3RD QUARTER REVIEWER

TheatER: The structure within which theatrical performances are given. Usually includes an orchestra or seating area,
and a stage.
TheatRE: A collaborative art form including the composition, enactment, and interpretation of dramatic presentations for
an audience.
A play: A literary piece consisting of dialogues between various characters, epilogue, monologue, prologue and an end. It
refers to composition.
Drama: refers to acting, and to the set up of the play which includes the theater, the hall, the accessories, the green room,
costumes, music and the like.
A scene is like a division of an act, in which a certain portion of the play unfolds, usually separated by location(in the
bedroom, at the dinner table), or time (e.g. in the morning, then the following evening).
A one-act play is a play that takes place, from beginning to end, in a single act. It can range from one minute to one hour
long.
A script is a written version of a play or movie. If you're auditioning for a movie, you'll get the script to practice a scene or
two.
Dramatist is .a person who is skilled in the production of a play is called a He is well versed with the rudiments and the
principles of dramaturgy such as the measurement of the stage on which the play has to be staged, the nature of
characters, the costumes that fit the characters, the music to be played, the music room, the green room, the
synchronization of music and dialogue delivery, and the like. In short, it can be said that drama deals with all the nuances
of the composition of play.
The author of a play is called as playwright. The duty of a playwright is to adhere to the principles of composing a play.
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A gerund is usually defined as a word ending in –ing that is formed from a verb and that functions as a noun such as
subject, subjective complement, object of a preposition, direct object, and appositive.
Gerund phrases
Gerund phrases always start with gerunds
Gerund phrases always include modifiers and often include other objects
A gerund phrase always functions as a noun
Gerund phrases are always subjects, objects, or subject complements in sentences.
Gerund Phrase Examples
In the following gerund phrase examples, the gerund is highlighted in bold and the entire gerund phrase is underlined. A
brief explanation of the function of the gerund phrase follows each example.
1. Blowing bubbles on a windy day is a fun activity for children.
Blowing bubbles on a windy day is the subject of the verb is.
2. Piling too much laundry into a washing machine will cause it to malfunction.
Piling too much laundry into a washing machine is the subject of the verb will cause.
3. Ethan narrowly avoided driving off the cliff.
Driving off the cliff is the direct object of the verb avoided.
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Stage Areas

Proscenium: The view of the stage for the audience; also called a proscenium arch.
The archway is in a sense the frame for stage as defined by the boundaries of the stage beyond which a viewer cannot
see.
Teaser: the border drapes across the top of the stage that conceals the lighting instruments
Tormentor: The border drapes on the sides of the stage that conceal the backstage areas.
Cyclorama: The large muslin drape hung across the extreme upstage area that represents the sky.
Grand Drape: The main curtain that conceals the stage from the audience. Usually red.
Apron: The area of the stage on the audience side of the grand drape.
Fly Rail: The ropes, pulleys, and arbors off stage right that control the height of the drapes, electrics, battens, and
hanging scenery.
Battens: Pipes hung above the width of the stage that can be used for hanging scenery.
Electric: A batten affixed with electrical outlets used for hanging and powering lighting instruments.
Backdrop: A large piece of painted fabric hung behind the actors. Usually painted to resemble a realistic location.
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A synopsis conveys the narrative arc, an explanation of the problem or plot, the characters, and how the book or novel
ends. It ensures character actions and motivations are realistic and make sense. It summarizes what happens and who
changes from beginning to end of the story.

“Sorry wrong number” -summary

The film was adapted by Lucille Fletcher from her 1943 radio play.
Leona Stevenson is an alluring, wealthy, and irritating hypochondriac whose psychosomatic illness has her bedridden.
Leona's only lifeline is the telephone, which she uses to excess. One evening, Leona impatiently tries to locate her
henpecked husband Henry who is late in coming home. However, when phone lines cross, she overhears two thugs
plotting a murder. Desperate to thwart the crime, Leona begins a series of calls--to the operator, to the police, and others--
and eventually deduces the shocking identity of the victim. Meanwhile, unbeknownst to Leona, Henry is having problems
of his own--he's become involved in a swindle and is being blackmailed. The film follows Leona, trapped in her lush
apartment, as she tries to prevent an innocent from being murdered.

Have the students identify who said the following lines and why they said it
a. “Is she a Capulet? O, dear, account, my lie is a foe of debt!” Romeo says this when he learns that Juliet is a
member or the Capulet family. “O, I am fortune’s fool!” illustrates the fact that Romeo sees himself as subject to
the whims of fate.
b. “My only love sprung from my only hate. Too early seen unknown and known too late.” Juliet says this when she
learns that Romeo is a Montague, an enemy of her family.

Summary Of Romeo and Juliet

Romeo and Juliet fall in love at a party. But they come from families which hate each other. They are sure they will not be
allowed to marry. Nevertheless, helped by Friar Laurence, they marry in secret instead. Unfortunately, before their
wedding night Romeo kills Juliet's cousin in a duel, and in the morning he is forced to leave her. If he ever returns to the
city, he will be put to death.
Juliet's parents told her she must marry Paris. Her parents do not know she is already married. She refuses in the
beginning, but later agrees because she plans to fake her death and escape to be with Romeo forever; again with the
help of Friar Laurence.
Frair Laurence designs the plan. He gives Juliet a sleeping potion. She appears to be dead and was put in a tomb.
However, Romeo does not know about the plan, visits her grave, thinks she is dead, and kills himself. When Juliet finally
wakes up, she discovers that Romeo is dead and then kills herself.
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Literary Devices
1. Alliteration. This is one of the easiest go-to devices to use. Alliteration involves the quick repetition of the first
letters, and therefore the first sounds, of words.
o The white witch wanted to write a new spell.
o New aunt Anita aimed to avoid annoying her tired sister.
2. Personification. Giving inanimate objects and other phenomena human traits.
o The leaves danced in the wind, twirling round and round before bowing out and resting on the cold
ground.
3. Simile. Comparing two unrelated things to creating new understanding and meaning. They are marked by the use
of "like," "as,"or "such as."
o She ran like the wind.
o His eyes were as blue as the sky.
4. Foreshadowing. Words, phrases, or events that hint or suggest to the reader what's going to happen in the story.
o In To Kill a Mockingbird, finding the presents in the oak tree foreshadows the truth about Boo Radley.
o Edgar Allen Poe's "The Tell-Tale Heart" foreshadows the narrator's actions from the start of the story: I
can't say how the idea first entered my brain, but once it was there, it haunted me day and night. There
wasn't any reason for it. I liked the old man.
5. Satire. Using humor, wit, or sarcasm to expose human vice or folly.
o In television, the creators of South Park have built their success on satire.
o My favorite example is Jonathan Swift's "A Modest Proposal."
6. Symbolism. Using objects or action to mean something more than what appears on the surface.
o The dawn of a new day often is used to symbolize a new beginning.
o The albatross in in Samuel Taylor Coleridge's "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" symbolizes a burden: Ah
! well a-day ! what evil looks / Had I from old and young ! / Instead of the cross, the Albatross / About my
neck was hung
o In daily life, people often associate colors with ideas. Black with death. Red with love. White with purity or
peace.
7. Onomatopoeia. Words whose sound mimics natural sounds or sounds of an object. These words help bring the
reader into the scene by working on the senses.
o Bang! Flutter. Buzzzzz! Hum.
o The birds tweet in chipper chatter outside the window.
o A loud bang jarred me from sleep.
8. Metaphor. A device that asserts that one object is another, bringing new meaning to the original subject for a
fresh understanding.
o A common metaphor: it's raining cats and dogs.
o From Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet": But, soft! what light through yonder window breaks? / It is the
east, and Juliet is the sun.
o Advertising is the rattling of a stick inside a swill bucket. - George Orwell
9. Hyperbole. Exaggerating a statement or idea to emphasize a point or emotion.
o If I take another step, my feet will fall off.
o She's so thin she could thread a needle.
o If his teeth were any whiter, I'd be blind.
10. Oxymoron. A device that puts two contradictory ideas together to create complex meaning. (See top photo)
o Their relationship was an open secret.
o The sight of the living dead shuffling below sent a blazing chill down her spine.
o It's hard to explain that comforting pain to those who don't understand.

An infinitive is a verbal that can function as noun, adjective, or adverb. It is formed by using "to" + the verb.
Examples of Infinitives:
The infinitive can appear by itself, or it can be part of a larger infinitive phrase.
Examples of infinitives:
To run, To walk
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Participles are words derived from verbs that can function as adjectives or as parts of verb phrases to create verb
tenses. The two main types of participles are the present participle and the past participle.

The Present Participle

Adding -ing to the base form of a verb creates the present participle. For example, eat is the base form of the verb to eat.
The present participle of eat is eating. Present participles always end in -ing. Other examples of present participles
include swimming, laughing, and playing.
The present participle can function as an adjective and modify nouns in sentences. For example, in the sentence
“The winning athlete gets a trophy,” the present participle winning describes the noun athlete. Present participles appear
in progressive (or continuous) verb tenses, which show when a verb or action was/is in the process of happening (or in
progress). For example, a sentence in the present progressive tense is: “She is sitting now.”

The Past Participle

For regular verbs, adding -ed to the base form creates the past participle. For example, the past participle
of cook is cooked. Past participles formed from irregular verbs may have endings like -en, -t, -d, and -n. Examples
include swollen, burnt, hoped and broken. Some past participles remain the same as the base forms of irregular verbs,
like set and cut.
Past participles can also function as adjectives that modify nouns. For example, in the sentence “She placed
the cut flowers in the vase,” the past participle cut modifies the noun flowers.
Act- This may include many scenes.
Play- This is the art of producing dramatic works.
Elements- A part of something, one that is essential or characteristic.
Climax- The highest or most intense point in the development or resolution.
Resolution- The part of the story’s plot line in which the problem of the story is resolved.
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WHILE THE AUTO WAITS by O. Henry-Summary
There was a girl with a large meshed veil hangs over her face. When she turns a page the book slipsfrom her hand and
a young man pounces upon it. He returns it to her with a gallant and hopeful air. Thegirl thank the young man. The young
sits near the girl as she said. The young man tells the girl that he hadan eye on her before the day. The young man name
is Parkenstaker and the girl didn't tell her name causeshe said that her name is on the paper that would recognize
immediately. She said that Parkenstackershould have seen thechauffeur staring at them. They talk about wealthy life. The
young man said that heworks in the restaurant notas a waiter but as the cashier. The girl consults her watch set in a
bracelet of richdesign. She tells Parkentacker that she is late for an important engagement. Parkenstacker want to
walkwith her because it's getting dark but the girl insists. Suddenly a waitress approaches and said to the girlthat she is
late to her work. The girl said the she didn'tknow the waitress maybe the waitress is wrong.The waitress apologizes to
parkenstacker who is on the social pages. The girl rushes off close to thewaitress and her book drop again. The young
man picks it up and return it to the girl but they are gone.The chauffeur aprroches Parkenstacker and said that he had a
dinner reservation.
The moral lesson of the story is stop pretending, be yourself because it's reflects you for being who you are, what class
are you in to this world, and stop telling lies that may conclude your unrealistic dream.

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Driving Miss Daisy, Alfred Uhry’s- Summary

Driving Miss Daisy, Alfred Uhry’s signature play, pits two people against each other who are from distinctly different ethnic
and social backgrounds. Miss Daisy is an elderly, white woman of Jewish decent. Due to her ailing health, she is forced to
hire a driver when she backs her car into a neighbor’s garage. Her son, Boolie, hires Hoke, an African American who is
initially dismissed by his elderly boss as an unnecessary nuisance. Daisy insists she is still able to drive herself and
resents Hoke for having to constantly depend on his services. She soon discovers that she has more in common with
Hoke than she first thought. Hoke tells her at the outset that their relationship should never cross the boundary of what the
two do for each other: she needs a driver and Hoke needs a job. Hoke’s statement resonates with Miss Daisy, since that
is how she prefers all her relationships with the help to be.
Their relationship evolves over a series of scenes, such as when Daisy discovers Hoke has eaten one of her cans of tuna.
She complains to Boolie and demands that Hoke be fired for stealing. Hoke then arrives unannounced, apologizes for the
theft and offers to buy new tuna to replace the one he ate. Although Hoke is seen in a somewhat negative light at the
beginning, there is no real flesh and blood protagonist to speak of—only the manner in which Daisy treats Hoke due to her
engrained prejudice and resistance. Those feelings eventually dissolve as Hoke continues to prove himself. As the two
become used to each other, Uhry uses this new dynamic to signal a major plot shift in the play.

Daisy and Hoke are more friends now than not. The events that follow are not, in themselves, significant plot points.
Instead, Uhry chooses to convey the comradery that evolves between the two. One such instance is a road trip Daisy and
Hoke take to visit Daisy’s brother. She trusts him to drive her safely from Georgia to Alabama whereas before she never
would have considered such a thing. Ultimately, the reader sees the story shift in a new direction. Not only does Daisy
overcome her prejudice and learn to depend on Hoke, but Hoke observes Daisy’s transformation and learns to appreciate
the new relationship with his boss.

Since the two are no longer pitted against each other, Uhry introduces an external conflict into the story. Daisy’s long time
maid, Idella, dies. Here, the reader discovers that the greatest antagonist of all is time. Uhry drops this sense of urgency
into the narrative as a way of linking the two characters to a common struggle. Both are painfully aware of their old age as
Daisy becomes more dependent on Hoke’s assistance and friendship, and Hoke witnesses his friend’s gradual decline as
he himself ages.

Some time later, the narrative takes a dramatic turn as the temple Daisy regularly frequents is bombed. This further
reinforces the theme of the story. And yet, Uhry weaves another element of racial tension into the story when Daisy
attends a dinner where Martin Luther King, Jr. is a guest. Although the dinner allows Daisy an opportunity to relate to the
African American experience on a deeper level, her time with the civil rights leader does not significantly alter her
relationship with Hoke.

As the story progresses, Hoke realizes Daisy’s memory is beginning to fail her. She grows confused, believing she is still
the teacher she was in early adulthood needing to get to class. Uhry’s ticking clock gets a bit louder here as Daisy’s
faculties slowly begin to decline. Inevitably, Boolie must resign himself to the fact that his mother is no longer capable of
caring for herself. Reluctantly, he is forced to admit her to a nursing home.

The narrative comes fill circle as Daisy, breaking out of her fog long enough to articulate her feelings, tells Hoke that he is
her best friend. She is at last, able to accept him and acknowledge the importance of their friendship in her life. While the
conflict between them has finally ended, Daisy still must face the ultimate antagonist of all, time. As the play concludes,
Boolie sells Daisy’s house and then, accompanied by Hoke, goes to visit her in the rest home.

Uhry’s play is an effective illustration of the mixture of Southern and Jewish cultures. Since it is orchestrated against the
backdrop of the civil rights movement, the playwright chooses the micro approach, essentially distilling the broader
concept of racial tension into a relationship between two distinctly different individuals. Hoke tests the limits of his
relationship with Daisy and she begins to recognize not only her own prejudice, but also that of society overall.
Additionally, her conflicts with Boolie further demonstrate the harsh reality of change threatening the South and it’s
traditions. Just as Boolie is the catalyst for change in Daisy’s life, Uhry’s goal is to utilize the character to illustrate the
transformation of southern culture.

While the play’s two main protagonists struggle among themselves to adjust to a new way of life, Uhry transposes the
larger societal dilemma onto Daisy and Hoke’s interactions. Resistance is a natural part of change, one that Uhry
addresses throughout the narrative. The acceptance of such change ultimately unites the two characters and shows what
can be accomplished if pride and misconceptions are laid aside.

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Stage direction- The actions of a play printed in the script by the publisher.
Play- The stage representation of an action or a story.
Dialogue-The conversation between actors on stage.
Comedy- A theatrical work that is intentionally humorous.
Style- The distinctive and unique manner in which a writer arranges words to achieve particular effects.
Tragedy- A play that demonstrates a character’s fall from grace, power, position, or moral standing through their own
actions.
Genre- The main types of literary form.
Text -Printed words, including dialogue and the stage directions for a script.
Protagonist- The central or main figure of a story.
Antagonist-A person or a situation that opposes the protagonist’s goals or desires.
Conflict- Opposition of persons or forces giving rise to dramatic action.
Climax- The point of greatest dramatic tension in a theatrical work.
Exposition- Detailed information revealing the facts of a plot.
Rising action- The part of a plot consisting of complications and discoveries that create conflict.
Articulation- The clear and precise pronunciation of words.
Plot- The ordered structure of a play as the action progresses through the story.
Crisis- A decisive point in the plot of a play on which the outcome of the remaining action depends.
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“Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world . “
– Nelson Mandela

Five Forms of the Participle

1. Present Participle, active ends in –ing. It is often used when we want to express an active action. Example: Her
smiling face made everyone happy.
2. Present Participle, passive uses being with the past participle. It is often used when we want to express a passive
action. . Example: Being frightened, the child cried loudly. (Being frightened is the present participle passive
modifying child.)
3. Past Participle is the third principal part of a verb used with a helping verb to make the perfect tenses in the active
voice and all the tenses in the passive voice Example: The girl saw the broken glass. ( Broken is the past
participle modifying glass).
4. Perfect Participle, active uses having with the past participle. Having may be called the sign of the perfect active
participle Example: Having read the book, the boy came out of the room. (Having read the book is the
participial phrase modifying boy with having read as the perfect active form)
5. Perfect Participle, passive uses having been with the past participle. Having been may be called the sign of the
perfect passive participle Example: Having been fed, the dog settled down to sleep. (Having been fed is
the perfect passive participle modifying dog.) Correct Use of Participial Phrases Since the participial phrase is
used as an adjective, it should be placed near the noun or pronoun it modifies. Example: Having worked for the
whole day, Gina felt very tired. (Having worked for the whole day modifies Gina.) The boy being
taken to the hospital is our neighbor. (Being taken to the hospital modifies the boy.)

Avoiding Dangling Participial Participles A participial phrase is said to dangle when it is not connected to the word it
should modify. It modifies a word not clearly stated in the sentence.

The following sentences have dangling participles. Hurrying down the aisle, the books were dropped by the boy.
(Who was hurrying down the aisle?)

Looking outside the house, a loud noise was heard.(Who was looking outside the house?)

Two ways of correcting dangling participles: 1. In order to correct dangling participles, supply the doer or receiver of the
action implied and place the participle / participial phrase before or next to it. Hurrying down the aisle, the books were
dropped by the boy. Hurrying down the aisle, the boy dropped the books.

Looking outside the house, a loud noise was heard.

Looking outside the house, I heard a loud noise.
 A dramatic convention is a set of rules which
both the audience and actors are familiar with and which act as a useful way of quickly signifying the nature of the action
or of a character.
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Guidelines in Writing a Plot Synopsis

1. The time and place should be indicated at the beginning of synopsis.

2. A brief description of the main characters should be given as they appear in the story.
3. The synopsis should begin at the opening of the story and told in the same order as the play, and end at the play’s
conclusion.
4. Dramatic scenes that propel the story forward, including climactic scenes should be described within the synopsis.
5. The synopsis must be no longer than 250 words long. 6. The story must be told in the present tense and in the third
person.
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FAULTY LOGIC, UNSUPPORTED FACTS, AND EMOTIONAL
APPEAL

A) LOGIC –is the use and study of valid reasoning. b) FAULTY - (of reasoning and other mental processes)
mistaken or misleading because of flaws. c) FACTS –something that has really occurred or is actually the case. d)
APPEAL -- the power of arousing a sympathetic response .

Let’s break it down. Faulty = having faults or imperfect Logic = reason or sound judgment Therefore, faulty logic is
an imperfect reason.

- John Updike is a wonderful writer because he writes so well. (The second half of the statement says basically the
same thing as the first half) WHY?
- “I loved that movie we saw last night with Brad Pitt. I am going to rent all of his movies, and I am sure I’ll like all of
them.” (It is an imperfect judgment (or faulty logic!) to assume that you will love all Brad Pitt movies just because
you loved one!)
- She said that you stinks. People who live in the North of Britain are friendlier than those who live in the South.
HOW COULD YOU SAY?

An emotional appeal is a method of persuasion that's designed to create an emotional response. Emotional
appeals persuade audiences by arousing the emotions. They refer to the speaker or writer’s goal of arousing the
emotions of an audience to move them to act. Examples:

- A mouthwash commercial shows two people just waking up in the morning with the words "Yech! Morning breath,
the worst breath of the day.“ 2. A college student asks his professor to accept a late paper: "I've worked all
weekend on this report. I know that it is past your deadline, but I have to work full- time while also attending
college."
- As Mayor, my top priority will be improving education. So my first act of office will be to cut funding for our public
schools. 2. Young men in Britain between the ages of 18 and 25 drink too much alcohol.
- A telephone company ad shows a small, sweet grandmother sitting patiently by the phone waiting for her loved
ones to call. You must buy a lottery ticket or you will not win the lottery," and later concluded "Since you bought a
ticket, you will win the lottery."

Philippians 4:13 I can do all things through him who strengthens me.

Isaiah 41:10 Fear not, for I am with you; be not dismayed, for I am your God; I will strengthen you, I will help you,
I will uphold you with my righteous right hand.

Deuteronomy 31:6 Be strong and courageous. Do not fear or be in dread of them, for it is the Lord your God who
goes with you. He will not leave you or forsake you.

Isaiah 40:31 But they who wait for the Lord shall renew their strength; they shall mount up with wings like eagles;
they shall run and not be weary; they shall walk and not faint.

GODBLESS! 
Sir Mark