Appendix

Answers to Odd-Numbered
Exercises

Chapter 1
1.1-1 0.68.
C
1.4-5 Yes; 0.9 = 0.8 + 0.5 − (0.8)(0.5).
1.4-7 (a) 0.29; (b) 0.44.
1.1-3 (a) 12/52; (b) 2/52; (c) 16/52; (d) 1; (e) 0. 1.4-9 (a) 0.36; (b) 0.49; (c) 0.01.
1.1-5 (a) 1/6; (b) 5/6; (c) 1. 1.4-11 (a) No, unless P(A) = 0 or P(B) = 0;
1.1-7 0.63. (b) Only if P(A) = 0 or P(B) = 1.
1.1-9 (a) 3(1/3) − 3(1/3)2 + (1/3)3 ; 1.4-13 (2/3)3 (1/3)2 ; (2/3)3 (1/3)2 .
(b) P(A1 ∪ A2 ∪ A3 ) = 1 − [1 − 3(1/3) + 3(1/3)2 1.4-15 (a) 1/16, 1/8, 5/32, 5/32;
− (1/3)3 ] = 1 − (1 − 1/3)3 . (b) 14/323, 35/323, 105/646, 60/323;
1.1-11 (a) S = {00, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . , 36}; (c) Neither model is very good.
(b) P(A) = 2/38; 1.4-17 (a) 1 − (11/12)12 ; (b) 1 − (11/12)11 .
(c) P(B) = 4/38; 1.4-19 (b) 1 − 1/e.
(d) P(D) = 18/38. 1.5-1 (a) 21/32; (b) 16/21.
1.1-13 2/3. 1.5-3 15.1%.
1.2-1 4096. 1.5-5 60/95 = 0.632.
1.2-3 (a) 6,760,000; (b) 17,576,000. 1.5-7 0.8182.
1.2-5 (a) 24; (b) 256. 1.5-9 (a) 495/30,480 = 0.016; (b) 29,985/30,480 = 0.984.
1.2-7 (a) 0.0024; (b) 0.0012; (c) 0.0006; (d) 0.0004. 1.5-11 1/4.
1.2-9 (a) 2; (b) 8; (c) 20; (d) 40. 1.5-13 0.54229.
1.2-11 (a) 362,880; (b) 84; (c) 512.
1.2-13 (a) 0.00539; (b) 0.00882; (c) 0.00539; (d) Yes.
1.2-17 (a) 0.00024; (b) 0.00144; (c) 0.02113; (d) 0.04754;
Chapter 2
2.1-3 (a) 10; (b) 1/55; (c) 3; (d) 1/30; (e) n(n + 1)/2; (f) 1.
(e) 0.42257.
2.1-5 (b)
1.3-1 (a) 5000/1,000,000; (b) 78,515/1,000,000; Relative
(c) 73,630/995,000; (d) 4,885/78,515. x Frequency Frequency f (x)
1.3-3 (a) 5/35; (b) 26/35; (c) 5/19; (d) 9/23; (e) Left. 1 38 0.38 0.40
1.3-5 (a) S = {(R, R), (R, W), (W, R), (W, W)}; (b) 1/3. 2 27 0.27 0.30
1.3-7 1/5. 3 21 0.21 0.20
1.3-9 (f) 1 − 1/e. 4 14 0.14 0.10
1.3-11 (a) 365r ; (b) 365 Pr ; (c) 1 − 365 Pr /365r ; (d) 23.
13 − 2x
1.3-13 (b) 8/36; (c) 5/11; (e) 8/36 + 2[(5/36)(5/11) + 2.1-7 (a) f (x) = , x = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6;
36
(4/36)(4/10) + (3/36)(3/9)] = 0.49293. 6 12 − 2y
(b) g(0) = , g(y) = , y = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
1.3-15 11. 36 36
1.4-1 (a) 0.14; (b) 0.76; (c) 0.86. 2.1-11 0.416.
1.4-3 (a) 1/6; (b) 1/12; (c) 1/4; (d) 1/4; (e) 1/2. 2.1-13 (a) 19/20; (b) 1/20; (c) 9/20.

509
510 Appendix C Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

2.1-15 (c) 2.4-13 (a) 0.6513; (b) 0.7941.

Relative
x Frequency Frequency f (x) 2.4-15 0.178.
2.4-17 (a) 0.0778; (b) 0.3456; (c) 0.9898.
0 13 0.325 0.2532 2.4-19 (a) b(1, 2/3); (b) b(12, 0.75).
1 16 0.400 0.4220 2.5-1 (a) 0.912 = 0.2824; (b) 0.0236.
2 9 0.225 0.2509 2.5-3 (a) μ = 10/0.60, σ 2 = 4/0.36, σ = 2/0.60;
3 2 0.050 0.0660 (b) 0.1240.
4 0 0.000 0.0076 2.5-7 M(t) = e5t , − ∞ < t < ∞, f (5) = 1.
5 0 0.000 0.0003
2.5-9 25/3.
2.1-17 78. 2.6-1 (a) 0.693; (b) 0.762; (c) 0.433.
2.2-1 (a) 3; (b) 7; (c) 4/3; (d) 7/3; (e) (2n + 1)/3; (f) E(X) = 2.6-3 0.540.
+∞, so does not exist. 2.6-5 0.558.
2.2-3 $360. 2.6-7 0.947.
2.2-5 (a) h(z) = (4 − z1/3 )/6, z = 1, 8, 27; (b) 23/3 of a 2.6-9 (a) 2.681; (b) n = 6.
dollar; (c) 7/3 of a dollar. 2.6-11 (a) 0.564 using binomial, 0.560 using Poisson approx-
2.2-7 E(X) = −17/216 = −$0.0787. imation.
2.2-9 (a) −$1/19; (b) −$1/37. (b) $598.56 using binomial, $613.90 using Poisson
2.2-11 −$0.01414. approximation.
2.3-1 (a) 15; 50; (b) 5; 0; (c) 5/3; 5/9. 2.6-13 21/16.
2.3-3 (a) 16; (b) 6; (c) 16.
2.3-5 μ = 7. Chapter 3
2.3-7 m = 7. 3.1-3 (a) f (x) = 1/10, 0 < x < 10; (b) 0.2; (c) 0.6;
2.3-9 $1809.80. (d) μ = 5; (e) σ 2 = 25/3.
2.3-11 μ = 2, σ 2 = 4/5, 3.1-5 (a) G(w) = (w − a)/(b − a), a ≤ w ≤ b;
(b) U(a, b).
⎧
⎪
⎨ 2/5, x = 1, 3.1-7 (a) (i) 3; (ii) F(x) = x4 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1; (iv) μ = 4/5, σ 2 =
f (x) = 1/5, x = 2, 2/75;
⎪
⎩
2/5, x = 3. (b) (i) 3/16; (ii) F(x) = (1/8)x3/2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 4; (iv) μ =
12/5, σ 2 = 192/175;
2.3-13 (4/5)3 (1/5).
2.3-15 (a) 0.4604; (b) 0.5580; (c) 0.0184. (c) (i) 1/4; (ii) F(x) = x1/4 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1; (iv) μ =
2.3-17 (a) f (x) = (x − 1)/2x , x = 2, 3, . . .; 1/5, σ 2 = 16/225.
(c) μ = 4, σ 2 = 4; 3.1-9 (b) ⎧
⎪
⎨ 0, x < 0,
(d) (i) 1/2, (ii) 5/16, (iii) 1/4.
F(x) = x(2 − x), 0 ≤ x < 1,
2.3-19 (a) μ = 1, σ 2 = 1; (b) 19/30. ⎪
⎩
1, 1 ≤ x.
2.4-1 f (x) = (7/18)x (11/18)1−x , x = 0, 1; μ = 7/18; σ 2 =
77/324. (c) (i) 3/4, (ii) 1/2, (iii) 0, (iv) 1/16.
2.4-3 (a) (1/5)2 (4/5)4 = 0.0164; 3.1-11 (a) d = 2; (b) E(Y) = 2; (c) E(Y 2 ) = +∞.
6! e−x e−x e2x ex
(b) (1/5)2 (4/5)4 = 0.2458. 3.1-13 f (x) = = = =
2!4! −x
(1 + e ) 2 −x
(1 + e ) e 2 2x (e + 1)2
x
2.4-5 (a) 0.4207; (b) 0.5793; (c) 0.1633; (d) μ = 5, σ 2 = 4, f (−x).
σ = 2. 3.1-15 (a) 1/e; (b) 1/e19/8 .
2.4-7 (a) b(2000, π/4); (b) 1570.796, 337.096, 18.360; (c) π ; 3.1-17 $740.74.
(f) Vn = π n/2 / (n/2 + 1) is the volume of a ball of 3.1-19 (a) μ = $28,571.43, σ = $15,971.91; (b) 0.6554.
radius 1 in n-space. ∞ k k ∞
3.1-21 (a) −∞
k i=1 ci fi (x) dx = i=1 ci −∞ fi (x) dx =
2.4-9 (a) b(20, 0.80); (b) μ = 16, σ 2 = 3.2, σ = 1.789;
i=1 ci = 1;
(c) (i) 0.1746, (ii) 0.6296, (iii) 0.3704.  
2.4-11 0.1268. (b) μ = ki=1 ci μi , σ 2 = ki=1 ci (σi2 + μ2i ) − μ2 .
 Appendix C Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises 511

3.2-1 (a) f (x) = (1/3)e−x/3 , 0 < x < ∞; μ = 3; σ 2 = 9; 3.4-11 3 + 5 e−3/5 = 5.744.

(b) f (x) = 3e−3x , 0 < x < ∞; μ = 1/3; σ 2 = 1/9. 3.4-13 μ = $226.21, σ = $1,486.92.
P(X > x + y) e−(x+y)/θ 3.4-15 μ = $345.54, σ = $780.97.
3.2-3 P(X > x + y | X > x) = = = c
P(X > x) e−x/θ 3.4-17 g(y) = for e0.12 < y < e0.24 ; c = 26.54414.
P(X > y). 3y4/3
3.2-5 (a) F(x) = 1 − e−(x−δ)/θ , δ ≤ x < ∞; 3.4-19 0.4219.
(b) θ + δ; θ 2 . 3.4-21 (a) e−(125/216) ; (b) 120 ∗ (4/3) = 107.1575.
1
3.2-9 f (x) = x19 e−x/7 , 0 ≤ x < ∞; μ = 140;
(20)720 Chapter 4
σ 2 = 980. 4.1-1 (a) 1/33; (b) 1/24; (c) 1/18; (d) 6.
3.2-11 (a) 0.025; (b) 0.05; (c) 0.94; (d) 8.672; (e) 30.19. 4.1-3 (a) fX (x) = (2x + 5)/16, x = 1, 2;
3.2-13 (a) 0.80; (b) a = 11.69, b = 38.08; (c) μ = 23, (b) fY (y) = (2y + 3)/32, y = 1, 2, 3, 4;
σ 2 = 46; (d) 35.17, 13.09. (c) 3/32; (d) 9/32; (e) 3/16; (f) 1/4; (g) Dependent;
√
3.2-15 (a) r − 2; (b) x = r − 2 ± 2r − 4 , r ≥ 4. (h) μX = 25/16; μY = 45/16; σX2 = 63/256; σY2 =
3.2-17 0.9444. 295/256.
3.2-19 1.96, or 1,960 units per day, yields an expected profit 4.1-5 (b) f (x, y) = 1/16, x = 1, 2, 3, 4; y = x + 1, x + 2,
of $3,304.96. x + 3, x + 4;
3.2-21 e−1/2 . (c) fX (x) = 1/4, x = 1, 2, 3, 4;
3.2-23 M = 83.38. (d) fY (y) = (4 − |y − 5|)/16, y = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8;
3.3-1 (a) 0.2784; (b) 0.7209; (c) 0.9616; (d) 0.0019; (e) Dependent because the space is not rectangular.
(e) 0.9500; (f) 0.6826; (g) 0.9544; (h) 0.9974. 4.1-7 (b) b(6, 1/2), b(6, 1/2).
 x  y  15−x−y
3.3-3 (a) 1.96; (b) 1.96; (c) 1.645; (d) 1.645. 15! 6 3 1
4.1-9 (a) f (x, y) = ,
x! y! (15 − x − y)! 10 10 10
3.3-5 (a) 0.3849; (b) 0.5403; (c) 0.0603; (d) 0.0013;
0 ≤ x + y ≤ 15;
(e) 0.6826; (f) 0.9544; (g) 0.9974; (h) 0.9869.
(b) No, because the space is not rectangular;
3.3-7 (a) 0.6326; (b) 50.
(c) 0.0735;
3.3-9 (a) Gamma (α = 1/2, θ = 8); (b) Gamma (α = 1/2,
(d) X is b(15, 0.6);
θ = 2σ 2 ).
(e) 0.9095.
3.3-11 (a) 0.0401; (b) 0.8159.
4.2-1 μX = 25/16; μY = 45/16; σX2 = 63/256; σY2 =
3.3-13 0.1437.
295/256;
3.3-15 (a) σ = 0.043; (b) μ = 12.116. √
Cov(X, Y) = −5/256; ρ = − 2,065/1,239 = −0.0367.
3.3-17 The three respective distributions are exponential
4.2-3 (a) μX = 5/2; μY = 5; σX2 = 5/4; σY2 = 5/2;
with θ = 4, χ 2 (4), and N(4, 1). Each has a mean of √
Cov(X, Y) = 5/4; ρ = 2/2;
4, so the slopes of the mgfs equal 4 at t = 0.
(b) y = x + 5/2.
3.4-1 e−(5/10) = e−1/4 = 0.7788.
2

4.2-5 a = μY − μX b, b = Cov(X, Y)/σX2 .

3.4-3 Weibull with parameters α and β/31/α .
4.2-7 (a) No; (b) Cov(X, Y) = 0, ρ = 0.
3.4-5 (a) 0.5; (b) 0; (c) 0.25; (d) 0.75; (e) 0.625; (f) 0.75.
4.2-9 (a) c = 1/154;
3.4-7 (b) μ = 31/24, σ 2 = 167/567; (c) 15/64; 1/4; 0; 11/16.
(c) fX (0) = 6/77, fX (1) = 21/77, fX (2) = 30/77,
3.4-9 (a) ⎧
⎪ 0, x < 0, fX (3) = 20/77;
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ fY (0) = 30/77, fY (1) = 32/77, fY (2) = 15/77;
⎪ x/2,
⎪ 0 ≤ x < 1,
⎪
⎪
⎨ 1/2, 1 ≤ x < 2,
(d) No;
F(x) = (e) μX = 141/77, σX2 = 4836/5929;
⎪
⎪ 4/6, 2 ≤ x < 4,
⎪
⎪ (f) μY = 62/77, σY2 = 3240/5929;
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 5/6, 4 ≤ x < 6,
⎪
⎩ (g) Cov(X, Y) = 1422/5929;
1, 6 ≤ x. √
(h) ρ = 79 12090/24180;
(b) $2.25. (i) y = 215/806 + (237/806)x.
512 Appendix C Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

4.3-1 (d) 9/14, 7/18, 5/9; (e) 20/7, 55/49. 4.5-3 (a) 0.5746; (b) 0.7357.
50! 4.5-5 (a) N(86.4, 40.96); (b) 0.4192.
4.3-3 (a) f (x, y) = (0.02)x (0.90)y (0.08)50−x−y ,
x! y! (50 − x − y)!
0 ≤ x + y ≤ 50; 4.5-7 (a) 0.8248;
(b) Y is b(50, 0.90); (b) E(Y | x) = 457.1735 − 0.2655x;
(c) b(47, 0.90/0.98); (c) Var(Y | x) = 645.9375;
(d) 2115/49; (e) ρ = −3/7. (d) 0.8079.
4.3-5 (a) E(Y | x) = 2(2/3) − (2/3)x, x = 1, 2; (b) Yes. 4.5-9 a(x) = x − 11, b(x) = x + 5.
4.3-7 E(Y | x) = x + 5/2, x = 1, 2, 3, 4; yes. 4.5-11 (a) 0.2857; (b) μY |x = −0.2x + 4.7;
4.3-9 (a) fX (x) = 1/8, x = 0, 1, . . . , 7; (c) σY2|x = 8.0784; (d) 0.4230.
(b) h(y | x) = 1/3, y = x, x + 1, x + 2, for x = 4.5-13 (a) 0.3721; (b) 0.1084.
0, 1, . . . , 7;
(c) E(Y | x) = x + 1, x = 0, 1, . . . , 7;
Chapter 5
(d) σY2 = 2/3;
5.1-1 g(y) = 2y, 0 < y < 1.
(e) ⎧ 5.1-3 g(y) = (1/8)y5 e−y /2 , 0 < y < ∞.
2
⎪
⎨ 1/24, y = 0, 9,
5.1-5 Exponential distribution with mean 2.
fY (y) = 2/24, y = 1, 8,
⎪
⎩ 5.1-7 (a) F(x) = (ln x − ln c − 0.03)/0.04 and f (x) =
3/24, y = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.
1/(0.04x), ce0.03 ≤ x ≤ ce0.07 , where c = 50,000;
4.3-11 fX (x) = 1/5 and h(y | x) = 1/[5(x + 1)], for x = (b) The interest for each of n equal parts is R/n. The
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and y = 0 . . . x; P(X + Y > 4) = 13/50. amount at the end of the year is 50,000(1+R/n)n ;
4.4-1 (a) fX (x) = x/2, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2; fY (y) = 3y2 /8, the limit as n → ∞ is 50,000 eR .
0 ≤ y ≤ 2; 5.1-9 (a) G(y) = P(Y ≤ y) = P(X ≤ ln y) = 1 − e−y ,
(b) Yes, because fX (x)fY (y) = f (x, y); 0 < y < ∞;
(c) μX = 4/3; μY = 3/2; σX2 = 2/9; σY2 = 3/20; (b) G(y) = 1 − exp[−e(ln y−θ1 )/θ2 ], 0 < y < ∞;
(d) 3/5. g(y) = exp[−e(ln y−θ1 )/θ2 ][e(ln y−θ1 )/θ2 ][1/θ2 y],
4.4-3 fX (x) = 2e−2x , 0 < x < ∞; fY (y) = 2e−y (1 − e−y ), 0 < y < ∞;
0 < y < ∞; no. (c) A Weibull distribution with G(y) = 1 −
α
4.4-5 (a) c = 24; (b) c = 30/17; (c) c = 2/(e − 2); e−(y/β) , 0 < y < ∞;
α
(d) c = 1/2. g(y) = (αyα−1 /β α )e−(y/β) , 0 < y < ∞, where α is
4.4-7 (b) 1/3. the shape parameter and β is the scale parameter;
4.4-9 11/30. (d) exp(−e−2 ) = 0.873.
4.4-11 (a) c = 8; (b) 29/93. 1 arctan 1
4.4-13 (a) fX (x) = 4x(1 − x2 ), 0 ≤ x ≤ 1; fY (y) = 4y3 , 0 ≤ 5.1-11 (a) − = 0.25;
2 π
y ≤ 1; 1 arctan 5
(b) − = 0.0628;
(b) μX = 8/15; μY = 4/5; σX2 = 11/225; σY2 = 2/75; 2 π
√ 1 arctan 10
Cov(X, Y) = 4/225; ρ = 2 66/33; (c) − = 0.0317.
(c) y = 20/33 + (4/11)x. 2 π
4.4-15 E(Y | x) = x and E(X) = 0.700; thus, $700. 5.1-13 (b) (i) exp(μ + σ 2 /2), (ii) exp(2μ + 2σ 2 ),
4.4-17 (b) fX (x) = 1/10, 0 ≤ x ≤ 10; (iii) exp(2μ + 2σ 2 ) − exp(2μ + σ 2 ).
(c) h(y | x) = 1/4, 10 − x ≤ y ≤ 14 − x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 10; 1
5.1-15 (a) g(y) =  exp(−y/2), 0 < y < ∞;
(d) E(Y | x) = 12 − x. 2πy
4.4-19 (a) f (x, y) = 1/(2x2 ), 0 < x < 2, 0 < y < x2 ; 3√
√ √ (b) g(y) = y, 0 < y < 1.
(b) fY (y) = (2 − y )/(4 y ), 0 < y < 4; 2
−y /2
5.2-1 g(y1 , y2 ) = (1/4)e 2 , 0 < y1 < y2 < ∞;
√ √ √
(c) E(X | y) = [2 y ln(2/ y )]/[2 − y ];
(d) E(Y | x) = x2 /2. g1 (y1 ) = (1/2)e−y1 /2 , 0 < y1 < ∞;
4.5-1 (a) 0.6006; (b) 0.7888; (c) 0.8185; (d) 0.9371. g2 (y2 ) = (y2 /4)e−y2 /2 , 0 < y2 < ∞; no.
 Appendix C Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises 513

r2
5.2-3 μ = , r > 2; 5.4-11 (a) g(w) = 1/12, w = 0, 1, 2, . . . , 11; (b) h(w) = 1/36,
r2 − 2 2
w = 0, 1, 2, . . . , 35.
2r22 (r1 + r2 − 2)
σ2 = , r2 > 4. 5.4-13 (a) ⎧
r1 (r2 − 2)2 (r2 − 4) ⎪
⎪ 1/36, w1 = 0,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ w1 = 1,
5.2-5 (a) 14.80; (b) 1/7.01 = 0.1427; (c) 0.95. ⎨ 4/36,
5.2-9 840. h1 (w1 ) = 10/36, w1 = 2,
⎪
⎪
⎪ 12/36,
⎪ w1 = 3,
5.2-11 (a) 0.1792; (b) 0.1792. ⎪
⎪
⎩ 9/36, w1 = 4;
5.2-13 (a)
 y1  y2 (b) h2 (w) = h1 (w);
G(y1 , y2 ) = 2(1/10002 ) exp[−(u + v)/1000] dv du
0 u (c) ⎧
⎪
⎪ 1/1296, w=0
= 2 exp[−(y1 + y2 )/1000] − exp[−y1 /500] ⎪
⎪
⎪ 8/1296,
⎪ w = 1,
⎪
⎪
− 2 exp[−y2 /1000] + 1, 0 < y1 < y2 < ∞; ⎪
⎪ w = 2,
⎪
⎪
36/1296,
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨ 104/1296, w = 3,
(b) 2e−6/5 − e−12/5 ≈ 0.5117.
h(w) = 214/1296, w = 4,
5.3-1 (a) 0.0182; (b) 0.0337. ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 312/1296, w = 5,
5.3-3 (a) 36/125; (b) 2/7. ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 324/1296, w = 6,
⎪
⎪
5.3-5 ⎧ ⎪
⎪
⎪ y = 2, ⎪
⎪ 216/1296, w = 7,
⎪
⎪
1/36, ⎪
⎩
⎪
⎪ 81/1296, w = 8;
⎪
⎨ 4/36, y = 3,
g(y) = 10/36, y = 4, (d) With denominators equal to 68 = 1,679,616, the
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 12/36, y = 5, respective numerators of 0, 1, . . . , 16 are 1, 16,
⎪
⎪
⎩ 9/36, y = 6; 136, 784, 3,388, 11,536, 31,864, 72,592, 137,638,
217,776, 286,776, 311,472, 274,428, 190,512,
μ = 14/3, σ 2 = 10/9.
99,144, 34,992, 6,561;
5.3-7 2/5.
(e) They are becoming more symmetrical as the
5.3-9 (a) 729/4096; (b) μ = 3/2; σ 2 = 3/40.
value of n increases.
5.3-11 (a) 0.0035; (b) 8; (c) μY = 6, σY2 = 4.
5.4-15 (b) μY = 25/3, σY2 = 130/9;
5.3-13 1 − e−3/100 ≈ 0.03.
(c) ⎧
5.3-15 0.0384. y = 4,
⎪
⎪ 96/1024,
5.3-17 $21,816. ⎪
⎨ 144/1024, y = 5,
5.3-19 5. P(Y = y) =
⎪ 150/1024,
⎪ y = 6,
5.3-21 (c) Using Maple, we obtain μ = 13,315,424/3,011,805 = ⎪
⎩
135/1024, y = 7.
4.4211.
(d) E(Y) = 5.377 with 16 coins, E(Y) = 6.355 with 5.4-17 Y − X + 25 is b(50, 1/2);
32 coins. 50   50
50 1
5.4-1 (a) ⎧ P(Y − X ≥ 2) = = 0.3359.
⎪ k 2
⎪ 1/64, y = 3, 12, k=27
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 3/64, y = 4, 11,
⎨ 5.4-19 1 − 17/2e3 = 0.5768.
g(y) = 6/64, y = 5, 10,
⎪
⎪ 5.4-21 0.4207.
⎪ 10/64,
⎪ y = 6, 9,
⎪
⎪ 5.5-1 (a) 0.4772; (b) 0.8561.
⎩ 12/64, y = 7, 8. 5.5-3 (a) 46.58, 2.56; (b) 0.8447.
5.4-3 (a) M(t) = e7(e −1) ; (b) Poisson, λ = 7; (c) 0.800.
t
5.5-5 (b) 0.05466; 0.3102.
5.4-5 0.925. 5.5-7 0.9830.
5.4-7 (a) M(t) = 1/(1 − 5t)21 , t < 1/5; 5.5-9 (a) 0.3085; (b) 0.2267.
(b) gamma distribution, α = 21, θ = 5. 5.5-11 0.8413 > 0.7734, select X.
514 Appendix C Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

5.5-13 (a) t(2); (c) μV = 0; (d) σV = 1; (b) x = 201;

(e) In part (b), numerator and denominator are not (c) With class boundaries 47.5, 52.5, . . . , 107.5:
independent. Frequencies: [4, 4, 9, 4, 4, 0, 3, 9, 7, 5, 4, 1];
5.5-15 (a) 2.567; (b) −1.740; (c) 0.90. (d) x = 76.35.
5.6-1 0.4772. 6.1-11 (a) 0.261, 0.196;
5.6-3 0.8185. (b) 0.327, 0.315;
5.6-5 (a) χ 2 (18); (b) 0.0756, 0.9974. (c) 0.270, 0.273;
5.6-7 0.6247. (d) Example of Simpson’s paradox.
5.6-9 P(1.7 ≤ Y ≤ 3.2) = 0.6749; the normal approxima- 6.2-1 (a) Stems Leaves Frequency
tion is 0.6796. 11 9 1
5.6-11 $444,338.13. 12 3 1
13 67 2
5.6-13 0.9522.
 25 14 11444678888999 14
1
5.6-15 (a) y13−1 e−y/2 dy = 0.4810; 15 001345566666788999 18
0 (13)213 16 1111133556667789 16
(b) 0.4448 using normal approximation. 17 01111122234446677888888 23
18 0001145899 10
5.7-1 (a) 0.2878, 0.2881; (b) 0.4428, 0.4435; (c) 0.1550, 19 0133478 7
0.1554. 20 28 2
21 5 1
5.7-3 0.9258 using normal approximation, 0.9258 using
22 1 1
binomial.
(Multiply numbers by 10−1 .)
5.7-5 0.3085.
5.7-7 0.6247 using normal approximation, 0.6148 using (b) 11.9, 15.5, 16.65, 17.8, 22.1;
Poisson. (c) There are three suspected outliers: 11.9, 21.5,
5.7-9 (a) 0.5548; (b) 0.3823. 22.1.
5.7-11 0.6813 using normal approximation, 0.6788 using 6.2-3 (a) Frequencies for males: [1, 1, 3, 4, 20, 23, 16, 10, 3,
binomial. 0, 1],
5.7-13 (a) 0.3802; (b) 0.7571. Frequencies for females: [5, 14, 32, 36, 13];
5.7-15 0.4734 using normal approximation; 0.4749 using (c) Five-number summary for males: 1.4, 3.5, 4.0,
Poisson approximation with λ = 50; 0.4769 using 4.525, 6.5;
b(5000, 0.01). Five-number summary for females: 0.5, 1.325, 1.7,
5.7-17 0.6455 using normal approximation, 0.6449 using 2.0, 2.7.
Poisson. 6.2-5 (b) Five-number summary: 5, 35/2, 48, 173/2, 1,815;
5.8-1 (a) 0.84; (b) 0.082. (d) Inner fence at 190, outer fence at 293.5;
5.8-3 k = 1.464; 8/15. (e) The median.
5.8-5 (a) 0.25; (b) 0.85; (c) 0.925.
6.2-7 (a) Stems Leaves Frequency
5.8-7 (a) E(W) = 0; the variance does not exist.
5.9-1 (a) 0.9984; (b) 0.998. 127 8 1
" #−(n−1)/2
2tσ 2 128 8 1
→ eσ t .
2
5.9-3 M(t) = 1 −
n−1 129 589 3
130 8 1
131 2344557 7
Chapter 6 132 2778 4
6.1-1 (a) x = 1.1; (b) s2 = 0.035; (c) s = 0.1871.
133 79 2
6.1-3 (a) x = 16.706, s = 1.852;
134 8 1
(b) Frequencies: [1, 1, 2, 14, 18, 16, 23, 10, 7, 2, 1, 1].
6.1-5 (a) x = 112.12; s = 231.3576; (Multiply numbers by 10−1 .)
(d) Half of the observations are less than 48. (b) 131.3, 7.0, 2.575, 131.45, 131.47, 3.034;
6.1-7 (b) x = 7.275, s = 1.967; (c) 47, 61. (c) Five-number summary: 127.8, 130.125, 131.45,
6.1-9 (a) With class boundaries 90.5, 108.5, 126.5, . . . , 306.5: 132.70, 134.8.
Frequencies: [8, 11, 4, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 12, 12, 3];
 Appendix C Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises 515

6.2-9 (a) Stems Leaves Frequency 6.4-13 (a) 5

θ = X; (b) Yes; (c) 7.382; (d) 7.485.
6.4-15 x = αθ, v = αθ 2 so 5 θ = v/x = 0.0658, 5 α = x2 /v =
30f 5 1 102.4991.
30s 0 6.4-17 (b) 5
θ = 2X; (c) 0.74646.
30• 88 2 n
1  (yi − 6
n
yi /x2i 7 μ)2
31∗ 001 3 μ = i=1
6.4-19 6 n
; γ2 = .
2 n x2i
31t 233 3 i=1 1/xi i=1

31f 444 3 6.5-3 (a) 6

y = 86.8 + (842/829)(x − 74.5);
7
(c) σ 2 = 17.9998.
31s 66777 5
31• 88899 5 6.5-5 (a) 6
y = 10.6 − 0.015x;
32∗ 000001 6 (c) 6
y = 5.47 + 0.0004x;
32t 22233 5 (e) Horsepower.
32f 444455 6 6.5-7 (a) 6
y = 0.819x + 2.575;
(c) 6
α = 10.083; β 6 = 0.819; σ72 = 3.294.
32s 677 3
32• 88999 5 6.5-9 (a) 6
y = 46.59 + 1.085x.
33∗ 01 2 6.6-1 (b) σ 2 /n; (c) 2/n.
33t 0 6.6-3 (a) 2θ 2 /n; (b) N(θ, 2θ 2 /n); (c) χ 2 (n).
n   n
33f 5 1 6.7-1 (a) 72 = 1
Xi2 ; (b) σ Xi2 ; (c) Yes.
n
(b) Five-number summary: 305, 315.5, 320, 325, 335. i=1 i=1
6.3-1 (b) m5 = 146, 5 π0.80 = 270; 6.7-7 (a) f (x; p) = exp{x ln(1 − p) + ln[p/(1 − p)]};
n
(c) 5
q1 = 95,5 q3 = 225. K(x) = x; Xi is sufficient;
6.3-3 (a) g3 (y) = 10(1 − e−y/3 )2 e−y , 0 < y < ∞; i=1
(b) 5(1 − e−5/3 )4 e−5/3 + (1 − e−5/3 )5 = 0.7599; (b) X.
(c) e−5/3 = 0.1889. 6.8-1 (a) k(θ | y) ∝ θ α+y−1 e−θ(n+1/β) .
6.3-5 (a) 0.2553; (b) 0.7483. Thus, the posterior pdf of θ is gamma with parame-
1 ters α + y and 1/(n + 1/β);
6.3-7 (a) g1 (y) = 19(e−y/θ )18 e−y/θ , 0 < y < ∞;
θ (b) w(y) = E(θ | y) = (α + y)/(n + 1/β);
 y    
(b) 1/20.
n! n 1/β
6.3-9 (a) gr (y) = (1−e−y )r−1 (e−y )n−r e−y , (c) w(y) = + (αβ) .
(r − 1)!(n − r)! n n + 1/β n + 1/β
0 < y < ∞;
6.8-3 (a) E[{w(Y) − θ}2 ] = {E[w(Y) − θ]}2 + Var[w(Y)]
(b) A beta pdf with α = n − r + 1, β = r.
n! = (74θ 2 − 114θ + 45)/500;
6.3-11 (a) g(y1 , yn ) = (yn − y1 )(n−2) , 0 < y1 < (b) θ = 0.569 to θ = 0.872.
(n − 2)!
yn < 1; 6.8-5 The posterior median (or posterior mean), because
(b) h(w1 , w2 ) = n(n−1)wn−1 2 (1−w1 )
n−2 , 0 < w <
1 the posterior pdf is symmetric.
1, 0 < w2 < 1; 6.8-7 d = 2/n. ⎛ ⎞
2
χ1−α/2 2 (2n)
(2n) χα/2
h1 (w1 ) = (n − 1)(1 − w1 )n−2 , 0 < w1 < 1;
6.9-5 (c) 2yz is χ 2 (2n); ⎝ , ⎠ is the
h2 (w2 ) = nwn−1 2y 2y
2 , 0 < w2 < 1;
(c) Yes. interval
⎛ for z, and ⎞ the interval for θ is
6.3-13 Both could be normal because of the linearity of the ⎝ 2y 2y ⎠.
,
q–q plots. 2 (2n) χ 2
χα/2 (2n)
1−α/2
6.4-3 (b) x = 89/40 = 2.225.
6.4-5 (a) 6θ = X/2; (b) 6 θ = X/3; (c) 6θ equals the sample
median. Chapter 7
6.4-7 (c) (i) 6θ = 0.5493, 5
θ = 0.5975, (ii) 6
θ = 2.2101, 7.1-1 [71.35, 76.25].
5
θ = 2.4004, (iii) θ = 0.9588, 5
6 θ = 0.8646. 7.1-3 (a) x = 15.757; (b) s = 1.792; (c) [14.441, 17.073].
6.4-9 (c) x = 3.48. 7.1-5 [48.467, 72.266] or [48.076, 72.657].
516 Appendix C Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

7.1-7 [19.47, 22.33]. 7.5-7 (a)

7.1-9 [21.373, ∞). Stems Leaves Frequency
7.1-11 [22.74, 25.48].
101 7 1
7.1-13 (a) 29.49, 3.41; (b) [0, 31.259];
102 000 3
(c) Yes, because of the linearity of the q–q plot of the 103 0
data and the corresponding normal quantiles. 104 0
7.1-15 (a) x = 25.475, s = 2.4935; (b) [24.059, ∞). 105 89 2
7.1-17 25. 106 133667788 9
7.2-1 [−59.725, −43.275]. 107 379 3
7.2-3 [−5.845, 0.845]. 108 8 1
7.2-5 (−∞, −1.828]. 109 139 3
7.2-7 (a) Yes, since a 95% confidence lower bound for μX 110 022 3
is 25.511;
(b) 5
π0.25 = 106.0, m 5 = 106.7, 5 π0.75 = 108.95;
(b) [11.5, 13.7];
(c) (i) (102.0, 106.6), 89.66%; (ii) (106.3, 107.7),
(c) Do not change since a 95% confidence lower
89.22%; (iii) (107.3, 110.0), 89.66%;
bound for μY is 12.238.
(d) [106.3, 107.7], 89.22%; [105.87, 107.63], 90%.
7.2-9 (a) [−0.556, 1.450];
7.5-9 (a) 5π0.50 = m 5 = 0.92;
(b) [0.367, 1.863];
(b) (y41 , y60 ) = (0.91, 0.93); 0.9426 using normal
(c) No for men because the confidence interval con-
approximation, 0.9431 using binomial;
tains 0; Yes for women because the confidence
(c) 5
π0.25 = 0.89;
interval does not contain 0.
(d) (y17 , y34 ) = (0.88, 0.90); 0.9504 using normal
7.2-11 [157.227, ∞).
approximation, 0.9513 using binomial;
7.2-13 [−5.599, −1.373] assuming equal variances, other-
(e) 5
π0.75 = 0.97;
wise, [−5.577, −1.394].
(f) (y67 , y84 ) = (0.95, 0.98); 0.9504 using normal
7.3-1 (a) 0.0374; (b) [0.0227, 0.0521]; (c) [0.0252, 0.0550];
approximation, 0.9513 using binomial.
(d) [0.0251, 0.0554]; (e) [0, 0.0497].
7.5-11 y4 = 5.08 < π0.25 < y15 = 5.27, y14 = 5.27 < π0.5 <
7.3-3 (a) 0.5061; (b) [0.4608, 0.5513] or [0.4609, 0.5511] or
y26 = 5.31, y24 = 5.30 < π0.75 < y35 = 5.35. The cor-
[0.4610, 0.5510]; (c) Not necessarily because there is
responding exact confidence coefficients are 0.9503,
a danger of self-selection bias.
0.9467, and 0.9602, respectively.
7.3-5 (a) 0.1800; (b) [0.0735, 0.2865]; (c) [0.0977, 0.3080]; 7.6-1 (a) Normal with mean α1 and
  variance
(d) [0.0963, 0.3111]. 1 x 2
σ2 + n ;
i=1 (xi − x)
7.3-7 [0.207, 0.253]. n 2
7.3-9 (a) 0.2115; (b) [0.1554, 0.2676]. (b) 6
α1 ± htγ /2 (n−2), where
1
7.3-11 [0.011, 0.089].  2
7.4-1 117. n 231 +  x2
h=6 σ .
7.4-3 (a) 1083; (b) [6.047, 6.049]; (c) $58,800; (d) 0.0145. n−2 n n
i=1 (xi − x)
2

7.4-5 (a) 257; (b) Yes. 7.6-3 (a) [75.283, 85.113], [83.838, 90.777], [89.107, 99.728];
7.4-7 (a) 1068; (b) 2401; (c) 752. (b) [68.206, 92.190], [75.833, 98.783], [82.258, 106.577].
7.4-9 2305. 7.6-5 (a) [4.897, 8.444], [9.464, 12.068], [12.718, 17.004];
7.4-11 (a) 38; (b) [0.621, 0.845]. (b) [1.899, 11.442], [6.149, 15.383], [9.940, 19.782].
7.4-13 235.
7.6-7 (a) [19.669, 26.856], [22.122, 27.441], [24.048, 28.551],
7.4-15 144.
[25.191, 30.445], [25.791, 32.882];
7.5-1 (a) 0.7812; (b) 0.7844; (c) 0.4528.
(b) [15.530, 30.996], [17.306, 32.256], [18.915, 33.684],
7.5-3 (a) (6.31, 7.40); (b) (6.58, 7.22), 0.8204.
[20.351, 35.285], [21.618, 37.055].
7.5-5 (15.40, 17.05).
 Appendix C Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises 517

7.6-9 6y = 1.1037 + 2.0327x − 0.2974x2 + 0.6204x3 . (b) 0.1064 using b(100, 0.04), 0.111 using Poisson
7.6-11 (a) r = 0.143; approximation, 0.1010 using normal approxima-
(b) 6
y = 37.68 + 0.83x; tion and continuity correction.
(d) No; 8.3-3 (a) α = 0.1056; (b) β = 0.3524.
y = 12.845 + 22.566x − 3.218x2 ;
(e) 6 8.3-5 (a) z = 2.269 > 1.645, reject H0 ;
(f) Yes. (b) z = 2.269 < 2.326, do not reject H0 ;
7.6-17 [83.341, 90.259], [0.478, 1.553], [10.265, 82.578]. (c) p-value = 0.0116.
7.6-19 [29.987, 31.285], [0.923, 1.527], [0.428, 3.018]. y/n − 0.40
8.3-7 (a) z =  ≥ 1.645;
(0.40)(0.60)/n
Chapter 8 (b) z = 2.215 > 1.645, reject H0 .
8.1-1 (a) 1.4 < 1.645, do not reject H0 ; 8.3-9 (a) H0 : p = 0.037, H1 : p > 0.037;
(b) 1.4 > 1.282, reject H0 . (b) z ≥ 2.326;
(c) p-value = 0.0808. (c) z = 2.722 > 2.326, reject H0 .
8.1-3 (a) z = (x − 170)/2, z ≥ 1.645; |6
p1 −6
p2 |
8.3-11 (a) |z| = √ ≥ 1.960;
6 p)(1/n1 +1/n2 )
p(1−6
(b) 1.260 < 1.645, do not reject H0 ; (b) 1.726 < 1.960, do not reject H0 .
(c) 0.1038. 8.3-13 [0.007, 0.070]; yes, because z = 2.346 > 1.96.
√
8.1-5 (a) t = (x − 3, 315)/(s/ 30) ≤ −1.699;
8.3-15 (a) P(at least one match) = 1 − P(no matches) =
(b) −1.414 > −1.699, do not reject H0 ; 52 47
1− ··· = 0.259.
(c) 0.05 < p-value < 0.10 or p-value ≈ 0.08. 52 52
√
8.1-7 (a) t = (x − 47)/(s/ 20) ≤ −1.729; 8.4-1 (a) −55 < −47.08, reject H0 ; (b) 0.0296;
(b) −1.789 < −1.729, reject H0 ; (c) 9 < 10, do not reject H0 ; (d) p-value = 0.1334.
(c) 0.025 < p-value < 0.05, p-value ≈ 0.045. 8.4-3 (a) y = 17, p-value = 0.0539;
8.1-9 (a) −4.60, p-value < 0.0001; (b) w = 171, p-value = 0.0111;
(b) Clearly, reject H0 ; (c) t = 2.608, p-value = 0.0077.
(c) [0, 14.573]. 8.4-5 w = 54, z = 1.533, p-value = 0.0626 for a one-sided
8.1-11 1.477 < 1.833, do not reject H0 . alternative, do not reject H0 .
8.1-13 (a) t ≤ −1.729; 8.4-7 (a) z ≥ 1.282;
(b) t = −1.994 < −1.729, so we reject H0 ; (b) w = 66, reject H0 ;
(c) t = −1.994 > −2.539, so we would fail to (c) p-value = 0.0207, making a unit correction for
reject H0 ; continuity.
(d) 0.025 < p-value < 0.05. In fact, p-value = 0.0304. 8.4-9 (a) w = 145 > 130.9 or z = 3.024 > 1.96, reject H0 ;
8.1-15 (a) χ 2 ≥ 28.87 or s2 ≥ 48.117; p-value ≈ 0.0025.
(b) β ≈ 0.10. 8.4-11 (a) C = {w : w ≤ 79 or w ≥ 131}, α ≈ 0.0539, w =
8.2-1 (a) (a) t ≤ −1.734; (b) t = −2.221 < −1.734, 95, do not reject H0 .
reject H0 . 8.4-13 (a) C = {w : w ≤ 79 or w ≥ 131}, α ≈ 0.0539, w =
8.2-3 (a) |t| = 0.374 < 2.086, do not reject H0 at α = 0.05. 107.5, p-value = 0.8798, do not reject H0 .
8.2-5 (a) t < −1.706; (b) −1.714 < −1.706, reject H0 ; 8.4-15 C = {w : w ≤ 184 or w ≥ 280}, α ≈ 0.0489, w = 241,
(c) 0.025 < p-value < 0.05. do not reject H0 .
8.2-7 (a) t < −2.552; (b) t = −3.638 < −2.552, reject H0 . 8.4-17 (a) w = 71, reject H0 , p-value = 0.0057;
8.2-9 (a) t = −1.67, 0.05 < p-value < 0.10, p-value = (b) w = 101, do not reject H0 , p-value = 0.7913;
0.054, fail to reject H0 . (c) w = 108, do not reject H0 , p-value = 0.8501.
8.2-11 (a) z = 2.245 > 1.645, reject H0 ; (b) p-value = 8.4-19 (b) w = 223.5 < 224.25, reject H0 ;
0.0124. (c) p-value ≈ 0.01;
8.2-13 (a) t = 3.440, p-value < 0.005, reject H0 . (d) Reject H0 ;
8.2-15 (c) F0.01 (30, 30) = 2.39. (e) The p-values are approximately equal.
 
22.5 − μ
8.2-17 About n = 54 and c = 5.6. 8.5-1 (a) K(μ) =
; α = 0.0478;
3/2
8.3-1 (a) 0.3032 using b(100, 0.08), 0.313 using Poisson
(b) x = 24.1225 > 22.5, do not reject H0 ;
approximation, 0.2902 using normal approxima-
(c) 0.2793.
tion and continuity correction;
518 Appendix C Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises
  n 
510.77 − μ μ)2 + m μ)2
8.5-3 (a) K(μ) =
; 72 =
σ i=1 (xi − 6 i=1 (yi − 6 .
15 n+m
(b) α = 0.10;
(c) 0.5000; When μX  = μY and σX2 = σY2 = σ 2 ,
(d) (i) 0.0655, (ii) 0.0150. 6
μX = x, 6
μY = y,
8.5-5 n = 25, c = 1.6. n 2 m 2
8.5-7 n = 40, c = 678.38. σ72 = i=1 (xi − x) + i=1 (yi − y) .
25   n+m
 25 y
8.5-9 (a) K(p) = p (1 − p)25−y , 0.40 ≤ p ≤ 1.0; 1
y λ=   ,
y=14 {1 + (x − y)2 /[ ni=1 (xi − x)2 + m
i=1 (yi − y) ]}
2 (n+m)/2

(b) α = 0.0778;
(c) 0.1827, 0.3450, 0.7323, 0.9558, 0.9985, 1.0000; which is a function of a t random variable with
(e) Yes; n + m − 2 degrees of freedom,
(f) 0.0344. x−y
8.5-11 With n = 130, c = t = c  ;
⎡ 8.5, α ≈ 0.055, β ≈⎤0.094. n m
i=1 (xi − x) + i=1 (yi − y)
2 2
6 
n
L(80) 624n ⎦
8.6-1 (a) = exp⎣ xi − ≤ k or
L(76) 128 128 (b) When H0 is true, 6
μX = x, 6
μY = y,
i=1
x ≤ c; n 2  m
72 = i=1 (xi − x) + i=1 (yi − 6 y)2
(b) n = 43, c = 78. σ .

n n+m
L(3)
8.6-3 (a) ≤ k if and only if xi ≥ (−15/2)[ln(k) − When H1 is true, 6
μX = x, 6 μY = y,
L(5)
i=1
7 1 
n
7 1 
m
ln(5/3)n ] = c; σX2 = (xi − x)2 , σY2 = (yi − y)2 .
n m
(b) x ≥ 4.15; i=1 i=1
(c) x ≥ 4.15; $ %
m (y − y)2 / n (x − x)2 m/2
(d) Yes. (n + m)(n+m)/2 i=1 i i=1 i
λ=   n  .
L(50) (−72) ln(k) nn/2 mm/2 1+ m 2 (n+m)/2
i=1 (yi − y) / i=1 (xi − x)
2
8.6-5 (a) ≤ k if and only if x ≤ +
L(μ1 ) 2n(μ1 − 50)
50 + μ1 This is a function of an F random variable with
= c.
2
n m − 1 and n − 1 degrees of freedom,
L(0.5)
8.6-7 (a) ≤ k if and only if xi ≥ m
L(μ) (yi − y)2 /(m − 1)
i=1 F = i=1n .
ln(k) + n(0.05 − μ) i=1 (xi − x) /(n − 1)
2
= c;
ln(0.5/μ) n
1
n
10
6
xi yi 72
6xi )2 ;
(b) xi ≥ 9. 8.7-11 (a) β = i=1
n
; σ = (yi − β
2 n
i=1 xi i=1
i=1 " #n/2
8.6-9 K(θ ) = P(Y ≤ 1) = (1 − θ )5 + 5θ(1 − θ )4 = 1
λ=   .
(1 − θ )4 (1 + 4θ ), 0 < θ ≤ 1/2. 1+β62 n x2 / n (yi − β 6xi )2
i=1 i i=1
8.7-1 (a) |−1.80| > 1.645, reject H0 ; 
(b) |−1.80| < 1.96, do not reject H0 ; 6
β n 2
i=1 xi
(b) λ is a function T = c  ,
(c) p-value = 0.0718. n 6 2
√ x − 230 i=1 (yi − β xi )
8.7-3 (a) x ≥ 230 + 10zα / n or √ ≥ zα ;
10/ n a t random variable with n − 1 degrees of free-
(b) Yes; (c) 1.04 < 1.282, do not reject H0 ; (d)
dom.
p-value = 0.1492.
8.7-5 (a) |2.10| < 2.306, do not reject H0 ; 0.05 < p-value Chapter 9
< 0.10. 9.1-1 6.25 < 7.815, do not reject if α = 0.05; p-value
8.7-7 2.20 > 1.282, reject H0 ; p-value = 0.0139. ≈ 0.10.
8.7-9 (a) When μX = μY = μ and σX2 = σY2 = σ 2 , 9.1-3 7.60 < 16.92, do not reject H0 .
n m 9.1-5 (a) q3 ≥ 7.815;
6
μ= i=1 xi + i=1 yi ,
n+m (b) q3 = 1.744 < 7.815, do not reject H0 .
 Appendix C Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises 519

9.1-7 Grouping last two classes: 2.75 < 9.210, not group- (b)
ing: 3.46 < 11.34; in either case, do not reject H0 . Source SS DF MS F p-value
9.1-9 Using 10 sets of equal probability, 4.44 < 14.07 =
2 (7), so do not reject H .
χ0.05 Treatment 1.6092 2 0.8046 6.3372 0.0062
0
9.1-11 x = 320.10, s2 = 45.56; using class boundaries Error 3.0470 24 0.1270
2 (5),
303.5, 307.5, . . . , 335.5, q = 3.21 < 11.07 = χ0.05
Total 4.6562 26
do not reject.
9.2-1 3.23 < 11.07, do not reject H0 . 6.3372 > 5.61, reject H0 .
9.2-3 2.40 < 5.991, do not reject H0 .
2 (2) = 5.991, do not reject the null 9.3-15 (a) F = 12.47, there seems to be a difference in feed
9.2-5 5.975 < χ0.05
supplements;
hypothesis; however, p-value ≈ 0.05.
2 (4) = 9.488, do not reject the null (b) Yes, supplement B looks best and supplement C
9.2-7 8.449 < χ0.05
the poorest.
hypothesis; 0.05 < p-value < 0.10; p-value = 0.076.
2 (1) = 3.841, reject the null hypothesis; 9.4-1 18.00 > 5.14, reject HA .
9.2-9 4.149 > χ0.05
9.4-3 (a) 7.624 > 4.46, reject HA ;
0.025 < p-value < 0.05; p-value ≈ 0.042.
(b) 15.539 > 3.84, reject HB .
9.2-11 23.78 > 21.03, reject hypothesis of independence.
9.4-5 (a) 1.723 < 2.90, accept HAB ;
9.2-13 (a) 39.591>9.488, reject hypothesis of independence;
(b) 5.533 > 4.15, reject HA ;
(b) 7.117>5.991, reject hypothesis of independence;
(c) 28.645 > 2.90, reject HB .
(c) 11.399>9.488, reject hypothesis of independence.
9.4-7 (a) 1.727 < 2.36, do not reject HAB ;
(d) ≈ 0, 0.0285, 0.0224.
(b) 2.238 < 3.26, do not reject HA ;
9.3-1 7.875 > 4.26, reject H0 .
(c) 2.063 < 2.87, do not reject HB .
9.3-3 13.773 > 4.07, reject H0 .
9.4-9 (a)
9.3-5 (a)
Source SS DF MS F p-value Source SS DF MS F p-value

Smoking History 84.899 2 42.449 12.90 0.000

Treatment 31.112 2 15.556 22.33 0.000
Test 298.072 2 149.036 45.28 0.000
Error 29.261 42 0.697
Interaction 2.815 4 0.704 0.21 0.927
Total 60.372 44
Error 59.247 18 3.291
Total 445.032 26
(b) The respective means are 23.114, 22.556, and
21.120, with the eggs of the shortest lengths in the 9.5-1 22 Design
nests of the smallest bird.
Run A B AB Observations
9.3-7 14.757 > 2.87, reject H0 .
9.3-9 (a) F ≥ 4.07; 1 − − + X1
(b)
2 + − − X2
Source SS DF MS F p-value
3 − + − X3
Treatment 3214.9 3 1071.6 4.1059 0.0489 4 + + + X4
Error 2088.0 8 261.0
(a) [A] = (−X1 + X2 − X3 + X4 )/4,
Total 5302.9 11 [B] = (−X1 − X2 + X3 + X4 )/4,
[AB] = (X1 − X2 − X3 + X4 )/4;
4.1059 > 4.07, reject H0 ; (b) It is sufficient to compare the coefficients on
(c) 4.1059 < 5.42, do not reject H0 ; both sides of the equations of X12 , X1 X2 , X1 X3 ,
(d) 0.025 < p-value < 0.05, p-value ≈ 0.05. and X1 X4 , which are 3/4, −1/2, −1/2, and −1/2,
9.3-11 10.224 > 4.26, reject H0 . respectively;
9.3-13 (a) F ≥ 5.61; (c) Each is χ 2 (1).
520 Appendix C Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

9.5-3 [A] is N(0, σ 2 /2), so E[(X2 − X1 )2 /4] = σ 2 /2 or 9.6-7 |r| = 0.252 < 0.6613, do not reject H0 .
E[(X2 − X1 )2 /2] = σ 2 . 9.6-11 n = 9.
9.5-5 (a) [A] = −4, [B] = 12, [C] = −1.125, [D] = −2.75, 9.7-1 (a) x = 158.97, s = 12.1525, R = 30.55; (f) Yes.
[AB] = 0.5, [AC] = 0.375, [AD] = 0, [BC] = 9.7-3 (a) x = 5.176 + 330 = 335.176, s = 0.5214, R = 1.294;
−0.625, [BD] = 2.25, [CD] = −0.125, [ABC] = (f) No.
−0.375, [ABD] = 0.25, [ACD] = −0.125, √ n
√ 2
[BCD] = −0.375, [ABCD] = −0.125; 9.7-5 (b) E( Y ) =  2;
(b) There is clearly a temperature (B) effect. There n−1

is also a catalyst charge (A) effect and prob- 2
√ √ n
ably a concentration (D) and a temperature– σ Y 2
concentration (BD) effect. (c) S = √ so E(S) = 2  σ.
n−1 √ n−1
9.6-1 4.359 > 2.306, reject H0 . n − 1
2
9.6-3 −0.45 < −0.3808, reject H0 .
9.7-7 LCL = 0, UCL = 0.1024; (a) 0.0378; (b) 0.1752.
9.6-5 [0.419, 0.802]. 9.7-9 (a) LCL = 0, UCL = 13.99; (b) Yes.