WORKBOOK ANSWERS

AQA GCSE Chemistry

Paper 1
Topic 1 Atomic structure and the periodic table
Topic 2 Bonding, structure and the properties of matter
Topic 3 Quantitative chemistry
Topic 4 Chemical changes
Topic 5 Energy changes
Paper 2
Topic 6 The rate and extent of chemical change
Topic 7 Organic chemistry
Topic 8 Chemical analysis
Topic 9 Chemistry of the atmosphere
Topic 10 Using resources
This 'Answers' document provides suggestions for some of the
possible answers that might be given for the questions asked in
the workbook. They are not exhaustive and other answers may be
acceptable, but they are intended as a guide to give teachers and
students feedback.

Exam-style question answers

The answers given for exam-style questions of an explanatory or evaluative kind set
out what is called ‘indicative content guidance’. Just showing the examiner you are
familiar with some or most of the content is not enough. You need to demonstrate
that you understand it and are willing and able to use it in a way that directly
addresses the question. The indicative content shown for each question is not
exhaustive. Questions may be approached in a number of different ways. The choice
of approach is yours. Just make sure your approach answers the question.
Level 3: A detailed and coherent comparison is given, which demonstrates a broad
knowledge and understanding of the key scientific ideas. The response makes logical
links between the points raised and uses sufficient examples to support these links.
[5–6]
Level 2: A description is given which demonstrates a reasonable knowledge and
understanding of the key scientific ideas. Comparisons are made but may not be fully
articulated and/or precise. [3–4]
Level 1: Simple statements are made which demonstrate a basic knowledge of some
of the relevant ideas. The response may fail to make comparisons between the
points raised. [1–2]
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AQA Paper 2

Topic 1 Atomic structure and the periodic table

A simple model of the atom
1

Subatomic particle Relative mass Relative charge Location

electron very small −1 shells

proton 1 +1 nucleus

neutron 1 0 nucleus

[3] 1 for each correct row

2 a i Number of protons (in an atom) [1]

ii Total number of protons and neutrons [1]
iii Atoms of the same element / same number of protons [1] but different
numbers of neutrons [1]
b An atom is a ball of positive charge [1] with negative electrons embedded [1]
c

Observation Conclusion
Most of the alpha particles go Most of an atom is empty space
straight through the gold foil.
Some alpha particles are The nucleus has a large positive
deflected through a big angle. charge
Only a very small number of alpha The nucleus of an atom is very
particles rebound backwards. small
[2]
3
Atomic Mass Electron
Atom/ion Protons Neutrons Electrons
number number configuration
Na 11 23 11 12 11 2, 8, 1
O2− 8 16 8 8 10 2, 8
−
F 9 19 9 10 10 2, 8
3+
Al 13 27 13 14 10 2, 8
3+
Sc 21 45 21 24 18 2, 8, 8
[5] 1 for each correct row

4 a Atomic number = 15 [1]; mass number = 31 [1]; identity = phosphorus / P [1]

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b Electronic configuration is 2, 8, 5

[1]
c Relative charges are −1 for an electron and +1 for a proton [1]
The number of electrons is equal to the number of protons [1]
d (3.93 × 10−15) × 49 600 = 1.95 × 10−10 m [1] = 1.95 nm [1]

 63  69    65  31 [1]  63.62  63.6 [1]

5 Ar 
100
6
fractional
Separation method filtration distillation
distillation
insoluble solid two miscible
Type of mixture solution
and liquid liquids
[3]

The periodic table

1 a Contains only one type of atom / cannot be broken down into anything simpler
by chemical means [1]
b Any three from:
 in order of atomic number (rather than atomic mass)
 there are more elements
 there are noble gases present
 there are no gaps
 there is a block of transition metals
 lanthanides and actinides are present
 some elements are in a different order

2 a Any two from:

 use safety screen
 wear safety glasses
 use a small piece of potassium
 remove the oily layer
 use a large volume of water
b Any four from:
 it floats
 it fizzes
 it moves around on the surface
 it crackles / makes a small explosion
 burns with a lilac flame
c The electron lost is further from nucleus in a rubidium atom [1]
so there is less attraction between the nucleus and outer electron [1]
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3 a Cl2 + 2NaI → 2NaCl [1] + I2 [1]

b Cl2 + 2e− [1] → 2Cl− [1]
c From colourless to brown [1]

4 a carbon / C [1]
b phosphorus / P [1]
c sulfur / S [1]

Exam-style questions
5 a 6 [1]
b
Name of Symbol Number of Number of Number of
particle protons neutrons electrons
sulfur atom S 16 16 16

sulfide ion S2− 16 16 18

[1] for each row

c Both have 8 protons [1]
O18 has 10 neutrons; O16 has 8 neutrons [1]
 99.76  16    0.24  18  [1]  16.00  16 [1]
d Ar 
100
6 a
Atom Mass Atomic Protons Electrons Neutrons Electron
number number configuration
16
8O 16 8 8 8 8 2, 8
1
1H 1 1 1 1 0 1

[1] for each row

b 18 [1]; 20 [1]; 20 [1]
protons [1] neutrons [1] (any order)
2, 8, 8 [1]
c

[3]
7 Neon [1]
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8 a i
Mixture Chemicals Reaction
1 chlorine and potassium bromide solution 
2 bromine and sodium chloride solution ✗
3 iodine and sodium chloride solution ✗
4 bromine and sodium iodide solution 
[1] for each tick/cross
ii colourless to orange [1]
iii iodine [1]
iv Cl2 + 2Br− [1] → Br2 + 2Cl− [1]
v 2Br− [1] → Br2 + 2e− [1]
b i The noble gases [1]
ii They have a full outer shell of electrons [1] so their atoms are stable [1]
iii The boiling points of the noble gases increase [1] with increasing relative
atomic mass / down the group [1]
c Indicative content [6] without repetition:
 sodium reacts vigorously with water
 copper does not react with water
 sodium has a low density / is less dense than water
 copper has a higher density than sodium / water
 sodium has a low melting point
 copper has a higher melting point
 sodium is metal is soft / easily cut
 copper is harder than sodium

Topic 2 Bonding, structure and the properties of matter

Chemical bonds, ionic, covalent and metallic
1 a MgCl2 [1]
b i covalent [1]
ii 6 [1]
iii One from hydrogen / nitrogen / oxygen / fluorine / bromine / iodine / astatine
c Electrons are transferred from magnesium atoms to chlorine atoms [1]
Two chlorine atoms each gain one electron [1] forming two Cl− ions [1]
Magnesium atoms each lose 2 electrons [1] forming Mg2+ ions [1]
2 a metallic [1]
b ionic [1]
c covalent [1]
d covalent [1]
e metallic [1]
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3 An alloy has different types / sizes of atoms [1] and distorted layers [1]

How bonding and structure are related to the properties of matter

1 a A = carbon atom [1]; B = (single) covalent bond [1]
b giant covalent [1]
c Many strong covalent bonds [1] need a lot of energy to break [1]
d Delocalised electrons [1] can move through the structure [1]
e Graphene has a 2-dimensional / single layer [1] structure
f Any two from: transparent / strong / conducts electricity / low density
2 a B [1]
b C [1]
c D [1]
d A [1]
3 a

Substance Melting point (°C) Metal ion Non-metal ion

i sodium chloride 808 Na+ Cl−

ii magnesium oxide 2900 Mg2+ O2−

[3]
b The ions are held tightly [1] and can't move to carry charge [1]
c Magnesium ions have a higher charge and so can attract the negative ions
more strongly [1]

Bulk and surface properties of materials including nanoparticles

1 a Soot 100–2500 nm [1]; dust 2500–10 000 nm [1]
b Soot 1 × 10−7 to 2.5 × 10−6 m [1]; dust 2.5 × 10−6 to 1 × 10−5m [1]
2 a Any two from:
rub on as a clear film / better skin coverage / more effective protection / do not
break down on exposure to sun
b Any two from:
lung inflammation if breathed in / cell damage / washed off into the environment
and could cause harmful effects to organisms / the long-term effects are
unknown
c It is decreased by 10 000 [1]

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Exam-style questions
3 a i 4Na + O2 → 2Na2O [2]
ii Lattice / layers / giant structure / close-packed arrangement [1]
(of) positive ions or atoms [1]
(with) delocalised / free electrons [1]
that can move and carry charge [1]
iii

[2]
b i Electrons are transferred from sodium to oxygen [1]
The two sodium atoms each lose one electron [1] forming two Na+ ions [1]
The oxygen atom gains 2 electrons [1] forming an O2− ion [1]
ii A giant ionic lattice [1] with strong attraction between oppositely charged
ions in all directions [1]
c Volume = 50 × 50 × 50 = 125 000 nm3 [1]
Surface area = 6 × 50 × 50 = 15 000 nm2 [1]
Surface area to volume ratio = 1 : 8.33 [1]
4 Indicative content
Fluorine
There are covalent bonds between atoms [1]
forming simple molecules [1]
with a weak attraction / no bonds between molecules; so low boiling point [1]
Sodium fluoride
There are strong ionic bonds / electrostatic attraction in all directions [1]
between oppositely charged ions forming a giant lattice [1]
and large amounts of energy are needed to break the bonds; so the melting point
is high [1]

Topic 3 Quantitative chemistry

Chemical measurements, conservation of mass and the quantitative
interpretation of chemical equations
1 a 40 + 16 = 56 [1]
b 24 + 2(16 + 1) = 58 [1]
2 Mr of reactant = 100 [1]; Mr of products = 56 + 44 [1] = 100 [1]

Use of amount of substance in relation to masses of pure substances

2.5
1 a  0.0625 mol [1]
40

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1.47
b  0.015 mol [1]
98
2 a mass = 0.145 × 160 = 23.2 g [1]
b mass = 25 × 102 = 2550 g [1]
4.26
3 a moles of Al(NO3)3 = = 0.02 [1]
213
moles of NO2 = 0.02 × 3 = 0.06 [1]
mass of NO2 = 0.06 × 46 = 2.76 g [1]

1200
4 a moles of CuO = [1] = 15 [1]
80
84
b moles of C = = 7 [1]
12
c 15 mol of CuO requires 7.5 mol of C
But there are only 7 mol of C, so C is the limiting reactant [1]
d moles of Cu formed = 7 × 2 = 14 [1]
e mass of Cu formed = 14 × 64 = 896 g [1]
f If 7 moles of carbon react, 14 moles of CuO will be used up
moles of CuO left over = 15 − 14 = 1 [1]
mass of CuO left over = 1 × 64 = 64 g [1]

Yield and atom economy of chemical reactions

0.357
1 a moles of NiCO3 = = 0.003 [1]
119
moles of NiSO4 = 0.003 [1]
mass of NiSO4 = 0.003 × 155 = 0.465 g [1]
actual yield 0.372
b percentage yield =  100   100 [1] = 80% [1]
theoretical yield 0.465
sum of Mr of desired product
2 atom economy   100
sum of Mr of reactants
2  63.5
  100 [1]
 2  79.5   12
 74.3% [1]

Using concentrations of solutions in mol/dm3

1 a 0.3 × 2.0 = 0.6 mol [1]
b 0.5 × 2.0 = 1.0 mol [1]

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2 a moles 
 
volume cm3  concentration mol/dm3  
1000
40.0  0.150
 [1]
1000
 0.006 [1]
b Mr of K2SO4 = 174 [1]
mass = moles × Mr = 0.006 × 174 = 1.044 g [1]
3 a
Initial burette Final burette Volume delivered
reading in cm³ reading in cm³ in cm³
0.00 18.20 18.20
18.20 35.90 17.70
0.00 17.50 17.50
20.00 37.40 17.40

e All four correct [2]; two correct [1]

b (Using results 3 and 4) 17.45 cm3 [1]

c i moles 
 
volume cm3  concentration mol/dm3  
1000
17.45  0.140
 [1]
1000
 0.002443 [1]
moles of KOH = 0.002443 × 2 = 0.004886 [1]
0.004886  1000
concentration =  0.19544 [1]
25.0
 0.195 mol/dm3 [1]
ii Concentration of KOH = 0.195 × 56 = 10.92 g/dm3 [1]

4 a moles 
 
volume cm3  concentration mol/dm3  
1000
18.0  0.5
 [1]
1000
 0.009 [1]
0.009
b moles of X2CO3 = = 0.0045 [1]
2
0.0045  1000
c concentration = = 0.18 mol/dm3 [1]
25.0

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d 4.77 × 4 = 19.08 g/dm3

g/dm3
mol/dm3 
Mr
19.08
0.18  [1]
Mr
19.08
Mr 
0.18
 106 [1]

Use of amount of substances in relation to volumes of gases

mass 32
1 moles    2 [1]
Mr 16
volume = 24 × moles = 24 × 2= 48 dm3 [1]

volume 1.8
2 moles    0.075 [1]
24 24
mass = Mr × moles = 32 × 0.075 = 2.4 g [1]
3 2 moles of H2(g) reacts with 1 mole of O2(g)
volume of O2(g) = ½ × volume of H2(g) = ½ × 20 = 10 dm3 [1]

25
4 a moles CaCO3 = = 0.25 [1]
100
b Reaction ratio is 1 : 1
so 0.25 mole of carbon dioxide is made [1]

c moles 
volume dm3  
24
volume  moles  24  0.25  24  6 dm3 [1]

100  1.5
5 moles of acid  = 0.15 [1]
1000
10
moles of Na2CO3 =  0.094 [1]
106
So the acid is in excess
1 mole of Na2CO3 reacts to form 1 mole of CO2
So 0.094 moles of CO2 are formed [1]
This is 0.094 × 24 dm3 = 2.26 dm3 [1]

Exam-style questions
48
6 a moles of copper(II) oxide = = 0.6 [1]
79.5
9
moles of aluminium = = 0.333 [1]
27
0.6
0.6 mol of CuO would require  2 = 0.4 mol of Al
3
But only 0.333 mol of Al is available so Al is the limiting reactant [1]

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0.333
moles of Cu =  3 = 0.5 [1]
2
mass of Cu = 0.5 × 64 = 32 g [1]

0.333
b moles of CuO used =  3 = 0.5 [1]
2
moles of CuO remaining = 0.6 − 0.5 = 0.1 [1]
mass of CuO remaining = 0.1 × 80 = 8 g [1]

1.25  24
7 moles of HCl = = 0.03 [1]
1000
0.03
moles of Ba(OH)2 = = 0.015 [1]
2
0.015  1000
concentration = = 0.6 mol/dm3 [1]
25.0
22.15  22.15  22.05
8 a mean volume = [1] = 22.12 cm3 [1]
3
0.500  22.12
b moles of HCl = = 0.01106 [1]
1000
Reaction ratio is 1 : 2
0.01106
So moles of Na2CO3 = = 0.00553 [1]
2
25  concentration
0.00553 
1000
0.00553
concentration   1000
25
 0.2212 [1]
 0.221 mol/dm3 [1]

c Add 3−4 drops of a named indicator e.g. phenolphthalein or methyl orange [1]
Add the acid from a burette, swirling the flask [1]
Add the acid dropwise near the endpoint [1] until the indicator changes from
pink to colourless / yellow to red [1]

9 a Mr of Al4C3 = 144; mass of Al4C3 = 7200 g

mass  g
7200
moles of Al4C3 =  = 50 [1]
Mr 144
Reaction ratio is 1 : 3 so 3 × 50 = 150 mol of CH4 is formed [1]
Its volume is 150 × 24 = 3600 dm3 [1]
sum of Mr of desired product
b atom economy   100
sum of Mr of reactants
3  16
  100 [1]
144  12  18 
 13.33%% [1]

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Topic 4 Chemical changes

Reactivity of metals
1 a It fizzes [1] and moves about the surface [1] with a lilac flame [1]
b It burns with a white flame [1] forming a white solid [1]
c A black solid is formed [1]
d i hydrogen [1]
ii hydroxide [1]
iii They lose one electron each [1]
2 a

 solid zinc in the crucible [1]

 the crucible supported by a pipeclay triangle [1]
 the triangle on the tripod with a heatproof mat [1]
 heat / Bunsen burner [1]
b 2Zn + O2 [1] → 2ZnO [1]
c To allow more air in to react [1]
3 a Ca + 2H2O [1] → Ca(OH)2 + H2 [1]
b Hold a lit splint [1] listen for a pop [1]

Reactions of acids
1 a magnesium + nitric acid → magnesium nitrate + hydrogen [1]
b copper carbonate+ sulfuric acid→ copper sulfate + carbon dioxide + water [1]
c potassium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid → potassium chloride + water [1]
d calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid → calcium chloride + water + carbon
dioxide [1]
e lithium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid → lithium chloride + water [1]
f zinc + sulfuric acid → zinc sulfate + hydrogen [1]
2 a NaCl + H2O [1]
b One that is completely ionised in aqueous solution [1]
c H+ [1]

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d H+(aq) + OH−(aq) → H2O(l) [1] for equation [1] state symbols

3 a Measuring cylinder [1]
b Step 2: spatula, Bunsen, tripod, gauze [4 correct for 2 marks, 3 correct for
1 mark]
Step 3: filter paper, filter funnel, evaporating dish / beaker [3 correct for
2 marks, 2 correct for 1 mark]
Step 4: evaporating basin, Bunsen, tripod, gauze [4 correct for 2 marks,
2 correct for 1 mark]
c CuO + 2HCl → CuCl2 + H2O [1 mark correct formula; 1 mark balancing]
d No – copper will not displace hydrogen from an acid / it is less reactive [1]
4 a Y [1]
b Z [1]
c The pH has decreased by one unit [1] so the hydrogen ion concentration in W
has decreased by a factor of 10 [1]
d Using universal indicator / pH probe [1] and comparing the colour chart /
recording to one decimal place [1]

Electrolysis
1 a The ions can move and carry charge [1]
b Electrolyte [1]
c

Anode Cathode
Sodium chloride solution chlorine hydrogen
Copper(II) bromide solution bromine copper
Silver nitrate solution oxygen silver
Molten potassium chloride chlorine potassium
[6] 1 for each element
d i Cu → Cu2+ + 2e− [1]
ii Al3+ + 3e− → Al [1]
iii 2Br− → Br2 + 2e− [1]
iv 4OH− [1] → 2H2O + O2 + 4e− [1]
2 a The mixture has a lower melting point than that of aluminium oxide, so it
requires less thermal energy to melt [1]
b aluminium [1]
c carbon / graphite [1]
d Al3+ + 3e− [1] → Al [1]
e Oxygen forms at anode [1] and reacts with the carbon to produce carbon
dioxide (1)

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3 a Chlorine [1] when electrolysed, halide ion solutions produce halogens [1]
b zinc [1]
c anode [1]

Exam-style questions
4 a Most reactive: magnesium, cadmium, copper, silver: least reactive [2]
b Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) → Cu(NO3)2(aq) [1] + 2Ag(s) [1]
c magnesium nitrate [1]; cadmium [1]
5 OH− [1]
6 a Indicative content [6]
 Measure out sulfuric acid into a beaker (or similar)
 Add copper oxide one spatula at a time
 Warm and stir
 Repeat adding copper oxide until is in excess
 Filter off the unreacted copper oxide
 Pour the solution into an evaporating basin / dish and evaporate to half volume
using a Bunsen burner
 Leave to cool and crystallise
 Filter / decant off the solution
 Pat dry (using filter paper)
b copper oxide + sulfuric acid → copper sulfate + water [1]

7 a Indicative content [6]

 Hydrochloric acid in a burette; volume recorded
 Potassium hydroxide solution in a flask; volume measured using a pipette
 Indicator in the flask
 White tile under the flask
 Slow addition of acid / swirling / mixing
 Add until colour change of indicator
 Acid volume remaining is measured
b methyl orange – yellow; or phenolphthalein – pink [2]

8 Bromine [1]

9 a The diagram should include:

 Bunsen and tripod [1]
 crucible and pipeclay triangle / evaporating basin and gauze [1]
 connecting circuit with cell and electrodes [1]
 electrodes not touching but dipping into the molten zinc chloride [1]
b Zinc ions move to cathode [1] and gain electrons forming zinc [1]
c 2Cl− → Cl2 [1] + 2e− [1]
d The chloride ions lose electrons [1]; loss of electrons is oxidation [1]

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Topic 5 Energy changes

Exothermic and endothermic reactions
1 a

Example Exothermic Endothermic

A reaction in which the temperature started
at 21°C and finished at 46°C 

The combustion of ethanol 

The reaction of citric acid and sodium
hydrogencarbonate 

The reaction of hydrochloric acid and

sodium hydroxide 

The thermal decomposition of calcium

carbonate 

[5]
2 a i B [1]
ii D [1]
b 250 − 100 = 150 kJ [1]
c The minimum amount of energy that particles must have to react [1]
d The products are above the reactants because they have more energy and so
energy has been taken in [1] and it is an endothermic reaction [1]
3 a 3 marks for a correct answer; if incorrect award 1 mark for each of correct bond
breaking energy and bond making energy
i Energy needed to break bonds = 436 + 242 = 678 [1]
energy given out making bonds = 2 × 436 = 872 [1]
energy change = 678 − 872 = −194 kJ [1]
ii Energy needed to break bonds = 941 + (3 × 436) = 2249 [1]
energy given out making bonds = 6 × 391 = 2346 [1]
energy change = 2249 − 2346 = −97 kJ [1]
iii Energy needed to break bonds = (2 × 436) + 498 = 1370 [1]
energy given out making bonds = 4 × 464 = 1856[1]
energy change = 1370 − 1856 = −486 kJ [1]
b Energy needed to break bonds = 436 + 193 = 629 [1]
Overall energy change = energy needed for breaking bonds − energy released
in making bonds
−103 = 629 − energy released in making 2 H–Br bonds
−103 − 629 = −732 = energy released in making 2 H–Br bonds [1]
732
H–Br bond energy = = −366 kJ [1]
2

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Chemical cells and fuel cells

1

Advantage Disadvantage
Hydrogen fuel cell Only waste product is Expensive
non-polluting water
Hydrogen is a
Produce electricity flammable gas which is
continuously as long as difficult to store and
fuel is supplied transport
Producing the hydrogen
for use in a fuel cell may
cause pollution, and
CO2 generation
Rechargeable cell Cheap Go flat
Contain toxic chemicals
which could harm the
environment

[4] 1 for each box

2 a Water [1]
b Fuel cells produce water, which does not cause pollution / no carbon dioxide
produced [1]
Using hydrogen saves petrol / diesel / crude oil [1]
c 2H2 → 4H+ + 4e− [1]
O2 + 4H+ + 4e− → 2H2O [1]

Exam-style questions
3 Electrical [1]
4 a i 20.9 − 17.1 = 3.8 [1]
ii An anomalous result is one which does not fit the trend − the anomalous
result here is 6.2 [1]
15.2
3.9 + 3.8 + 3.7 + 3.8 = = 3.8 [1]
4
iii The temperature falls so it is endothermic [1]
iv Use a polystyrene cup / lid [1] to prevent energy / heat gain / insulate the
beaker [1]
or use a digital thermometer or data logger; easier to read (to 0.1°C)
b i When describing a trend always state the general relationship between the
two variables and then use data to back up your answer. Here, on adding up
to 20 cm3 of acid the temperature increases from 19.4 to 26.0°C. Note that
there may be two trends, as in this case
As the volume increases, the final temperature increases [1]
But after 30.0 cm3 [1] the temperature remains constant at 25.9 [1]
ii H+ + OH− → H2O [1]

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iii Two of: concentration of acid / concentration of alkali / volume of alkali

5 a Energy required to break bonds:

= 3C–C + 9C–H + C–O + O–H + 6O=O
= (3 × 347) + (9 × 413) + 358 + 464 + (6 × 495)
= 8550 kJ [1]
Energy released in making bonds:
= 8C=O + 10O–H
= (8 × 799) + (10 × 464)
= 11032 kJ [1]
Energy change = 8550 − 11032 = −2482 kJ [1]
b More energy is released in making new bonds [1] than is taken in to break
bonds [1]
c Products are higher than reactants [1]
The activation energy is indicated by an arrow between the reactants and the
top of the curve [1]
The overall energy change is indicated by an arrow pointing up from level of
reactants to the products. [1]

Topic 6 The rate and extent of chemical change

Rate of reaction
1 a Calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid in conical flask (all labelled) [1]; cotton
wool in conical flask (labelled) [1] on balance [1]; stopclock [1]
b To prevent loss of acid spray [1]
c Two of: bubbles / the calcium carbonate disappears / a colourless solution is
formed
d The reaction rate is fastest at the beginning and so it is best to record readings
more often [1]
e When two readings are the same [1] no more carbon dioxide is being made
and the reaction is over [1]
0.080  0.035
f i Rate = [1] = 0.00225 = 0.0023 g/s [1]
30  10
0.3
ii [1] = 0.001666 = 0.0017 g/s [1]
3  60
g Acid particles are used up / there is a decrease in the number of particles [1] so
the concentration decreases [1] and there are less frequent / fewer collisions
per second [1] so the rate decreases / reaction slows down [1]
2 a D [1]
b Increasing the concentration increases the rate [1]
The data for experiments A–C are used; the concentration was increased but
other factors were constant [1]
c There are more particles per unit volume [1] so there is an increase in the
frequency of collisions [1]
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d Increasing the temperature increases the rate [1]

The data for experiments B and D are used to determine this [1]
e Increasing the temperature increases the frequency of collisions [1] and also
makes the collisions more energetic / there are more collisions with the
minimum activation energy [1]
3 A [1]; B [1]; F [1]

Reversible reactions and dynamic equilibrium

1 a Decreases [1] because the equilibrium moves to the left [1]
b The amount will increase [1] because the equilibrium moves to the right where
there are fewer molecules [1]
2 a There is no effect [1] because there are the same number of molecules on
each side of equation [1]
b More HBr is produced [1] because the equilibrium moves to the right to use up
the added hydrogen [1]
c That a reaction is reversible / reaction happens in both directions [1]

Exam-style questions
3 yield increases; yield decreases [1]
4 a i The equilibrium moves to the left [1] to produce more heat / in the
exothermic direction [1]
ii The rate is reduced [1] because this change decreases the frequency of
collisions and the collisions are less energetic / less collisions with the
minimum activation energy [1]
b i The equilibrium moves to the left [1] because there are fewer molecules on
that side [1]
ii There is an increase in the rate [1] because there is an increase in
frequency of collisions [1]
5 a

Sensible scale used; covers at least half the grid [1]

All points plotted correctly [2]; if at least 8 OK then 1 mark
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Line of best fit drawn [1]

b Steeper line left of original [1] finishing at the same volume of gas [1]
c Two of: same mass of metal / same surface area of metal / same volume of
acid / same concentration of acid / same temperature
d Tangent drawn correctly at 20 s [1]
Correct x and y values used [1] − e.g. 100 and 38
100
Gradient   2.6 [1] cm3 /s [1]
38

Topic 7 Organic chemistry

Carbon compounds as fuels and feedstock
1 • Crude oil is heated [1]
 to evaporate / vaporise / boil [1] and enter the (fractionating) column
 the column is hotter at the bottom / cooler at the top [1]
 the vapours / fractions condense [1]
 at their boiling points / different levels [1]

2 a C7H16 [1] → C4H10 + C3H6 [1]

b propene [1]
c Large (molecule) hydrocarbons have fewer uses [1] so they are broken down /
cracked to smaller more useful ones [1]
d They are heated [1] often using a catalyst [1]
3 a A compound that consists of hydrogen and carbon only [1]
b ethane = alkanes [1]
ethene = alkenes [1]
c CnH2n [1]
d Bubble (the gas) into bromine water [1]
Ethene turns it from orange to colourless [1]
Ethane has no effect [1]
e C2H6 + 3½O2 [1] → 2CO2 + 3H2O [1]

Reactions of alkenes and alcohols

1 a
State at
Molecular room
Name Structural formula
formula temperature
and pressure

ethane C2H6 gas

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State at
Molecular room
Name Structural formula
formula temperature
and pressure

ethene C2H4 gas

[6] 1 for each box

b It contains at least one C=C double bond [1]
2 a Sugar and yeast react (slowly) [1] in warm, anaerobic conditions [1] to produce
ethanol and water [1]
b C2H5OH + 3O2 [1] → 2CO2 + 3H2O [1]
3 a propanoic acid [1]
b OH / hydroxyl [1]
c i butanol [1]
ii butanoic acid [1]
4 a

[1]
b carboxylic acids [1]
c potassium propanoate [1]
d Two of: bubbles / heat released / magnesium disappears
e One that only partially ionises in water [1]

Synthetic and naturally occurring polymers

1 a i Small molecules that can be joined together to make a polymer [1]
ii A long-chain compound made by joining lots of small molecules together [1]
b carbon–carbon double bond / C=C [1]
c

[1]
poly(propene) [1]

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[1]
e

[1] [1]
f

[1]

2 a NH2 [1]; COOH [1]

[1]

3 a
Substance Number of polymer chains Number of monomers
DNA 2 4
[2]
b deoxyribonucleic acid [1]
c Two of: starch / cellulose / protein (or any other valid)

Exam-style questions
4 a i C4H10 [1]
ii A and E [1]
iii C and E [1]

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iv B is propan-1-ol [1]
D is methanol [1]
E is propene [1]
v 2C3H7OH + 9O2 [1] → 6CO2 + 8H2O [1] or C3H7OH + 4½O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O
vi carboxylic acids [1]
vii Acidified potassium dichromate solution [1] warm / heat in a water bath [1]
viii propane [1]
ix F [1]
b i

[1] → [1]
ii PVC / polyvinyl chloride / poly(chloroethene) [1]
iii addition [1]

Topic 8 Chemical analysis

Purity, formulations and chromatography
1 Formulation [1]
2 Measure its melting / boiling point [1]; if exact / not a range it is pure [1]
1.1
3 a 2.2
= 0.5 [1]
b The solvent moves upwards through the paper [1]
Different dyes have different solubilities in the solvent [1] and different
attractions for the paper [1] and so are carried different distances [1]

Identification of common gases

1 a Carbon dioxide [1]
Bubble into limewater [1]; limewater turns milky (cloudy) [1]
Hydrogen [1]
Apply a burning splint [1]; the gas pops [1]
2 Ca(OH)2 [1]
3 A oxygen [1]; B hydrogen [1]; C chlorine [1]

Tests for ions by chemical and spectroscopic means

1 a Dip a nichrome wire into the solution and then into a blue Bunsen flame [1]; see
a yellow flame [1]
b Add some dilute nitric acid followed by silver nitrate solution [1]; a white
precipitate forms [1]
c Add a few drops of sodium hydroxide solution. [1]; a green precipitate forms [1]
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d Add a few drops of sodium hydroxide solution [1]; a blue precipitate forms [1]
or dip a piece of nichrome wire into the solution and then into a blue Bunsen
flame [1]; see a green flame [1]
e Add some dilute hydrochloric acid followed by some barium chloride solution
[1]; a white precipitate forms [1]
2 aluminium sulfate [1]
3 a Add a few drops of sodium hydroxide solution and a white precipitate should
form [1]
Add excess alkali and the precipitate may dissolve [1]
If the precipitate does not dissolve then magnesium ions are present [1]
b Add some dilute hydrochloric acid [1]; bubble any gas formed into limewater [1]
and it will turn milky (cloudy) [1]

4 a Mg2+ + 2OH− → Mg(OH)2 [1]

b Ag+ + I− → AgI [1]
c Ba2+ + SO42− → BaSO4 [1]

Exam-style questions
5 a Distance moved by A = 2.4 cm [1]; distance moved by solvent = 4.8 cm [1]
2.4
𝑅f = 4.8 = 0.50 [1]

distance
b 0.6 = 4.8

distance = 0.6 × 4.8 = 2.88 cm [1]

c Dye A is pure [1] because it produces only one spot [1]
6 a
Chemical Colour produced in flame
calcium chloride red
copper green
potassium chloride lilac
lithium crimson

[4]
b The colours are masked / changed by other flame colour [1]
c Flame emission spectroscopy [1]

7 A brown precipitate (with sodium hydroxide) indicates iron(III) ions [1]

A cream precipitate (with silver nitrate) indicates bromide ions [1]
But chloride ions produce a white precipitate (with silver nitrate) so X is more likely
to be iron(III) bromide [1]

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Topic 9 Chemistry of the atmosphere

1 a 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 ([1] for C6H12O6; [1] for balancing
b Carbon dioxide dissolves in seawater and is used by sea life to form calcium
carbonate / shells [1] which becomes sediment and form sedimentary rock [1]
c i methane [1] water vapour [1]
ii Short wavelength radiation [1] passes through atmosphere to Earth’s
surface [1]
The Earth’s surface radiates different wavelengths [1] which are absorbed
by greenhouse gases to produce temperature increase [1]
d i It has increased [1]
390  370 [1]
ii  100  5.41% [1]
370
iii Increased burning of fossil fuels [1] deforestation [1]

2 a 14.4 − 13.5 = 0.9°C [1]

b Sea levels rise causing flooding / increased rainfall / changes in climate
affecting wildlife [1] e.g. plants flowering earlier
Species may move further north as temperature rises / changes in climate
affecting crop production [1]
c It is a complex system / many different variables / many alternative theories [1]
d The total amount of carbon dioxide [1] and other greenhouse gases emitted
over the full life cycle of a product, service or event [1]
3 a

Gases released Origin Effect

Carbon dioxide carbon in the fuel compound global warming
Carbon monoxide carbon in the fuel compound toxic gas
Nitrogen oxides nitrogen in the air acid rain / respiratory
problems
Sulfur dioxide sulfur impurity in the fuel acid rain /respiratory
problems
[4]
b Global dimming [1]; respiratory problems [1]
c They are acidic and react with / are neutralised by calcium carbonate
(limestone) [1]

Exam-style questions
4 2 4 3 1 [1]
5 photosynthesis [1]

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6 a i Any three pairs:

 carbon dioxide [1] causes global warming / climate change / flooding [1]
 carbon monoxide [1] is toxic [1]
 sulfur dioxide [1] causes acid rain / kills plants [1]
 nitrogen oxides [1] cause acid rain / respiratory problems [1]
Do not allow carbon particulates because the question asks for compounds.
ii Incomplete combustion [1] of petrol
b 2H2 + O2 [1] → 2H2O [1]
It produces only water [1] as the product so no pollution [1]

Topic 10 Using resources

Using the Earth’s resources and obtaining potable water, life cycle
assessment and recycling
1 a Water that is safe to drink [1]
b i Filtering [1]; to remove solids or insoluble particles [1]
Sterilising / adding chlorine / ozone / u.v. light [1]; to reduce the number of
microbes [1]
ii distillation [1] reverse osmosis [1]
63.5
2 a % Cu   100 [1]  39.937 [1]  39.9% [1]
 63.5  2  32
b High-grade ores are scarce / running out [1]
c i Plants are burned to form ash [1] then an acid is added to form a solution of
the metal compound [1]
ii Iron is more reactive than copper [1] and the copper is displaced from
solution [1]
iii Electrolysis [1]
iv Two of:
less energy is used
less carbon dioxide / sulfur dioxide pollution produced
no disposal of large amounts of rock needed

Using materials
1 a Tube A [1]
b Same size and type of nail / same temperature / same time [1]
c To remove air / oxygen [1]
d To prevent air / oxygen entering the tube [1]
e To remove water / to keep the nail dry [1]
f Air / oxygen [1] water [1]
g i zinc [1]

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ii Zinc is more reactive (than iron) [1]
zinc reacts first / reacts in preference to
iron (so iron does not rust) [1]
2 a A mixture of a metal and a small amount of other metals (or carbon) [1]
b

Alloy Elements present

brass copper and zinc
bronze copper and tin
steel iron and carbon

[3]
20
c % gold   100 [1] = 83.3% [1]
24
d

Substance Materials used in the manufacture

Soda-lime glass sand, sodium carbonate, limestone
Borosilicate glass sand, boron trioxide
Ceramic / pottery / bricks wet clay

[3]
e Low-density polythene [1]; high-density polythene [1]
f Thermosoftening polymers have long polymer chains that are not joined / have
no crosslinks [1]; when heated the intermolecular forces are overcome and the
chains move over each other, so it softens [1]
Thermosetting polymers have long polymer chains that are joined with
crosslinks / covalent bonds [1]; when heated the crosslinks do not break and
the polymer does not soften [1]

The Haber process and the production and use of NPK fertilisers
1 a The air [1]
b The reaction is reversible [1]
c Iron [1]
d The gas mixture is cooled [1] and the ammonia condenses [1]
e The amount will decrease [1] because the equilibrium will move to the left [1] to
remove the heat
f More ammonia will be produced [1] because the system moves to the right
producing fewer molecules [1]

2 a Ammonium sulfate [1]

b As the world population has increased, ammonia production has increased [1]
Ammonia is used to produce fertilisers [1] to satisfy the increased need for food
[1]

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Exam-style questions
3 Using recycled aluminium to make aluminium foil [1]
4 The profit made on the bags [1]
5 a i To remove solid material / insoluble particles [1]
ii Two of: u.v. light / add chlorine / add ozone
iii It is expensive to heat water [1]
iv evaporation [1] condensation [1]
b i Air is passed through [1]; good bacteria kill harmful bacteria [1]
ii Anaerobic / absence of air [1] bacteria digest sludge [1]; any methane
formed can be burned for heat / electricity [1]
6 a CH4 + 2H2O [1] → 4H2 + CO2 [1]
b Nitrogen [1]
c N2 + 3H2 [1] ⇌ 2NH3 [1]
d So that ammonia (and neither nitrogen nor hydrogen) condenses and is
removed [1]
e i Increasing the pressure increases the yield [1]
ii Increasing the temperature decreases the yield. [1]
iii A higher pressure would give a higher yield and faster rate [1] but the cost
would be too high [1]
iv A higher temperature would give a faster reaction but a lower yield [1];
a lower temperature would give a higher yield but a slower rate [1]
There is a compromise between rate and yield [1]

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