Ecosystem

An ecosystem is a biological environment consisting of all

the organisms living in a particular area, as well as all
the nonliving, physical components of the environment with
which the organisms interact, such as air, soil, water, and sunlight.
It is all the organisms in a given area, along with the nonliving
(abiotic) factors with which they interact; a biological community
and its physical environment.

Overview
The entire array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem
is called a community.In a typical ecosystem, plants and other
photosynthetic organisms are the producers that provide the food.
Ecosystems can be permanent or temporary. Ecosystems usually form
a number of food webs.
Ecosystems are functional units consisting of living things in a
given area, non-living chemical and physical factors of their
environment, linked together through nutrient cycle and energy flow.
1.Natural
1.Terrestrial ecosystem
2.Aquatic ecosystem
1.Lentic, the ecosystem of a lake, pond or swamp.
2.Lotic, the ecosystem of a river, stream or spring.
2.Artificial, environments created by humans.
Central to the ecosystem concept is the idea that living organisms
interact with every other element in their local environment.
Eugene Odum, a founder of ecology, stated: "Any unit that includes
all of the organisms (ie: the "community") in a given area interacting
with the physical environment so that a flow of energy leads to
clearly defined trophic structure, biotic diversity, and material
cycles (i.e.: exchange of materials between living and nonliving parts)
within the system is an ecosystem

Examples of ecosystems
agro-ecosystems
Agroecosystem
Aquatic ecosystem
Chaparral
Coral reef
Desert
Forest
Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
Human ecosystem
Large marine ecosystem
Littoral zone
Lotic
Marine ecosystem
Pond Ecosystem
Prairie
Rainforest
Riparian zone
Savanna
Steppe
Subsurface Lithoautotrophic Microbial Ecosystem
Taiga
Tundra
Urban ecosystem

Ecosystem services
Ecosystem services are fundamental life-support services upon
which human civilization depends, i and can be direct or indirect.
Examples of direct ecosystem services are: pollination, wood and
erosion prevention. Indirect services could be considered climate
moderation, nutrient cycles and detoxifying natural substances.
The services and goods an ecosystem provides are often undervalued
as many of them are without market value.Broad examples include:
regulating (climate, floods, nutrient balance, water filtration)
provisioning (food, medicine, fur)
cultural (science, spiritual, ceremonial, recreation, aesthetic)
supporting (nutrient cycling, photosynthesis, soil formation).

Ecosystem ecology
Ecosystem ecology is the integrated study of biotic and abiotic
components of ecosystems and their interactions within an ecosystem
framework. This science examines how ecosystems work and relates
this to their components such as chemicals, bedrock, soil, plants,
and animals. Ecosystem ecology examines physical and biological
structure and examines how these ecosystem characteristics interact