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Abstract—The use of renewable energy source (RES) in meet From the electric utility provider implementation of
the demand of electrical energy is getting into attention as distributed generation systems with the ability microgrid can
solution of the problem a deficit of electrical energy. reduce the power flow on transmission and distribution lines,
Application of RES in electricity generation system is done in a so as to reduce losses and reduce costs for additional power.
variety of configurations, among others in microgrid system. Moreover microgrid can also reduce the load on the network
Implementation of microgrid systems provide many advantages by eliminating the impasse in meeting electricity needs and
both from the user and from the electric utility provider. help repair network in case of errors[3]. Implementation of
Many microgrid development carried out in several microgrid system will also help improve the reduction of
countries, because microgrid offers many advantages, including
emissions and the threat of climate change.
better power quality and more environmentally friendly.
Microgrid development concern in technology generation, Microgrid development done by many countries since
microgrid architecture, power electronics, control systems, microgrid offers many advantages such as better power
protection systems. quality and more environmentally friendly. Moreover the
This paper reviewing various technological economic potential that may still be used from this system is
developments related to microgrid system and case study about the opportunity to utilize the waste heat from the engine
microgrid system development using grid tie inverter (GTI). generator using a combined heat and power (CHP).
Microgrid system can implemented using GTI, power transfer
Application of this system with RES as an alternative
can occur from GTI to grid when GTI has power excess and
generation system in the future. Surely this system requires
grid supplying power to GTI when GTI power shortage.
the operating mechanism and a sophisticated control system
Keyword : microgrid, microgrid architecture, microgrid control to make the finger with a reliable and efficient, and it can all
and managemen, grid tie inverter be met by the microgrid[4].
Circuit Breaker
DG
CT 3
(b)
Load
PT PT
Figure 1. Architecture of Microgrid (a) AC microgrid (b) 3
DC microgrid 3
128
TABLE I. SEVERAL TYPES OF MECHANISMS CONTROL USED IN DER
DG conventional reciprocating engine small hydro synchronous generator AVR Control and Governor (+P,±Q)
Wind Turbin fixed speed induction generator stall or pitch control of turbine (+P,-Q)
DG Non conventional Wind Turbin variabel speed Power electronics converters Turbine speed control and DC link voltage
Microturbine (conversion AC-DC-AC) control (+P,±Q)
Solar Panel Power electronics converters MPPT Control and DC link voltage control
Fuel cell (conversion DC-DC-AC) (+P,±Q)
Long time storage (DS) battery storage Power electronics converters state of charge and / or control output voltage
(conversion DC-DC-AC) / frequency (±P/±Q)
Short time storage (DS) Flywheel Power electronics converters state of charge (±P,±Q)
(conversion AC-DC-AC)
Super Capacitor Power electronics converters Speed control (±P,±Q)
As described previously microgrid consists of DER In context of power flow control DER units can be grouped
configuration, loads with classified characteristics and into unit dispatchable energy (power output can be regulated)
management control systems and microgrid. DER may and non-dispatchable (power output can not be adjusted). In
include distributed generation (Distributed Generation/DG) dispatchable energy unit output power setting is set
or distributed storage systems (Distributed Storage/DS). externally using supervisory control such as AVR, while for
Diagram of DG on the microgrid system consists of primary non-dispatchable energy unit output power settings based on
energy sources, media interface and interconnect switches. A the maximum power that can be generated using MPPT
DS can be a major energy source for the DG. Moreover main concept.A non-dispatchable energy units can be converted
energy source can be generated using a rotary machine into dispatchable energy units using additional energy
/spinning and generating device that consists of power storage systems and power electronic circuit converter dc-dc-
electronics converters.Both provide concepts, strategies and ac. In addition to provide faster response electronic
characteristics of different controls. Moreover control converters also able to limit short circuit contribution not less
strategy and operation of interconnect system, as well as than 200% from current capability and to prevent damage
energy/power management used largely determined the type due to currents, figure 4.
of DER technologies in use, the type of load demand and the Stability of microgrid operation was also obtained by setting
expected operating scenarios. Several types of control the loads connected to the network, especially on non-critical
mechanisms used in DER described in Table I. loads. Critical loads more attention than the other loads that
PV Inverter are not critical. Settings done in several ways including
PES-side Grid-side termination control loads in order to maintain the stability of
PV Converter Converter
VPC the voltage and frequency. The distinction between loads
VDC service, improved power quality and reliability for certain
...
expenses.
PV
(a) Control Method of microgrid
129
control strategy framework "dq0". In this control strategy determine LC operations include setting LC production
current in each phase is used as an input to determine PWM capacity. The amount of loads to be served and amount of
voltage that will regulate power output. Magnitude of input market price for energy optimization of LC in determining
current is transformed into massive d axis and q axis which biding further production capacity to MCC.
then transformed into Vabc voltage magnitude. Mechanisms
of active and reactive power dispatch by an energy In decentralized supervisory control strategies each LC has
management system to perform optimization strategy based ability to determine operating autonomy of energy
on potential energy profile. Moreover setting output power is production that will be generated by LC. The main purpose
also determined by load profile, Figure 5. of control strategy in each LC is not aimed at increasing
financial income but rather to overall performance of
microgrid. So at each LC already has economic parameters,
d-Reference
Controller id (ref)
environmental conditions/ potential energy (weather) and the
estimated load. One method of control that can be applied to
ia -
+
Va (ref) this system is using Multi Agent System (MAS). MAS is a
abc id d-q Vd
d-q
PWM
evolution form of classical control of distributed control
ib Vb (ref)
current
Signal systems with the ability to control large and complex entity.
d-q iq Vq Vc (ref)
ic
-
Control abc The main feature of MAS is the ability to incorporate
+ elements of intelligence in each local control (LC).
Q Q
q-Reference Configuration of MAS system on a microgrid as shown in
Controller iq (ref)
figure 7.
Grid Level
Agent
Figure 5. dq control on DER unit inverter DNO MO
Management
In grid-forming control power settings, including output ………... Level
voltage and frequency, by DER units and will be followed by Agent Agent Agent
Microgrid Microgrid
another DER units. DER units that implement grid-forming
should have a greater energy potential. Droop control Microgrid
strategies made using voltage and frequency droop control.
Determination of allowable output power according to droop MCC
characteristics given parameters, as shown in figure 6,
LC
LC Field Agent
f (p.u.) V (p.u.) LC Level
LC Agent
Agent
Agent
1 + Df 1 + Dv
1.0 1.0
1 - Df 1 - Dv Figure 7. Multi Agent System configuration on microgrid
130
Microgrid Advantages In this experiment, PV source simulated with variable DC
source. a set of Configuration tests looks like in figure 8
Microgrid, have ability, during a utility grid
disturbance, to separate and isolate itself from the A A A
utility seamlessly with little or no disruption to the V GTI V V AC
131
does not show balance of power, this can coused each power “Integration of Distributed Energy Resources – The MicroGrid
Concept”. CERTS MicroGrid Review Feb 2002.
output measurements performed using different tools.
[3] Anestis. G. Anastasiadis, Antonis. G. Tsikalakis, dan Nikos.
D.Hatziargyriou, “Environmental Benefits From DG Operation When
Network Losses are Taken Into Account”, Distres Conference 11-12
VII. CONCLUSION December 2009 Nicosia Cyprus
Microgrid system is an alternative electricity network that [4] Nikos Hatziargyriou, Hiroshi Asano, Reza Iravani, dan Chris Marnay.
can be used to meet the electricity needs of the future. In the “Microgrid, An Overview of Ongoing Research, Development, and
Demonstration Projects”, IEEE power & energy magazine,
microgrid system consists of multiple power sources, which july/august 2007
can use renewable energy sources. Microgrid system works
[5] Wilsun Xu, Konrad Mauch, and Sylvain Martel, “An Assessment of
autonomously so it requires a complex control system to Distributed Generation Islanding Detection Methods and Issues for
regulate the operation of microgrid. Canada”, CETC-Varennes 2004-074 (TR) 411-INVERT
Implementation of microgrid can be done using the inverter [6] Ali Keyhani, Mohammad N. Marwali, and Min Dai, “Integration Of
GTI. Microgrid with GTI can transfering power to/from grid. Green And Renewable Energy In Electric Power Systems”, John
Power transfer can occur from GTI to grid when GTI has Wiley & Sons, 2010
power excess and grid supplying power to GTI when GTI [7] Benjamin Kroposki, Ro-bert Lasseter, Toshifumi Ise, Satoshi
Morozumi, Stavros Papathanassiou and Nikos Hatziargyriou,
power shortage. Power sharing between parallel GTI based “Making microgrids work”, IEEE power & energy magazine, IEEE
on input power of each of GTI, if there is shortage of power 2008
will be supplied from grid. [8] Aris L. Dimeas, dan Nikos D. Hatziargyriou, “Operation of a
Multiagent System for Microgrid Control”, IEEE TRANSACTIONS
ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 20, NO. 3, AUGUST 2005
REFERENCES [9] Shahab Ahmad Khan, Reshadat Ali, and SharibHussain,
“Introduction to microgrid”, 2010
[1] Ph. Degobert, S. Kreuawan and X. Guillaud “Micro-grid powered by
photovoltaic and micro turbine”, ICREPQ’06, 2006 [10] A. A. Salam, A. Mohamed and M. A. Hannan, “Technical Challenges
On Microgrids” ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences,
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VOL. 3, NO. 6, DECEMBER 2008, ISSN 1819-6608
Guttromson, A. Sakis Meliopoulous, R. Yinger, and J. Eto,
132