CE 517 F18 02 Stresses

CE517_F018 Lec.
#2:Stresses and Strains
STRESS AND STRAIN IN

PAVEMENTS
By
Prof. Mohamed Esekbi
For
CE517 Pavement Design, Fall 2018
OUTLINE
• What is stress and strain?

• Stress and strain in flexible pavements
• Stresses in rigid pavements
• Determination of modulus
• KENPAVE software
1
CE517_F018 Lec.#2:Stresses and Strains
OUTLINE

STRESS
• Force per unit area
Load P
s = =
Area A
• Units: MPa, psi, ksi

• Types: bearing, shearing, axial
2
STRAIN
• Ratio of deformation caused by load to the original
length of material
e = Change in Length DL
Original Length =
L
• Units: Dimensionless
STIFFNESS
s
• Stiffness = stress/strain =
e
• For elastic materials:

Stress, s
• Modulus of Elasticity
• Elastic Modulus
E
• Young’s Modulus
Strain, e
3
STRESS VS. STRAIN OF A

MATERIAL IN COMPRESSION
POISSON’S RATIO
4
TYPICAL MODULUS (E) VALUES
Material E (psi)
Rubber 1,000
Wood 1,000 – 2,000,000
Aluminum 10,000,000
Steel 30,000,000
Diamond 170,000,000
Typical Modulus Values

Material Range (ksi) Typical (ksi)
HMA 200 - 800 450

PCC 3,000 - 8,000 4,000
ATB 70 - 450 150
CTB 500 - 1,000 700
Lean concrete 1,000 - 3,000 1,500
Granular base 14 - 50 30
Granular soil 7 - 22 15
Fine-grained soil 3 - 10 4
5
TYPICAL E VALUES – ASPHALT CONCRETE
Material E (psi)
Asphalt concrete (32F) 2,000,000
Asphalt concrete (70F) 500,000
Asphalt concrete (120F) 20,000
Typical Poisson’s Ratios
Material Range Typical

PCC 0.10 - 0.20 0.15
HMA / ATB 0.15 - 0.45 0.35
Cement Stab. 0.15 - 0.30 0.20
Base
Granular 0.30 - 0.40 0.35
Base / Subbase
Subgrade Soil 0.30 - 0.50 0.40
6
DEFLECTION (D)
• Change in length
• Deformation
• Units: mm, mils (0.001 in)
STRUCTURAL RESPONSE MODELS
• Different analysis methods for AC and PCC
AC PCC Slab
Base
Subgrade
Subgrade
• Layered system behavior • Slab action predominates
• All layers carry part of load • Slab carries most load
7
OUTLINE

FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT MODEL
8
LAYERED ELASTIC SYSTEMS

• The basic assumptions:
 Each layer is homogeneous, isotropic, and linearly
elastic with an elastic modulus and m
 The material is weightless
 Each layer has a finite thickness, except the
lowest layer
 A uniform pressure is applied over a circular area
 Interface condition (continuity vs frictionless)
PAVEMENT RESPONSE LOCATIONS USED IN

EVALUATING LOAD EFFECTS
9
STRESSES AND STRAINS IN

FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS
• Function of the following:
• Material properties of each layer
• Thickness of each layer
• Loading conditions
• Pavement responses generally of interest:
• Surface deflection
• Horizontal tensile strains at bottom of AC layer
• Vertical compressive strain on top of intermediate layer (base
or subbase)
• Vertical compressive strain on top of the subgrade
ONE-LAYER SYSTEM
(BOUSSINESQ)
• The original elastic theory published by

Boussinesq in 1885
• For computing stresses and deflections in a
half-space (soil) composed of homogeneous,
isotropic, and linearly elastic material
• Still widely used in soil mechanics and
foundation design
10
ONE-LAYER SYSTEM
ONE-LAYER SYSTEM
(CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES)
11
FORMULAS FOR CALCULATING STRESSES
TWO-LAYER SYSTEM (BURMISTER)
• Burmister extended the one-layer solutions

to two and three layers in 1943
• Assumed layers have full frictional contact at
the interface and m=0.5
• Equation and graphs are used to compute
deflection
12
TWO-LAYER SYSTEM
TWO-LAYER SYSTEM
Displacement coefficient IDz
13
TWO-LAYER SYSTEM
Vertical stress influence coefficient sz/p, for a=h
MULTI-LAYER SYSTEM
14
METHOD OF EQUIVALENT
THICKNESSES (GENERAL EQUATION)
Ei (1  mi21 )
hei = hi  3 
Ei 1 (1  mi2 )
hei = calculated equivalent thickness for ith layer
hi = layer thickness for ith layer
Ei = modulus for ith layer
Ei+1 = modulus for (i+1)th layer
mi = Poisson’s ratio for ith layer
mi+1 = Poisson’s ratio for (i+1)th layer
FORMULAS FOR CALCULATING

STRESSES
15
MULTI-LAYER SYSTEM
• Computer programs
• KENLAYER
• ELSYM5
• LEAP2
• EVERSTRS
• Typical input
• Material properties: modulus and m
• Layer thickness
• Loading conditions: magnitude of load, radius, or contact
pressure
RESILIENT MODULUS VS. BULK STRESS FOR

UNSTABLIZED COARSE GRAINED MATERIALS
16
RESILIENT MODULUS VS. DEVIATOR STRESS

FOR UNSTABLIZED FINE GRAINED MATERIALS
PAVEMENT RESPONSE LOCATIONS

USED IN EVALUATING LOAD EFFECTS
17
EXAMPLE AC FATIGUE CRITERION
EXAMPLE SUBGRADE STRAIN

CRITERION FOR RUTTING
18
EXAMPLE PAVEMENT (6” BASE)
19
OUTLINE

20
STRESSES IN RIGID PAVEMENTS
• Warping stresses
• Locations: edge; interior; corner
• Wheel load related stresses
• Location: edge; interior; corner
• Shrinkage/expansion stresses
• Other stresses
WARPING STRESS - DAY TIME

(SLAB SURFACE TEMP>BOTTOM TEMP)
21
WARPING STRESS - NIGHT TIME

(SLAB BOTTOM TEMP>SURFACE TEMP)
CONSTRAINED TRANSVERSE JOINTS

(SLAB SURFACE TEMP>BOTTOM TEMP)
22
WARPING STRESS - EDGE
By Bradbury
Where:
st = slab edge warping stress (psi)
E= modulus of elasticity of PCC (psi)
e= thermal coefficient of PCC (~0.000005/F)
DT = temperature differential between the top and
bottom of the slab (F)
C = coefficient, function of slab length and the
radius of relative stiffness, L
RADIUS OF RELATIVE
STIFFNESS
23
WARPING STRESSES COEFFICIENT
WARPING STRESS - INTERIOR
By Bradbury
Where:
st = slab interior warping stress (psi)
m= Poisson’s ratio for PCC
C1 = coefficient in direction of calculation
C2 = coefficient in direction perpendicular to C1
24
WARPING STRESS - CORNER
By Bradbury
Where:
st = corner warping stress (psi)
DT = temperature differential between the top and bottom of
the slab (F)
m= Poisson’s ratio for PCC
a= radius of wheel load distribution for corner load
L= radius of relative stiffness
LOAD STRESS - WESTERGAARD
25
Where:
W = wheel load (lb)
h= slab thickness (in.)
a= radius of wheel contact area (in.)
L= radius of relative stiffness (in.)
b = radius of resisting section (in.)
Where:
b= equivalent radius of resisting section (in.)
a= radius of wheel contact area (in.), and
h= slab thickness (in.)
26
SLAB EXPANSION/CONTRACTION
Where:
z= joint opening (or change in slab length, in.)
C = base/slab frictional restrain factor (0.65 for stabilized
bases; 0.80 for granular bases)
L= slab length (in.)
e = PCC coefficient of thermal expansion by aggregate
type (e.g., 6.0x10-6/F for gravel; 3.8x10-6/F for limestone)
Dt = the maximum temperature range
d= shrinkage coefficient of concrete (e.g., 0.00045
in./in. for indirect tensile strength of 500 psi)
WESTERGAARD’S MODEL OF
SUBGRADE REACTION
27
SLAB DEFLECTION TO A LOAD
OUTLINE

28
DETERMINATION OF MODULUS
• Laboratory tests
• Bound materials
• Unbound materials
• Field tests
• Destructive tests
• Non-destructive test
STIFFNESS
s
• Stiffness = stress/strain =
e
• For elastic materials:

Stress, s
• Modulus of Elasticity
• Elastic Modulus
E
• Young’s Modulus
Strain, e
29
RESILIENT MODULUS TEST

AXIAL COMPRESSION
• Used primarily for testing Load

of bound materials Ram
Load
(prepared specimens or Cell
core samples)
Gage Length LVDT
 Heavier duty test equipment is used

to measure compressive strength
CORING
30
CORE SAMPLES
PAVEMENT CORE
31
RESILIENT MODULUS TEST

TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION
Used primarily for

testing of unbound
materials
(re-compacted
specimens or push
tube samples)
HVEEM RESISTANCE TEST

(R-VALUE)
sv
• Stiffness measure for unbound
materials
s
• Standard axial stress ( v) is applied
150 mm sh • R-value is basically the ratio of the
s ) to the
applied vertical pressure ( v
developed lateral pressure (s ) h
100 mm
32
CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO (CBR) TEST
50 mm
• Strength measure for unbound
diameter
materials
piston
• Piston advanced at 1.3 mm / min.
rate
• Measure load at 2.5 mm
penetration (P2.5)
180 Saturated
• CBR = 100(P2.5/Pstd)
mm Specimen
150 mm
ESTIMATION OF ELASTIC
MODULUS OF PCC (ACI 318)
Ec = (Wc)1.5 (33)(fc)0.5
Where:
Ec = Static elastic modulus, psi
Wc = Unit weight of PCC, pcf (90-155)
fc = Specified compressive strength for 6”x12”
cylinders (<6000 psi, normally 28-day cure)
33
ESTIMATION OF ELASTIC
MODULUS OF PCC (ACI 318)
Ec = 57,000(fc)0.5
Where:
Ec = Static elastic modulus, psi
fc = Specified compressive strength for 6”x12” cylinders
PLATE BEARING TESTS
Direct measurement of static,

elastic k-value:
• new alignment:
on subgrade soil
• existing alignment:
remove surface and base
• rarely used today
34
PLATE LOAD TEST FOR K-VALUE

AASHTO T222
Three steel plates
k = p/D
Where: p = applied pressure of 30” plate
D = measured deflection of 30” plate
Distribution of Wheel Load
Wheel
Load
Hot-mix asphalt
Base
Subbase
Natural soil
35
Pavement Responses Under Load
Axle
Load
Surface eSUR d SUR

Base/Subbase e SUB
Subgrade Soil
Measurement of Surface Deflection
NDT
Load NDT Sensors
36
TYPICAL FWD EQUIPMENT

Dynatest KUAB
JILS Other:
Phoenix
SIMPLE BACKCALCULATION CASE
b
δ
PL3 bh3
δ= I=
L/2 48EI 12
L
37
BACKCALCULATION
TYPICAL PAVEMENT CASE
NDT Load Layer

r Characteristics
Surface E1 m1 D1
Base /
E2 m2 D2
Subbase
Subgrade E3 m3
Soil 
BACKCALCULATION PROGRAMS
• BISDEF MODCOMP
• ELSDEF BOUSDEF
• CHEVDEF ELMOD
• MODULUS EVERCALC
• COMDEF ILLI-BACK
• WESDEF
38
OUTLINE

KENPAVE SOFTWARE
• Four separate programs

• LAYERINP
• KENLAYER
• SLABSINP
• KENSLABS
• Program installation
39
KENLAYER PROGRAM
• Solution for an elastic multilayer system

under a circular load; superposition
principles were used for multiple wheels
• Linear elastic, nonlinear elastic, or
viscoelastic
• Damage analysis up to 12 periods
40
KENSLABS PROGRAM
• Based on the finite element method, in

which the slab is divided into rectangular
finite elements
• Can be applied to a maximum of 6 slabs,
7 joints, and 420 nodes
• Damage analysis up to 12 periods
KENSLABS NUMBERING METHOD
41
KENLAYER DEMONSTRATION
SUMMARY

42
THANK YOU FOR YOUR

ATTENTION!
Questions?
43

CE 517 F18 02 Stresses

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CE517_F018 Lec.

#2:Stresses and Strains

STRESS AND STRAIN IN

• What is stress and strain?

• What is stress and strain?

• Force per unit area

• Units: MPa, psi, ksi

• For elastic materials:

STRESS VS. STRAIN OF A

TYPICAL MODULUS (E) VALUES

Typical Modulus Values

HMA 200 - 800 450

TYPICAL E VALUES – ASPHALT CONCRETE

Typical Poisson’s Ratios

Material Range Typical

STRUCTURAL RESPONSE MODELS

• Different analysis methods for AC and PCC

• What is stress and strain?

FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT MODEL

LAYERED ELASTIC SYSTEMS

PAVEMENT RESPONSE LOCATIONS USED IN

STRESSES AND STRAINS IN

• The original elastic theory published by

FORMULAS FOR CALCULATING STRESSES

TWO-LAYER SYSTEM (BURMISTER)

• Burmister extended the one-layer solutions

FORMULAS FOR CALCULATING

RESILIENT MODULUS VS. BULK STRESS FOR

RESILIENT MODULUS VS. DEVIATOR STRESS

PAVEMENT RESPONSE LOCATIONS

EXAMPLE AC FATIGUE CRITERION

EXAMPLE SUBGRADE STRAIN

EXAMPLE PAVEMENT (6” BASE)

EXAMPLE PAVEMENT (10” BASE)

EXAMPLE PAVEMENT (14” BASE)

• What is stress and strain?

STRESSES IN RIGID PAVEMENTS

WARPING STRESS - DAY TIME

WARPING STRESS - NIGHT TIME

CONSTRAINED TRANSVERSE JOINTS

WARPING STRESS - EDGE

WARPING STRESSES COEFFICIENT

WARPING STRESS - INTERIOR

WARPING STRESS - CORNER

LOAD STRESS - WESTERGAARD

LOAD STRESS - WESTERGAARD

LOAD STRESS - WESTERGAARD

SLAB DEFLECTION TO A LOAD

• What is stress and strain?

• For elastic materials:

RESILIENT MODULUS TEST

• Used primarily for testing Load

 Heavier duty test equipment is used

RESILIENT MODULUS TEST

Used primarily for

HVEEM RESISTANCE TEST

developed lateral pressure (s ) h

CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO (CBR) TEST

PLATE BEARING TESTS

Direct measurement of static,

PLATE LOAD TEST FOR K-VALUE

Distribution of Wheel Load

Pavement Responses Under Load

Surface eSUR d SUR