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Osteomyelitis
No. ICD 10 : M27.2 Inflammatory Conditions of Jaws
1 Definisi Infeksi
Osteomyelitis is an infection of the medullary bone; it usually
occurs in the maxillofacial skeleton through contiguous
spread of an odontogenic infection into the medullary
cavity. Other inciting factors of osteomyelitis include fracture,
tooth extractions, or adjacent soft tissue infection.
Bacteria can enter the medullary space through the periodontal
ligament or by hematogenous dissementation.
Although rare in the maxillofacial region, osteomyelitis
most commonly affects the mandible. The maxilla is
almost never affected because of its high vascularity and
thin cortical bone.45,49,50 Osteomyelitis is described as
being either suppurative (pus forming) or nonsuppurative,
and is defined as acute (<1 month duration) or chronic
(>1 month).49,50 There are several other maxillofacial disease
processes that can include an element of classic osteomyelitis
including osteoradionecrosis, medicationrelated
osteonecrosis, Garré osteomyelitis, and chronic sclerosing
osteomyelitis.45,46,4850
The choice of imaging modality can be challenging in
the diagnosis and treatment of osteomyelitis. It is recognized
that early diagnosis (shorter duration of pretreatment
symptoms) is associated with higher cure rates.45,51
The imaging protocol preferred by the authors is listed
in Figure 65. Because osteomyelitis of the maxillofacial
skeleton is often odontogenic in origin, intraoral or
extraoral plain films should be obtained first to identify
potential sources (i.e., odontogenic or fracture).2 Early
radiographic signs of dental disease include caries, periodontal
disease, pulpal disease, or the outline of a recent
extraction site. When dental infection has spread to the
surrounding bone, there is usually loss of adjacent trabeculae
or radiolucency, widening of the periodontal
ligament space, loss of the lamina dura, and loss of contrast
between bone and normal structures, including the
mandibular canal, maxillary sinuses, and nasal cavities.51
These findings are often subtle, making it imperative to
compare the area in question with the contralateral side.
In later stages of osteomyelitis, plain films can demonstrate
a mixed radiolucent or radiopaque pattern, bony
sequestration, and periosteal reaction (Figure 66).51 The
disadvantage of plain films is that detection of disease