114. What is limestone heated with to make cement?

115. What do we call the building material used to hold bricks together in a building?

116. What do we call the building material poured into moulds to make floors etc.

117. What is cement mixed with to make mortar?

118. What two things is cement mixed with to make concrete?

119. What liquid is also added in 117. and 118. that the syllabus doesn’t mention?!

P1.3 Questions on Metals and their Uses

120. What do we call a rock that contains a useful metal compound?

121. What process is used to obtain these rocks?

122. This process involves d________ up rocks

123. Does mining/quarrying involve processing large or small amounts of rock?

124. Name a negative social impact of mining.

125. Name a positive social impact of mining.

126. Name a negative economic impact of mining.

127. Name a positive economic impact of mining.

128. Name a negative environmental impact of mining.

129. Name a positive social impact of recycling.

130. Name a negative social impact of recycling.

131. Name a negative economic impact of recycling.

132. Name a positive economic impact of recycling.

133. Name a positive environmental impact of recycling.

134. Name a negative environmental impact of recycling.

P1.3.1 Questions on Extracting Metals

135. What do we call a rock with enough metal (in the form of a compound!) in it to be
economical to eventually obtain the metal?

136. What word means to ‘chemical obtain a metal from a rock’?

137. Does the economics of metal extraction change over time?

138. Can it become cheaper to extract metals over time?

139. Can it become more expensive to extract metals over time?

140. What do we call the process where ores are ‘dug up’?

141. Before metals are extracted, the ores need to be c__________ to make it economical.

142. Once a metal is extracted, it then needs to be made higher quality by being p_______.

143. Describe the reactivity of metals that can still be found in the Earth as the metal itself.

144. Give an example of a metal that can still be found in the Earth as itself.

145. Are the majority of metals found in the Earth as compounds?

146. In order to extract metals from compounds, c__________ reactions are needed.

147. Can carbon be used to extract metals that are more or less reactive than carbon?

148. What do we call it when oxygen is removed from a compound like a metal oxide?

149. (What do we call it when oxygen is added to a metal?)

150. Complete this equation: iron oxide + carbon  iron + _______ _________

151. What do we call the furnace (like at Redcar!) where iron is made from iron oxide?

152. If a metal is more reactive than carbon, what more expensive form of energy is needed to
extract the metal?
153. Does the metal oxide have to be melted to make this process work?

154. Does this require large or small amounts of energy to achieve?

155. Name the process of extracting a metal using electricity through a molten compound?

156. Is extracting reactive metals by electrolysis more or less expensive than using carbon?

157. What metal can be extracted by heating its ore in a furnace?

158. What is another name for heating a metal-rich ore in a furnace?

159. How do we purify copper extracted in this way?

160. Is the supply of copper rich ores limited?

161. Do traditional means of mining/extracting copper have mahor environmental impacts?

162. Are new ways to extract copper from low-grade ores being researched?

163. The main reason for this is to reduce e_______________ i________________.

164. What living organisms are used to absorb metal compounds?

165. What is then done to them, to produce ash that contains the metal compounds?

166. Name the process of using living organisms in this way.

167. What organism is used for bioleaching to obtain copper?

168. Name the solution formed during bioleaching.

169. Can copper be obtained from solutions of copper salts by electrolysis?

170. What do we call the process of obtaining copper from scrap iron?

171. What charged ions move to positive electrodes during electrolysis?

172. What charged ions move to negative electrodes during electrolysis?

173. Can aluminium or titanium be extracted from oxides using reduction with carbon?

174. Is this because they are more or less reactive than carbon?

175. Are there many or few stages for currently extracting aluminium and titanium?

176. Do these stages make the process of getting aluminium or titanium expensive or cheap?

177. Are small or large amounts of energy needed for extracting aluminium and titanium?

178. Name two benefits of recycling waste aluminium or titanium.

P1.3.2 Questions on Alloys

179. What percentage iron does iron from a blast furnace contain?

180. We call the other compounds that are in iron from a blast furnace what?

181. What negative property do these impurities make iron from a blast furnace?

182. Does this property limit the use of 96% pure iron from a blast furnace?

183. What do we call iron that is still used despite these impurities/property.

184. Such iron is used because it is very strong during c_______________.

185. What alloy is most iron converted into?

186. What is iron mixed with to make this particular alloy?

187. Do different alloys get designed for specific uses?

188. Are low-carbon steels easy or difficult to shape?

189. Are high-carbon steels soft or hard?

190. What are stainless steels resistant to?

191. What property of pure copper, iron, gold & aluminium makes them useless in many cases?

192. Are such metals mixed with similar or different metals to form alloys?

193. Are these new alloys of these metals harder or softer for everyday use?

P1.3.2 Questions on Properties and Uses of Metals

194. What do we call the central block of metals not in a group in the periodic table?

195. Are these metals good conductors of heat and electricity?

196. Can these metals be hammered into shape without breaking?

197. Can these metals be bent into shape without breaking?

198. Are transition metals useful as structural materials for building?

199. Are transition metals used in things that must allow heat through easily?

200. Are transition metals used in things that must allow electricity through easily?

201. What particular metal has properties that make it useful for electrical wiring?

202. What particular metal has properties that make it useful for plumbing pipes?

203. Is copper a good or poor conductor of heat/electricity?

204. Can copper be bent into shape?

205. Is copper still hard enough to make pipes or water tanks?

206. Does copper react with water, when used as a water pipe or tank?

207. Are aluminium and titanium resistant to corrosion?

208. Are aluminium and titanium low or high density?

209. Are aluminium and titanium useful metals due to lightness and corrosion resistance?

210. Name a human prosthetic that titanium is used for.

211. Name an object used to access roofs that aluminium is usefully used to make.

P1.4.1. Questions on Crude Oil

212. Is crude oil a mixture of a few or large quantities of compounds?

213. What do we call two or more elements or compounds in one place but not chemically
combined?

214. In a mixture, are the properties of the elements or compounds within changed?

215. Is it possible to separate mixtures of compounds or element using physical means?

216. Give an example of a physical method used to separate mixtures of compounds.

217. What two elements are most molecules in crude oil made from?

218. What do we generically call a compound containing these two elements?

219. What do we call a molecule that has the maximum number of hydrogen atoms on the
carbon atoms?

220. How many bonds does a carbon atom have during covalent bonding? (Clue: sticks!)

221. How many bonds does a hydrogen atom have during covalent bonding? (Clue: sticks!)

222. What do we call the saturated group of hydrocarbons?

223. What is the name of CH4?

224. What is the name of C2H6?

224. What is the name of C3H8?

225. What is the general formula for these alkanes? C?H??

P1.4.2. Questions on Hydrocarbons

226. Write the formula for methane.

227. Draw the stick diagram for ethane.

228. Draw the stick diagram for propane.

229. How many carbon atoms in butane?

230. How many carbon atoms in methane?

231. How many carbon atoms in ethane?

232. How many carbon atoms in propane?

233. To remember the first alkane carbon numbers use: m______ e______ p_____ b_____

234. What do we call the ‘layers’ that crude oil is separated into during fractional distillation?

235. Does each fraction have molecules with similar or different numbers of carbon atoms?

236. At the start of fractional distillation, the crude oil must be heated so it e____________.

237. What are the crude oil vapours allowed to do at different temperatures? c___________

238. Do some properties of hydrocarbons depend on the size of their molecules?

239. As a carbon chain gets bigger, does a hydrocarbon have a higher or lower boiling point?

240. As a carbon chain gets bigger, does a hydrocarbon get more or less flammable?

241. As a carbon chain gets bigger, does a hydrocarbon get more or less viscous?

242. What word describes liquids that means ‘thick and sticky and flows slowly’?

P1.4.2. Questions on Hydrocarbon Fuels

243. What element do most fuels contain, including coal?

244. What other element do most fuels contain?

245. What third element is also found in the ‘dirtier’ solid fuels?

246. When a hydrocarbon is burnt, what gas is needed from the air?

247. When a hydrocarbon is burnt, what compound do the hydrogen atoms form?

248. When a hydrocarbon is burnt, what compound do the carbon atoms form?

249. If there is not enough oxygen when a fuel is burn, which different oxide of carbon is
formed?

250. What gas makes up almost 80% of Earth’s atmosphere.

251. When this particular gas burns in a fuel engine, what compounds are formed?

252. Does this need to happen at a low or high temperature?

253. When sulphur in solid fuels burns, what poisonous compound is formed?

254. What do we call the solid particles that are sometimes released when fuels burn?

255. What is another name for the black residue these solid particles create as a fuel burns?

256. What element is this residue mostly made of?

257. Can there be unburnt fuels in the solid residue when fuels are burnt?

258. What is the main purpose for burning fuels? To release e___________.

259. During combustion, we say the carbon atoms of a fuel have become o_____________.

260. During combustion, we say the hyrdrogen atoms of a fuel have become o____________.

261. What human made weather condition does sulphur dioxide cause?

262. The oxides of which other element cause acid rain?

263. What gas created by combustion of fuels causes global warming?

264. What problem do solid particles from combustion cause in terms of day-light?

265. Can sulphur be removed from fuels before burning?

266. Give an example of where sulphur is removed from fuels before burning.

267. Can sulphur dioxide be removed from waste gases after combustion of fuels?

268. Give an example of a place where sulphur is removed from fuels after burning.

269. Give the name of two biofuels.

270. What material are biofuels produced from?

271. Are biofuels more or less expensive than hydrocarbon fuels?

272. Are biofuels sometimes made from crops that have replaced crops for feeding
populations?

273. What word describes such an issue, when fuel is made at the expense of food?

C1.5.1 Questions on obtaining useful substances from crude oil

274. What word means ‘cracking a hydrocarbon into a smaller, more useful molecule’?

275. What energy is need by the hydrocarbons to make them into gases?

276. What word means ‘heating to become a gas’?

277. What is another name for the gas made by heating a liquid? v_____________.
278. During cracking, what are the hydrocarbon vapours sometimes passed over?

279. Is the thing they are passed over hot or cold?

280. Are the vapours sometimes mixed with steam instead?

281. When the hydrocarbons are cracked into smaller molecules, this is known as t_________
d_____________.

282. What do we call the family of saturated hydrocarbons created by cracking?

282. What do we call the family of unsaturated hydrocarbons created by cracking?

283. What is the formula of ethene?

284. Draw a ‘stick diagram’ of ethene.

285. What is the formula of propene?

286. Draw a ‘stick diagram’ of propene.

287. Write the general formula of alkenes, in terms of C, H and n = number of carbons.

288. What does = represent in a covalent molecule stick diagram?

289. What colour is bromine water?

290. What colour is bromine water, once it has reacted with an alkene?

291. Draw a molecule of ethene AFTER it has reacted with bromine water* (bonus!)

292. Are some of the products of cracking useful as fuels?

C1.5.2 Questions on Polymers

293. What polymer is made from the alkene called ‘ethene’?

294. What polymer is made from the alkene called ‘propene’?

295. What term describes any very small molecule used to make a polymer?

296. What term describes the very large molecules that plastics are made from?

297. Draw a diagram to represent ethene forming into poly(ethene)

298. What polymer is formed from vinyl chloride?

299. What polymer is formed from butane?

300. Are new polymers being developed all the time?

301. Describe the coatings for fabrics, made from polymers.

302. What part of the head are polymers used in?

303. A polymer that is ‘smart’ is known as a s______ m______ p_______.

304. Can wound dressings be made from polymers?

305. What word means ‘cannot be broken down by living organisms’.

306. Name a living organism that can break down waste materials.

307. Are many polymers biodegradeable?

308. Because many plastics do not degrade, this leads to w______ d_______ problems.

309. Name a foodstuff that new plastic bags can be made from that is biodegradeable.

C.1.5.3 Questions on Ethanol

310. What do we call ‘joining hydrogen onto a substance’?

311. What alkene is needed to make ethanol?

312. What other reactant is needed to turn this alkene into ethanol?

313. To do this the gases must be heated over a c______________.

314. Complete the equation: ethene + water  ___________

315. What process creates ethanol using yeast?

316. What other substance is needed for the yeast to turn into ethanol?

317. Is making ethanol with ethene renewable or non-renewable?

318. Is making ethanol with sugar and yeast renewable or non-renewable?

319. What gas is produced when yeast ferments sugar?

320. Complete the fermentation equation: sugar  ___________ + _____________

C1.6.1 Questions on Vegetable Oils

321. What are fruits, nuts and seeds rich in that can be extracted?

322. What is done to the plant material first, to start to extract this liquid?

323. What is then done to the plant material so the vegetable oil comes out?

324. What two non-useful things are then removed from the vegetable oil?

325. What vegetable oil begins with o__________ oil.

326. What vegetable oil begins with l__________ oil.

327. What vegetable oil begins with r______ s____ oil.

328. What do vegetable oils contain lots of, that makes them useful food/fuels?

329. Do vegetable oils have higher boiling points than water?

330. Does this mean vegetable oils can be used to cook at higher or lower temperatures?

331. Does cooking with vegetable oil tend to be quicker or slower than using water?

332. Does cooking with vegetable oil release more or less energy when the food is eaten?

333. Does cooking with vegetable oil release different flavours to boiling in water?

C1.6.2 Questions on Emulsions

334. Do oils dissolve in water?

335. Are emulsions thicker or thinner than oil/water?

336. What is done to a mixture of oil and water to make it into an emulsion?

337. Emulsions have a better t_______, c_______ ability or a_______________.

338. An example at the sea side of an emulsion is i___ c_______.

339. An example of an emulsion in a fast food restaurant is s_______ c_______.

340. What kind of product, used on a face, is make from emulsions? c_____________.

341. What word describes an emulsion’s ability to attract water?

342. What word describes an emulsion’s ability to repel water?

343. Draw a picture of an emulsifier managing to mix oil and water.

C1.6.3 Questions on Saturated and Unsaturated Fats

344. What type of carbon-carbon bonds do unsaturated vegetable oils contain?

345. What halogen dissolved in water can be used to detect unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds?

346. What gas can be used to harden unsaturated vegetable oils?

347. What metal is used as a catalyst for this?

348. At what temperature is this hardening reaction done at?

349. Which bond do the hydrogen atoms add across?

350. This turns the unsaturated vegetable oils into h_________ oils.

351. Do hardened vegetable oils have higher or lower melting points?

352. What state of matter are hardened vegetable oils at room temperature?

353. This makes hardened vegetable oils easier to s________.

354. In cooking, these hardened oils are used in c_______ and p_________.

C1.7 Questions on Changes in the Earth and its atmosphere

355. The only three sources of the minerals and resources that humans need are in the Earth’s
c_______, the o_________ and the a______________.

356. Name the scientist who came up with the theory of crustal movement (continental drift).

357. Did it take many or few years for his ideas to become accepted?

358. What are formed when pieces of Earth’s crust collide?

359. Scientists originally thought the temperature of Earth was doing what?

360. Scientists originally thought the size of the Earth was shrinking or expanding?

361. Are Earthquakes and volcanoes easy or difficult to predict?

C.1.7.1 Questions on the Earth’s Crust

362. Name the part of the Earth at the very centre.

363. Approximately how much of the Earth’s radius does this take up?

364. What is the solid surface of the Earth called?

365. Is this layer thin or thick?

366. What do we call the gas layer above the Earth’s surface?

367. What do we call the layer directly beneath the Earth’s crust?

368. What do we call the cracked pieces of Earth’s crust/upper mantle?

369. What causes heat in the Earth’s core?

370. What currents does this heat cause in the Earth’s mantle?

371. How much do tectonic plates move each year due to these currents?

372. Is the mantle mostly solid, but able to move slowly?

373. Can plate movements be sudden and disastrous?

374. Where about on tectonic plates do earthquakes and volcanoes occur?

C.1.7.2. Questions on the Earth’s atmosphere

375. For how many years has Earth’s atmosphere been approximately the same?

376. Now, what fraction and decimal of the Earth’s atmosphere is nitrogen?

376. Now, what fraction and decimal of the Earth’s atmosphere is oxygen?

377. What vapour are there small amounts of in the Earth’s atmosphere?

378. What global warming gas is also in the atmosphere?

379. What group of elements are also gases in the atmosphere, in small amounts?

380. For how many years was there intense volcanic activity on Earth?

381. What gas did this mostly release, that made up Earth’s early atmosphere?

382. What gas was also released that condensed and formed the oceans?

383. What two planets have atmospheres today that Earth had billions of years ago?

384. How much oxygen was in the Earth’s atmosphere originally?

385. Name two gases thought to have been also there. m________ and a_________.

386. One theory about how life evolved was the interaction between hydrocarbons, ammonia
and l_______________.

387. Name the experiment that led to early life theories M_____-U_______

388. Give the full name of the ‘soup’ theory of life on Earth. p______________ s_________

389. Is this the only theory there is?

390. What two organisms produce oxygen. p___________ and a___________

391. Name the process plants use to produce oxygen gas.

392. What type of rocks has most carbon dioxide (carbon) from air become ‘locked up in’?

393. What do we call the fuels that carbon has become locked up in?

394. Does carbon dioxide dissolve in oceans?

395. What rock is formed from marine shells and skeletons?

396. Fossil fuels contain hydrocarbons from the remains of p______ and a___________.

397. Does increased amounts of carbon dioxide in oceans affect marine environment?

398. Is the release of carbon dioxide from fossil fuels increasing levels in the atmosphere?

399. Is air a mixture of gases?

400. What process is used to separate air into useful raw materials for industrial processes?

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POSSIBLE all the ones you couldn’t remember from lessons or got wrong.

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from all the Science team at Outwood Academy Bydales.