PART II

THE RESISTERS
 The small Indian community in South Africa made enormous sacrifices in their passive
resistance (satyagraha), led by M.K. Gandhi, against oppressive and racist measures instituted
by the Governments from 1907 to 1913.

The struggle began in the Transvaal against the Asiatic Registration Act of 1907 which
required male Asiatic residents of the Transvaal – Indians and the Chinese – to register again
with ten thumb prints and carry the certificates to be produced on demand by the police and other
officials. This humiliating measure, similar to the pass laws imposed on the Africans, was soon
supplemented by the Immigration Restriction Act which made it difficult even for former
residents of the Transvaal to enter the province.

In the first phase of the struggle until the end of January 1908, when the authorities agreed to
accept voluntary registration, about 200 men were imprisoned for picketing or for not registering
under the Act. The government, however, refused to abolish the Asiatic Registration Act after
almost all the persons concerned registered.

The second phase of the resistance began in July 1908. More than one-third of the adult Indian
males suffered imprisonment and harsh prison conditions, as well as arbitrary deportations, by
defying the Asiatic Act and the Immigration Restriction Act of 1907. Many stalwarts were
reduced to poverty. A provisional agreement was reached in 1911, a year after the Union of
South Africa was formed, but the government failed to implement the agreement. Instead
Asiatics were subjected to new indignities and harsher implementation of laws.

The struggle had to be renewed all over the Union in September 1913. Women were invited to
join the movment as the courts declared all non-Christian marriages invalid in South Africa and
the Government refused to enact legislation to restore the earlier situation. About forty women
went to prison, mostly for three months with hard labour.

Indian workers were encouraged to suspend work as the Government broke its promise to
abolish the obnoxious £3 annual tax in Natal on former indentured workers, their wives and
children. The response was far beyond expectations. About forty thousand Indian workers went
on strike, several were killed or injured and thousands confined in prisons and mine compounds.

This part of the book contains information obtained from available sources on the persons who
participated and sacrificed in the resistance, as well as those who provided significant assistance
though they did not court imprisonment.
 The first chapter contains a list of satyagrahis and the second contains biographical notes on
some resisters. The third chapter is a list of workers who were killed wounded or imprisoned.1
The last chapter is a note on some of those who provided significant assistance to the struggle.

These lists cover only a small fraction of the tens of thousands of resisters, most of whom are
unknown.

Indian Opinion, the main source for the preparation of the lists, gave only the first names in
many cases and the spellings of the names were not always consistent so that there may be a few
duplications. Many of the names appear only in the Gujarati edition of Indian Opinion, and their
spellings in English in CWMG may not be accurate, especially in the case of South Indian
names.

The names of persons who are known to have resisted on more than one occasion are preceded
by an asterisk. The names of women resisters are in italics.

The following abbreviations are used for the principal sources:

IO = Indian Opinion
Golden Number of Indian Opinion = Golden Number of Indian Opinion, 1914, Souvenir of the
Passive Resistance Movement of South Africa 1906-1914 (Phoenix: Indian Opinion Press, 1914)
CWMG = Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi (New Delhi: Publications Division,
Government of India, 1958-94)
Ind Rev = Indian Review, Madras
Sushila Nayar = Sushila Nayar, Mahatma Gandhi, Volume IV - Satyagraha at Work,
(Navajivan Publishing House, Ahmedabad, 1989)
Bramdaw = Dhanee Bramdaw (ed.). The South African Indian Who’s Who and Commercial
Directory, 1936-37 (The Natal Witness, Limited, Pietermaritzburg, 1935)
Phoenix Centenary = Commemorating the Centenary of Phoenix Settlement 1904-2004
(Gandhi Development Trust, Durban, 2004
Pretoria Tamil League = Pretoria Tamil League, A Tribute to a Great Man, Mahatma Gandhi,
1981

1
Satyagrahis (passive resisters) were those who defied the oppressive laws and courted imprisonment to secure all
the minimum demands of the struggle. The workers were on strike only for the abolition of the £3 tax. This
distinction does not in any way imply that the striking workers made less sacrifices or contributed less to the success
of the struggle.

Workers who were arrested during the resistance in the Transvaal are listed among the satyagrahis as they were not
on strike in protest against the £3 tax but defied the anti-Asiatic laws like other resisters.
 I. NAMES OF RESISTERS
NOTE: This list includes some persons who did not court imprisonment
but were arrested on the charge of inciting the strike of Indian workers.
Fines imposed by the courts are not indicated, unless there was no
option of prison, as all resisters chose prison instead of paying fine.
All the resisters in the “first phase” (up to the end of January 1908) were
released on 31 January 1908. All those arrested before May 1911 were
arrested in the Transvaal; some of them came from Natal.

ABRAHAM, Louis Gabriel - Deported in 1910. (IO, 30 April1910).

*ACHARY (ACHARIA), T. Subramania- Store-keeper. Possessed Natal domicile certificate and had
property in Natal. Son of R. Appasamy Pather of Durban. Studied up to matriculation in Trichinapoly.
Crossed Natal-Transvaal border with Gandhi in March 1910. Deported from the Transvaal to India. (IO,
19 March and 6 April 1910; Ind Rev, June 1910).

ACOOJI, Ismail - Of Krugersdorp. Deported from the Transvaal to Natal. (IO, 30 January 1909).

ADAJANIA, Sorabji Shapurji - See “SHAPURJI, Sorabji” in “Biographical Notes”.

ADAM, Ebrahim - Of Krugersdorp. Deported from the Transvaal to Natal. (IO, 30 January 1909).

ADAM, Essa - Deported. (IO, 30 April 1910).

ADAM, Sheikh - Butcher. Sentenced to one month with hard labour. (IO, 31 October 1908).

*ADAM, Valli Amodjee - Sentenced to one month with hard labour in 1909. Deported in 1910. (IO, 27
March 1909 and 30 April 1910).

ADIA, Ismail Essopjee - Of Pretoria. Sentenced to three days with hard labour. (IO, 19 September 1908).

ADIA, Moosa Essop - Pretoria storekeeper. Fined £1 for trading without licence and given no option of
serving imprisonment. He refused to pay. His store was forcibly closed while attaching goods. (IO, 29
August and 5 September 1908).

ADIA, Moosa Ismail - Satyagrahi in the first phase. Ordered on 19 January 1908 to leave the Transvaal
by 1 February for not registering under the Asiatic Act. (IO, 25 January 1908).

ADIKELAN - Arrested. (IO, 21 May 1910). Sentenced to deportation. (IO, 21 May 1910).

AHMED, Abdool – Of Klerksdorp. Sentenced to four days or a fine of one pound in August 1908 for
trading without licence. He went to jail but paid the fine the next day. (IO, 15 August 1908).

AHMED, Essop - Of Heidelberg. Storekeeper. Fined £5 without option of prison. (IO, 29 August 1908).

AHMED, Ismail - Of Roodepoort. Sentenced to seven days with hard labour for trading without licence.
(IO, 17 October 1908).
AHMED, Ismail - Hawker. Sentenced to seven days for trading without licence. (IO, 15 August 1908).

AHMED, Mirza Hoosen - Sentenced to six weeks in prison with hard labour. (IO, 14 November 1908).

AHMED, Moosa - Crossed the Natal-Transvaal border in August 1908, along with 11 others, to claim his
right, under the Transvaal Immigration Restriction Act, to enter the Transvaal as a pre-war resident. He
had permits and registration certificate under the Peace Preservation Ordinance. He refused to give
thumb impressions under the Asiatic Act. (IO, 29 August 1909).

AJIJ, Abdul - Ordered to leave the Transvaal within seven days. (IO, 3 October 1908).

AKOOJEE, Alibhai - Wholesale and retail merchant in Pretoria. Satyagrahi in the first phase. Did not
register under the Asiatic Act and was ordered to leave the Transvaal within 14 days. (IO, 18 January
1908). Left for India in April 1908. (IO, 18 April 1908).

AKOOJEE, Ismail - Sentenced on 21 July 1908, to four days for hawking without licence. He paid licence
fee but refused to register under the Asiatic Act. (IO, 25 July 1908).

AKOON - Friend and servant of Mehtab family. Sentenced in October 1913 to three months with hard
labour and released from prison in January 1914. (IO, 14 January 1914). See also “MEHTAB, Mrs.
Sheikh.”

ALALKHARIA, Moosa – Potchefstroom. Ordered to leave the Transvaal bythe end of 5 January 1908 for
being without registration certificate. (IO, 1 February 1908).

ALI, Essa - Grocer. Charged for trading without licence. (IO, 3 October 1908).

ALI, Noor - Deported from the Transvaal to India. (IO, 16 April 1910).

ALI, Syed - Of Springs. Sentenced on 19 August 1908 for seven days with hard labour for trading without
licence. Suffered ill-treatment in prison. (IO, 26 September 1908).

ALIBUX, Abdul - Satyagrahi in the first phase. (IO, 18 January 1908).

ALIMIA - Sentenced to seven days with hard labour for hawking without licence. (IO, 1 August 1908).

ALLI, Hassim - General dealer. Fined, with no option of prison. (IO, 31 October 1908).

*ALVAR (ALWAR), Ananda – Hawker. Went to Natal in 1893 under indenture. Arrested in April 1910 and
deported from the Transvaal to India. Left wife and three children in the Transvaal. Returned to Durban,
not allowed to land and sent to Port Elizabeth. (IO, 16 April, 23 July and 1 October 1910). Released from
prison on 15 December 1910. (IO, 24 December 1910; Ind Rev, June 1910).

AMARSHI - Of Pietersburg. Arrested in December 1907. (IO, 28 December 1907).

AMBALAL - Of Pietersburg. Arrested in December 1907 for not registering under the Asiatic Act and
ordered to leave the Transvaal within four days. (IO, 28 December 1907, 4 January 1908).

AMIR, Abdool Hamid – Fined one shilling, with no option of prison. His goods were auctioned and he lost
more than £17. (IO, 21 November and 19 December 1908).

AMJA, Ebrahim Moosa - Fined, with no option of prison. His goods were auctioned . (IO, 21 November
and 19 December 1908).

AMOD, DAWJI - Sentenced to one month with hard labour. (IO, 17 October 1908).
AMOD, Ebrahim - Of Standerton. General dealer. Sentenced to 14 days with hard labour.(IO, 15 August
1908).

AMOD, Suliman - Sentenced to a fine, with no option of prison.His goods were auctioned and the cost
was many times the fine. (IO, 21 November and 19 December 1908).

AMOJEE, Valli - Hawker. Pre-war resident of the Transvaal. Crossed the Natal-Transvaal border in
August 1908, along with 11 others, to claim his right, under the Transvaal Immigration Restriction Act, to
enter the Transvaal. Sentenced to deportation for not producing registration certificate when demanded.
(IO, 15 and 29 August 1908).

ANDALWAR - Sentenced to deportation. (IO, 30 April 1910).

*ANDREW, David - Schoolmaster, interpreter and clerk in Pietermaritzburg. Born in South Africa. Roman
Catholic. Sentenced in Volksrust to three months with hard labour for crossing Natal-Transvaal border.
(IO, 29 January 1910). Sentenced again to six weeks with hard labour. (IO, 14 May 1910).

ANDREW, Harry - Worker at a European factory in the Transvaal. Arrested for not registering under the
Asiatic Act.. (IO, 9 April 1910).

ANDREW (ANDREWS), John - Waiter. Born in Mauritius. Deported to India in 1910 from the Transvaal.
Returned to Durban. (IO, 23 July; 1 October 1910; Ind Rev, June 1910).

ANDREWS, A.M. - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 6 February 1909).
.
ANGLIA, Mahomed Cassim - See “Biographical Notes”.

* ANNAMALY - In October 1913 Annamaly, Francis Veerasamy and Suppia Pillay were sentenced to ten
days imprisonment with hard labour for hawking without licence in Johannesburg. On their release,
finding that the government was no longer arresting hawkers, they proceeded with Manilal Gandhi to the
Natal border, crossed and re-crossed the border and were sentenced on 27 October to three months
imprisonment with hard labour. (IO, 22 October and 5 November 1913, 4 March 1914).

*ANTHONY, David - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 26 June and 10 July
1909). Sentenced again to three months with hard labour. (IO, 5 March 1910).

ANTHONY, Gabriel - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 26 June and 10 July
1909).

ANTHONY, Moses - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 26 June and 10 July
1909).

ANTHONY, Peter - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 26 June and 10 July
1909).

APPASAMY, L. - Of Germiston. Arrested . (IO, 20 February 1909).

APPEN, Narasimha (Nurisumu, Narsoo) – Bottle seller. Arrived in Natal under Indenture. Employed in
Natal during the war in Dynamite factory where his hand was mutilated. Deported to India from the
Transvaal. He was then 55. Returned to Durban. (IO, 16 April, 16July; 1 October 1910).

APPOODOO, Vengatsamy (Venkatsami) – Hawker. Sentenced on 14 August 1908 for hawking without
licence. (IO, 5 and 12 September 1908).
ARIMUTHU, Kuru - Of Pretoria. Sentenced to three months with hard labour for failing to produce a
registration certificate. (IO, 31 July 1909).

ARISAN, Vardrajulu - Worker at Trocadero Restaurant in the Transvaal. Refused to register under the
Asiatic Act as ordered by the employer, resigned and courted arrest. (IO, 9 April 1910).

ARMASOOLAN - Deported in 1910. (IO, 26 February 1910).

ARMOOGAM - Sentenced to two months with hard labour. (IO, 14 January 1911). Released after
serving 14 days in prison in Christiana. (IO, 7 November 1911). Then re-crossed the Transvaal border
from Bloemfontein, and was arrested. (IO, 7 January 1911).

ARNACHALAN, Jackson - In prison awaiting trial. (IO, 19 February 1910).

ARNACHELLAM, C. - Owner of Kaffir Eating House. Sentenced to ten days with hard labour. (IO, 31
October 1908).

*AROONACHALAM, C. - Hawker. Jailed in November and December1908. (IO, 21 November and 19

December 1908).

ARUMUGAM, D. - Deported from the Transvaal to India. (IO, 16 April 1910).

ARUMUGAM, E. - Satyagrahi. (IO, 17 June 1911).

ASMAL, Esse - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 22 May 1909).

ASVAT (ASWAT), Ebrahim Ismail - See “Biographical Notes”.

ASVAT, E. Moosa - Of Vereeniging. Merchant. Brother of E.I. Aswat. Sentenced to 14 days with hard
labour for hawking without permit and one month with hard labour for managing the store of his brother.
(IO, 6 and 13 March 1909).

ASVAT, Mahomed - Of Vereeniging. Brother of E.I. Aswat. Sentenced to three months with hard labour
for managing his brother’s store. (IO, 13 and 29 March 1909).

AZAKHARIA - Of Potchefstroom. Satyagrahi. (IO, 1 February 1908).

BABA, Mahomed - Sentenced to six months with hard labour. (IO, 21 November 1908, 13 February
1909).

BADROODEEN, Kajee - Sentenced to three months on 10 February 1909. (IO, 20 February 1909).

BAGAS, Suliman - Sentenced on 20 July 1908, to four days with hard labour for hawking without licence.
(IO, 25 July 1908).

BAGAS, Vally Mahomed - Chairman, Pretoria branch of British Indian Association. Sentenced to three
days with hard labour for trading without grocer’s licence. (IO, 19 September 1908).

BAJINEN - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 21 January 1911).

BAKER, Albert - Deported from the Transvaal to India. (IO, 16 April 1910).

BAKER, Francis - Deported from the Transvaal to India. (IO, 16 April 1910).
BALAN, Moonsamy - Sentenced to six weeks with hard labour. (IO, 26 November 1910).

BALBADRAN - Ordered deported. (IO, 16 April 1910).

BANDA, Essop Ahmed - Of Heidelberg. Deported. (IO, 27 February 1909).

**BANDU, Mrs. - Of Germiston. Arrested in 1913 for hawking without licence. (IO, 15 October 1913). She
went to Charleston to cross the Transvaal border and get arrested, but did not court arrest because of the
provisional settlement in January 1914. (IO, 25 February 1914).

BANDHU Etwary, Mrs. - See “Biographical Notes”.

BARJORSINGH - See “Singh, Barjor”.

*BAWAZEER, Imam Abdul Kader Salim (Abdool Cadir) - See “Biographical Notes”.

BEG, A.F.G. - Of Pretoria. Satyagrahi in the first phase. Ordered to leave the Transvaal for refusing to
register under the Asiatic Act and defied the order. Sentenced on 10 January 1908 to three months with
hard labour. (IO, 11 and 18 January 1908). Released at the end of January after agreement between
Gandhi and General Smuts.

BEG, Chaool - Of Pretoria. Picket. (IO, 13 July 1907).

BEG, Ismail Suliman - Solicitor's clerk. Secretary of Pretoria Committee of British Indian Association.
Arrested. (IO, 4 January 1908).

BEG, Mirza Amir - Of Kimberley, Cape. Sentenced to three weeks. (IO, 31 October and 21 November
1908).

BEGG, Moosa - Sentenced to three months with hard labour (IO, 14 August 1909).

BEHARI, Mrs. - Of Germiston. Arrested in 1913 for hawking without licence. (IO, 15 October 1913).

BEHCHAR, Govind – Imprisoned in August 1908. (IO, 8 August 1908).

BELIM - Trader in Christiana. Sentenced to one month for trading without licence. His servant, Ibrahim
Adamji Limda, was also arrested. (IO, 5 September 1908).

BEMAT (BEMATH), Saleji - Sentenced on 21 July 1908, to four days for hawking without licence. He
paid licence fee but refused to register under the Asiatic Act. (IO, 25 July 1908).

BENJAMIN, A. – Of Barberton. Ordered in January to leave the Transvaal for not registering under the
Asiatic Act. (IO, 1 February 1908). Sentenced to six weeks with hard labour. (IO, 2 July 1910).

BENJE (BENZE). Sarfoodin - Satyagrahi in the first phase. Ordered on 19 January 1908 to leave the
Transvaal by 1 February for not registering under the Asiatic Act. (IO, 25 January 1908). Was not
imprisoned becaue of compromise with Smuts on 30 January.

BHABHA, Amod Essop - Born in Kholvad, Surat, in 1865. Arrived in South Africa in 1888. Conducted
general dealer’s business in Middleburg. He served a term of imprisonment during the Satyagraha. Died
on 10 July 1933. (Bramdaw; IO, 9 January 1909).
BHABHA, Ismail Abrahamji - Of Standerton. A trader who lived eight years in Standerton and 20 years
in the Transvaal. Sentenced to 14 days with hard labour for trading without licence. (IO, 8 and 15 August
1908).

BHABHA, Mahomed Ahmed – Of Standerton. Released from prison. (IO, 12 June 1909).

BHAGA - Satyagrahi last phase, 1913.

*BHAGA. Kalayan (Kalian) - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 20 February 1909).
Deported from the Transvaal to India. (IO, 20 February 1909, 12 February 1910).

BHAGOLIA, E.E. - Of Standerton. General dealer. Sentenced to 14 days with hard labour. (IO, 15 August
1908).

BHAGWAN, Dajee - Fisherman of Bronkhorst Spruit, Transvaal. Sentenced to one month with hard
labour for fishing without licence. (IO, 3 October 1908).

BHAROODIN, Mahomed Dawood - Of Vereeniging. Deported from the Transvaal to Natal. (IO, 2 January
1909).

BHAWAN, Lala - Of Vereeniging. Deported from the Transvaal to Natal. (IO, 2 January 1909).

BHAWANI – See “Biographical Notes”.

*BHAYAT, Amod Mahomed - See “Biographical Notes”.

BHAYAT, Amod Moosa - See “Biographical Notes”.

BHAYAT, Mahomed Ibrahim - Of Standerton. General dealer. Acted as Imam of Muslim congregation.
Sentenced to 14 days with hard labour. (IO, 15 August 1908).

*BHIKHA (BHIKA), Fakira (Faquirabhai) – See “Biographical Notes”.

BHIKHA, Hari - Sentenced on 21 July 1908, to four days for hawking without licence. He paid licence fee
but refused to register under the Asiatic Act. (IO, 25 July 1908).

BHIKHA, Jivan - Hawker. Sentenced to seven days for trading without licence. (IO, 15 August 1908).

BHIKHA, Odhav – Hawker. Sentenced to seven days in August 1908 for trading without licence. (IO, 15
August 1908). Was eight times in prison.Deported from South Africa and landed in Colombo on 2 June
1910. (IO, 23 July 1910; Ind Rev, June 1910).

BHIKJI - A Mahomedan passive resister. (Golden Number of Indian Opinion).

BHIMBHAI, Lalubhai - Satyagrahi in the first phase. Did not register under the Asiatic Act and was
ordered to leave the Transvaal within 14 days. (IO, 18 and 25 January 1908). Was not imprisoned in view
of agreement with Smuts on 30 January.

BHUGWAN, A. - Arrested in November 1913. (IO, 26 November 1913).

BHUGWAN, R. - A leader of the Natal Indian Association. Charged in November 1913 with promoting
strike. Charges withdrawn later. (IO, 26 November and 7 and 11 December 1913).
BHULA, Vallabh - He crossed the Natal-Transvaal border in August 1908, along with 11 others, to claim
his right, under the Transvaal Immigration Restriction Act, to enter the Transvaal as a pre-war resident.
He had permits and registration certificate under the Peace Preservation Ordinance. He refused to give
thumb impression under the Asiatic Act and was charged in August 1908. (IO, 15 August 1908).

BIA, Hoosen - Of Pretoria. Picket. (IO, 13 July 1907).

BIHARI, Ram - Satyagrahi, Natal batch. Sentenced to three months on 24 March 1910. (IO, 2 July 1910).
After release, stayed at Tolstoy Farm.

BISMITH, Mrs. T. – She was a member of the second batch of eight Transvaal women who went to Natal
in order to explain the £3 tax to indentured workers and encourage them to suspend work until the
government undertook to abolish the tax. They were sentenced in December 1913 to three months with
hard labour for crossing the Natal-Transvaal border. (IO, 24 December 1913).

BOB, S.K. - Sentenced to deportation. (IO, 12 March 1910).

BODHANIA, Essop Hasan - General dealer. Fined with no option of imprisonment. (IO, 31 October 1908).

BUDREE, Ahir - See “Biographical Notes”.

BUDREE, Sivpujan Sahai - Son of Ahir Budree. Student at Phoenix Settlement. He was one of fifteen
pioneer passive resisters in the third phase of Satyagraha. They left the Phoenix Settlement on 15
September 1913 and crossed the Transvaal border. They were sentenced on 23 September to three
months with hard labour. (IO, 1 October 1913).

BUGHWAN, R. - Born in Durban in 1874. Photographer and sportsman. Took a leading part in the
Satyagraha in 1913 and was arrested as one of the Durban leaders. (Bramdaw).

BURJORSINGH – See “SINGH, Barjor”.

*CACHALIA, Ahmed Mahomed - See “Biographical Notes”.

CADWA (KARWA), Mahomed E. - He had been in the Transvaal since 1888. During the Anglo-Boer War
he was a military contractor at Ladysmith. He returned to the Transvaal with a military column. He was
prosecuted on 28 December 1907 for not registering under the Asiatic Act and ordered to leave the
Transvaal. Sentenced to two months for defying the order. Released after the compromise at the end of
January 1908. (IO, 11 and 18 January 1908).

*CAJEE, Ebrahim Mahomed - Of Pardekop. Storekeeper. Sentenced to five days with hard labour. (IO,
19 September 1908). Sentenced to fine, with no option of prison. (IO, 7 November 1908).

CAJEE, M.A.- Of Standerton. General dealer. Sentenced to 14 days with hard labour. (IO, 15 August
1908).

CAJEE, Mahomed Ahmed - Of Heidelberg. Deported. (IO, 27 February 1909).

CAMA, Ardeshir Framji - Of A.F. Cama & Co. Brother of Nadirshah Cama. Arrested. (IO, 20 February
1909) Died in 1917. (IO, 16 January 1917).

*CAMA (CAMAY), Nadirshah Ardeshir – See “Biographical Notes”.

*CANDASAMY, T. – Hawker. Sentenced on 14 August 1908 for hawking without licence. Deported from
the Transvaal to India on 18 March 1910. (IO, 5 and 12 September 1908 and 19 March 1910).

CASMAT, Suliman Mamooji - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 13 and 20 March 1909).

CASSIM – Of Christiana. Sentenced to six weeks for hawking wihout licence. (IO, 12 September 1908).

CASSIM, Juma - General dealer. Sentenced to fine, with no prison option. (IO, 31 October 1908).

CHARLES, Percival - Served six weeks with hard labour. (IO, 26 November 1910).

*CHELAN (CHELLEN, CHELLAN), Moonoosamy (Moonsamy, Munusawmy) - Natal-born Indian. Waiter

at Trocadero restaurant in the Transvaal. Deported from the Transvaal to Bombay. Returned to Durban
but was not admitted. Returned to Durban again and was admitted. (IO, 2 , 9 and 16 April, 18 June, 16
July and 1 October 1910; Ind Rev, June 1910).

CHETTI, Govinda – Hawker. Deported to India in 1910. (Ind Rev, June 1910).

*CHETTIAR, A. Varadan - See “Biographical Notes”.

*CHETTIAR, V. Amirthalinga - See “Biographical Notes”.

CHETTY - Arrested in Volksrust and discharged. (IO, 5 November 1913).

CHETTY - Sentenced to seven days with hard labour for hawking without permit. (IO, 26 September
1908).

CHETTY, A.C. – Son of the Chairman of the Tamil committee. Sentenced on 2 January 1909 to three
months with hard labour for not having registered. (IO, 2 January 1909).

*CHETTY, A. Francis - Hawker. Jailed in November 1908 and December 1908. (IO, 21 November and 19
December 1908).

CHETTY, A.V. - Picket. Arrested in December 1908. (IO, 3 October and 26 December 1908).

CHETTY, Appoo - Sentenced in February 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 2 January and 20
February 1909).

CHETTY, Appu – Arrested. (IO, 26 June 1909).

*CHETTY, C.K. - Hawker. Jailed in November and December 1908. (IO, 21 November and 19 December
1908).

CHETTY, D. - Of Pretoria. Deported from the Transvaal to Natal. (IO, 2 January 1909).

CHETTY, Govindasamy - Pretoria. Picket. Sentenced to three months with hard labour for defying order
to leave the Transvaal (IO, 13 July 1907, 1 February 1908). Released from prison on 12 March 1910 after
serving three months with hard labour. (IO, 12 March 1910).

*CHETTY, Govindasamy (Tommy) - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 18 December
1909). Deported from the Transvaal to India in 1910; returned to Durban but was sent back to India. (IO,
16 April, 18 June and 16 July 1910).
CHETTY, K. Govinda – Hawker. Possessed Natal domicile certificate. Deported from the Transvaal to
India. (Ind Rev, June 1910).

CHETTY, M.R. - Of Newcastle. Volunteered for satyagraha. (IO, 22 October 1913).

CHETTY, N. – Arrested. (IO, 26 June 1909).

*CHETTY, N. Tilamanikam - Hawker. Was a picket. Jailed in November 1908 and December 1908. (IO, 3
October, 21 November and 19 December 1908).

CHETTY, P. – Arrested. (IO, 26 June 1909).

CHETTY, Pasupa - Arrested in 1910. (IO, 19 February 1910).

*CHETTY, R.- Hawker. Jailed in November 1908 and December 1908. (IO, 21 November and 19
December 1908).

CHETTY, R. Annamalay - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 10 July 1909).

*CHETTY, R. Mootuveloo - Hawker. Jailed in November 1908 and December 1908. (IO, 21 November
and 19 December 1908).

CHETTY, R.D.G. - Picket. (IO, 3 October 1908).

CHETTY, Raga Chidambura - Sentenced to three months with hard labour in June 1909. (IO, 10 July
1909).

CHETTY, S. – Arrested. (IO, 26 June 1909). May be same as “CHETTY, S. Appoo”.

CHETTY, S. Appoo - Sentenced to three months with hard labour in June 1909. (IO, 10 July 1909).

CHETTY, A.P. Doorasamy - Pretoria. Picket. Sentenced to three months with hard labour for defying
order to leave the Transvaal (IO, 13 July 1907, 1 February 1908).

CHETTY, S. Narayanasamy - Sentenced to three months with hard labour in June 1909. (IO, 10 July
1909).

CHETTY, Samynathan Palany - Sentenced to three months with hard labour in June 1909. (IO, 10 July
1909).

CHETTY, T. - Sentenced to six weeks with hard labour. (IO, 27 August 1910).

CHETTY, V. Chidambura - Sentenced to three months with hard labour in June 1909. (IO, 10 July 1909).

*CHETTY, V. Nadasa (Nadasen) - Hawker. Jailed in November 1908 and December 1908. (IO, 21
November and 19 December 1908). Sentenced to three months with hard labour in June 1909. (IO, 10
July 1909).

CHETTY, V. Sattayappa - Sentenced to three months with hard labour in June 1909. (IO, 10 July 1909).

*CHETTY, Veloo - A deportee and jail-bird in the satyagraha in the Transvaal. He went to Durban in 1913
and secured arrest at the Natal-Transvaal border. Subsequently released under the agreement between
Gandhi and General Smuts. (IO,19 February 1910, 4 March 1914).

CHHANA – Arrested. (IO, 26 June 1909).

CHHANA, Parbhu - Hawked without licence in Johannesburg, but was not arrested. (IO, 22 October
1913).

CHHANABHAI, Vallbhram – Released from prison in June 1909. (IO, 12 June 1909).

CHHIBA, Gopal - Sentenced in Pretoria to seven days with hard labour. (IO, 29 August 1908).

CHHITA, Khushal - Pretoria. Picket. (IO, 13 July 1907).

CHILLIA – Arrested and ordered to be deported. (IO, 9 April 1910).

CHINA, George – Shop assistant. Born in Natal. Possessed Natal domicile certificate. Deported from the
Transvaal to India. He was then 20. (IO, 16 July 1910; Ind Rev, June 1910).

CHINAH - Of Boksburg. Sentenced to 14 days with hard labour. (IO, 26 February 1910).

CHINAN - Sentenced to three months with hard labour in June 1909. (IO, 10 July 1909).

CHINANAN, Joe - Deported from the Transvaal to India. (IO, 16 April 1910).

CHINASAMY – Worker at a European cigar factory in the Transvaal. Arrested for not registering under
the Asiatic Act. (IO, 9 April 1910).

*CHINATHAMBI, V. - Hawker. Jailed in November 1908 and December 1908. (IO, 21 November, 19
December 1908).

CHINIAN, R. - Sentenced to one month with hard labour. (IO, 27 March 1909).

CHINNA, Joe - Natal-born Indian. Returned to Durban after deportation to India but was sent back to
India. (IO, 18 June 1910).

CHINNIAN, V.- Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 23 October 1909).

CHOKALINGAM - Hawker. Sentenced to seven days with hard labour. (IO, 26 September 1908).

CHRISTOPHER, Albert N. - See “Biographical Notes”.

COOK, J.M.S. – Arrested. (IO, 26 June 1909).

COOK, John - Served a prison sentence. (IO, 23 April 1910).

COOPOOSAMY - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 5 November 1910).

*COOVADIA, Ebrahim Saleji - See “Biographical Notes”.

COOVADIA, M.S. (may be E.S. Coovadia) - Satyagrahi in the first phase. Wholesale merchant.
Treasurer of British Indian Association in the Transvaal. He did not register under the Asiatic Act and was
ordered to leave the Transvaal within 14 days. (IO, 18 January 1908).

CUMARAN, S. Moothoo - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 23 October 1909).

CUPOOSAMY, S. - Deported. (IO, 19 March 1910).

DADABHAI, E.E. - Satyagrahi, first phase. A merchant, he came to South Africa in 1897. He did not
register under the Asiatic Act and was ordered to leave the Transvaal within 14 days. (IO, 18 January
1908).

*DADAMIA (DADAMIAN), Kajee Kalamian - See “Biographical Notes”.

*DADI, Malek - Sentenced to one month with hard labour in November 1908 and again in December
1908. (IO, 21 November and 19 December 1908).

DADLANI, K. N. – Of Krugersdorp. Arrested and released on bail. (IO, 12 September 1908).

DADOO, Mahomed Mamuji – Of Krugersdorp.Arrested and released on bail. (IO, 12 September 1908).

DAHYA, Ebrahim Moosa - Of Krugersdorp. Deported from the Transvaal to Natal. (IO, 30 January 1909).

DAIJEE, Bhajee Essopji - Deported from the Transvaal to Natal. Sentenced to one month with hard
labour. (IO, 26 September and 3 October 1908).

DAJEE, Kara - Of Standerton. Deported. (IO, 27 February 1909).

DALABHBHAI, Kunverji - Of Johannesburg. Satyagrahi. (IO, 22 October 1913).

DANIAL, M. - Satyagrahi. (IO, 17 June 1911).

*DANIEL - Sentenced to two months with hard labour. (IO, 31 December 1910). Sentenced to six weeks.
(IO, 21 January 1911).

*DANIEL, Paul - Arrested. (IO, 30 April 1910).

DAVE, N.B. - Chronic invalid. In prison. (IO, 27 March 1909).

DAVE, W.R - Served a term of imprisonment.

DAVID, E.M. - Transferred in April 1910 to Delagoa Bay to be deported to India. (IO, 6 April 1910).

DAWAD, Hasan Mia - Of Johannesburg. Sentenced to seven days with hard labour. (IO, 29 August
1908).

DAWAD, Mahomed - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 12 September 1908).

DAWE, Nanalal - Satyagrahi. (IO, 2 January 1909).

DAWODJEE, Amod - Vereeniging. Jailed in 1908.

DAWOOD, Shaikh - Deported from the Transvaal to India. (IO, 26 February 1910).

DAYA, E.H. - General dealer. Sentenced to fine, with no option of prison. (IO, 31 October 1908).

DAYA, Ismail Essop - General dealer. Sentenced to fine, with no option of prison. (IO, 31 October 1908).

DAYA, Kika - Served a sentence of imprisonment. (IO, 5 June 1909).

DAYA, Moosa Ismail - General dealer. Sentenced to fine, with no option of prison. (IO, 31 October 1908).

DAYA, Moosa Sale - General dealer. Sentenced to fine, with no option of prison. (IO, 31 October 1908).
DAYA, Naran - Ordered in Pretoria to leave the Transvaal by 5 January 1908 for being without
registration certificate. (IO, 1 February 1908).

DAYA, Pema - Of Standerton. Deported. (IO, 27 February 1909).

DAYAL, Bhawani (Bhawani Dayal Sannyasi) - See “Biographical Notes”.

DAYAL, Mrs. Bhawani (Jagrani) - See “Biographical Notes”.

DAYAL, Govan - Of Barberton. Deported from the Transvaal to Natal. (IO, 10 April 1909).

DAYAL, Govind - Of Krugersdorp. Deported from the Transvaal to Natal. (IO, 30 January 1909).

DENGANWALLAH (DELIGAMWALLAH) - Of Heidelberg. Satyagrahi in the first phase. Sentenced to two

months with hard labour for defying order to leave the Transvaal. (IO, 18 and 25 January 1908).

DESAI - Sentenced to six weeks with hard labour. (IO, 12 November 1910).

DESAI, E.I. - Of Standerton. General dealer. Sentenced to 14 days with hard labour. (IO, 15 August
1908).

*DESAI, Goolab K. - Satyagrahi in the first phase. He did not register under the Asiatic Act and was
ordered to leave the Transvaal within 14 days. . (IO, 18 January1908). Sentenced in July 1908 to four
days with hard labour for hawking without licence. (Nayar, p.317).

DESAI, Goolab Rudra - Pretoria. Picket. Sentenced to three months with hard labour for defying order to
leave the Transvaal (IO, 13 July 1907, 1 February 1908).

*DESAI, Jhinabhai – Of Kimberley. He was with Gandhi in Volksrust prison in 1908. He fainted from hard
labour. Sentenced in December 1913 to three months with hard labour for crossing the Cape-Transvaal
border at Kimberley. (IO, 10 December 1913).

DESAI, K. - Of Barberton. Satyagrahi in the first phase. Sentenced to two months. (IO, 25 January 1908).

DESAI, Khurshedji – Of Krugersdorp. Arrested and released on bail. (IO, 12 September 1908).

DESAI, Manilal - General dealer. Chief picket, Pretoria, 1907. Satyagrahi in the first phase. Prosecuted
on 28 December 1907 for not registering under the Asiatic Act. Ordered to leave the Transvaal and defied
the order. Released after the compromise at the end of January. Sentenced to three months with hard
labour. Also sentenced to a fine or another three months with hard labour. (IO, January 4, 11 and 18,
1908). Released at the end of January after the compromise.

DESAI, Morarji D. – A Brahmin. Satyagrahi in the first phase. Refused to register under the Asiatic Act
and was ordered to leave the Transvaal within 14 days. Released after the compromise at the end of
January.(IO, 18 and 25 January 1908).

*DESAI, Pragji Khandubhai - See “Biographical Notes”.

DESAI, Purushottamdas - Born in Porbander in 1874. In 1902 he married Anandi (Anibhen), daughter of
Abhechand Amratlal Gandhi (cousin of Gandhi.). He was in charge of Phoenix School for some time, and
assisted with the editing of the Gujarati section of Indian Opinion. Sentenced on 7 November 1910 to six
months in prison. (Phoenix Centenary, 13).
DEENDAR, Hajee Ismail Mahomed - Born in Kholvad. Arrived in South Africa in 1889, settled in
Johannesburg, Heidelberg, Ermelo and Standerton. Started a general dealer business. He was active in
the Satyagraha of 1913. He served a term of imprisonment for defying immigration law. He also assisted
strikers with food at Standerton. (Bramdaw).

DEVA, Gokal – Imprisoned in August 1908. (IO, 8 August 1908).

DEVJI, Jivanji - Hawked without licence in Johannesburg but was not arrested. (IO, 22 October 1913).

DHANA, Bhaga - Hawked without licence in Johannesburg but was not arrested. (IO, 22 October 1913).

DHANA, Dulabh - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 20 February 1909).

DHOBI, Moonsamy - Deported. (IO, 12 February 1910).

DHOBI, Nagulu - Released from prison. (IO, 25 March 1911).

DHOBI, Kesavan A. - Released from prison.. (IO, 25 March 1911).

DHOBIE, Samy - Natal-born Indian. Returned to Durban after deportation from the Transvaal to India but
was sent back to India. (IO, 18 June 1910).

DIALA, Chinan – Arrested and ordered to be deported. (IO, 16 April 1910).

DINDAR, Ismail Mahomed - Secretary of the local committee in Standerton. Sentenced to 14 days with
hard labour for trading without licence. (IO, 8 and 15 August 1908).

DOOKHIE, N,- Of Natal. Sentenced to three months with hard labour in October 1913 for crossing the
Natal-Transvaal border. (IO, 22 and 29 October 1913).

DOOWAT, Mrs. - One of six women and ten men who hawked without licence in Germiston and were
arrested in 1913. (IO, 15 October 1913).

DORABJI, Parsi – An old resident of the Transvaal who “enjoyed the respect even of President Kruger.”
Arrested at Volkrust when he arrived from Natal and refused to give thumb impression. After much
publicity in the newspapers, he was released and allowed to proceed. (IO, 1 August 1908).
DORASAMY - Released from prison on 15 December 1910. (IO, 24 December 1910).

DORASAMY (P. Daniel) – Deported to India. Returned to South Africa and landed in Cape Town. (IO, 3
December 1910).

DORASAMY, Shenmugam - Of Durban. Crossed Natal-Transvaal border and was arrested at Volksrust
on 27 October 1913. (IO, 5 November 1913).

*DORASAMY, V. - Jailed in November1908 and December 1908 for hawking. (IO, 21 November and 19
December 1908).

DOWD, Ahmed Essop - Arrested in July 1908 for hawking without licence. (IO, 25 July 1908; Nayar, p.
316).

DUKHEE (DOOKIE, DUKHI, DUKBEE) - Of Pietermaritzburg. Arrested on 30 November 1913. He was

released on bail which was set at two hundred pounds when he refused to give an undertaking to refrain
from taking part in the movement while on bail. Charges relating to strike in Pietermaritzburg were
withdrawn on instructions from the Attorney-General. (IO, 3 December 1913, 28 January 1914).

DULABH, Bhana - Of Vereeniging. Sentenced to seven days with hard labour. (IO, 22 August 1908).
DULABH, Damodar - Pre-war resident of the Transvaal. Arrested at Volksrust after crossing into the
Transvaal from Natal. (IO, 10 October 1908).

DULABH, Daya - Deported. (IO, 14 August 1909).

DULABH, Parag - Sentenced to six months. (IO, 6 March 1909).

DULABHBHAI, Kunverji - Hawked without licence in Johannesburg but was not arrested. (IO, 22 October
1913).

DURASAMY, Armugam - Deported from the Transvaal to India and returned to Durban. He was not
allowed to land. (IO, 1 October 1910).

EBRAHIM, Cassim (Kasim) - Cigar maker. Deported from the Transvaal, and landed in Colombo. He was
then 19. (IO, 30 April and 23 July 1910).

EBRAHIM, Ismail - Sentenced on 21 July 1908, to four days for hawking without licence. He paid licence
fee but refused to register under the Asiatic Act. (IO, 25 July 1908)

EBRAHIM, Mahomed – A former Transvaal resident. Crossed Natal -Transvaal border with Gandhi and
others in March 1910. He was then 47 years old. (IO, 19 March 1910).

EBRAHIM, Suliman - A hawker, resident in Johannesburg before the Anglo-Boer War. He had a Dutch
Registration Certificate. He crossed the Natal-Transvaal border in August 1908, along with 11 others, to
claim his right, under the Transvaal Immigration Restriction Act, to enter the Transvaal. He was
sentenced to deportation for not producing a registration certificate when demanded. (IO, 15 and 29
August 1908).

EDWARD, John - Chef at Trocadero restaurant in the Transvaal. Born in Natal and possessed Natal
domicile. Deported from the Transvaal to India. Returned to Durban and was allowed to land. (IO, 2, 9
and 16 April and 18 June 1910).

ELLARY - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 2 July 1910).

ELLARY (ELLERI), Moonsamy - Sentenced to one month with hard labour. Deported from the Transvaal
to India and returned to Durban where he was allowed to land. (IO, 17 October 1908, 18 June 1910).

EMAMALLY, S. - A leader of Natal Indian Association. Charged in November 1913 with incitement
(promoting a strike). Charges withdrawn later. (IO, 26 November and 17 December 1913).Elected
honorary treasurer of the South African Indian Congress at its inaugural session in 1923.

ENDROOS - Satyagrahi in the first phase. Ordered on 19 January 1908 to leave the Transvaal by 1
February for not registering under the Asiatic Act. (IO, 25 January 1908). Was not imprisoned as
compromise was reached at the end of January.

EPHRAIM, Simon - Of Newcastle, Natal. Volunteered to resist. (IO, 22 October 1913).

*ERNEST, David - Government interpreter. Refused when the Government ordered him to register under
the Asiatic Act. Ordered to leave the Transvaal within 14 days for not registering under the Asiatic Act.
He had been in the Transvaal for 24 years. He was born in Natal, married in South Africa and had eight
children born in the Transvaal. (IO, 20 July 1907, 1 February 1908). Sentenced to three months with hard
labour on 15 January 1909. Deported from the Transvaal to India, and landed in Colombo on 2 June
1910. Had Natal domicile certificate. Returned to Durban and was admitted. (IO, 27 February 1909; 16
April, 23 July and 1 October 1910; Ind Rev, June 1910).

ERNEST, Frank - Waiter. Born in Natal and possessed Natal domicile certificate. Deported from the
Transvaal to India, and landed in Colombo on 2 June 1910. Had wife and three children in the Transvaal.
Returned to Durban and was admitted. (IO, 16 April, 23 July and 1 October 1910; Ind Rev, June 1910).

*ERNEST, Solomon - Son of David Ernest, also a passive resister, born in Johannesburg in 1890.
Schoolmaster. Arrested in January 1910 and sentenced to three months. Served two terms of
imprisonment. Prominent sportsman. Pioneer settler at Tolstoy Farm in1910. (IO, 29 January, 12
February and 2 April 1910; Bramdaw).

ESSACK - Sentenced to six weeks. (IO, 21 January1911).

*ESSACK, Ismail - Of Roodepoort. Released from prison in August 1908, rearrested and sentenced to
six weeks with hard labour. Sentenced again in September 1909 to six weeks with hard labour. Deported
later in 1909 and sentenced to three months on re-entering the Transvaal. (IO, 18 August , 25 September
and 4 December 1909; 1 January 1910).

ESSACK, Mahomed - Of Krugersdorp. Deported from the Transvaal to Natal. (IO, 30 January 1909)

*ESSAKJEE. Moosa - Of Heidelberg. Satyagrahi in the first phase. Sentenced on 17 January 1908, to
two months for defying order to leave the Transvaal. Sentenced to six weeks with hard labour in October
1908. (IO, 18 and 25 January, 31 October and 12 December 1908).

ESSOP, Ahmed – Hawker. Sentenced to seven days for trading without licence. (IO, 15 August 1908).

*ESSOP, Ismail - Salesman. He crossed the Natal-Transvaal border along with several others and
claimed the right to enter the Transvaal as a pre-war resident. He was sentenced to six weeks for not
producing a registration certificate under the Asiatic Act.. Sentenced to six months with hard labour in
February 1909. Sentenced to three months with hard labour in 1911; this was his fifth jail term.Received
residential rights in the Transvaal under the provisional settlement of 1911. (IO, 15 August 1908; 13 and
20 February 1909; 4 March and 10 June 1911).

ESSOP, Mahomed - Butcher. Sentenced to one month with hard labour in October 1908. (IO, 31 October
1908).

ESSOP, Moosa - Sentenced on 21 July 1908, to four days for hawking without licence. He paid licence
fee but refused to register under the Asiatic Act. (IO, 25 July 1907).

ESSOP, Vahed Ahmed - Sentenced to six months with hard labour in February 1909. (IO, 20 February
1909).

ESSOPJI, Ali – Arrested for not registering under the Asiatic Act. (IO, 12 September 1908).

*FAJANDER, Abdul Gafur – Merchant. Acting Chairman of BIA (March 1909). Sentenced to one month in
1909. Crossed the Natal-Transvaal border with Gandhi and five others on 26 December 1909. (IO, 25
January 1908, 25 December 1909, 1 January 1910). A Konkney. Relative of Abdul Gani, the first
Chairman of British Indian Association. (IO, 13 March 1909).

FAKIRA – See “BHIKHA, Fakira”.

*FAKIRA, E.D. - Satyagrahi in the first phase. (IO, 18 January 1908). Sentenced to seven days with hard
labour in March 1909. Sentenced to three months with hard labour later in 1909. Sentenced in 1910 to
deportation. (IO, 27 March 1909, 1 January and 23 April 1910).
FANCY, M.I. - Member of British Indian Association of the Transvaal. Tried August 1908.

FANCY, M.P. - Honorary Secretary, Hamidia Islamic Society. A wholesale merchant in Johannesburg,
he had been in the Transvaal since 1889. Satyagrahi in the first phase. (IO, 18 January 1908).
Sentenced to three months with hard labour in March 1909.(IO, 27 February, 13 March and 20 March
1909). Greatly helped passive resistance struggle. (IO, 28 January 1914).

FEROZE, Mulla Bapu - Parsi from Natal. Sentenced to three months with hard labour in February 1909.
(IO, 27 February 1909).

FRAMJI, Ardeshir - Pretoria. Picket. (IO, 13 July 1907).

FRANCIS - Satyagrahi in the first phase. (IO, 18 January 1908). Sentenced to three months with hard
labour in April 1910. (IO, 23 April 1910).

FRANCIS, C. Samuel – Cook and barber. Went to Natal in 1896 under indenture. Deported from the
Transvaal and arrived in Bombay in July 1910. He had wife and three children in the Transvaal. (IO, 16
July 1910; Ind Rev, June 1910).

FRANCIS, Dominic - Of Durban. Arrested at Volksrust on 27 October 1913 for crossing Natal-Transvaal
border. (IO, 5 November 1913).

FRANCIS, G. S. - Of Boksburg. Deported from the Transvaal to India on 18 March 1910. (IO, 5 and 19
March and 24 September 1910).

FRANCIS, Naga - Sentenced in 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 2 January and 13 and 20
March 1909).

FRANCIS, Nayanah – Released from prison in June 1909. (IO, 12 June 1909). Deported from the
Transvaal to India in 1910. Returned to Durban later in the year and was admitted. (IO, 16 April and 1
October 1910).

FRANCIS, Rajah - Sentenced in June 1909 in Pretoria to three months with hard labour. (IO, 2 January,
20 February, 26 June and 10 July 1909).

FRANCIS, Samuel - Deported from the Transvaal to India, returned to Durban and was allowed to land.
(IO, 18 June 1910).

FRANCIS, Veerasamy (Vera) – See “VEERASAMY, Francis”.

*FRANK, E.E.J. - Released in July 1909 and rearrested. (IO, 17 July 1909).

GABRIEL, Louis – Waiter. Deported from the Transvaal and arrived in Colombo on 2 June 1910. He was
then 16. Returned to Durban, was not allowed to land and sent to Port Elizabeth. (IO, 23 July 23 and 1
October 1910; Ind Rev, June 1910). Crossed the Transvaal border from the Cape and was arrested in
Christiana. (IO, 3 December 1910).

GANDEVI, Khatri Damodar Durlabb – Awaiting trial. (IO, 17 October 1908).

GANGARAM, Babu - Pretoria. Picket. Charged at the end of December with not registering under the
Asiatic Act. He told the Court that the Act was not a law for human beings but for dogs. They could send
him to prison or cut him to pieces but he would not register. (IO, 13 July 1907, 4 January 1908).

GANDHI, Chhaganlal Khushalchand – See “Biographical Notes”.

GANDHI, Gokuldas P. - He arrived in Natal around 1896 and lived in Tongaat. Led a party of passive
resisters from Tongaat district in 1913. Released on 6 January 1914. (IO, 7 January and 2 September
1914)

*GANDHI, Harilal Mohandas - See “Biographical Notes”.

GANDHI, Jamnadas Khushalchand - Son of Khushalchand Gandhi and youngest brother of Chaganlal
and Maganlal. Close friend of Manilal Gandhi. Sentenced in December 1913 to three months for crossing
Cape-Transvaal border near Kimberley. Released from Port Elizabeth prison on 10 February 1914. Later
went to India and became principal of Rajkot Rashtriya Shala (national school). (IO, 10 December 1913
and 18 February 1914).

GANDHI, Kalidas - Tongaat, Natal. Satyagrahi. (IO, 8 October 1911).

GANDHI, Mrs. Kashi Chhaganlal - She was one of fifteen pioneer passive resisters in the third phase of
Satyagraha. They left the Phoenix Settlement on 15 September 1913, and crossed the Transvaal border.
They were sentenced on 23 September to three months with hard labour. (IO, 1 October 1913).

GANDHI, Mrs. Kasturba Kapadia - See “Biographical Notes”.

.
*GANDHI, Manilal Mohandas - See “Biographical Notes”.

*GANDHI, Mohandas Karamchand – See “Biographical Notes”.

GANDHI, Ramdas Mohandas - See “Biographical Notes”.

GANDHI, Mrs. Santok Maganlal - See “Biographical Notes”.

GANGARAM (GUNGARAM), Babu - Of Pretoria. Satyagrahi in the first phase. Did not register under the
Asiatic Act. Ordered to leave the Transvaal and defied the order. Sentenced to three months with hard
labour. Also sentenced to a fine or another three months with hard labour. Released after the provisional
settlement at the end of January 1908. (IO, 4, 11 and 18 January 1908).

GANI (GANIE), Abdul – First Chairman of British Indian Association of the Transvaal . Satyagrahi in the
first phase. Arrested on 22 January 1908 and remanded. Released after provisional settlement at the end
of January 1908. (IO, 25 January 1908).

GARDIE (GARDI), Jussab Ebrahim - Satyagrahi in the first phase. Did not register under the Asiatic Act
and was ordered to leave the Transvaal within 14 days. Released after compromise at the end of January
1908. (IO, 18 and 25 January 1908).

GHELA, Lallu – Imprisoned in August 1908. (IO, 8 August 1908).

GHELANI, Manjee Nathubai - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 27 March 1909).

*GHELANI, Mohan Manju – Sentenced in January 1910 to ten days with hard labour for hawking without
licence. He was under 16 and had already served a term of imprisonment. (IO, 22 January1910).

GOKALDA - Satyagrahi in1913. Released in December 1913. (IO, 24 December 1913).

GOKUL, Amershi - Of Pietersburg. Appeared in Court on 28 December 1907 for not registering under the
Asiatic Act. Ordered to leave the Transvaal within four days. (IO, 4 January 1908).

GOKULDAS, Pujari - One of six women and ten men who hawked without licence in Germiston and were
arrested in October 1913. (IO, 15 October 1913).
GOOLAB, Keshav - Sentenced on 21 July 1908, to four days for hawking without licence. He paid licence
fee but refused to register under the Asiatic Act. (IO, 25 July 1908)

GOPAL, K. - Of Pretoria. Deported from the Transvaal to Natal. (IO, 2 January 1909).

*GOPAL, N. - Of Pretoria. Brother-in-law of G.P. Vyas. Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard
labour. Sentenced again in October 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 20 February, 26 June, 10
July and 23 October 1909).

GOPAL, N. - Pretoria. Picket. Sentenced to three months with hard labour for defying order to leave the
Transvaal (IO, 13 July 1907, 1 February 1908).

*GOPAL, R. - Released after seven days with hard labour. Rearrested, sentenced to 3 months. (IO, 4
December 1909).

GOPALJI, Ranchodji - Of Krugersdorp. Deported from the Transvaal to Natal. (IO, 30 January 1909).

GOPAUL, Leo Rajah - Born in Pietermaritzburg. “Was a strong passive resister during the strike of 1913.”
(Bramdaw).

GOSHALIA, Mohanlal Narbheram. - Bookkeeper and interpreter in Natal. After passing the education test
in Natal and the Transvaal, he crossed the Natal-Transvaal border in August 1908, along with 11 others,
to claim his right as an educated person, under the Transvaal Immigration Restriction Act, to enter the
Transvaal. He refused to register under the Asiatic Act. Sentenced to four months with hard labour. (IO,
16 and 29 August and 31 October 1908)

GOVIND, Narotam - Discharged with warning for hawking without licence. He was only 12-years-old. (IO,
11 September 1909).

GOVIND, Morar – Of Windsorton. Sentenced in December 1913 to three months with hard labour for
crossing Cape-Transvaal border near Kimberley. (IO, 10 December 1913).

GOVINDA, Sinia - Arrested. (IO, 5 and 12 March 1910).

GOVINDAN, Chinna – Laundryman. Went to Natal around 1893 under indenture. Deported from the
Transvaal. Arrived in Bombay in July 1910. (IO, 16 July 1910; Ind Rev, June 1910).

GOVINDARAJULU, V - Student at Phoenix Settlement. He was one of fifteen pioneer passive resisters in
1913. They left the Phoenix Settlement on 15 September and crossed the Transvaal border. They were
sentenced on 23 September to three months with hard labour. (IO, 1 October 1913).

GOVINDASAMY, L. - Deported from the Transvaal to India. (IO, 16 April 1910).

GOVINDASAMY, Muthu - Cigar maker. Deported from the Transvaal. Arrived in Bombay in July 1910.
He was 17. (IO, 16 July 1910).

GOVINDASAMY, Tommy - Transferred in April 1910 to Delagoa Bay to be deported to India. (IO, 16 April
1910).

GOVINDEN - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 5 November 1910).

GOVINDEN, K. - Deported from the Transvaal to India. Returned to Durban, was not allowed to land and
was sent to Port Elizabeth. (IO,1 October 1910).

GOVINDEN, M. - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour. Age 60. (IO, 10 July 1909).
GOVINDER, Chinia - Deported from the Transvaal to India on 18 March 1910. Returned to Durban, was
not allowed to land and was sent to Port Elizabeth. (IO, 19 March and 1 October 1910). – “Played a
splendid role in the movement.” (IO, 18 April 1908).

GOVINDJEE - Sentenced to three months with hard labour for managing E.I. Aswat’s store without
licence. (IO, 29 May 1909).

GOVINDJEE, Gokaldas – Passive resister. Remanded. (IO, 5 September 1908).

GOVINDOO, Rugoo (Raju) (Master Govindrajulu) (RAJOO, Govindaswami) (Govindoo Samy) - Worked
for the railways as messenger, and then as a house servant in Umkomaas before starting employment at
the International Printing Press. One of the founding settlers at Phoenix, was in charge of the machinery,
printing and binding. Was a compositor as well. Student at Phoenix Settlement. He was one of fifteen
pioneer passive resisters iin 1913. They left the Phoenix Settlement on 15 September 1913, and crossed
the Transvaal border. They were sentenced on 23 September to three months with hard labour. (IO, 1
October 1913; Phoenix Centenary).

GOVINDRAM, Goolabdas (Gulabhdas) - Of Germiston. Priest in charge of the Hindu temple in

Germiston. Arrested for hawking without licence. Left Germiston for Newcastle at the commencement of
the strike, together with Bhawani Dayal, Raghubar and Sivaprasad. They were arrested while moving
among the indentured labourers and sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 15 October 1913, 4
March 1914). Discharged from Durban Central gaol on 19 January 1914. Was in hospital for the last few
weeks of imprisonment. (IO, 21 January 1914).

GOVINDSAMY- Worker at a European factory in the Transvaal. Arrested for not registering under the
Asiatic Act.. (IO, 9 April 1910).

GOVINDSAMY - Deported to Mauritius. (IO, 25 June 1910).

GOVINDSAMY, Ganpathy - Released from prison. (IO, 10 December 1910).

GOVINDU, N. - Sentenced to six weeks with hard labour. (IO, 31 October 1908).

GULAL, Keshav - Sentenced on 21 July 1908 to four days for hawking without licence. He paid licence
fee but refused to register under the Asiatic Act. (Nayar, pp. 315-16).

GURAPPA, Balbader – Machine driver. Went to Natal under indenture. Deported from the Transvaal.
Landed in Colombo on 2 June 1910. (IO, 23 July 1910).

GURUNATHAN - Sentenced to seven days with hard labour for hawking without licence. (IO, 26
September 1908).

HAJURASINGH (HAZARASINGH, HAZURASINGH) – See “SINGH, Babu Hazura”.

*HALIM, Ahmed - Storekeeper. Was in South Africa since about 1888, and in the Transvaal since about
1895. Satyagrahi in the first phase. (IO, 18 January 1908). Sentenced to three months with hard labour in
March 1909. (IO, 13 and 20 March 1909).

HANIFA Bibi - Mother of Mrs. Sheikh Mehtab. Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 14
January 1914). See “MEHTAB, Mrs. Sheikh.”
HANSRAJ, Gokuldas - Student at Phoenix Settlement. Member of pioneer party of resisters from Phoenix
Settlement in 1913. Sentenced on 23 September to three months with hard labour. He was then not yet
18. (IO, 1 October and 24 December 1913).

HARI, Soni Valji - Released from prison and rearrested. (IO, 5 June 1909).

HARRY, Lazarus - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. Released from prison in March 1910.
(IO, 25 December 1909, 19 March 1910).

HASSAN, Adam - Sentenced to one month with hard labour. (IO, 27 March 1909).

HASSAN, Moosa - Of Potchefstroom. Satyagrahi in the first phase. Ordered to leave the Transvaal by
noon on 31 January 1908. (IO, 25 January 1908).

HASSAN, Suleman – Krugersdorp hawker. Sentenced to one day fo hawking without a licence. (IO, 12
September 1908).

HAZURASINGH – See “SINGH, Hazura”.

HEMANDAS - Of Potchefstroom. Satyagrahi in the first phase. Ordered to leave the Transvaal by noon
on 31 January 1908. (IO, 25 January1908).

HOOSAIN, Suliman - Arrested. (IO, 25 December 1909).

HOOSEN, Adam - Sentenced to one month with hard labour. (IO, 21November and 19 December 1908).

HOOSEN, Ebrahim - Pre-war resident of the Transvaal. Sentenced to six months with hard labour in
February 1909. (IO, 15 August 1908; 13 and 20 February 1909).

HOOSEN, Ibrahim – Arrested. He had started a hair-cutting saloon. (IO, 8 January 1910).

HOOSEN, Valli - Hawker. Sentenced to seven days for trading without licence. But released when
government found he had a llicence. (IO, 15 August 1908).

HURBATSINGH (HARBATSINGH) - See “Biographical Notes”.

HUSSEIN, Ibrahim – Ordered to be deported. (IO, 5 September 1908).

HYAKVATRI, Narainsamy - Awaiting deportation from the Transvaal. (IO, 30 April 1910).

IBRAHIM – Butcher. Sentenced in August 1908 to eight days for trading without licence. (IO, 29 August
1908).

IBRAHIM,Ismail - Wholesale and retail merchant in Pretoria. Satyagrahi in the first phase. Did not register
under the Asiatic Act and was ordered to leave the Transvaal within 14 days. (IO, 18 January 1908).

ICHHARAM, Dulabh - Of Standerton. General dealer. Sentenced to14 days with hard labour. (IO, 15
August 1908).

ICHHARAM, Ranchhod - Satyagrahi in the first phase. Did not register under the Asiatic Act and was
ordered to leave the Transvaal within 14 days. (IO, 18 and 25 January 1908).

IKEE - Of Krugersdorp. Laundryman. Sentenced to three days with hard labour. (IO, 19 September
1908).
ISAAC (ISAACS), A.D. - Deported from the Transvaal to India, returned to Durban and was admitted.
(IO, 16 and 30 April, and 1 October 1910).

ISAAC, Dorasamy – Waiter. Deported from the Transvaal to India and landed in Colombo on 2 June
1910. (IO, 23 July 1910; Ind Rev, June 1910).

ISAAC, Gabriel – See “Biographical Notes”.

ISMAIL, Alibhai - Johannesburg trader. Sentenced to fine without option of prison. (IO, 21 November
1908).

ISMAIL, Ebrahim - Of Vereeniging. Sentenced on 20 July 1908, to four days with hard labour for hawking
without licence. He paid licence fee but refused to register under the Asiatic Act. (Nayar, p. 317).

ISMAIL, Moosa- Of Vereeniging. Deported from the Transvaal to Natal. (IO, 2 January1909).

ISMAIL, Suliman - Of Krugersdorp. Deported from the Transvaal to Natal. (IO, 30 January 1909).

ISMAIL, Suliman - Of Barberton. Deported from the Transvaal to Natal. (IO, 10 April 1909).

ISSOP, Usop - Picket. (IO, 3 October 1908).

IYAKUTTY, Narayanasamy – Laundryman. Deported from the Transvaal. Landed in Colombo on 2 June
1910. (IO, 23 July 1910).

JACKSON, H.V. - Transferred on 9 April1910, to Delagoa Bay to be deported to India. (IO, 16 April 1910).

JAFFER. Ali - Butcher. Sentenced to one month with hard labour. (IO, 31 October 1908).

JAMAL, Ebrahim - Of Johannesburg. Sentenced to seven days with hard labour. (IO, 29 August 1908).

JAMES, Moses - Of Heath's Hotel, Transvaal. Arrested on 15 April 1910 and ordered to be deported. (IO,
16 April 1910).

JAMES, R.D. - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 14 August 1909).

JAMES, R.T. - Arrested. (IO, 30 April 1910).

JAMESON, Robert – Hawker. Sentenced on 14 August 1908 for hawking without licence. (IO, 5 and 12
September 1908).

JAN, Baba - General dealer. Sentenced to fine, with no option of prison. (IO, 31 October 1908).

JAN, Baba - Butcher. Sentenced to one month with hard labour. (IO, 31 October 1908).

JANAKI - Of Tongaat. Former indentured labourer paying three pound tax. Satyagrahi in the last phase.
Discharged from Durban jail on 6 January 1914. (IO, 8 October 1913; 7 January 1914).

JEAN, Ismail - Of Heidelberg. Storekeeper. Sentenced to five pounds without option of prison. (IO, 29
August 1908).

JEEVANJEE - Of Transvaal. He went to Natal in November 1913 and did useful work in Phoenix and
Durban, but was not successful in getting arrested. (IO, 4 March 1914).

JERAM, Narsi – Businessman of Johannesburg.Ordered to leave the Transvaal within 14 days for not
registering under the Asiatic Act. He had been in the Transvaal for 12 years. (IO, 1 February 1908).
JHINA, Rahim - Sentenced in December 1913 to three months with hard labour for crossing Cape-
Transvaal border near Kimberley. (IO, 10 December 1913).

JHINABHAI - Sentenced to six weeks with hard labour. (IO, 17 October 1908).

JHINNABHAI (CHHANABHAI), Vallabhram - Sentenced to three months with hard labour in March 1909
for crossing the Transvaal border. (IO, 27 February, 6, 13 and 20 March 1909). See also
“VALLABHRAM”.

JIGA, Osman - Of Potchefstroom. Ordered to leave the Transvaal by the end of January 1908 for being
without registration certificate. (IO, 1 February 1908).

JIMMY - Of Barberton. Satyagrahi in the first phase. Sentenced to two months. (IO, 25 January 1908).

JIMMEY, M. - Transferred from the Transvaal to Delagoa Bay to be deported to India. (IO, 16 April 1910).

JIMMY, V. M. - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 10 July 1909).

JIVAN, Dhobee - Sentenced to six weeks with hard labour. (IO, 2 January 1909).

JIVAN, Magan - Sentenced to seven days with hard labour for hawking without licence. (IO, 26
September 1908).

JOE, Chinniah - Deported to India from the Transvaal, returned to Durban and was admitted. (IO, 1
October 1910).

JOGI, Karsan (Karson) - Pre-war resident of the Transvaal. Arrested at Volksrust after crossing into the
Transvaal from Natal. Sentenced to one month with hard labour. (IO, 10 and 17 October 1908).

JOHAN, Aron - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 10 July 1909).

JOHN – Sentenced to six weeks imprisonment. (IO, 5 and 12 March 1910).

JOHN, Aaron – Teacher employed in Transvaal Government school. Born in the Transvaal. Was in jail.
Deported to India from the Transvaal. Landed in Colombo on 2 June 1910. Returned to Durban and was
admitted. (IO, 16 April, 23 July and 1 October 1910).

JOHN, C. - Arrested. (IO, 30 April 1910).

JOHN, C.C. - Satyagrahi. (IO, 17 June 1911).

JOHN, Rome – Arrested. (IO, 26 June 1909).

JOOMA, Ismail - Satyagrahi in the first phase. Did not register under the Asiatic Act. Ordered to leave the
Transvaal and defied the order. Sentenced to three months with hard labour.Released after the
provisional settlement at the end of January 1908. (IO, 11 and 18 January 1908).

JOOMA, Valli - Pre-war resident of the Transvaal. Passive resister. (IO, 29 August, 5 and 12 September
1908).

JOOTY, G.S. - Of Boksburg. Sentenced to 14 days with hard labour. (IO, 26 February 1910).

*JOSEPH, Samuel - Sentenced in Volksrust in January 1910 to three months with hard labour for
crossing the Natal-Transvaal border. Sentenced to six weeks with hard labour in May 1910. Mr. Joseph, a
nephew of Joseph Royeppen, was born in South Africa. He was headmaster of the Seaview School,
Durban, and an organist in a Native Protestant Church. (IO, 25 December1909; 29January and 14 and
27May1910).

JOSEY - Sentenced in Volksrust in December 1913 for crossing Natal-Transvaal border. (IO, 31
December 1913).

*JOSHI, Harishanker Ishwar - See “Biographical Notes”.

JOSHI, Mohanlal – An interpreter in the court at Pretoria. Dismissed by the Government for failing to
register under the Asiatic Act. (IO, 21 December 1907)

JUMA, Ismail - Of Pretoria. Sentenced to three days with hard labour. (IO, 19 September 1908).

JUTHA, Tulsi - See “SONI, Tulsi Jutha “.

KABABODY- Released from prison. (IO, 13 August 1910).

KABUTHAR, Mrs. – She was a member of the second batch of eight Transvaal women who went to Natal
in order to explain the £3 tax to indentured workers and encourage them to suspend work until the
government undertook to abolish the tax. They were sentenced in December 1913 to three months with
hard labour for crossing the Natal-Transvaal border. (IO, 24 December 1913).

KADAN, Bhikha- Satyagrahi. (IO, 17 October 1908).

KADIR, Ebrahim – Of Windsorton. Sentenced in December 1913 to three months with hard labour for
crossing the Cape-Transvaal border near Kimberley. (IO, 10 December 1913).

KAJEE, Abdul Hak - See “KAZI, Abdul Hack”.

KAJI, Isnail – Arrested and released on bail. (IO, 12 September 1908).

KALA, Jagjivan - Deported from the Transvaal to India. (IO, 12 February 1910).

KALAN, Sana - Hawked in Johannesburg without licence, but was not arrested. (IO, 5 November 1913)

KALIAN, Bhika - Charged for not producing a registration certificate on demand after crossing the Natal-
Transvaal border. Detained and deported. (IO, 15 and 29 August 1908).

KAMBODI, VEERASWAMY- Returned from deportation to India from the Transvaal and allowed to land in
Durban. (IO, 18 June 1910).

KANAGAPADIACHY, Manpadiachi – Bottle seller. Deported from the Transvaal and arrived in
Bombay.(IO, 16 July 1910; Ind Rev, June 1910).

*KANDASAMY, S. - Hawker. Jailed in November 1908 and December 1908. (IO, 21 November and 19
December 1908).

KANJI, Morar - Of Johannesburg. Sentenced to seven days with hard labour in July 1908 for hawking
without licence. (IO, 1 August 1908). Hawked without licence but was not arrested. (IO, 22 October 1913).

KANUMIA, Hassan Suliman - Of Middelburg. Released early due to permanent ill-health. (hysteria). (IO,
15 May 2009).

KARA - Sentenced. (IO, 4 March 1911).

KARA, Gopaljee - Sentenced to six months with hard labour. (IO, 20 February 1909).

KARA, Suka – Released from prison. (IO, 5 June 1909).

KARIM, Abdul - Of Tongaat. Satyagrahi in the last phase. Discharged from Durban jail on 6 January
1914. (IO, 7 January 1914).

KARODIA, Ahmed - Merchant. Satyagrahi in the first phase. Ordered to leave the Transvaal within 14
days for not registering under the Asiatic Act. (IO, 25 January 1908).

KARSONJI, Mawji - Former member of the Indian Army and pre-war resident of the Transvaal. Sentenced
to six weeks with hard labour. (IO, 17 October 1908).

KARUPEN - Awaiting trial. (IO, 19 February 1910).

KASSAM (KASSAN), Bhika (Beekah) - Sentenced to three months with hard labour in June 1909. (IO, 26
June and10 July 1909).

KATHIA – Laundryman. Born in Natal and had Natal Domicile Certificsate. Deported from the Transvaal.
Arrived in Bombay. Wife and child were in the Transvaal. He was then 25. (IO, 16 July 1910).

KAYAT, Moosa Ismail - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 6 February 1909).

KAZI, Abdul Hack - A leader of Natal Indian Association. Charged on 19 November 1913 with promoting
strike (incitement). Charges were withdrawn later. (IO, 26 November and 17 December 1913).

KAZI, Ebrahim - Trader. Went to prison after transferring his business to a white. (IO, 9 January 1909).

KAZI, Ismail – Of Krugersdorp. Arrested and released on bail. (IO, 12 September 1908).

KAZI, Kalkmia Dadamia - Jailed in 1909.

KESHAV, Bhikha - Of Krugersdorp. Deported from the Transvaal to Natal. (IO, 30 January 1909).

KHAN, Dildar - He worked for a firm of European wholesale merchants. Dismissed in 1908 for refusing to
accept the Asiatic Act. He was elected Acting Chairman of Transvaal British Indian Association in March
1909. (IO, 29 August 1908; 28 March 1909).

KHAN, Hajee Adam - Sentenced to six months with hard labour. (IO, 11 June 1910).

KHAN, Jamadar Nawab - See “Biographical Notes”.

KHAN, Mahomed - Brother of Dildar Khan. Picket. Sentenced to two months with hard labour. (IO, 3
October 1908; 15 May and 17 July 1909).

KHAN, Meer Allam (Mir Alam) - A Pathan mattress weaver. He went to the Transvaal with the British
forces during the Anglo-Boer War. He received a certificate of appreciation for his services and was
allowed residence in the Transvaal. He assaulted Gandhi in February 1908 for signing an agreement with
General Smuts for voluntary registration, but later became a friend of Gandhi. He was deported to India in
1909 for refusing to register under the Asiatic Act. (IO, 1 May and 26 June 1909)

Khan, Rahim- Arrested with Gandhi at Standerton on 9 November 1913, during the Great March and
charged with incitement. Sentenced to six months with hard labour, suspended for 12 months. (IO, 19
November 1913).
KHAN, S. Bob – Sentenced to three months with hard labour in Volksrust in December 1913 for crossing
the Natal-Transvaal border. (IO, 31 December 1913).

KHAN, Samandar - See “Biographical Notes”.

KHANDABHAI (KHANDOOBHAI), Jhinabhai - Storekeeper. Was in the Transvaal since about 1894 and
stayed on during the Anglo-Boer War. Satyagrahi in the first phase. (IO, 18 January 1908).

KHANDERIA, M.M. - Of Pietersburg. Prosecuted in December 1907 for not registering under the Asiatic
Act and ordered to leave the Transvaal within four days. (IO, 28 December 1907; 4 January 1908).

KHARWA, Hajee Ismail Amod - Born in Surat in 1886. Arrived in South Africa in 1893. Businessman. A
leader of the Natal Indian Congress. Took active part in the Satyagraha in 1913. (Bramdaw).

KHOJA, Anandji - Pretoria. Picket. Sentenced to three months with hard labour for defying order to leave
the Transvaal (IO, 13 July 1907, 1 February 1908).

KHUSHAL, Dulabh - Sentenced on 25 January 1909 to 21 days for trading without licence. (IO, 30
January 1909).

KILLAVALA (KILLIWALA), Mohanlal Parmandas - See “Biographical Notes”.

KISTAPPA - Deported to India from the Transvaal, returned to Durban and was admitted. (IO, 23 April
and 1 October 1910).

KISTEN, Samy - Deported to India from the Transvaal on 18 March 1910. (IO, 19 March 1910).

*KISTEN, Venkatsamy - Deported to India from the Transvaal, returned to Durban, not allowed to land
and sent to Port Elizabeth. (IO, 1 October 1910). Released from prison, 15 December 1910. (IO, 24
December 1910).

KISTNAPAH - Awaiting deportation. (IO, 30 April 1910).

KISTNASAMY, Govindasamy - Sentenced in July 1908 to seven days with hard labour for hawking
without licence. (IO, 1 August 1908).

KOLANDAVILLE - Deported from the Transvaal to India, returned to Durban and was admitted. (IO, 1
October 1910).

KOLIA, Essop Moosa – A former Transvaal resident. Crossed Natal-Transvaal border with Gandhi and
11 others in March 1910. Sentenced on 24 March 1910 to three months with hard labour. He was about
35 years of age. (IO, 19 March and 9 April 1910).

KOMBODI, Veerasamy – Laundryman. Went to Natal under indenture. Deported from the Transvaal.
Arrived in Bombay. He had wife and two children in the Transvaal. (IO, 16 July 1910; Ind Rev, June 1910)

KONKNI, Mahomed Hoosen - He crossed the Natal-Transvaal border in August 1908, along with 11
others, to claim his right, under the Transvaal Immigration Restriction Act, to enter the Transvaal.
Sentenced to deportation for not producing registration certificate when demanded. (IO, 15 and 29 August
1908).

*KOOPERSAMY, T.- Hawker. Jailed in November and December 1908. (IO, 21 November and 19
December 1908).
*KOTHARA, Amod - Sentenced in July 1908 to 14 days with hard labour for hawking without licence. He
had already served two terms in prison. (IO, 15 August 1908).

KOTHARI, Mawji Karsanji - Pre-war resident of the Transvaal. (IO, 10 October 1908).

*KRASHANA, N. - Hawker. Jailed in November and December 1908. (IO, 21 November and 19
December 1908).

KRISHNA, Sabapathy - Deported from the Transvaal to India, returned to Durban, not allowed to land and
sent to Port Elizabeth. (IO, 16 July and 1 October 1910).

KRISHNA, Venkatasawmi – General dealer. Deported from the Transvaal to India in 1910. (Ind Rev,
June 1910)

KRISHNAN, S. - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 23 October 1909).
KRISHNAN, Sabapathy – Laundryman. Deported from the Transvaal. (Ind Rev, June 1910).

KRISHNASAMY - Of Johannesburg. Hawked without licence but not arrested. (IO, 22 October 1913).

KRISNASAMY, V.- Deported from the Transvaal to India, returned to Durban, not allowed to land and
sent to Port Elizabeth. (IO, 1 October 1910).

KRISTNAN, S. - Awaiting trial. (IO, 19 February 1910).

KUBER, Parbhoo - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 27 March 1909).

KUMARAN, Moothoo - Released from prison. (IO, 22 January 1910).

KUMARASAMY - Released from prison. (IO, 25 March 1911).

KUMARSWAMY - Deported from the Transvaal. (IO, 19 March 1910).

*KUNKEY (KUNKE), Mahomed Ebrahim – Merchant. Konkani. Veteran passive resister. Satyagrahi in the
first phase. Ordered to leave the Transvaal within 14 days for not registering under the Asiatic Act. (IO,
25 January 1908). Sentenced on 22 July 1908 to four days with hard labour for hawking without a licence.
(IO, 25 July and 3 October 1908). Sentenced to three months in November 1909. (IO, 20 November
1909). Went to Natal in 1913 and succeeded in being arrested at Volksrust where he received the usual
sentence of three months with hard labour on 12 Dcember. (Nayar, p. 317; IO, 17 December 1913, 4
March 1914).

KUPPUSAMY, Subramania – Hawker. Deported from the Transvaal. Arrived in Bombay. (IO, 16 July
1910; Ind Rev, June 1910).

KURRIAN, R.M. - Of Newcastle. Volunteered to resist. (IO, 22 October 1913).

KURSONJI, Vasanji - General dealer. Sentenced to a fine, with no option of prison. (IO, 31 October
1908).

LADHA, Valjee - Jeweller. Charged for refusing to give thumb-print. (IO, 5 September 1908).

LADHASINGH - Of Boksburg. Ordered to leave the Transvaal within 14 days for non-possession of
registration certificate. First to be prosecuted in Boksburg under the Asiatic Registration Act. (IO, 1
February 1908).

LALA, Dajee - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 20 February 1909).
LALA, Ruddhia – Krugersdorp. Ordered to leave the Transvaal within 14 days. (IO, 1 February 1908).

LALA, Vasan - Pre-war resident of the Transvaal. Arrested at Volksrust after crossing into the Transvaal
from Natal. (IO, 10 October 1908).

LALBIGUDU - Deported from the Transvaal to India, returned to Durban and was admitted. (IO, 1 October
1910).

LALLA, Bhika – Ordered in Pretoria to leave the Transvaal by 5 January 1908 for being without
registration certificate. (IO, 1 February 1908).

LATCHIGADU – Gardener. Went to Natal under contract. Deported from the Transvaal. Arrived in
Bombay. (IO, 16 July 1910; Ind Rev, June 1910).

LATCHMAN, Frank - Picket. Charged on 13 November 1907 with incitement and assault – for threatening
an Indian who wished to register. Charges withdrawn when the Indian denied assault. (IO, 23 November
1907; Nayar, p. 136).

LATCHMANAN - Sentenced in Volksrust in December 1913. (IO, 31 December 1913).

LATCHMANAN - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 10 July 1909).

LAZARUS, Anthony Orlappan - Deported from the Transvaal to India, returned to Durban and was
admitted. (IO, 1 October 1910).

LAZARUS, Arulapurn(Arulappen) John - Deportee from the Transvaal, landed in Bombay in May 1910.
Then 14, with mother in Johannesburg. Returned to Durban, not allowed to land and sent to Port
Elizabeth. (IO, 16 July and 1 October 1910; Ind Rev, June 1910).

LAZARUS, Arulappen Willy – Brother of John (above). Cigar-maker. Deported from the Transvaal to India
in 1910. Landed in Bombay in May. Then 19. (IO, 16 July 1910; Ind Rev, June 1910).

LAZARUS, Dick T. - Arrested. (IO, 30 April 1910).

LAZARUS, Ellapan Willy - Worker at a European factory in the Transvaal. Arrested for not registering
under the Asiatic Act. (IO, 9 April 1910).

LAZARUS, Harry – Waiter. Born in the Cape. Possessed Natal domicile certificate. Had been in jail.
Deported from the Transvaal, landed in Colombo on 2 June 1910. Returned to Durban and was admitted.
(IO, 16 April, 23 July and 1 October 1910; Ind Rev, June 1910).

LAZARUS, I.M. – Member of Natal Indian Association. Charged on 19 November with abetting the strike
of Indian workers. (IO, 26 November 1913). Charges were withdrawn later.

LAZARUS, J.H. - A leader of Natal Indian Association. Charged in November 1913 with promotion of
strike (incitement).Charges withdrawn later. (IO, 26 November and 17 December 1913).

LAZARUS, Jesudason (Dossen) – See “Biographical Notes”.

LAZARUS, John - Worker at a European cigar factory in the Transvaal. Arrested and transferred to
Delagoa Bay on 9 April 1910 for deportation to India. (IO, 9 and 16 April 1910).

LAZARUS, Willie - Natal-born Indian. Deported from the Transvaal to India. Returned to Durban and was
sent back to India; admitted when returned to Durban again. (IO, 16 April, 18 June and 1 October 1910).
LAZARUS, W.B. - Of Natal. Charged with promoting strike and inciting violence. (IO, 17 December 1913).
Charges withdrawn later.

LETCEY - Transferred from the Transvaal to Delagoa Bay for deportation to India. (IO, 16 April 1910).

LETCHYMANAM -Sentenced in Volksrust in December 1913 for crossing Natal-Transvaal border. (IO, 31
December 1913).

LIMBAR, Ebrahim – Satyagrahi. Of Christiana. (IO, September 1908).

LIMDA, Ibrahim – Of Christiana. Sentenced to six weeks for carrying on trade without a licence. (IO, 12
September 1908). See “BELIM”.

LINGAM, V. - Deported to India from the Transvaal. Returned to Durban, not to allowed to land and sent
to Port Elizabeth. (IO,16 and 30 April, and 1 October 1910).

LINGHAM - Sentenced to two months with hard labour. (IO, 31 December 1910).

LUCHIGADU - Released after six weeks with hard labour. (IO, 26 November 1910).

LUCHMAN, Pugna - Arrested. (IO, 30 April 1910).

LUTCHMAN - Deported from the Transvaal to India, returned to Durban, not allowed to land and sent to
Port Elizabeth. (IO, 11 June and 1 October 1910).

LUTCHMAN - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 5 November 1910).

MADRIMUTHU - – “Played a splendid role in the movement.” (IO, 18 April 1908).

*MADURAI, Philip - Sentenced to two months with hard labour. Released after serving 14 days in prison.
(IO, 14 January and 7 November 1911). Then crossed the Transvaal border from Bloemfontein and
was arrested. (IO, 7 January 1911).

MADURAMUTHOO - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 5 November 1910).

MADURAMUTHU - Deported from the Transvaal to India, returned to Durban, not allowed to land and
sent to Port Elizabeth. (IO, 1 October 1910).

MAHABEER, Mrs. - Imprisoned for three months.

MAHARAJ, Behareelal - Arrested with Gandhi at Standerton on 9 November 1913, during the Great
March and charged with incitement. Sentenced to six months with hard labour, suspended for 12 months.
(IO, 19 November 1913).

MAHARAJ (MAHRAGE), Baboolal - Born in Port Elizabeth on 17 June 1884. Businessman and property
owner. Took part in the Satyagraha and served a term of imprisonment of three months. Sentenced in
June 1909 to three months with hard labour. Died in Pretoria, 1935. (IO, 10 July 1909; Bramdaw).

MAHARAJ, Gayadin - Of Durban. Arrested at Volksrust on 27 October 1913 for crossing Natal-Transvaal
border. (IO, 5 November 1913).

MAHARAJ, Gaysidin - Satyagrahi from Germiston. 1913. (IO, 15 October 1913).

MAHARAJ (MAHARAJAH), Mrs. Gaysidin - Of Germiston. One of six women and ten men who hawked
without licence in Germiston in October 1913, and got arrested. (IO, 15 October 1913).
MAHOMED, Adam Hajee Gool - Of Cape Town. President of the Cape British Indian League. He crossed
the Natal-Transvaal border in August 1908, along with 11 others, to claim his right, under the Transvaal
Immigration Restriction Act, to enter the Transvaal. Sentenced to deportation for not producing
registration certificate when demanded. (IO, 31 August 1907; 15 and 29 August 1908).

MAHOMED, Alibhai – “Played a splendid role in the movement.” (IO, 18 April 1908).

MAHOMED, Alli - Sentenced to seven days with hard labour for refusing to give thumb impressions. (IO,
29 August and 5 September1908).

*MAHOMED, Hajee Dawad (Dawood) - See “Biographical Notes”.

MAHOMED, Essop - Of Roodepoort. Sentenced to seven days with hard labour for trading without
licence. (IO, 17 October 1908).

MAHOMED, Essopjee - 14-year-old boy. Satyagrahi. (IO, 12 September 1908).

MAHOMED, Goolam –Mine labourer. Age 35. Went to Transvaal in 1900 with the Indian Army and
received military discharge entitling him to residence in South Africa. Charged in December 1907 for not
producing the registration certificate. Deported to India. (IO, 4 January 1908, 16 April 1910; Ind Rev,
June 1910).

MAHOMED, Ismail - General dealer of Standerton. Sentenced to 14 days with hard labour. (IO, 15
August 1908).

*MAHOMED, Kasim - Of Boksburg. Mine labourer. Went under indenture to Natal. Sentenced to 14 days
with hard labour. Deported from Transvaal to Natal. Deported from the Transvaal to Delagoa Bay on 18
March 1910. Arrived in Bombay in July 1910. (IO, 26 February, 5 and19 March and 16 July 1910; Ind
Rev, June 1910).

MAHOMED, Lal - Arrested in Volksrust for crossing the Transvaal border and discharged. (IO, 5
November 1913)

MAHOMED, Moosajee - Picket. (IO, 25 January 1908).

MAHOMED, Vally – Of Pretoria. Picket. Was in Pretoria prison for five days in 1908. (IO, 13 July 1907).

MAIMEE (MAIMY), Ismail Amod - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 6 February 1909).

MAIMUTHU, David - Deported from the Transvaal. Arrived in Bombay. (IO, 16 July 1910).

MAKAN, Morar - Pre-war resident of the Transvaal. Arrested at Volksrust after crossing into the Transvaal
from Natal. (IO, 10 October 1908).

MALIHA, Bhikhubhai Dayalji – Served with notice to leave the Transvaal for not submitting to the Asiatic
Act. (IO, 29 August 1908).

MALLINGAM (MALINGAM), Mrs. R.A. – See “RAMALINGAM, Mrs. Tommy”.

*MANCHA, Bhaga – Of Johannesburg. Served ten days with hard labour for hawking without licence. (IO,
22 October 1913). Sentenced in Volksrust on 27 October 1913 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 22
October and 5 November 1913).
MANDAR, Mrs. - Of Germiston. One of six women and ten men who hawked without licence in
Germiston in October 1913, and got arrested. (IO, 15 October 1913).

MANGALEE, M.F. - Of Barberton. Satyagrahi in the first phase. Ordered to leave the Transvaal within 14
days. (IO, 25 January 1908).

MANIKAM, S. - Transferred from the Transvaal on 9 April 1910 to Delagoa Bay to be deported to India.
(IO, 16 April 1910).

MANIKUM, A. - Returned from deportation from the Transvaal to India and allowed to land in Durban. (IO,
18 June 1910).

*MANJEE, Mohanlal - Age 14. Discharged with warning for hawking. Sentenced to ten days with hard
labour for again hawking without licence. He was the son of Manjee Nathubhai who had served
imprisonment. His brother, Vithaldas Manjee, was deported to India while his father was in prison. “The
child [Mohanlal] was most anxious to go to prison to suffer for his countrymen even as his father and
brother had done before him, and now his wish has been granted and he is happy.” (IO, 11 and 18
September 1909).

MANJEE, Nathubhai –Released after serving three months in prison. (IO, 5 June 1909).

MANJEE, Vithaldas - Older brother of Mohanlal Manjee. Deported from the Transvaal to India while his
father, Nathubhai, was in jail. (IO, 11 September 1909).

MANSUR, Hassan Suliman - Of Heidelberg. Deported from the Transvaal. (IO, 27 February 1909).

MARAMUTHOO - Released from prison. (IO, 13 August 1910).

MARAVIA, Ebrahim - Hawker. Sentenced to seven days for trading without licence. (IO, 15 August 1908).

MARIAM, Joseph - Of Durban. Arrested in Volksrust on 27 October 1913. (IO, 5 November 1913).

MARIAN, David – Waiter and cook at Trocadero Restaurant in the Transvaal. Born in Natal and had a
Natal domicile certificate.Ordered by the employer to register under the Asiatic Act, resigned and courted
arrest. Deported to Bombay. Returned from deportation to India and allowed to land in Durban. (IO, 9
and 16 April, 18 June and 16 July 1910; Ind Rev, June 1910).

MARIE, David - Of Boksburg. Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 9 April 1910).

*MARIMOOTOO, C. - Hawker. Jailed in November and December 1908. (IO, 21 November and 19
December 1908).

MARIMUTHU, David – Waiter. Borner in Natal and possessed Natal Domicile Certifiate. Deported from
the Transvaal to India. Had wife and two children in the Transvaal. (Ind Rev, June 1910). Returned and
was allowed to land in Durban. (IO, 18 June 1910).

MARUTHAMUTHU – Went to Natal under indenture in 1889. Deported from the Transvaal, and landed in
Colombo on 2 June 1910. (IO, 23 July 1910; Ind Rev, June 1910).

MATTHEWS, S. - Satyagrahi in the first phase. Did not register under the Asiatic Act and was ordered to
leave the Transvaal within 14 days. (IO, 18 and 25 January 1908).

MAVJI, Visram - Sentenced to two months with hard labour. (IO, 4 February 1911).
MAWJEE, Diar - He crossed the Natal-Transvaal border in August 1908, along with 11 others, to claim his
right, under the Transvaal Immigration Restriction Act, to enter the Transvaal as a pre-war resident. When
arrested and brought before the Court, he said he had a Peace Preservation Ordinance permit and
registration certificate issued under Lord Milner’s regime. He would not give thumb impression under the
compulsion of the Asiatic Registration Act. He was sentenced to deportation. (IO, 29 August 1908).

MAWJI, Hira - Sentenced in July 1908 for seven days with hard labour for hawking without licence. (IO, 1
August 1908).

MAYAVASI, Mulji Uka - Sentenced to six weeks in 1908 for crossing Natal-Transvaal border. (IO, 17
October 1908).

*MEDH, Surendrarai Bapubhai – See “Biographical Notes”.

MEHTA, Ms. Jayakunvar Pranjivandas – See “Biographical Notes”.

MEHTA, Kalyandas Jagmohandas - A relative of Dr. Pranjivan Mehta. Emigrated to South Africa while
young; landed in Durban with Gandhi in December 1901. Worked in International Printing Press, and
then in Gandhi's law office in Johannesburg. Later moved to Phoenix and became a satyagrahi. Moved
with children in Phoenix school to India in 1914.

MEHTA, Raghawji Rugnath (Ragunath) - Pre-war resident of the Transvaal. Arrested at Volksrust after
crossing into the Transvaal from Natal. (IO, 10 October 1908).

MEHTAB, Mrs. Sheikh (Bai Fatima) - See “Biographical Notes”.

MEMON, Taiyab Moosa – Of Pietersburg. Went to prison in August 1908. (IO, 29 August 1908).

MERAMAN - Sentenced to two months with hard labour. (IO, 4 February 1911).

MIA, Amod (and his brother) - Of Rustenburg. Amod Mia and his brother were fined £25 in December
1908 for trading without licence in Rustenberg. They were allowed no option of prison. (IO, 2 January
1909).

MIA, Essop Ismail - See “Biographical Notes”.

MIA, Hassan - Of Roodepoort. Satyagrahi in the first phase. Ordered to leave the Transvaal within 14
days for not registering under the Asiatic Act. (IO, 25 January 1908).

MIA, Hassan - Butcher. Sentenced in August 1908 to eight days for trading without licence. (IO, 29
August 1908).

MIA, Ibrahim - Butcher. Sentenced in August 1908 to eight days for trading without licence. (IO, 29
August 1908).

*MIA, Mahomed Suleman - Sentenced to one month with hard labour in November 1908 and sentenced
again in December 1908 for one month with hard labour. (IO, 21 November and 19 December 1908).

MIA, Moosa - Entered the Transvaal and refused to give thumb impressions. Sentenced to two months in
prison and deportation. (IO, 3 October1908).

MIA, Moosa Ismail and 53 others, including 17 children - All 54 were sentenced to three months with hard
labour each, for recrossing to Transvaal after being deported. Moosa was a merchant.(IO, 17 and 24
October 1908).Moosa Ismail Mia was Acting Chairman of Britih Indian Association in July 1907. (IO, 20
July 1907).

MIA, Sidu - Butcher. Sentenced to one month with hard labour. (IO, 31 October 1908).

MIAN, Ali – Sentenced to seven days with hard labour in July 1908 for hawking without licence. (IO, 1
August 1908).

MIAN, Gor – Sentenced to seven days with hard labour in July 1908 for hawking without licence. (IO, 1
August 1908).

MIAN, Kaji Dada – Passive resister. Received residential rights under the provisional settlement in 1911.
(IO, 10 June 1911).

MINACHI (MINNATJEE, MINAKSHEE), Miss - See “Biographical Notes”.

MITHA, Soma - Of Krugersdorp. Deported from the Transvaal to Natal. (IO, 30 January 1909).

MOODALEY, A. Sookalingh - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 23 October 1909).

MOODALEY, A.A. - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 6 February 1909).

MOODALEY, C. Canda – Hawker. Sentenced on 14 August, 1908 for hawking without licence. (IO, 5 and
12 September 1908).

MOODALEY (MOODLEY), Chokalingam - Sentenced to three months with hard labour for managing E.I.
Aswat's store. (IO, 12 June 1909). Owing to his delicate health, he was kept in the hospital throughout the
period of incarceration. (IO, 22 January 1910).

MOODALEY, Dorasamy - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 6 February 1909).

MOODALEY, M. Soopan - Sentenced in Volksrust on 31 December 1913 for crossing the Natal-
Transvaal border. (IO, 31 December 1913).

*MOODALEY, N. Sutappa - Sentenced to three months with hard labour twice. (IO, 6 February and 14
August 1909).

MOODALEY, R. Packrey – Hawker. Jailed on 14 August 1908 for hawking without licence. (IO, 12
September 1908).

MOODALEY, R.M. Ramsamy - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 23 October 1909).

MOODALEY, Rama - Released after serving two months with hard labour. (IO, 15 May 1909).

MOODALEY, S.R. – Discharged from prison. (IO, 21 May 1910).

*MOODALEY (MOODLEY), S.S. – “Well-tried passive resister.” Has been in prison more than once. (IO,
19 February 1910).

MOODALEY, S. Supramanya - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 14 August 1909).

MOODALEY, Sandadwan - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 6 February 1909).

MOODALEY, Sundara - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 23 October 1909).
*MOODALEY, T. Candasamy (Kandasamy) - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 6
February 1909). Sentenced to three months with hard labour in October 1909. (IO, 23 October 1909).
Deported in 1910. (IO, 19 March 1910).

MOODALEY, V.S. - Jailed on 14 August 1908. (IO, 12 September 1908).

MOODALIAR, R. Packri - Of Kimberley. Served a term of imprisonment. (Golden Number of Indian

Opinion).

MOODALY, A.A. - Picket. (IO, 3 October 1908).

MOODALY, A.S. - Picket. (IO, 3 October 1908).

MOODALY, C.K. - Picket. (IO, 3 October 1908).

MOODALY, C.V. - Picket. (IO, 3 October 1908).

MOODALY, I.A.A. – Sentenced to ten days for hawking without licence. He was in prison with Swami
Nagappan Padayachy. (IO, 10 July 1909).

MOODALY, N. Sattapa - Released from prison. (IO, 20 November 1909).

MOODALY, N.T. - Picket. (IO, 3 October 1908).

MOODALY, R.M.R. - Picket. (IO, 3 October 1908).

MOODALY, Ramsamy - Deported from the Transvaal to India on 18 March 1910. (IO, 19 March 1910).

MOODALY, Rama – See “MOODALEY, Rama”.

MOODALY, S. Ariaputhran - Picket. (IO, 3 October 1908).

MOODALY, T.C. - Picket. (IO, 3 October 1908).

MOODALY, Veerasamy – Returned from deportation to India and landed in Cape Town. (IO, 3 December
1910).

MOODLEY - Sentenced to two months with hard labour. (IO, 31 December 1910).

MOODLEY, Chindadee - Released from prison. (IO, 22 January 1910).

MOODLEY, Kandasamy Vadivel - Of Durban. Arrested at Volksrust on 27 October 1913. (IO, 5

November 1913).

MOODLEY, Kisten - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 5 November 1910).

MOODLEY, Moonsamy - Sentenced to one week with hard labour. (IO, 3 October 1908).

MOODLEY, Ram. Remanded. (IO, 10 February 1910).

MOODLEY, R.M. Ramsamy - Deported. (IO, 19 March 1910).

MOODLEY, Rathana - Sentenced in Volksrust in December 1913 for crossing Natal-Transvaal border.
(IO, 31 December 1913).

MOODLEY. S.S. – “well-tried passive resister”.

MOODLEY, Subramaniam - Sentenced to three months and seven days. (IO, 12 February 1910).

*MOODLY, A. Ananda - Hawker. Jailed in November and December 1908. (IO, 21 November and 19
December 1908).

*MOODLY, A. Somdra - Hawker. Jailed in November and December 1908. (IO, 21 November and 19
December 1908).

MOODLY, C. Kandasamy - Jailed in November 1908. (IO, 21 November 1908).

*MOODLY, C.V. - Hawker. Jailed in November and December 1908. (IO, 21 November and 19 December
1908).

*MOODLY, K.V. - Hawker. Jailed in November and December 1908. (IO, 21 November and 19 December
1908).

*MOODLY, R.M. Rama - Hawker. Jailed in November and December 1908. (IO, 21 November and 19
December 1908).

MOODLY, S. ARUMUGA - Hawker. Jailed in November and December 1908. (IO, 21 November and 19
December 1908).

MOODLY, S.R. - Hawker. Jailed in November and December 1908. (IO, 21 November and 19 December
1908).

MOODLY, T. Kandasamy - Hawker. Jailed in December 1908. (IO, 19 December 1908).

MOODLY, V.S. - Hawker. Jailed in November and December 1908. (IO, 21 November and 19 December
1908).

MOOLA, Goolam Mahomed - Of Middelburg. Deported from the Transvaal to Natal. (IO, 2 January 1909).

MOOLA, Ismail Ahmed – Satyagrahi. (IO, 18 January 1908).

MOOLA, Mahomed Moosajee - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 20 February 1909).

MOOLOO, Ramlall - Satyagrahi. Chairman, Pretoria Indian Congress. (Pretoria Tamil League).

MOONIAN, Mootu - Transferred on 9 April 1910, from the Transvaal to Delagoa Bay to be deported to
India. (IO, 16 April 1910).

MOONLIGHT, Cupoosamy - Satyagrahi in the last phase, 1913. See “MUDALIAR, Coopoosamy
Moonlight”.

MOONLIGHT, Peter – Released from prison on 15 December 1910. (IO, 24 December 1910).

MOONOOSAMY, Paul - Deported from the Transvaal. Arrived in Bombay. (IO, 16 July 1910).

MOONOSAMY, R. - Transferred on 9 April 1910, from the Transvaal to Delagoa Bay to be deported to
India. (IO, 16 April 1910).

MOONSAMY, C. - Worker at a European factory in the Transvaal. Arrested for not registering under the
Asiatic Act.. (IO, 9 April 1910).
MOONSAMY, Chinia - Deported to India from the Transvaal, returned to Durban and was admitted. (IO, 1
October 1910).

MOONSAMY, D. - Deported to India from the Transvaal, returned to Durban and was admitted. (IO, 1
October 1910).

MOONSAMY, Ellary (Ellarie) - Worker at a European factory in the Transvaal. Arrested for not registering
under the Asiatic Act.. (IO, 9 April 1910).

MOONSAMY, J.S. - Of Barberton. Ordered in January to leave the Transvaal for not registering under the
Asiatic Act. (IO, 1 February 1908).

MOONSAMY, Papayah - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 5 and 12 March 1910).

MOONSAMY, Peter - Deported. (IO, 14 August 1909).

*MOONSAMY, S. - Satyagrahi in the first phase from Barberton. Ordered to leave the Transvaal within 14
days. Deported from the Transvaal to Natal. (IO, 25 January 1908, 10 April 1909).

MOONSAMY, S. - Transferred on 9 April 1910, from the Transvaal to Delagoa Bay to be deported to
India. (IO, 16 April 1910).

MOORGAN - Deported to India from the Transvaal, returned to Durban, not allowed to land and sent to
Port Elizabeth. (IO, 1 October 1910).

MOORGAN - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 30 July 1910).

MOORGAN, David - Now in prison. (IO, 29 October 1910).

MOORGAN, Lachmanan - Sentenced to two months with hard labour. Released after serving 14 days in
prison in Christiana. (IO, 14 January and 7 November 1911). Then re-crossed the Transvaal border from
Bloemfontein, and was arrested. (IO, 7 January 1911).

MOORGAN, Laitchman - Natal-born Indian. Returned to Durban after deportation from the Transvaal to
India but was sent back to India. (IO, 18 June 1910).

MOORUGAN, Lukshman – Cigar-maker. Born in Natal. Deported from the Transvaal. Arrived in Bombay.
He was then 21. (IO, 16 July 1910; Ind Rev, June 1910).

MOORGAN, Polany - Deported from the Transvaal to India, returned to Durban and was admitted. (IO, 30
April and 1 October 1910).

MOOSA, A.M. - A leader of Natal Indian Association. Charged on 19 November with abetting the strike of
Indian workers. (IO, 26 November 1913). Charges were withdrawn later.

MOOSA, Adam – Of Boksburg. He was arrested for hawking without licence and sentenced to seven
days.but paid the fine and was released. (IO, 25 July, 1 August 1908).

*MOOSA, Adamji - Sentenced in July 1908 to four days with hard labour for hawking without licence.
Served two terms of three months each and a term of six weeks. While on his way home after release, he
was rearrested on the charge of refusing to produce a registration certificate under the Asiatic Act. He
had been ill for two months in the Houtpoort Prison hospital during his previous imprisonment. (IO, 4
September 1909; Nayar, p. 317).
MOOSA, Ebrahim - Satyagrahi in the first phase from Barberton. Ordered to leave the Transvaal within 14
days. (IO, 25 January 1908).

MOOSA, Haffejee - Satyagrahi in the first phase from Potchefstroom. Ordered to leave the Transvaal by
noon on 31 January. (IO, 25 January 1908).

MOOSA, Ismail A.H. - A leader of the Natal Indian Association. Treasurer of the "Honourable Gokhale
Reception Committee" and acted as his host during Gokhale’s stay in Durban in 1912.Took an active part
in passive resistance work in 1913-14. He was arrested in November 1913 on charge of inciting workers
to strike and to violence but the charges were dropped. (IO, 26 November and 17 December 1913, 4
March 1914).

MOOSA, Ismail Mahomed - Deported from the Transvaal to India. (IO, 12 February 1910).

*MOOSA, Mahomed - Of Boksburg. General dealer. Sentenced in October 1908 to 14 days for trading
without licence. (IO, 17 October 1908). Sentenced to fine with no option of prison. Deported. (IO, 31
October 1908). Deported. (IO, 12 February 1910).

MOOSA, Mahomed - Satyagrahi in the first phase from Barberton. (IO, 25 January 1908).

MOOSA, Suliman - Satyagrahi in the first phase from Barberton. Ordered to leave the Transvaal within 14
days. (IO, 25 January 1908).

MOOSA, Suleman - Hawker. Sentenced to seven days for trading without licence. (IO, 15 August 1908).

MOOSAJEE, Amod - Of Johannesburg. Arrested in 1908 while picketing. Sentenced to three months with
hard labour. (IO, 19 December 1908, 6 February 1909).

MOOTAN, Moonsamy - Awaiting trial. (IO, 19 February 1910).

MOOTHAN, Moorugan – Gardener. Deported from the Transvaal, landed in Colombo on 2 June, 1910.
(IO, 23 July 1910; Ind Rev, June 1910).

MOOTHOO - Deported from the Transvaal to Natal. “He is an old man and leaves behind him a blind and
aged wife with no one to care for her.” (IO, 5 March 1910).

MOOTHOO, Alfred Andrew - Arrested. (IO, 29 January 1910).

MOOTHOO, Govindsamy - Deported from the Transvaal to India, returned to Durban but sent on to East
London to prove domicile in Kimberley. (IO, 18 June 1910).

MOOTOSAMY - Deported from the Transvaal to India. (IO, 12 February 1910).

MORAR, Bhoola - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 20 February 1909).

MORAR, Kanji - Sentenced in July 1908 to seven days with hard labour for hawking without licence. (IO,
1 August 1908).

MORAR, Khusal - Released after serving 10 days for hawking without licence. (IO, 15 and 22 October
1913).

MORAR, Nagaji (Nagar) - Sentenced on 21 July 1908 to four days for hawking without licence. He paid
licence fee but refused to register under the Asiatic Act. (IO, 25 July 1908).

MORAR, Suka - Sentenced in May 1909 to 14 days with hard labour. (IO, 22 May 1909).
MORGAN - Ordered deported. (IO, 16 April 1910).

*MORGAN - Arrested in August 1909 for refusing to produce a certificate under the Asiatic Act. He had
been working as a volunteer in the office of the British Indian Association. An enthusiastic footballer, he
was acting secretary of the Crimson League. His place as volunteer was taken by Rajoo Naidoo. When
Rajoo Naidoo was arrested, Morgan again offered his services as a volunteer. He had already suffered a
term of imprisonment. In March 1910, he was ordered to be deported to Natal. (IO, 7 August 1909, 5 and
26 March 1910) .

MORGAN - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 23 April 1910).

MORGAN, David - Satyagrahi. (IO, 3 and 17 June 1911).

MORGAN, Ellen - Worker at a European factory in the Transvaal. Arrested for not registering under the
Asiatic Act.. (IO, 9 April 1910).

MORGAN, Frank – Crossed the Transvaal border from Charlestown with Willy Morgan on 2 December
1913 and was sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 10 December 1913).

MORGAN, L. - Transferred from the Transvaal to Delagoa Bay on 9 April 1910 to be deported to India.
(IO, 16 April 1910).

MORGAN, Rajoo - Arrested on 2 October 1913 . Sentenced to one day for hawking without licence.
Charged under Asiatic Act. (IO, 8 October 1913).

*MORGAN, Willy - See “Biographical Notes”.

MOSES - Owner, Kaffir Eating House. Sentenced to ten days with hard labour. (IO, 31 October 1908).

MOSES, Thulakanum - Awaiting deportation. (IO, 30 April 1910).

*MOTALA, Ahmed Mahomed - Of Johannesburg. Sentenced to three months with hard labour.
Sentenced again to three months with hard labour. (IO, 6 February and 25 December 1909).

*MOTARA, Ahmed – Thrice imprisoned. (IO, 29 August 1908)

*MOTARA, Ebrahim - Served imprisonment five times by March 1910. (IO, 19 March 1910).

MOTARA, Gopaliar Padiachy - Satyagrahi in prison. (IO, 29 January 1910).

MOTTAYAN, Mootoosamy - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 20 February 1909).

MOTTEN - Of Newclare. Ordered to be deported to India from the Transvaal. (IO, 19 March 1910).

MUDALEY, Rama – Vice-Chairman of Tamil Benefit Society. Served three months with hard labour in
1909. (IO, 15 May 1909).

*MUDALEY (MUDALI), T. Candasamy – Hawker. Sentenced to three months with hard labour for
managing the store of E.I. Aswat. Deported from the Transvaal and arrived in Bombay. (IO, 5 June 1909,
16 July 1910; Ind Rev, June 1910).

MUDALI, Ramasamy Muthia – Hawker and general dealer. Deported from the Transvaal, arrived in
Bombay. He had wife and two children in the Transvaal. (IO, 16 July 1910; Ind Rev, June 1910).
MUDALIAR, Coopoosamy (Kuppuswami) Moonlight - Student at Phoenix Settlement. Member of pioneer
party of resisters from Phoenix Settlement in 1913, sentenced on 23 September to three months with
hard labour. He was not yet 18. (IO, 1 October and 24 December 1913). See “Mudaliar, Peter
Moonlight”.

MUDALIAR, Kundasamy - Released from prison. (IO, 22 January 1910).

MUDALIAR, Mrs. Peter Moonlight (Minuchy Pillay Mudaliar) – She was a member of the second batch of
eight Transvaal women who went to Natal in order to explain the £3 tax to indentured workers and
encourage them to suspend work until the government undertook to abolish the tax. They were
sentenced in December 1913 to three months with hard labour for crossing the Natal-Transvaal border.
(IO, 24 December 1913).

MUDALIAR, Peter Moonlight (Vengadasala Moonoosamy Mudaliar) - Once Chairman of Tamil Benefit
Society. Arrested in May 1910 and deported from the Transvaal to India. Returned to Durban, not
allowed to land and sent to Port Elizabeth. He was on Gertrude Woermann when A. Narayanswamy died
on 16 October 1910. (IO, 14 May and 1 October 1910).

MUDALIAR, R.M. Ramsamy - Awaiting trial. (IO, 19 February 1910).

MUDALIAR, R. Moonsamy - Father of Valliamma. A satyagrahi during the struggle in the Transvaal. He
could not join the satyagraha in 1913 as he had an operation. His wife Mangalam and his daughter
Valliamma were among the Transvaal women satyagrahis. See Biographical Note on “Mudaliar, Miss
Valliamma R. Moonsamy”.

MUDALIAR, Mrs. R. Moonsamy (Mangalam) – She was a member of the second batch of eight
Transvaal women who went to Natal in order to explain the £3 tax to indentured workers and encourage
them to suspend work until the government undertook to abolish the tax. They were sentenced in
December 1913 to three months with hard labour for crossing the Natal-Transvaal border. (IO, 24
December 1913).

MUDALIAR, Miss Valliamma R. Moonsamy – See “Biographical Notes”.

MUDALY, A. Govindasamy - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 10 July
1909).

MUDALY, K. - Sentenced on 25 January 1909 to 21 days for trading without licence. (IO, 30 January
1909).

MUDALY, S. Vengadasala (Venkatachala) - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour.
(IO, 10 July 1909).

MUDALY, Singaravelloo - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 10 July 1909).

MUDALY, V. Kistna - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 10 July 1909).

MUDALY, Veerasamy - Deported from the Transvaal to India, returned to Durban, not allowed to land and
sent to Port Elizabeth. (IO, 1 October 1910).

MULJI, Hira (Hirji) - Pre-war resident of the Transvaal. Arrested at Volksrust after crossing into the
Transvaal from Natal and sentenced to 14 days.He was a boy about 12 years old. (IO, 10 and 17 October
1908)
MUNUSAMY, C. – Cigar-maker. Born in Natal. Deported from the Transvaal. Arrived in Bombay. He was
then 25. (IO, 16 July 1910; Ind Rev, June 1910).

MUNUSAWMI, P. – Cigar-maker. Born in Natal. Deported from the Transvaal to India. He was then 18.
(Ind Rev, June 1910).

MUNUSAWMY, Paul – Waiter. Born in Natal. Deported from the Transvaal to India. He was then 19. (Ind
Rev, June 1910).

MUNUSAWMI, Yellari – Cigar-maker. Born in Natal. Possessed Natal domicile certificate. Deported to
India in 1910. (Ind Rev, June 1910).

MURGAN, L. - Released from prison. (IO, 11 March 1911).

MURGAN, Muthian - Deported from the Transvaal to India, returned to Durban, not allowed to land and
sent to Port Elizabeth. (IO, 1 October 1910). Released from prison on 15 December. (IO, 24 December
1910).

MURLISINGH, Shivprasad - Of Germiston. Sentenced in 1913. Released from Durban Point Jail on
17January 1914. (IO, 21 January 1914).

MURUGAN, R. – Cigar-maker. Born in the Transvaal. Deported from the Transvaal. Arrived in Bombay.
He was then 18.(IO, 16 July 1910).

MUSTAPHA, Hoosen - Pretoria. Picket. Sentenced to three months with hard labour for defying order to
leave the Transvaal (IO, 13 July 1907, 1 February 1908).

MUTHIAN, Moothoo (Muthu) – Arrested on his way to secure mid-wife; wife delivered twins, unattended,
and both died within 24 hours. Deported from the Transvaal to India on 18 March 1910. Arrived in
Bombay. His wife and child were in Johannesburg. (Ind Rev, June 1910). Returned to Durban, not
allowed to land and sent to Port Elizabeth. (IO, 19 March, 16 July and 1 October 1910). Released from
prison on 15 December 1910. (IO, 24 December 1910).

MUTHOO – Satyagrahi, last phase.

MUTHOO, Madaray (Maduray) - Worker at a European cigar factory in the Transvaal. Arrested and
transferred to Delagoa Bay on 9 April 1910 for deportation to India. (IO, 9 and 16 April 1910).

MUTHU - Sentenced to three months with hard labour for managing E.I. Aswat's store. (IO, 29 May
1909).

MUTHU, Narasi - Deported from the Transvaal to India on 18 March 1910. (IO, 19 March 1910).

MUTHUSAMI, P. – Laundryman. Born in Natal. Was a member of the Indian ambulance corps during the
Anglo-Boer War. Deported from the Transvaal. Arrived in Bombay. (IO, 16 July 1910; Ind Rev, June
1910).

MUTHUSAMY – Labourer. Went to Natal under indenture in 1880. Deported from the Transvaal, landed
in Colombo on 2 June 1910. Left a blind wife and child in the Transvaal. (IO, 23 July 1910; Ind Rev, June
1910).

NADASAN, M. – Hawker. Sentenced on 14 August 1908 for hawking without licence. (IO, 5 and 12
September 1908).

NAGAPPA, Ellen - Returned from deportation from the Transvaal to India and allowed to land in Durban.
(IO, 18 June 1910).
NAGAPPAN - Worker at Trocadero Restaurant in the Transvaal. Refused to register under the Asiatic Act
as ordered by employer, resigned and courted arrest. (IO, 9 April 1910).

NAGAPPAN, Chellan - Released from prison. (IO, 13 August 1910).

NAGAPPAN (NAGAPPEN) PADAYACHY, Swamy – See “Biographical Notes”.

NAGAPPEN, Chela – Waiter. Born in Natal. Deports to India in 1910. (Ind Rev, June 1910).

NAGDEE, Mahomed Essop - Of Nylstroom. Born around 1867. Member of British Indian Association
Committee. Jailed in November 1908. Sentenced to fine without prison option. (IO, 21 November 1908,
30 January 1909). He participated in token passive resistance against anti-Indian measure in
Johannesburg in April 1941.

*NAICKER, Dharmoo – Released from prison in April 1910. (IO, 9 April 1910). Went to prison again and
again.

NAICKER, Muthoo - Released from prison. (IO, 13 August 1910).

NAIDOO, A. - Of Tongaat. Satyagrahi last phase. Sentenced to three months with hard labour in October
1913. (IO, 8 October 1913).

NAIDOO, A. John - Had served a term of imprisonment. (IO, 17 June 1911).

NAIDOO, A. Moonsamy - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 14 August 1909).

NAIDOO, A. Narsimulu - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 6 February 1909).

NAIDOO, Mrs. A. Perumal - She was one of the eleven Transvaal women who went to Natal in the third
phase of the Satyagraha, informed Indian workers in the mines about the situation and encouraged them
to suspend work. They were arrested at Newcastle on 21 October 1913 and were sentenced to three
months with hard labour under the Vagrancy Act. (IO, 22 October 1913).

NAIDOO, A. Perumal - Satyagrahi. (IO, 17 June 1911).

NAIDOO, Abhaya (Abhie) - Transferred from the Transvaal to Delagoa Bay to be deported to India. (IO, 2
and 16 April 1910).

NAIDOO, Annasamy - Released after serving six weeks with hard labour. (IO, 26 November 1910).

NAIDOO, C. Kistnasamy (Krishnaswamy) - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour.
(IO, 26 June and 10 July 1909).

NAIDOO, C. Muthaya - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 10 July 1909).

NAIDOO, C.R. - Of Natal. Store-keeper born in South Africa. Charged in December 1913 in Verulam with
incitement. Charges were later withdrawn. (IO, 31 December 1913).

NAIDOO, D.N. - Satyagrahi in the first phase. (IO, 18 January 1908).

*NAIDOO, Doorasamy – Young son of Packirysamy Naidoo. Sentenced to three months with hard labour.
( IO, 2 January 1909). Sentenced again to three months with hard labour. (IO, 14 August 1909). Arrested
in February 1910; he was 19-years-old. (IO, 12 and 19 February 1910). Sentenced to six weeks. (IO, 5
and 12 March 1910).

NAIDOO, Ellappa - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 10 July 1909).

*NAIDOO, G.K. Thambi – See “Biographical Notes”.

NAIDOO, Mrs. G.K. Thambi (Veeramma) - See “Biographical Notes”.

NAIDOO, G. Veloo - Released from prison on 15 December 1910. (IO, 24 December 1910).

NAIDOO, Gopal - See “NAIDOO, N. Venugopal”.

NAIDOO, Govindsamy S. - Ordered to be deported. (IO, 4 June 1910).

NAIDOO, Mrs. Govindsamy – She was a member of the second batch of eight Transvaal women who
went to Natal in order to explain the £3 tax to indentured workers and encourage them to suspend work
until the government undertook to abolish the tax. They were sentenced in December 1913 to three
months with hard labour for crossing the Natal-Transvaal border. (IO, 24 December 1913).

*NAIDOO, Gurusamy - General dealer. Sentenced to a fine, with no prison option. (IO, 31 October 1908).
Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 18 December 1909).

NAIDOO, Hansdev - Arrested. (IO, 11 June 1910).

NAIDOO, J.N. - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 23 October 1909).

NAIDOO, J.R. - Chief picket. Satyagrahi in the first phase. Did not register under the Asiatic Act and was
ordered to leave the Transvaal within 14 days. (IO, 18 January 1908).

NAIDOO, K. - Deported from the Transvaal to Natal. (IO, 2 January 1909).

NAIDOO, K. Subia (Subbiah) – Arrested. (IO, 26 June 1909).

NAIDOO, Krishnasamy - Sentenced to three months with hard labour on 15 November 1910. (IO, 3
December 1910).

NAIDOO, L. D. – Picket. Arrested and remanded. (IO, 16 December 1908).

NAIDOO, L.R. - Arrested while picketing. (IO, 26 December 1908).

NAIDOO, M. - Sentenced to three months. (IO, 2 April 1910).

NAIDOO, M.R. - Picket. (IO, 3 October 1908).

NAIDOO, Mangappan - Of Germiston. Deported from the Transvaal to Natal. (IO, 20 February 1909).

NAIDOO, Moonsamy – Hawker. Sentenced on 14 August 1908 for hawking without licence. (IO, 5 and 12
September 1908).

NAIDOO, Moonsamy - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 14 August 1909).

NAIDOO, Moonsamy- Of Newcastle. Railway sirdar. Volunteered to resist. (IO, 22 October 1913).
NAIDOO, Mottu - Returned from deportation to India and was allowed to land in Durban. (IO, 18 June
1910).

NAIDOO (NAIDU), Muthiah – Bottle seller. Went to Natal under indenture in n1892. Deported from the
Transvaal. Arrived in Bombay. (IO, 16 July 1910; Ind Rev, June 1910).

NAIDOO, N. - Of Pretoria.Deported from the Transvaal to Natal. (IO, 2 January 1909).

NAIDOO, N.D. - Arrested while picketing. (IO, 26 December 1908).

*NAIDOO, N.M. - Picket. (IO, 3 October 1908). Sentenced to three months with hard labour for managing
E.I. Aswat’s store. (IO, 22 May 1909). Sentenced again to three months with hard labour. (IO, 23 October
1909).

NAIDOO, N.P. - Sentenced to one month with hard labour. (IO, 27 March 1909).

NAIDOO, N. Ragaruthna - Satyagrahi. (IO, 17 June 1911).

NAIDOO, N. S. - Deported from the Transvaal to Natal. (IO, 2 January 1909).

NAIDOO, N. Venugopal - See “Biographical Notes”.

NAIDOO, Nagappa - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 23 October 1909).

NAIDOO, Nagappan – Hawker. Sentenced on 14 August 1908 for hawking without licence. (IO, 5 and 12
September 1908).

NAIDOO, Narasima - Awaiting trial. (IO, 19 February 1910).

NAIDOO, Narasimalu – Satyagrahi (Pretoria Tamil League).

*NAIDOO, Narayansamy - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 13 and 20 March 1909).
Arrested. (13 August 1910).

NAIDOO, Nayana – Hawker. Sentenced on 14 August 1908 for hawking without licence. (IO, 5 and 12
September 1908).

*NAIDOO, P.K. (Krishnaswamy) - See “Biographical Notes”.

NAIDOO, Mrs. P.K. – See “Biographical Notes”.

NAIDOO, P. Rajoo - Jailed on 14 August 1908. (IO, 12 September 1908).

NAIDOO, P.S. - Sentenced to one week with hard labour. (IO, 3 October 1908).

NAIDOO, Packiry (Pakeeree) - Pre-war resident of the Transvaal. Arrested at Volksrust after crossing into
the Transvaal from Natal. Sentenced in February 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 10 October
1908, 6 and 20 February 1909).

NAIDOO, Pakiri. Sentenced in November 1913 to three months with hard labour for crosiing the
Transvaal border near Kimberley. (IO, 10 December 1913).

NAIDOO, Perumal - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 26 June and 10 July
1909).

NAIDOO, Perumal – See “NAIDOO, V. Krishnasamy”.

NAIDOO, Perumal - Of Tongaat. Discharged from Durban jail on 6 January 1914. (IO, 7 January 1914).

NAIDOO, Primal - Satyagrahi. (IO, 9 October 1913).

*NAIDOO, R.K. – See “Biographical Notes”.

NAIDOO, R.R. - Picket. Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 3 October 1908, 6 February
1909).

*NAIDOO, R. RAJOO (Raju) - Hawker. Jailed in November 1908 and again in December 1908. (IO, 21
November and 19 December 1908).

NAIDOO, R.S. - Picket. (IO, 3 October 1908).

*NAIDOO, Rajoo (Raju) - See “Biographical Notes”.

NAIDOO, Ramchandra - Released after serving three months with hard labour. (IO, 22 May 1909).

NAIDOO, Ramsamy - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 20 February 1909).

NAIDOO, Rengasamy - Of Transvaal. (Pretoria Tamil League).

*NAIDOO, S. - Hawker. Jailed in November 1908 and again in December 1908. (IO, 21 November and 19
December 1908).

NAIDOO, S. Chinasamy - Awaiting trial. (IO, 19 February 1910).

NAIDOO, S. Coopoosamy - Deported from the Transvaal to India on 18 March 1910. (IO, 19 March
1910).

NAIDOO, Sinsamy – Ordered deported from the Transvaal. He had domicile in Port Elizabeth. (IO, 5
March 1910).

NAIDOO, S.N. - Sentenced in 1909. Released in January 1910.

NAIDOO, S.P. – Arrested. (IO, 26 June 1909).

NAIDOO, S. Pavaday. Hawker. Sentenced on 14 August 1908 for hawking without licence. (IO, 5
September 1908).

*NAIDOO, S. Rangasamy (Rangasami, Rungasamy) – Hawker. Sentenced on 14 August 1908 for

hawking without licence. (IO, 5 and 12 September 1908). Ordered to be deported to India. (IO, 4 June
1910).

NAIDOO, S.R. - Picket. Sentenced to three months for managing E.I. Aswat’s store. (IO, 3 October 1908,
5 June 1909).

NAIDOO, Sellapa - Sentenced in Volksrust in December 1913 for crossing Natal-Transvaal border. (IO,
31 December 1913).

*NAIDOO, Soobiah (Subbiah, Soopaya) – Hawker. Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard
labour. (IO, 10 July 1909). Deported from the Transvaal to India on 18 March 1910. Arrived in Bombay.
He was then 21. (IO, 19 March and 16 July 1910; Ind Rev, June 1910).
*NAIDOO, Subrayalu – Hawker. Sentenced on14 August 1908 for hawking without licence. (IO, 5 and12
September 1908, 28 May 1910).

*NAIDOO, T. Coopoosamy(Kuppusamy) - See “Biographical Notes”.

NAIDOO, T. Pavaday - Jailed on 14 August 1908. (IO, 12 September 1908).

NAIDOO, V. - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 26 June and 10 July 1909).

NAIDOO, V. Krishnasamy – He was deported with his son, Perumal, a minor, to India. When they they
returned to Durban and crossed the Natal-Transvaal border, they were detained. (IO, 3 December 1910).

NAIDOO, Veerasamy – Sentenced in July 1909 to seven days with hard labour for hawking without
licence. (IO, 1 August 1909).

NAIDOO, V. Mootia – Arrested. (IO, 26 June 1909).

*NAIDOO, V. Poonsamy - Hawker. Jailed in November and December 1908. (IO, 21 November and 19
December 1908).

*NAIDOO, V.R. - Hawker. Picket. Jailed in November and December 1908. (IO, 3 October 1908; 21
November and 19 December 1908).

NAIDOO, V. Rajoo (Raja) – Hawker. Deported from the Transvaal to India on 18 March 1910. Arrived in
Bombay. (IO, 19 March and 16 July 1910; Ind Rev, June 1910).

NAIDOO, Mrs. V. S. - Spent three months in jail.

*NAIDOO, V.V. - Hawker. Jailed in November and December 1908. (IO, 21 November and 19 December
1908).

NAIDOO, Veerasamy - Sentenced in July 1908 for hawking without licence. Transferred from the
Transvaal on 9 April 1910 to Delagoa Bay for deportation to India. (IO, 16 April 1910; Nayar, p. 321).

NAIGAR, Dharmoo - Satyagrahi in prison. (IO, 29 January 1910).

NAIGER, K.K. Samy - Picket. (IO, 3 October 1908).

NAIK, L.B. - Of the Transvaal. Went to Natal in November 1913, crossed the border with others and was
sentenced to three months. (IO, 31 December 1913; 4 March 1914).

NAIK, N.B. – Pietermaritzburg. Arrested on 30 November 1913. Charges relating to strike in

Pietermaritzburg were withdrawn on instruction from the Attorney General. (IO, 3 December 1913, 28
January 1914).

NAIKER, Armuga - Sentenced in Volksrust in December 1913 for crossing the Natal-Transvaal border.
(IO, 31 December 1913).

NAIKER, D. - Sentenced to three months. (IO, 1 January 1910).

NAIKER, Sooppa Veerasamy - Sentenced in July 1908 to seven days with hard labour for hawking
without licence. (IO, 1 August 1908).

NAIKER, Varadapa - Of Standerton. Deported. (IO, 27 February 1909).

NANAMIA – A staunch passive resister. His son, barely 16, was ordered to be deported from the
Transvaal. (IO, 5 March 1910).

NANDEN, Mrs. – Of Germiston. Went to Charleston to cross the Transvaal border and get arrested, but
did not court arrest because of the provisional settlement in January 1914. (IO, 25 February 1914).

NANJI, Kara – Member of a Natal batch who entered the Transvaal. Sentenced to three months on 24
March 1910. (IO, 2 July 1910, 4 March 1911).

NARAIN, Dev – Charged in Durban on 14 November 1913 with incitement to strike. (Natal Witness, 14
November 1913).

NARAINSAMY, C. - Transferred from the Transvaal on 9 April 1910 to Delagoa Bay to be deported to
India. (IO, 16 April 1910).

NARANSAMY - Owner, Kaffir Eating House. Sentenced to ten days with hard labour. (IO, 31 October
1908).

NARANSAMY - Ordered deported from the Transvaal. (IO, 23 April 1910).

NARASI, Khatri Dahya - Awaiting trial. (IO, 17 October 1908).

NARASIMULU, A. – Bottle seller. Went to Natal under indenture. Deported from the Transvaal. Arrived in
Bombay. (IO, 16 July 1910; Ind Rev, June 1910).

NARASOOMULLOO – Hawker. Sentenced on 14 August 1908 for hawking without licence. (IO, 5 and 12
September 1908).

NARAYAN, Ram - See “SINGH, Ramnarain”.

NARAYANSAMY - Of Pretoria. Deported from the Transvaal to Natal. (IO, 2 January 1909).

NARAYANSAMY - Of Boksburg. Sentenced to 14 days with hard labour. (IO, 26 February 1910).

NARAYANSAMY - Of Johannesburg. Hawked without licence but not arrested. (IO, 22 October 1913).

*NARAYANSWAMY, A. – See “Biographical Notes”.

NARISING, Varadarajulu – Waiter. Born in Natal. Possessed Natal domicile certificate. Deported from the
Transvaal. Arrived in Bombay. Was then 25. (IO, 16 July 1910; Ind Rev, June 1910).

NAROTEN, Raghubir - Of Germiston. Sentenced in 1913. Released from Durban Central Jail on 19
January 1914. Along with Bhawani Dayal, Gulabhdas and Sivprasad, he left Germiston for Newcastle at
the commencement of the strike. They were arrested while moving among the indentured labourers and
sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 21 January and 4 March 1914).

NARSI, Daya - Sentenced to one month with hard labour. (IO, 17 October 1908).

NARSOO (NARSU), Rajoo – See “Biographical Notes”.

NATH, Lala - Pre-war resident of the Transvaal. Arrested at Volksrust after crossing into the Transvaal
from Natal. (IO, 10 October 1908).

NATHAN, Sami (Samy) - Arrested. (IO, 26 June 1909).

NATHUBHAI, Lalbhai – Awaiting trial. (IO, 17 October 1908).

NATHUBHAI, Manjee – See “Manjee, Nathubhai”.

NAUNMIAN - Picket. (IO, 3 October 1908).

*NAYANAH, Dhobie - Sentenced to six weeks and a few months later to three months with hard labour.
(IO, 14 May and 9 July 1910).

NICHBABHAI, Ranchhod - Satyagrahi in the first phase. (IO, 18 January 1908).

NINJEE, mahomed Essop - Pretoria. Picket. Sentenced to three months with hard labour for defying
order to leave the Transvaal (IO, 13 July 1907, 1 February 1908).

NIZAM, Hoosen - Of Krugersdorp. Deported from the Transvaal to Natal. (IO, 30 January 1909).

NOOR, Memon Ebrahim - Of Pretoria. Picket. (IO, 13 July 1907).

NORMAN, Mahabeer - (Also called Rajcoomar). Member of Natal batch sentenced to 3 months on March
24, 1910. After release, stayed in Tolstoy Farm awaiting further imprisonment. (IO, 9 April 1910).

NURBHAI, Razak – Released from prison in June 1909. (IO, 12 June 1909).

NUZLA, Lala – Krugersdorp. Ordered to leave the Transvaal within 14 days. (IO, 1 February 1908).

NYANAH, Dobie - Of Germiston. Taken to Pretoria for deportation. (IO, 18 December 1909).

NYANAH, Francis – Cartage contractor. Born in Natal. Possessed a Natal domicile certificate. Was in jail
in the Transvaal. Deported from the Transvaal, landed in Colombo on 2 June 1910. Left wife and four
children in the Transvaal. (IO, 23 July 1910; Ind Rev, June 1910).

ODHAV, Kara - Hawker. Sentenced to seven days for trading without licence. (IO, 15 August 1908).

ODYAR, Ramsamy - Of Standerton. Deported. (IO, 27 February 1909).

OOBAREY, Hassan Mia - Merchant. Satyagrahi in the first phase. Ordered to leave the Transvaal within
14 days for not registering under the Asiatic Act. (IO, 25 January 1908).

OOKA, Moolji - Fruiter. In Transvaal since 1897. He crossed the Natal-Transvaal border in August 1908,
along with 11 others, to claim his right, under the Transvaal Immigration Restriction Act, to enter the
Transvaal. Sentenced to deportation for not producing a registration certificate under the Asiatic Act when
demanded. (IO, 15 and 29 August 1908).

OSMAN, Ebrahim - Brother of Dada Osman. Storekeeper in Piet Retief. Joint Secretary of Natal Indian
Congress. One of the leaders of the Memon community. He was a former resident of the Transvaal.
Sentenced to 14 days for refusing to give a thumb print under the Asiatic Act after crossing the Natal-
Transvaal border. (IO, 29 August and 5 September 1908).

OSMAN, Omar - Tailor. Was in the Transvaal from 1893 to 1899. Sentenced to six weeks. He crossed
the Natal-Transvaal border along with several others and claimed the right to enter the Transvaal as a
pre-war resident. He was sentenced for not producing a registration certificate under the Asiatic Act. (IO,
15 August 1908).

PADACHY, Pana - Of Transvaal. (Pretoria Tamil League).

*PADAMSING - Of Pietermaritzburg. A Rajput. Arrived in South Africa as an indentured labourer in the
1890s. After completing his contract, he paid the three pound tax for several years. Arrested on 25
September 1913 after crossing the Natal-Transvaal border with Gandhi, and deported. Crossed the
th
border again and was sentenced on the 30 to three months with hard labour. (IO, October 1 and 8,
1913).

PADAYACHEY, Ranga - Jailed on 14 August 1908. (IO, 12 September 1908).

PADAYACHEY, S. Villo - Jailed on 14 August 1908. (IO, 12 September 1908).

PADAYACHEY, V. Govindasamy - Jailed on 14 August 1908. (IO, 12 September 1908).

*PADAYACHI, C. Sooprai - Hawker. Jailed in November and December 1908. (IO, 21 November and 19
December 1908).

PADAYACHI, C.P. - Hawker. Jailed in December 1908. (IO, 19 December 1908).

PADAYACHI, C.R. - Jailed in November 1908. (IO, 21 November 1908).

*PADAYACHI, K.G. - Hawker. Jailed in November and December 1908. (IO, 21 November and 19
December 1908).

*PADAYACHI, R. Gopalsamy - Hawker. Jailed in November and December 1908. (IO, 21 November and
19 December 1908).

*PADAYACHI, R.S. - Hawker. Jailed in November and December 1908. (IO, 21 November and 19
December 1908).

PADAYACHI, R. Thandapany - Jailed in November 1908. (IO, 21 November 1908).

*PADAYACHI, S.V - Hawker. Jailed in November and December 1908. (IO, 21 November and 19
December 1908).

*PADAYACHI, V.G. - Hawker. Jailed in November and December 1908. (IO, 21 November and 19
December 1908).

PADAYACHI, V.M.- Hawker. Jailed in December 1908. (IO, 19 December 1908).

PADAYACHI, V.M. - Jailed in November 1908. (IO, 21 November 1908).

*PADAYACHI, V.S. - Hawker. Jailed in November and December 1908. (IO, 21 November and 19
December 1908).

PADAYACHY, A. Ramasamy - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 10 July
1909).

*PADAYACHY, Armuga - Sentenced in Volksrust in December 1913 for crossing Natal-Transvaal border.
(IO, 31 December 1913).

PADAYACHY, Aroomoogam - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 10 July
1909).

PADAYACHY, C. Aroonasala - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 14 August 1909).

PADAYACHY, C. Ayyadooray - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 14 August 1909).
PADAYACHY, Chinsamy - Of Transvaal. (Pretoria Tamil League).

PADAYACHY, Cumarasamy - Of Transvaal. (Pretoria Tamil League).

PADAYACHY, Govindasamy - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 10 July
1909).

PADAYACHY, M. Pakeeree - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 10 July
1909).

PADAYACHY, Maramuthoo - Deported. (IO, 14 August 1909).

PADAYACHY, N. Cundasamy - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 14 August 1909).

PADAYACHY, N.S. - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 23 October 1909).

PADAYACHY, P. Ramasamy - Of Kimberley. Served a term of imprisonment. (Golden Number of Indian

Opinion).

PADAYACHY, P. Sella - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 10 July 1909).

PADAYACHY, Pona - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 10 July 1909).

PADAYACHY, R. Durmalinga - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 23 October 1909).

PADAYACHY, R. Kathervelloo (Kathira Velloo) - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard
labour. (IO, 10 July 1909).

PADAYACHY, R.S. - Picket. (IO, 3 October 1908).

PADAYACHY, R. Thandapani - Hawker. Jailed in December 1908. (IO, 19 December 1908). See
“PADIACHI, R. Thampani”.

PADAYACHY, S. Arunachala (Aroonasala) - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour.
(IO, 10 July 1909).

PADAYACHY, S. Govindasamy - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 14 August 1909).

PADAYACHY, S. Velloo - Released from prison. (IO, November 20, 1909).

PADAYACHY, S.V. - Picket. (IO, 3 October 1908).

PADAYACHY, S.V.G. - Picket. (IO, 3 October 1908).

PADAYACHY, Uthravatee (Uttravathy) - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 14 August and
20 November 1909).

PADAYACHY, V.A. - Picket. (IO, 3 October 1908).

PADAYACHY, Varroomuga - Released from prison. (IO, November 20, 1909).

PADAYACHY, V. Muthuranga - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 10 July
1909).

PADAYACHY, V.R. - Picket. (IO, 3 October 1908).

PADIACHI – see also PADAYACHY

PADIACHI, Govinda – Hawker. Deported from the Transvaal. Arrived in Bombay. (IO, 16 July 1910; Ind
Rev, June 1910).

PADIACHI, M. Maduramuthu – Cigar-maker. Born in Mauritius. Deported from the Transvaal. Arrived in
Bombay. He had wife and four children in Johannesburg. (IO, 16 July 1910; Ind Rev, June 1910).

PADIACHI, R.K. - Deported from the Transvaal to Natal. (IO, 2 January 1909).

PADIACHI, R. Thampani (Thandapani?) - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 6 February
1909). See “Padayachy, R. Thandapani”.

PADIACHY - Sentenced to six weeks with hard labour. (IO, 31 October 1908).

PADIACHY, Arumuga – “Well known passive resister”. (IO, 28 January 1914). See also “PADAYACHY,
Armuga” and “PADAYACHY, Aroomoogam”.

PADIACHY, C. Moothoranga - Satyagrahi. (IO, 2 January 1909).

*PADIACHY, C. Thambiappan - Age 21. Sentenced in September 1909 to three months under the Asiatic
Act and two weeks under the licensing law with hard labour. He had already been in jail twice. (IO, 25
September 1909 and 1 January 1910).

PADIACHY, Coomarasamy - Arrested. . (IO, 12 February 1910). Pioneer settler on Tolstoy Farm. (IO, 2
July 1911).

PADIACHY, Coopoosamy- Satyagrahi. (IO, 19 February 1910).

*PADIACHY, Dharmalingam - Businessman. Sentenced to 21 days with hard labour for trading without
licence. (IO, 30 January 1909). Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 29 January 1910).

PADIACHY, Dorasamy – Discharged from prison. (IO, 21 May 1910). Released from prison on 15
December 1910. (IO, 24 December 1910).

PADIACHY, G. – Arrested. (IO, 26 June 1909).

PADIACHY, Govinda - Deported from the Transvaal to India on 18 March 1910. (IO, 19 March 1910).

PADIACHY, Govindasamy (Govindsamy, Govindu) - Sentenced to six weeks in 1910. (IO, 19 February
and 5 and 12 March 1910).

PADIACHY, K. - Sentenced to three days with hard labour. (IO, October 24, 1908).

PADIACHY, K.K. Samy - Arrested after he replaced Thambi Naidoo as chief picket. (IO, 20 February
1909).

PADIACHY, Kanaka - Deported from the Transvaal to India on 18 March 1910. (IO, 19 March 1910).

PADIACHY, Kanga – Sentenced to deportation. (IO, 12 March 1910).

PADIACHY, Komarasamy - Awaiting trial. (IO, 19 February 1910).

PADIACHY, M. P. – Arrested. (IO, 26 June 1909).

PADIACHY, Madura Muthu - Deported from the Transvaal to India, returned to Durban and was admitted.
(IO, 1 October 1910).

PADIACHY, N. Govindraj - Released from prison. (IO, 12 December 1908).

PADIACHY, N. Packery - Sentenced to one week with hard labour. (IO, 3 October 1908).

PADIACHY, N.S. - Sentenced to prison in 1909. Released in January 1910.

PADIACHY, Naransamy - Sentenced to two months with hard labour. (IO, 31 December 1910).

PADIACHY, Pana – Arrested. (IO, 26 June 1909).

PADIACHY, R.K. – Arrested. (IO, 26 June 1909).

PADIACHY, Ramswami - Sentenced to three months with hard labour in December 1913 for crossing the
Cape-Transvaal border near Kimberley. (IO, 10 December 1913).

PADIACHY, Ranga – Hawker. Sentenced on 14 August 1908 for hawking without licence. (IO, 5
September 1908).

PADIACHY, S. - Ordered to be deported. (IO, 4 June 1910).

*PADIACHY, S. Kumarsamy - Released after serving three months with hard labour. He served five
terms of imprisonment during the satygraha in the Transvaal. Early in November 1913, he went to the
Natal and “performed excellent work at Tongaat and Verulam in connection with the issuing of rations”.
(IO, 22 May 1909; 4 March 1914).

*PADIACHY, S. Muthukowara – “Well-known satyagrahi”. Served four terms in prison. (IO, 28 January
1914).

PADIACHY, S.O. – Sentenced on 25 January 1909 to 21 days for trading without licence. (IO, 30
January 1909).

PADIACHY, S.P. - Satyagrahi in the first phase. (IO, 18 January 1908). He went to Natal in the third
phase of the satyagraha when the strike was at its height and worked with Lalbahadur Singh in feeding
the strikers in Verulam and tending the sick. (IO, 4 March 1914).

PADIACHY, S. Valoo (Vallu) – Hawker. Sentenced on 14 August 1908 for hawking without licence. (IO, 5
September 1908). Deported from the Transvaal to India, returned to Durban, not allowed to land and sent
to Port Elizabeth. (IO, 1 October 1910).

PADIACHY, Sahala (Suhala) – Arrested. (IO, 26 June 1909).

PADIACHY, Subramany - Deported from the Transvaal to India, returned to Durban, not allowed to land
and sent to Port Elizabeth. (IO, 1 October 1910).

*PADIACHY, V. Doorasamy (Durasamy) - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. Deported from the
Transvaal to India, returned to Durban, not allowed to land and sent to Port Elizabeth. (IO, 29 January, 1
October 1910).

PADIACHY, V. Govindsami – Hawker. Sentenced on 14 Auust 1908 for hawking without licence. (IO, 5
September 1908).

PADIACHY, V.K. - Sentenced on 25 January 1909 to 21 days for trading without licence. (IO, 30 January
1909).
PADIACHY, V. Maalaya - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 6 February 1909).

PADIACHY, V. Madhurasamy – Arrested. (IO, 26 June 1909).

PADIACHY, V.S. – Sentenced on 25 January 1909 to 21 days for trading without licence. (IO, 30
January 1909).

PADIACHY, Valoo - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, November 5, 1910).

PADIACHY, Veeramuthu – Hawker. Deported from the Transvaal to India, returned to Durban, not
allowed to land and sent to Port Elizabeth. (IO, 1 October 1910; Ind Rev, June 1910).

PADIACHY, Velloo - Awaiting deportation. (IO, 28 May 1910).

PADYACHI, A. Ramsamy - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 20 February 1909).

PADYACHI, V. Mootaranga - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 20 February 1909).

PADYACHY, Arnashalai - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 20 February 1909).

PAKARI, A. - Jailed in November 1908. (IO, 21 November 1908).

PAKARI, A. - Hawker. Jailed in December 1908. (IO, 19 December 1908).

PALANI, Moorugan – Cartage contractor. Born in Natal and posessed Natal docimicile certificate.
Deported from the Transvaal, landed in Colombo on 2 June 1910. Wife and four children in the
Transvaal. (IO, 23 July 1910; Ind Rev, June 1910).

*PALANI, P. - Hawker. Jailed in November and December 1908.(IO, 21 November and 19 December
1908).

PALANI, Pavadai - Awaiting trial. (IO, 19 February 1910).

PALIAM, Durasamy - Deported from the Transvaal to India, returned to Durban, not allowed to land and
sent to Port Elizabeth. (IO, 1 October 1910).

PANDIAH, Samy - Deported from the Transvaal to India, returned to Durban and was admitted. (IO, 1
October 1910).

PANDIT, Ram Sunder (Sundara) - See “Biographical Notes”.

PANDOR, Mr. - Arrested and released on bail. (IO, 12 September 1908).

PAPAVA - Released from prison. (IO, 25 March 1911).

PAPPAH (Pappiah) - Of Natal. Sentenced to three months with hard labour in October 1913 for crossing
the Natal-Transvaal border. (IO, 22 and 29 October 1913).

PARAG, Dyah - Sentenced on 21 July 1908, to four days for hawking without licence. He paid licence fee
but refused to register under the Asiatic Act. (IO, 25 July 1908).

PARBHU, Dahya - Of Johannesburg. Sentenced on 9 October 1913 to ten days with hard labour. (IO, 22
October 1913).
PARBHU, Dayal - Hawked without licence in Johannesburg, but not arrested. (IO, 22 October 1913).

PARMAL, Nala - Sentenced to six weeks. (IO, 5 and 12 March 1910).

PARMANAND, Nahaur Dookhie - Born in Pietermaritzburg in 1894. One of the leaders of the strike in
Pietermaritzburg in 1913. Arrested and released on bail. (Bramdaw). Charges of incitement were
dropped.

*PATEL, Ajani Sidoo (Azam Sedu) - Charged for not producing a registration certificate on demand after
crossing the Natal-Transvaal border, and sentenced to three months with hard labour. Detained and
deported. (IO, August 15 and 29, 1908).

PATEL, B.K. - Charged with promoting strike and inciting violence. (IO, 17 December 1913).

PATEL, Behman - Of Potchefstroom. Satyagrahi in the first phase. Ordered to leave the Transvaal by
noon on 31 January. (IO, 25 January 1908).

PATEL, Bhana B. - Of Kimberley. Sentenced to three months with hard labour in December 1913 for
crossing the Cape-Transvaal border near Kimberley. (IO, 10 December 1913).

PATEL, Chatoorbhai Laloobhai - Of Standerton. Chairman of Local Committee. Twenty years in the
Transvaal. Sentenced to 14 days with hard labour for trading without licence. (IO, 1 and 15 August 1908).

PATEL, Ebrahim Mahomed - Of Vereeniging. Merchant. Fined £1-7-6 in August 1908 without option of
prison. (IO,15 and 29 August 1908). His goods were auctioned. They sold goods worth £20 and
awarded £6-5-6 to the messenger as his expenses. (IO, 5 September 1908).

PATEL, Ebrahim Mahomed - Of Potchefstroom. (IO, 1 February 1908).

PATEL, Ismail Amod - Born in Kholvad, India, in 1886. Arrived in South Africa in 1882 and settled in
Bloemhof, Transvaal, as a general dealer. Sentenced to seven days with hard labour for refusing to give
thumb impressions. (IO, 28 August and 5 September1908; Bramdaw)

PATEL, Lalbhai - Satyagrahi in the first phase. (IO, 18 January 1908).

PATEL, M.J. - Released after six weeks with hard labour. (IO, 26 November 1910).

PATEL, Maganbhai Haribhai - Resident and Sanskrit teacher at Phoenix Settlement. Member of pioneer
party of resisters from Phoenix Settlement in 1913, sentenced on 23 September to three months with
hard labour. Left for India in 1915. (IO, 1 October and 24 December 1913).

PATEL, M.M. - Secretary, Pretoria British Indian Committee. Picket. Sentenced to three months with hard
labour for defying order to leave the Transvaal (IO, 13 July 1907, 1 February 1908). He told the court that
he had been born under the British flag. His father and members of his family were servants of the British
Government. For their faithful service they had received grants of land. He was the first in his family to be
brought before Court for a criminal offence. He was going to prison for conscience sake. (IO, 1 February
1908).

PATEL, Mahomed Mamuji – Of Mr. Bhayat’s store. Released on account of ill-health. (IO, 12 June 1909).

PATEL, Moti Ragha – Nylstroom. Sentenced to four days hard labour for hawking without licence. (IO, 12
September 1908).

PATEL, Muljibhai Giridharlal - Member of Committee of British Indian Association. Picket. Sentenced on
22 July 1908 to four days with hard labour for hawking without licence. Arrested again in August for failure
to take out a registration certificate and served with notice to leave the Transvaal within seven days. He
defied the order and was sentenced to one month with hard labour. (IO, 25 July, 1, 8 and 15 August, 19
September and 3 October 1908; Nayar, p. 317).

PATEL, Naranbhai Ramjee - Born in Varad, Bardoli, India, in 1887. Arrived in South Africa in 1905 and
started business as general dealer. Was sentenced to 14 days during the Satyagraha. Was Vice-
President of British Indian Association. (Bramdaw).

PATEL, Nathoobhai Mawjee - Born in Vankaner, Bardoli, India, in 1897. Arrived in South Africa in 1903,
and started a fruit and produce business in Johannesburg. Took part in the Satyagraha and was
sentenced to two weeks in 1908. (Bramdaw).

PATEL, Raojibhai Manibhai - Went to Natal in 1910 and was in family business in Stanger for a short
time. He met Gandhi in 1912 and left the business to join Phoenix Settlement. Member of pioneer party
of resisters from Phoenix Settlement in 1913, sentenced on 23 September to three months with hard
labour. Was teacher and compositor at Indian Opinion. Lifelong associate of Gandhi. Freedom fighter
and social worker. Author of Gandhijini Sadhana. (IO, 1 October and 24 December 1913).

PATEL, Somabhai V. - Of Heidelberg. Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 27 February
1909).

PATEL, Somabhai Vithalbhai - Born in Bandhani, Baroda State. Arrived in Durban in1904, worked for a
short time at Indian Opinion and also taught. Moved to the Transvaal in 1905 . “Took active part in the
passive resistance struggle of 1907-8, suffering three months’ hard labour in the Volksrust and Houtpoort
gaols. Those in gaol at the same time with him included M.K. Gandhi, Parsee Rustomjee and others
whom he entertained with songs, being a singer of some ability.” (Bramdaw).

PATHER, Chella - Transferred on 9 April 1910, from the Transvaal to Delagoa Bay to be deported to
India. (IO, 16 April 1910).

PATHER, M. - Deported from the Transvaal. (IO, 14 August 1909).

PATHER, M. Moonsamy - Sentenced in Volksrust in December 1913 for crossing Natal-Transvaal border.
(IO, 31 December 1913).

PATHER, Marutha Muthu – Goldsmith. Deported from the Transvaal. Arrived in Bombay. (IO, 16 July
1910; Ind Rev, June 1910).

PATHER, Muthramoothoo – Hawker. Sentenced on 14 August 1908 for hawking without licence. (IO, 5
and 12 September 1908).

PATHER, Nadasa - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 10 July 1909).

PATHER, S. S. - Sentenced to three months with hard labour for managing E.I. Aswat's store. (IO, 5 June
1909).

*PAUL, Chinasamy - Arrested and ordered deported. He was 16-years-old. Deported from the Transvaal
to India, returned to Durban and was admitted. (IO, 30 April, 14 May and 1 October 1910).

*PAUL, John – Returned from deportation in India and crossed the Transvaal border from the Cape.
Arrested in Christiana. (IO, 3 December 1910).

PAUL, Maduray George - Deported from the Transvaal to India, returned to Durban and was admitted.
(IO, 1 October 1910).
PAUL, Moonoosamy - Waiter at the Trocadero Restaurant in the Transvaal. Deported from the Transvaal
to India. (IO, 2, 9 and 16 April and 16 July 1910).

PAUL, Moonsamy - Natal-born Indian. Returned to Durban after deportation from the Transvaal to India
but was sent back to India. (IO, 18 June 1910).

PAUL, Moonsamy - Deported from the Transvaal to India, returned to Durban and was admitted. (IO, 1
October 1910).

PAVANI (PAYANI) – Bottle seller. Deported from the Transvaal. Arrived in Bombay. (IO, 16 July 1910).

PELANI, Morgan – Ordered to be deported from the Transvaal. (IO, 16 April 1910).

PEMA, Vassan - Sentenced to three months with hard labour for managing E.I. Aswat's store. (IO, 12
June 1909).

PENTIAH, Samy - Released after six weeks with hard labour. (IO, 26 November 1910).

PERMAL - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 5 November 1910).

PERUMAL, Govindsami – Waiter, educated. Born in Natal with both parents in Natal..Deported from the
Transvaal. Arrived in Bombay. Was then 22. (IO, 16 July 1910; Ind Rev, June 1910).

PERUMAL, Valoo - Deported from the Transvaal to India, returned to Durban, not allowed to land and
sent to Port Elizabeth. (IO, 1 October 1910).

PETER, N. Candasamy - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 10 July 1909).

*PETER, N.K. - Pretoria. Picket. Sentenced to three months with hard labour for defying order to leave
the Transvaal (IO, 13 July 1907, 1 February 1908).Arrested again. (IO, 2 January and 26 June 1909).

PETER, R.C. - Transferred on 9 April 1910 from the Transvaal to Delagoa Bay to be deported to India.
(IO, 16 April 1910).

PETER, V. N. – Arrested. (IO, 26 June 1909).

PETERS, S.A. - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 10 July 1909).

PHILLIP, Madurai alias A.R. - Deported from the Transvaal to India, returned to Durban, not allowed to
land and sent to Port Elizabeth. (IO, 1 October 1910).

PIETERS, Kandasamy - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 20 February 1909).

PILLAI - See also “PILLAY”.

PILLAI, C. Rungasami – Hawker. Was thruice in prison. Deported from the Transvaal, landed in Colombo
on 2 June 1910. Was then 60. (IO, 23 July 1910; Ind Rev, June 1910).

PILLAI, K. Chinasami – Cigar-maker. Borjn in Cape Colony. Had Natal domicile certificate. Deported from
the Transvaal. Arrived in Bombay. Had mother, wife and two children in Johannesburg. (IO, 16 July
1910; Ind Rev, June 1910).

PILLAI, Manikkam - Deported from the Transvaal, landed in Bombay in May 1910. (IO, 16 July 1910).

PILLAI, Marumuthoo - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, August 7, 1909).
PILLAI, N. Ganapathi – Cigar-maker. Born in Cape. Aged 19. Deported from the Transvaal, landed in
Bombay in May 1910. (IO, 16 July 1910).

PILLAI, N. Govindasami - Cigar-maker. Born in Cape Colony. Deported from the Transvaal. Arrived in
Bombay. He was then 22. (IO, 16 July 1910; Ind Rev, June 1910).

PILLAI, R.S. Chokkalingam - Deported from the Transvaal, landed in Bombay in May 1910. (IO, 16 July
1910). He was then 40 years old and had to leave wifeand nine children in Natal. He had lived in Natal
and the Transvaal since he was 6, and obtained a Natal Education Certificate. (Indian Review, Madras,
June 1910).

PILLAI, Veera – General dealer. Born in Mauritius. Was Head Inspector of Indian Location under Boer
Government. Deported from the Transvaal to India in 1910. Left a family of five in the Transvaal. (Ind
Rev, June 1910).

PILLAI, Vengadasamy - Awaiting trial. (IO, 19 February 1910).

PILLAY - See also “PILLAI”.

PILLAY, A.B. - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 14 August 1909).

PILLAY, A. D. - Led about 200 workers on strike in the Great March from Newcastle to Charlestown, 31
October 1913. (IO, 5 November 1913).

PILLAY, A. Govindasamy - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 10 July 1909).

PILLAY, A. Manika - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 10 July 1909).

PILLAY, Appasamy Madrai – Arrested. (IO, 21 May 1910). Ordered deported from the Transvaal. (IO, 21
May 1910).

PILLAY, Arokium – Arrested. (IO, 21 May 1910). Ordered deported from the Transvaal. (IO, 21 May
1910).

Pillay, Miss Baikum Murugasa - She was one of the eleven Transvaal women who went to Natal in the
third phase of the Satyagraha, informed Indian workers in the mines about the situation and encouraged
them to suspend work. They were arrested at Newcastle on 21 October 1913 and were sentenced to
three months with hard labour under the Vagrancy Act. Married P. V. Chettiar in Johannesburg on 21
June 1914. (IO, 22 Octber 1913, 8 July 1914).

PILLAY, C.M. – See “Biographical Notes”.

PILLAY, C. Muthusamy - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 11 January
1908; 10 July 1909).

PILLAY, C. Rungasamy - Deported to India from the Transvaal, returned to Durban, not allowed to land
and sent to Port Elizabeth. (IO, 1 October 1910).

PILLAY, C.V. - Of Natal. Charged with promoting a strike and inciting violence. (IO, 17 December 1913).

PILLAY, Chokalingam - Deported from the Transvaal to India, returned to Durban and was admitted. (IO,
1 October 1910).

PILLAY, D. Arumugam - Satyagrahi. (IO, 17 June 1911).

PILLAY, Dorasamy - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 10 July 1909).

PILLAY, G.S. - Arrested. (IO, 12 February 1910).

PILLAY, Gopal Nagan – Arrested. Ordered deported. (IO, 21 May 1910).

*PILLAY, Govindaswamy – Deported from the Transvaal to India, returned to South Africa and allowed to
land in Durban. Crossed into the Transvaal and was arrested at Vereeniging on 22 August 1910. Brother
of Kanapathy Pillay (cf.). (IO, 18 June and 27 August 1910).

PILLAY, Govindsamy - Deported from the Transvaal to India, returned to Durban, but sent on to East
London to prove domicile in Kimberley. (IO, 18 June 1910).

PILLAY, Govindsamy Naran - Worker at a European cigar factory in the Transvaal. Sentenced to three
months with hard labour. (IO, 9 April and 17 September 1910).

PILLAY, Gunputty - Deported from the Transvaal to India, returned to Durban, but sent on to East London
to prove domicile in Kimberley. (IO, 18 June 1910).

PILLAY, Mrs. K. Chinsamy (Chinnaswami) - She was one of the eleven Transvaal women who went to
Natal in the third phase of the Satyagraha, informed Indian workers in the mines about the situation and
encouraged them to suspend work. They were arrested at Newcastle on 21 October 1913 and were
sentenced to three months with hard labour under the Vagrancy Act. (IO, 22 October 1913).

PILLAY, K. Govindasamy - Had served imprisonment. (IO, 17 June 1911).

PILLAY, K. Murugasa - Had served imprisonment. (IO, 17 June 1911).

PILLAY, Mrs. K. Murugasa - She was one of the eleven Transvaal women who went to Natal in the third
phase of the Satyagraha, informed Indian workers in the mines about the situation and encouraged them
to suspend work. They were arrested at Newcastle on 21 October 1913 and were sentenced to three
months with hard labour under the Vagrancy Act. She was pregnant when arrested. A baby was born on
26 January 1914, soon after release. The baby - Sutheeyanatham - died in November 1914. (IO, 22
October 1913, 2 December 1914).

PILLAY, Kanapathe Naran – Employee of a cigar factory in the Transvaal. Arrested. (IO, 9 April 1910).

Pillay, Kangasami – Hawker. Sentenced on 14 August 1908 for hawking without licence. (IO, 5
September 1980).

PILLAY, K.C. - Deported from the Transvaal to India, returned to Durban, but sent on to East London to
prove domicile in Kimberley. (IO, 18 June 1910).

PILLAY, K. Rungasamy - Arrested. (IO, 23 April 1910).

PILLAY, K.V. Sivalingha - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 23 October 1909).

PILLAY, Kanapathe - Worker at a European cigar factory in the Transvaal. Sentenced to three months
with hard labour. (IO, 9 April and 17 September 1910).

*PILLAY, Kanapathy - Deported to India and returned to East London. Crossed into the Transvaal and
was arrested at Vereeniging on 22 August 1910. Brother of Govindasamy Pillay (cf.). See also “PILLAY,
Gunputty”. (IO, 27 August 1910).
PILLAY, Kangasami – Sentenced on 14 August 1908 for hawking without licence. (IO, 5 September
1908).

PILLAY, Karamuttu (Kurumuttu) - Sentenced to seven days with hard labour in July 1908 for hawking
without licence. (IO, 1 August 1908; Nayar, p. 321).

PILLAY, Karpana (Karupana) – Satyagrahi , member of the Pretoria Tamil League. (IO, 2 January 1909).

PILLAY, Kumarsamy Krishnasamy - Born in Tanjore on 28 December 1867. Arrived in South Africa in
1884. Opened a general dealer’s store in Durban. Took part in the satyagraha in the Transvaal in 1908.
(Bramdaw).

PILLAY, Lingam Vydilingam – Cartage contractor. Born in Mauritius. Possessed Natal domicile certificate.
Deported from the Transvaal, landed in Colombo on 2 June 1910. Left wife and two children in the
Transvaal. (IO, 23 July 1910; Ind Rev, June 1910).

PILLAY, Miss Minachi - She was one of the eleven Transvaal women who went to Natal in the third phase
of the Satyagraha, informed Indian workers in the mines about the situation and encouraged them to
suspend work. They were arrested at Newcastle on 21 October 1913 and were sentenced to three
months with hard labour under the Vagrancy Act. (IO, 22 October 1913).

PILLAY, Mrs. M. B. - She was one of the eleven Transvaal women who went to Natal in the third phase
of the Satyagraha, informed Indian workers in the mines about the situation and encouraged them to
suspend work. They were arrested at Newcastle on 21 October 1913 and were sentenced to three
months with hard labour under the Vagrancy Act. (IO, 22 October 1913).

PILLAY, Manikkam - Studied at Higher Grade Indian School and later at Phoenix School. Crossed Natal-
Transvaal border with Gandhi and eleven others in March 1910. Deported to India. He was about 17. (IO,
19 March and 16 April 1910; Ind Rev, June 1910).

PILLAY, M. Nayanah - Satyagrahi. (IO, 17 June 1911).

PILLAY, M. Perumal - Deported from the Transvaal to India, returned to Durban, not allowed to land and
sent to Port Elizabeth. (IO, 1 October 1910).

PILLAY, M. Ruthnam - Arrested on 18 October 1913 for crossing the Cape-Transvaal border, remanded
for several days and discharged on 4 November 1913. (IO, 5 November 1913).

PILLAY, M.A. - Of Standerton. Deported. (IO, 27 February 1909).

PILLAY, M.R. - Of Natal. Sentenced to three months with hard labour in October 1913 for crossing the
Natal-Transvaal border. (IO, 22 and 29 October 1913).

PILLAY, M. Sivalingam - Hawker. Sentenced to seven days in August 1908 for trading without licence.
(IO, 15 August 1908).

PILLAY, Madrimuthu - Deported from the Transvaal to India, returned to Durban, not allowed to land and
sent to Port Elizabeth. (IO, 1 October 1910).

PILLAY, Manikkam – A student at Phoenix. He was arrested in March 1910 when he crossed the Natal-
Transvaal border with Gandhi and several others. He was 17. (IO, 5 and 19 March 1910).

PILLAY, Mootookumara - Of Standerton. Deported. (IO, 27 February 1909).

PILLAY, Mrs. N. (Parenithama) - Mother of Veerammal (Mrs. Thambi Naidoo) and N.S. Pillay. She was
one of the eleven Transvaal women who went to Natal in the third phase of the Satyagraha, informed
Indian workers in the mines about the situation and encouraged them to suspend work. They were
arrested at Newcastle on 21 October 1913 and were sentenced to three months with hard labour under
the Vagrancy Act. Oldest of the women satyagrahis. (IO, 22 October 1913).

*PILLAY, Narayana Kanabathy - Born in Kimberley on 22 September 1892. Active in community affairs in
Kimberley. “Took part in the first passive resistance movement in the Transvaal, 1907-10, and with other
members of his family, suffered three terms of imprisonment, thereafter deported to India, 1910; returned
soon after because of his colonial birth.” Also participated in the struggle in 1913-14 for the repeal of the
three pound tax. (Bramdaw).

PILLAY, N.G. - Transferred from the Transvaal on 9 April 1910 to Delagoa Bay to be deported to India.
(IO, 16 April 1910).

PILLAY, N.K. - Transferred from the Transvaal on 9 April 1910 to Delagoa Bay to be deported to India. A
deportee in the second phase, he returned to the Transvaal via a port in the Cape province. At the
beginning of November 1913 he went to the strike centre and was, with Sheikh Makdoom, in charge of
the strikers’ families in Charlestown. He made several attempts to be arrested at the border but without
success. ((IO, 16 April 1910, 4 March 1914).

*PILLAY, N.S. – Brother of Mrs. Thambi Naidoo. Picket. Jailed in November and December 1908 for
hawking without licence. Ill-treated in prison. Later sentenced twice to three months with hard labour. (IO,
3 October, 21 November and 19 December 1908, 6 February and 23 October 1909).

PILLAY, Mrs. N.S. (Lachimi) - Sister-in-law of Veerammal, wife of Thambi Naidoo. She was one of the
eleven Transvaal women who went to Natal in the third phase of the Satyagraha, informed Indian workers
in the mines about the situation and encouraged them to suspend work. They were arrested at Newcastle
on 21 October 1913 and were sentenced to three months with hard labour under the Vagrancy Act. (IO,
22 October 1913).

PILLAY, Nalapama - Ordered to be deported from the Transvaal to India. (IO, 4 June 1910).

PILLAY, Narayansamy - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 5 and 12 March 1910).

PILLAY, Nyna - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 10 July 1909).

PILLAY, Packiri - Ordered to be deported from the Transvaal to India. (IO, 4 June 1910).

PILLAY, R. - Jailed in 1913 and released in January 1914.

PILLAY, Rajoo – Satyagrahi. (Pretoria Tamil League).

PILLAY, R.C.- Released on 15 December 1910. (IO, 24 December 1910). May be same as R.
Chinasamy Pillay, who was sentenced on return from deportation.

PILLAY, R.C.S. - Satyagrahi. (IO, 17 June 1911).

PILLAY, R. Chinasamy - Transferred from the Transvaal on 9 April 1910 to Delagoa Bay to be deported
to India. (IO, 16 April 1910).

PILLAY, R. Kanagasubi - Jailed on 14 August 1908. (IO, 12 September 1908).

PILLAY, R.S. Chokalingam – General dealer. Deported from the Transvaal to India on 18 March 1910.
Wife and 9 children left in Natal. (IO, 19 March 1910; Ind Rev, June 1910).
PILLAY, Rangasamy - Deported. (IO, 19 March 1910).

PILLAY, Rungasamy - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 23 October 1909).

*PILLAY, S. - Sentenced to 14 days with hard labour. He had already been in jail four times. (IO, 25
September 1909).

PILLAY, S. Chinia - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 10 July 1909).

PILLAY, S.D. Ernest - Satyagrahi. (IO, 17 June 1911).

PILLAY, S. Karoopanna - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 10 July 1909).

PILLAY, S. Murthramoothoo – Hawker. Sentenced on 14 August 1908 for hawking without licence. (IO, 5
and 12 September 1908).

PILLAY, S. Punusamy - Deported from the Transvaal to India, returned to Durban, not allowed to land
and sent to Port Elizabeth. (IO, 1 October 1910).

PILLAY, S.R. - Picket. (IO, 3 October 1908).

*PILLAY, S.T. - Hawker, Jailed in November and December 1908. (IO, 21 November and 19 December
1908).

PILLAY, Savery – Hawker. Jailed on 14 August 1908 for hawking without licence. (IO, 12 September
1908).

PILLAY, Selmar T. - Arrested in the Transvaal in April 1910 and deported to Natal. (IO, 9 and 16 April
1910).

PILLAY, Singaravalloo - Arrested and ordered deported to Natal. (IO, 30 April 1910).

PILLAY, Sinnappa Rangasamy - Sentenced in July 1908 to seven days with hard labour for hawking
without licence. (IO, 1 August 1908).

PILLAY, Soo. Rangasamy - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 10 July
1909).

*PILLAY, Soopia (Subbiah) – See “Biographical Notes”..

PILLAY, Sundaram - Sentenced to three months. (IO, 2 April 1910).

*PILLAY, V.S. - Chairman, Pretoria Tamil League. Deported from the Transvaal to Natal. Sentenced to
six months with hard labour, and again to three months with hard labour. (IO, 2 January, 20 February
and 23 October 1909).

PILLAY, Mrs. V.S. –She was a member of the second batch of eight Transvaal women who went to Natal
in order to explain the £3 tax to indentured workers and encourage them to suspend work until the
government undertook to abolish the tax. They were sentenced in December 1913 to three months with
hard labour for crossing the Natal-Transvaal border. She was then over 50 years old. (IO, 24 December
1913).

PILLAY, Valoo - Sentenced in Volksrust in December 1913 for crossing the Natal-Transvaal border. (IO,
31 December 1913).
PILLAY, Veera - Deported from the Transvaal to India in March 1910, returned to Durban and was
admitted. He was a Transvaal resident for 22 years. Before the war, he was in the employ of the Boer
government. (IO, 26 March, 16 April and 1 October 1910).

PILLAY, Veloo Dorasamy – Arrested. Ordered deported from the Transvaal. (IO, 21 May 1910).

PILLAY, Venketsamy - Deported from the Transvaal to India on 18 March 1910. (IO, 19 March 1910).

PITAMBER - Sentenced. (IO, 4 March 1911).

POONA, Narottam – Of Windsorton. Sentenced in December 1913 to three months with hard labour for
crossing the Cape-Transvaal border near Kimberley. (IO, 10 December 1913).

PONOOSAMY, S. - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 10 July 1909).

POONOOSAMY - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 12 November 1910).

POONOSAMY, P. - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 10 July 1909).

POONSAMY, Thomas - Of Boksburg. Sentenced to 14 days with hard labour. (IO, 26 February 1910).

*POONSAMY, V. - Hawker. Jailed in November and December 1908. (IO, 21 November and 19
December 1908).

PRAG, Goolab - Of Krugersdorp. Deported from the Transvaal to Natal. (IO, 30 January 1909).

PRAG, Govind - Of Pretoria. Picket. Charged on 13 November 1907 with incitement and assault – for
threatening an Indian who wished to register. Charges withdrawn when the Indian denied assault. (IO, 13
July and 13 and 23 November 1907; Nayar, p. 136). Sentenced to three months with hard labour for
defying order to leave the Transvaal (IO, 1 February 1908).

PREMJI, Jiwan - Chairman, Patidar Association. Hawked in Johannesburg without licence, but was not
arrested. (IO, 22 October 1913).

PREMJI, Mawji - Vice-Chairman, Patidar Association. Hawked in Johannesburg without licence, but was
not arrested. (IO, 22 October 1913).

PURBHOO, Dhaya - Released after serving ten days for hawking without licence. (IO, 22 October 1913).

PURUSHOTTAMDAS - Sentenced to six weeks with hard labour. (IO, 2 January 1909).

RAGA, Daya - Sentenced to seven days with hard labour for hawking without licence. (IO, 26 September
1908).

RAGHUNANDAN - Sentenced to six weeks with hard labour. (IO, 12 November 1910).

RAGLOO, V. - Of Houtpoort. Dismissed from job as cook to jail officials. (IO, 15 May 1909).

RAHIMKHAN – See “KHAN, Rahim”.

RAHMAN, Abdool - Of Heidelberg. Picket. Satyagrahi in the first phase. Arrested on 16 January 1908 for
not having registered under the Asiatic Act and ordered to leave the Transvaal within 48 hours. He defied
the order and was sentenced to two months. (IO, 25 January 1908).

RAHMAN, Abdool - Of Roodepoort. Arrested. (IO, December 4, 1909).

*RAHMAN, Abdul - Secretary of Indian Association in Potchefstroom. Born in Mauritius. (IO, 1 February
1908). Charged in December 1909 with trading without licence. Sentenced in 1910 to ten days’
imprisonment.

RAJA, K. Govind - Jailed in November 1908. (IO, 21 November 1908).

RAJA, Moosa - Of Potchefstroom. Satyagrahi in the first phase. Ordered to leave the Transvaal by noon
on 31 January. (IO, 25 January 1908).

RAJA, Moosa - Of Ventersdorp. Sentenced to ten days with hard labour. (IO, 12 and 21 November 1908).

RAJKUMAR - Member of a Natal batch who entered the Transvaal. Sentenced to three months on 24
March 1910.. (IO, 2 July 1910, 4 March 1911).

RAJOO, Govindaswami (Master Govindrajulu) - Student at Phoenix Settlement. He was one of fifteen
pioneer passive resisters in the third phase of Satyagraha. They left the Phoenix Settlement on 15
September 1913, and crossed the Transvaal border. They were sentenced on 23 September to three
months with hard labour. (IO, 1 October 1913).

RAJOO, S.P. - Sentenced to six weeks with hard labour. (IO, 31 October and 12 December 1908).

RAJU, K. Govind - Hawker. Jailed in December 1908. (IO, 19 December 1908).

RAMA – Hawker. Sentenced on 14 August 1908 for hawking without licence. (IO, 5 and 12 September
1908).

RAMA, Sita - Sentenced in May 1909 to 14 days with hard labour. (IO, 22 May 1909).

*RAMALINGAM, Tomi - Hawker. Jailed in November and December 1908. (IO, 21 November and 19
December 1908).

RAMALINGAM, Mrs. Tommy - She was one of the eleven Transvaal women who went to Natal in the
third phase of the Satyagraha, informed Indian workers in the mines about the situation and encouraged
them to suspend work. They were arrested at Newcastle on 21 October 1913 and were sentenced to
three months with hard labour under the Vagrancy Act. (IO, 22 October 1913). [Sometimes the name is
printed in error in as “R.A. Malingam”].

RAMAMMA (RAMAHMAH), Ms. – Worker at Durban Navigation Collieries. Sentenced to seven days. (IO,
5 November 1913).

*RAMAMOODLY, R.M. – See “MOODLY, R.M. Rama”.

RAMASAMY - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 10 July 1909).

RAMASAMY, Kathia - Deported from the Transvaal to India, returned to Durban and was admitted. (IO, 1
October 1910; Ind Rev, June 1910).

RAMASWAMY - Sentenced in July 1908 to seven days with hard labour for hawking without licence. (IO,
1 August 1908).

RAMBORRY (RAMHORY) - Born in Natal. Former Transvaal resident. Formerly assistant teacher at
Railway Indian School, Durban. Now a member of Phoenix Settlement, studying for the Durban
Teachers’ School certificate. Crossed Natal-Transvaal border with Gandhi and 11 others in March 1910.
Sentenced to three months with hard labour. He was about 26 years old. (IO, 19 March, 2 and 9 April,
1910).

RAMDEN, Mahabeer (Rajcoomar) - Popularly known as Rajcoomar. Born in Natal. Educated at Victoria
Street School. A printer by profession. Crossed the Natal-Transvaal border with Gandhi and 11 others in
March 1910. Deported. (IO, 19 March 1910).

RAMIAH, Kistappa – Was taken to the Transvaal during the Anglo-Boer War as military laundryman.
Deported from the Transvaal, landed in Colombo on 2 June 1910. Wife and two children in the Transvaal.
(IO, 23 July 1910; Ind Rev, June 1910).

RAMJI, Bhana – Sentenced to one month with hard labour for not complying with order to leave the
Transvaal. (IO, 12 September 1908).

RAMJI, Diar – Laundryman. Deported from the Transvaal, landed in Colombo on 2 June 1910. He was
24. (IO, 23 July 1910; Ind Rev, June 1910).

RAMJI, Hira - Released from prison. (IO, 25 March 1911).

RAMJI, Kistapa - Released after serving six weeks with hard labour. (IO, 26 November 1910).

RAMKISSOON (RAMKISSEN), P. - Of Natal. Sentenced to three months with hard labour in October
1913 for crossing the Natal-Transvaal border. (IO, 22 and 29 October 1913).

RAMLAGAN - Ordered to be deported. (IO, 11 June 1910).

RAMNARAIN (RAMNARAYAN) - See “SINGH, Ramnarain”.

RAMSAMY - Deported from the Transvaal to India, returned to Durban and was admitted. (IO, October
1,1910).

RAMSAMY, Kathia - Natal-born Indian. Returned to Durban after deportation from the Transvaal to India
but was sent back to India. (IO, 18 June 1910).

RAMSARAN – Released from prison on 15 December. (IO, 24 December 1910).

RAMTULA, Nanumia - Merchant. Satyagrahi in the first phase. Ordered to leave the Transvaal within 14
days for not registering under the Asiatic Act. (IO, 25 January 1908).

RANA, Dhana - Fisherman of Bronkhorst Spruit. Sentenced to one month with hard labour for fishing
without licence. (IO, 3 October 1908).

RANCHAND, Narsai - Hawked without licence in Johannesburg but was not arrested. (IO, 5 November
1913).

RANCHHOD, Ratanji (Rathanjee) - Arrested in the Transvaal and transferred to Delagoa Bay to be
deported to India. (IO, 9 and 16 April 1910).

RANCHHOD, S. - Satyagrahi. (IO, 4 March 1911).

RANCHHOD, Vassan - Of Germiston. Sentenced to three days with hard labour. (IO, 3 October 1908).

RANCHOD, Jeram - Sentenced in Volksrust in December 1913 for crossing the Natal-Transvaal border.
(IO, 31 December 1913).
*RANDEREE, Javerbhai - Child sentenced to one month with hard labour for defying order to leave the
Transvaal. Released after serving one month. Arrested soon after release. (IO, 12 September and 3
October 1908).

*RANDERIA, Shapurji Jivanji - See “Biographical Notes”.

RANDERWALA, Vally Amodji - Sentenced in 1908 to six weeks.

RANGASAMY - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 10 July 1909).

RANGASAMY, Harry - Of Boksburg, Sentenced to 14 days with hard labour. (IO, 26 February 1910).

RASHID, Goolam Abdool – Arrested. (IO, 11 January 1908).

RASHID, Goolam Mahomed - Of Pretoria. Picket. Satyagrahi in the first phase. Did not register under the
Asiatic Act. Ordered to leave the Transvaal and defied the order. Sentenced to three months with hard
labour. Also sentenced to a fine or another three months with hard labour. (IO, 13 July 1907, 11 and 18
January 1908).

RATANJEE - Of Potchefstroom. Satyagrahi in the first phase. Ordered to leave the Transvaal by noon on
31 January. (IO, 25 January 1908).

RATANJI, Mulji - Pre-war resident of the Transvaal. Arrested at Volksrust after crossing into the Transvaal
from Natal. (IO, 10 October 1908).

RAVIKRISHNA – From Phoenix school. Now in prison. (IO, 9 January 1909).

RAVJI, Samji - Released from prison. (IO, 25 March 1911).

RAZAK, Abdul - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 13 and 20 March 1909).

ROBERT (Karim), I.K. - Deported from the Transvaal to India, returned to Durban and was admitted. (IO,
1 October 1910).

ROBERT, S.D. - Of Potchefstroom. Satyagrahi in the first phase. Ordered to leave the Transvaal by noon
on 31 January. (IO, 25 January 1908).

ROBERT (ROBERTS), S.K. – Waiter and cook. Born in Natal. Deported from the Transvaal, landed in
Colombo on 2 June 1910. Had wife and three children in Natal. (IO, 30 April and 23 July 1910; Ind Rev,
June 1910).

*ROYEPPEN, Joseph - See “Biographical Notes”.

ROYEPPEN, Solomon - Nephew of Joseph Royeppen. Member of pioneer party of resisters from the
Phoenix Settlement in 1913, sentenced on 23 September to three months with hard labour. While in
Maritzburg jail as passive resister, he suffered from hernia and was operated on 21 February 1914, soon
after release. (IO, 1 October and 24 December 1913;,25 February 1914) .

RUGNATH, Ratanji - Sentenced to six weeks with hard labour. (IO, 17 October 1908).

RUNGASAMY - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 5 November 1910).

RUPA, Fakir – Of Roodepoort. Sentenced to seven days with hard labour in July 1908 for hawking
without licence.. (IO, 1 and 8 August 1908).
*RUSTOMJEE (RUSTOMJI), Parsi – See “Biographical Notes”.

RUSTOMJEE (RUSTOMJI), Sorabji - See “Biographical Notes”.

SACHA, M.E. - Arrested. (IO, 25 December 1909).

SAHEB, Shahji - Satyagrahi in the first phase. Ordered on 23 January 1908 to leave the Transvaal within
14 days for not registering under the Asiatic Act. (IO, 25 January 1908).

SAHI, Abdul - Satyagrahi. Three pound tax payer. (IO, 8 October 1913).

SAHIB, Dada - Waiting for deportation from the Transvaal to India. (IO, 26 February 1910).

SAKRAVANY - Arrested. (IO, 5 and 12 March 1910).

SALE, Ismail Ahmed - Of Heidelberg. Deported from the Transvaal. (IO, 27 February 1909).

*SALE (SALEH, SALEJI), Omar (Omarji) - Vice-Chairman of Hamidia Islamic Society and a leader of the
British Indian Association. Picket. Satyagrahi in the first phase. (IO, 18 January 1908). Deported from the
Transvaal to Natal. Arrested when he returned. Sentenced to three months without hard labour because
of his advanced age, 65. Served another prison term in 1909. (IO, 3 October 1908, 2 January and 20 and
27 February 1909).

SAMI, A. - Of Windsorton, Northern Cape. Sentenced in December 1913 to three months with hard labour
for crossing the Cape-Transvaal border near Kimberley. (IO, 10 December 1913).

SAMY, Dhobi – Arrested and ordered to be deported. (IO, 9 April 1910).

`
*SAMY, K.K. - Secretary of Tamil Benefit Society and chief picket. Jailed in November and December
1908. IO, 21 November and 19 December 1908). Sentenced in February 1909 to three months with hard
labour. (IO, 27 February 1909). Sentenced again to three months with hard labour. (IO, 6 March 1909).
Crossed the Natal-Transvaal border with Gandhi and 11 others, and was again sentenced to three
months with hard labour. (IO, 9 April 1910).

SANGARAM - Of Krugersdorp. Laundryman. Sentenced to three days. (IO, 19 September 1908).

SANGARAM, Ismail Essopjee - Pretoria. Arrested in September 1908.

SEBA. Chhana - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 6 February 1909).

SEBASTIAN, Antony - Of Natal. Sentenced to three months with hard labour in October 1913 for crossing
the Natal-Transvaal border. (IO, 22 and 29 October 1913).

*SEBASTIAN, Louis - Sentenced to two months with hard labour. Again sentenced to 14 days in prison
in Christiana. Then re-crossed the Transvaal border from Bloemfontein, and was arrested. (IO, 7 and 14
January, 11 March and 7 November 1911).

SETH, V.U. - Satyagrahi in the first phase. He was charged for not registering and was, at his request,
remanded until 30 January when all prisoners were released. (IO, 4 January 1908).

*SHAH, Khimchand Jootha - Sentenced twice to three months with hard labour. (IO, 27 March and 14
August 1909). Was in poor health. (IO, 12 June 1909).

SHAH, Mahomed - Of Germiston. Tried on 19 November 1907, for picketing registration offices.
SHAH, Marur (Marub) – Mattress-maker. Deported from the Transvaal, landed in Bombay in May 1910.
(IO, 16 July 1910).

*SHAH, Nanalal Valji - See “Biographical Notes”.

SHAMJI, Visram - Sentenced. (IO, 4 March 1911).

SHANKERSINGH, Ramnarayan - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 20 February 1909)

*SHAPURJI ADAJANIA (of Adajan), Sorabji – See “Biographical Notes”.

SHARFOODEEN - Picket. Charged on 13 November 1907 with incitement and assault – for threatening
an Indian who wished to register. Charges withdrawn when the Indian denied assault. (IO, 23 November
1907; Nayar, p. 136).

*SHELAT, Umashankar Manchharam – See “Biographical Notes”.

SHETH - Of Pretoria. Satyagrahi in the first phase. Charged for not registering under the Asiatic Act, and
ordered to leave the Transvaal. Defied the order. (IO, 11 January and 11 February 1908).

SHETH, V.M. - Of Pretoria. Satyagrahi in the first phase. Sentenced to three months with hard labour.
(IO, 25 January 1908).

SHETH, V.U. – Of Pretoria. Appeared in Court on 28 December 1907 for not registering under the Asiatic
Act. (IO, 4 January 1907). Released from prison at the end of January after provisional agreement.

SHINTRUM, Soni - Served seven days in prison with hard labour for hawking without licence.

SHIVAPRASAD – See “SIVAPRASAD”.

SHROFF, S.W. - Of Natal. Charged in Verulam in December 1913 with incitement. Charges withdrawn
later. (IO, 31 December 1913).

SIDAT, Moosa Ahmed - Of Heidelberg. Deported. (IO, 27 February 1909).

SIDIK, Mahomed - Butcher. Sentenced to one month with hard labour. (IO, 31 October 1908).

SIDOO, Cassim - Of Pretoria. Picket. (IO, 13 July 1907).

SING – See also “SINGH”.

*SINGARAVELOO - Sentenced to two months with hard labour. (IO, 14 January and 11 March 1911).
Released after serving 14 days in prison in Christiana. (IO, 7 November 1911). Then re-crossed the
Transvaal border from Bloemfontein, and was arrested. (IO, 7 January 1911).

SINGARUVELOO - Deported from the Transvaal to India, returned to Durban, not allowed to land and
sent to Port Elizabeth. (IO, 1 October 1910).

SINGH, Arjoon (Arjun) - Member of Natal Indian Association. Charged in November 1913 with incitement
to strike. Charges withdrawn later. (IO, 26 November and 17 December 1913).

*SINGH, B. Lalbahadur - Chairman of the Germiston Indian community. Deported from the Transvaal to
Natal. When the strike was at its height in 1913, he went to Verulam and “performed signal service in
feeding the strikers there and tending the sick. A gaol-bird of the previous campaign, he was not
fortunate enough to be arrested this time.” (IO, 20 February 1909; 4 March 1914).

SINGH, Mrs. B. Lalbahadur. - One of six women and ten men who hawked without licence in Germiston
and were arrested in October 1913. (IO, 15 October 1913).

*SINGH, Barjor (Burjor) - Born in Natal. Studied at Higher Grade Indian School. Trolley checker under a
European firm. Crossed the Natal-Transvaal border with Gandhi and 11 others in March 1910. Sentenced
to three months with hard labour. He was then 20 years old. (IO, 19 March and 9 April 1910). Stayed at
Tolstoy Farm after release in June. He left the farm and went to Natal because of his father’s illness. (IO,
6 August 1910).

SINGH, H. - One of six women and ten men who hawked without licence in Germiston and were arrested
in October 1913. (IO, 15 October 1913).

SINGH, Hari - Sentenced to six weeks with hard labour. (IO, 29 October 1910).

SINGH, Harry - Deported from the Transvaal to India, returned to Durban and was allowed to land. (IO,
18 June 1910).

*SINGH, (Babu) Hazura - Born in Ludhiana district, Punjab, India, in 1878. Arrived in Durban in 1900 and
later moved to the Transvaal where he started business as general dealer in Germiston. Joined the
satyagraha and suffered several terms of imprisonment. Was a resister until the end. (Bramdaw).
Chairman of Hindu Society, Germiston. Ordered in January 1908 to leave the Transvaal within 48 hours
for not registering under the Asiatic Act. (IO, 1 February 1908). Arrested and deported from the Transvaal
to Natal in February 1909. (IO, 1 February and 31 October 1908, 20 February 1909).

SINGH, Lahoria M. - One of six women and ten men who hawked without licence in Germiston and were
arrested in October 1913. (IO, 15 October 1913).

SINGH, Mangal – Of Boksburg. Sentenced to a fine of £2 or eight days for hawking without licence. He
chose to pay the fine though he had announced that he would go to jail. Gandhi condemned this. (IO, 25
July 1908)

SINGH, R.H. - One of six women and ten men who hawked without licence in Germiston and were
arrested in October 1913. (IO, 15 October 1913).

SINGH, Ragbeer - One of six women and ten men who hawked without licence in Germiston and were
arrested in October 1913. (IO, 15 October 1913).

SINGH, Ramlal - Clerk. Crossed Natal-Transvaal border with Gandhi and five others on 7 December
1909.

SINGH, Ramnarain (Ramnarayan) - Of Germiston. Charged on 14 October 1913, with inciting workers at
Railway Barracks in Durban to strike and imprisoned for a day. (IO, 22 October 1913). Was in the Great
March with Gandhi and was arrested at Standerton on 9 November 1913 on the charge of incitement. He
was sentenced to six months with hard labour, suspended for 12 months.(IO, 19 November 1913). He
then went to Durban and assisted the resistance in various ways until the provisional settlement. (IO, 11
March 1914).

*SINGH, Ravikrishna - Born on 1 January 1888. On leaving school, joined Satyagraha in 1913. Served
two terms of imprisonment, six weeks and six months. After the end of the struggle, returned to Verulam
and joined father’s business. Later a cane-farmer. (Bramdaw)
SINGH, S.M.- One of six women and ten men who hawked without licence in Germiston and were
arrested in October 1913. (IO, 15 October 1913).

SINGH, Shivpal - Of Tongaat. Discharged from Durban jail on 6 January 1914. (IO, 7 January 1914).

SINGH, Surajpal - Three pound tax payer. Satyagrahi. (IO, 8 October 1911).

SINGH, Tilok - One of six women and ten men who hawked in Germiston without licence and were
arrested. (IO, 15 October 1913). He accompanied Lalbahadur Singh from Germiston to Natal and did
useful work in assisting the indigent passive resisters encamped at the Farm New Germany in Pinetown.
(IO, 4 March 1914).

SINGH, Tiloka - Of Transvaal. Went with B. Lalbahadur Singh from Germiston to Natal during the height
of the Indian strike. Assistaed Indian workers encamped at the Farm New Germany in Pinetown. Jailed in
1913 and released in January 1914. (IO, 4 March 1914).

SINGH, V. Hari - Released from prison. (IO, 13 August 1910).

SINGLI (SINGLEE), Charlie - Sentenced in July 1908 to seven days with hard labour for hawking without
licence. (IO, 1 August 1908).

SINHA, Ramnarayan – See “SINGH, Ramnarain”.

SINNA, Moonsamy - Natal-born Indian. Returned to Durban after deportation from the Transvaal to India
but was sent back to India. (IO, 18 June 1910).

SITA, Khusal - Pretoria. Picket. Sentenced to three months with hard labour for defying order to leave the
Transvaal (IO, 13 July 1907, 1 February 1908).

SIVAPRASAD (SIVPRASAD), Mrs. – She was a member of the second batch of eight Transvaal women
who went to Natal in order to explain the £3 tax to indentured workers and encourage them to suspend
work until the government undertook to abolish the tax. They were sentenced in December 1913 to three
months with hard labour for crossing the Natal-Transvaal border. (IO, 24 December 1913).

SIVAPRASAD - Along with Bhawani Dayal, Gulabhdas and Raghubar, Sivprasad left Germiston for
Newcastle at the commencement of the strike. They were arrested while moving among the indentured
labourers and sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 4 March 1914).

*SODHA, Ratanshi Mulji - See “Biographical Notes”.

SODHA, Rambhabai - See “Biographical Notes”.

SODHA, Revashanker Ratanshi - Son of Rambhabai and Ratanshi Sodha. Student at Phoenix
Settlement. Member of pioneer party of resisters from Phoenix Settlement in 1913, sentenced on 23
September to three months with hard labour. He was then below the age of 18. (IO, 1 October and 24
December 1913).

*SOLOMON, David - Waiter at Trocadero restaurant in the Transvaal. Sentenced to three months with
hard labour.(IO, 6 February 1909). Ordered deported. Transferred on 9 April 1910 to Delagoa Bay to be
deported to India. (IO, 2, 9 and 16 April 1910).

SOMA, Manga - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 20 February 1909).

SOMAR, Mrs. T. - One of six women and ten men who hawked in Germiston and got arrested in October
1913. She later joined the second batch of Transvaal women passive resisters who went to Natal and
encouraged the workers to strike. She was then sentenced to three months with hard labour for crossing
the Natal-Transvaal border. (IO, 15 October and 24 December 1913).

SONI, Kara Nanji - An old Transvaal resident. Crossed the Natal-Transvaal border with Gandhi and 11
others in March 1910. Sentenced on 24 March 1910, to three months with hard labour. He was then 35.
(IO, 19 March and 9 April 1910, 4 March 1911).

SONI, Tulsi Jutha - Old Transvaal resident. Crossed the Natal-Transvaal border with Gandhi and 11
others in March 1910. Sentenced on 24 March 1910 to three months with hard labour. He was then
about 30 years of age. (IO, 19 March and 9 April 1910, 4 March 1911).

SONI, Valji Hari - Sentenced to three months, but not given hard labour because of health. (IO, 27 March
1909).

SONI, Zaver Randeri – Sentenced to one month. (IO, 5 September 1908).

*SOOPRAYAN (SOUPRAYAN), C. - Hawker. Jailed in November and December 1908. (IO, 21 November
and 19 December 1908).

SOOPRAYEN - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 10 July 1909).

SUAN, Seethal - Of Boksburg. Sentenced to 14 days with hard labour. (IO, 26 February 1910).

SUBIAH - Deported from the Transvaal to India, returned to Durban, not allowed to land and sent to Port
Elizabeth. (IO, 1 October 1910).

SUBIAH - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 5 November 1910).

SUJ, Ismail Suliman - Satyagrahi in the first phase. He said he had been in the Transvaal for 15 years.
He went to the Cape during the war and returned after the war with a permit. He was a married man with
children and had lost all the money he had. He would comply with the law but would not register.(IO, 4
and 18 January 1908).

SUJEE (SUJI), S. - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 22 May and 21 August 1909).

SULAMAN, Hassun - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 20 February 1909).

SULEMAN, Amod - Pretoria. Picket. Sentenced to three months with hard labour for defying order to
leave the Transvaal (IO, 13 July 1907, 1 February 1908).

SULIMAN, Ahmed - Picket. Deported from the Transvaal to India. (IO, 25 January 1908, 12 February
1910).

*SULIMAN, Cassim - Of Houtpoort, Served a sentence of two months. Then deported from the Transvaal
to India. (IO, 17 April 1909).

SULIMAN, Essopji - Of Ventesdorp. Hawker. (IO, 12 and 21 November 1908).

SULIMAN, Ismail - Of Pretoria. Sentenced in 1909 to one month with hard labour. (IO, 11 January 1908,
27 March 1909).

SULIMAN, Moosa - Pretoria. Chief Picket. Sentenced to three months with hard labour for defying order
to leave the Transvaal (IO, 13 July 1907, 1 February 1908).

SUNDARAM, Govindasamy - Awaiting trial. (IO, 19 February 1910).

SUNDERJI - Sentenced. (IO, 4 March 1911).

SUPPAVA (Subbaya) - Arrested. (IO, 5 and 12 March 1910).

SUPPAYA (Subbaya) – Arrested in March 1910. “… it appears that at about noon on Saturday his wife
was taken ill, and he went to Orange Grove to fetch the doctor. It was on his way to this place that he was
arrested. Meanwhile twins were born. Mr. Suppaya was not able to secure a doctor, owing to his arrest.
One of the twins died on Saturday and the other on Sunday.” (IO, 12 March 1910).

SUPRAIYAN, C. T. - Sentenced to one month with hard labour. (IO, 27 March 1909).

TAILOR, Gowan Mawji - Waiting for deportation to India. (IO, 26 February 1910).

TAKOO - Of Natal. An ex-indentured Indian who arrived in the 1890s. He paid three pound tax after
completing indenture. Arrested after crossing the Natal-Transvaal border with Gandhi, and deported.
Crossed the border again in September 1913 and was sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 1
and 8 October 1913).

TALATI, Dinshaw Pallonji - Arrested for violation of the Immigration Restriction Act and sentenced in
March 1909 to three months with hard labour.. (IO, 6 and 20 March 1909).

*TALWANTSING, Ravikrishna - Born in South Africa. Arrested at Volksrust after crossing the Natal-
Transvaal border. Sentenced in 1908 to six weeks with hard labour. (IO, 10 and 17 October 1908).
Sentenced in 1909 to six months with hard labour. (IO, 13 February 1909).

TAMABRAHM, Harry – Arrested. (IO, 26 June 1909).

TAVERIA, Jeevanjee - Picket. (IO, 3 October 1908).

TEAM – Sentenced to two months with hard labour. (IO, 31 December 1910).

TEAM, Antonio – Of Johannesburg. Was deported to India and returned. Landed in Cape Town. (IO, 3
December 1910). Well-known satyagrahi. Tamil. (IO, 1 October 1913). See also “THEIM, Anthony”.

THAI, Mrs. - Of Germiston. Went to Charleston to cross the Transvaal border and get arrested, but did not
court arrest because of the provisional settlement in January 1914. (IO, 25 February 1914).

THALI, N.A. - Of Kimberley. Sentenced in December 1913 to three months with hard labour for crossing
the Natal-Transvaal border near Kimberley. (IO, 10 December 1913).

THANDAPANI, R. - Satyagrahi in the first phase. (IO, 18 January 1908). Sentenced to one week with
hard labour. (IO, 3 October 1908).

THEIM, Anthony - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 16 October 1909). See “TEAM,
Antonio”.

THOMAS, Cappu – Of Heidelberg. Satyagrahi in the first phase. Sentenced to two months. (IO, 25
January 1908).

THOMAS, Major - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 19 February and 5 March 1910).

THOMPSON, Moses David – Schoolmaster, physical culturist and sportsman. . Born in Durban on
17January 1888. Arrested in January 1910. Sentenced to three months. (IO, 29 January and 12
February 1910). Took part in the satyagraha in the Transvaal in 1910 and served a term of imprisonment
for three months with hard labour. (Bramdaw).

THUMBOOSAMY, Anthony - Deported from the Transvaal to India, returned to Durban, not allowed to
land and sent to Port Elizabeth. (IO, 1 October 1910).

THUMBRAN, Harry - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 10 July 1909).

THUMBARAN, Sunny - Served imprisonment during the satyagraha. Volunteered for passive resistance
in 1946, but was not called up because of ill-health. Died on 13 May 1947. (Passive Resister,
Johannesburg, 23 May 1947).

TIMOL, A.E. - Of Standerton. General dealer. Sentenced to 14 days with hard labour. (IO, 15 August
1908).

TIMOTHY, Isaiah - Born in South Africa. Crossed the Natal-Transvaal border in January 1911. Sentenced
to six weeks. (IO, 21 January 1911).

TOMMY, Govindsamy - Born in Natal. Educated at Verulam School. Was clerk and waiter. Crossed the
Natal-Transvaal border with Gandhi and 11 others in March 1910. Was then about 22-years-old. (IO, 19
March 1910).

TOMMY, Mrs. M. – One of the Transvaal woman sentenced under Vagrancy Act to three months with
hard labour. (IO, 22 October 1913). See “Ramalingan, Mrs. Tommy”.

TOMMY, R.M. - Arrested. (IO, 11 June 1910).

TOMY - Awaiting trial. (IO, 19 February 1910).

TOMY, P.M. - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 10 July 1909).

TOOLAKANOO – Waiter. Born in Natal and possessed Natal domicile certificate.Deported from the
Transvaal, landed in Colombo on 2 June 1910. (IO, 23 July 1910).

TOOLSIE - Of Pretoria. Satyagrahi in the first phase. Charged for not registering under the Asiatic Act
and ordered to leave the Transvaal. Defied the order. (IO, 4 and 11 January and 11 February 1908).

TRIVENDRAM (TRIVANDARUM) - Deported. (IO, 12 and 19 March 1910).

TULSI - Sentenced. (IO, 4 March 1911).

TYAGARAJAN - Released from prison on 15 December 1910. (IO, 24 December 1910).

UGI, Bhikhabhai Kalyanji - Awaiting trial. (IO, 17 October 1908).

UGI, Zinabhai Vallabhbhai - Awaiting trial. (IO, 17 October 1908).

VAJA, Mr. – Of Krugersdorp. Arrested and released on bail. (IO, 12 September 1908).

VALA, Makan - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 6 February 1909).

VALLAB, Jiram - Transferred from the Transvaal on 9 April 1910 to Delagoa Bay to be deported to India.
(IO, 16 April 1910).
VALLABH, Makan - He crossed the Natal-Transvaal border in August 1908, along with 11 others, to claim
his right, under the Transvaal Immigration Restriction Act, to enter the Transvaal as a pre-war resident.
He had permits and registration certificate under the Peace Preservation Ordinance. He refused to give
thumb impression under the Asiatic Act and was sentenced to deportation. (IO, 29 August 1909)

VALLABHBHAI, Jhinabhai - Detained and deported for not producing registration certificate when
demanded. (IO, 10 and 17 October 1908).

VALLABHDAS, L. - Of Pretoria. Sentenced to three days with hard labour. (IO, 19 September 1908).

VALLABHRAM – Picket. Deported. (IO, 3 October 1908, 19 March 1910).

VALLIAMMA R.. Moonsamy MUDALIAR – See “Biographical Notes”.

VALOO - Sentenced to three months at Volksrust. Released after provisional settlement. (IO, 4 March
1914).

VAMBLU, Andie - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 10 July 1909).

VANDEYAR, P. - (Pretoria Tamil League).

VANIA - Of Standerton. Hawker. Sentenced to 14 days with hard labour. (IO, 15 August 1908).

VANIA – Of Krugersdorp. Arrested and released on bail. (IO, 12 September 1908).

VARDHARAJULOO - Deported from the Transvaal to India, returned to Durban and allowed to land. (IO,
18 June 1910).

VARMALE, Edward – Arrested. (IO, 26 June 1909).

VARTACHALAN, Lakshman - Pre-war resident of the Transvaal. Arrested at Volksrust after crossing into
the Transvaal from Natal. (IO, 10 October 1908).

VARTAK, V. R. - A prominent Indian of Cape Town. Maharashtrian. Secretary of Awakened India

Society of Cape Town. Sentenced on 7 November 1913 to seven days with hard labour for hawking
without licence. (IO, 19 November 1913).

V.R. Vartak, passive resister from Cape Town

VEERAMUTHOO - Sentenced to three months. Deported from the Transvaal to India on 18 March
1910. (IO, 23 October 1909, 19 March 1910).

VEERAMUTHU, J. – Sentenced to 14 days with hard labour for hawking without licence. He was in
prison with Swami Nagappan Padayachy. (I.O. 10 July 1909). Staunch passive resister. He has ben five
times in jail and once deported. (IO, 19 April 1913).
VEERAMUTHU - Sentenced to three months with hard labour. (IO, 5 November 1910).

VEERAN, Soopramanian - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 10 July 1909).

VEERASAMY, Mrs. – She crossed the Natal-Transvaal border in December 1913 with her child and the
second batch of Transvaal women but was not arrested as the immigration officer recognised her. She
returned to Charlestown to help strikers’ families. Returned to home in the Transvaal after the provisional
agreement. (IO, 25 February 1914).

VEERASAMY, Albert - Worker at Trocadero Restaurant in the Transvaal. Refused order by the employer
to register under the Asiatic Act, resigned and courted arrest. Was imprisoned. (IO, 9 April and 29
October 1910).

VEERASAMY, Chellan - Worker at Trocadero Restaurant in the Transvaal. Refused order by the
employer to register under the Asiatic Act, resigned and courted arrest. (IO, 9 April 1910).

*VEERASAMY (VEERASWAMY), Francis - Waiter, cook and baker. Born in Natal, as were both his
parents. Deported from the Transvaal to India in 1910. Then 24. (Ind Rev, June 1910). Sentenced to 10
days with hard labour for hawking without licence in Johannesburg in September 1913. When the
Government stopped arresting hawkers in the Transvaal, he went to Natal with Manilal Gandhi and others
and was sentenced to three months with hard labout for crossing the Transvaal border without permit. An
old campaigner, he hadserved three terms of imprisonment during the satyagraha in the Transvaal and
was deported to India. (IO, 15 October and 5 November 1913, 4 March 1914).

VEERASWAMY, Albert - Waiter. Brother of Fracis (above). Deported from the Transvaal to India, Then
17. (Ind Rev, June 1910). Returned to Durban and allowed to land. (IO, 18 June 1910).

VEERDOO - Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour. (IO, 26 June and 10 July 1909).

VELAYADOM, S. - Picket. (IO, 3 October 1908).

VELOO - Sentenced to two months with hard labour. (IO, 31 December 1910).

VELOO, Muthu - Released from prison on 15 December 1910. (IO, 24 December 1910).

VELOO (VELU), Perumal - Hawker. Born in Mauritius. Deported from the Transvaal. Landed in Bombay
in May 1910. (IO, 19 March and 16 July 1910; Ind Rev, June 1910). Returned to South Africa and landed
in Cape Town. (IO, 3 December 1910).

VENGETSAMY, Hanmanth - Of Pietermaritzburg. Arrested at Volksrust on 27 October 1913 for crossing

the Natal-Transvaal border. (IO, 5 November 1913).

VENKATASAMY, Kistnasamy – Storekeeper and laundryman. Born in Mauritius. Deported from the
Transvaal, landed in Colombo on 2 June 1910. Wife and six children in the Transvaal. (IO, 23 July 1910;
Ind Rev, June 1910).

VERASAMY, S.- Satyagrahi in the first phase. (IO, 18 January 1908).

*VIRAPATRAN, V.- Hawker. Jailed in November and December 1908.(IO, 21 November and 19
December 1908).

VIRGATSAMMY - Of Heidelberg. Satyagrahi in the first phase. Sentenced to two months with hard labour
for not registering under the Asiatic Act and defying order to leave the Transvaal. (IO, 18 and 25 January
1908).
VITHALINGAM – Returned from deportation to India and landed in Cape Town. (IO, 3 December 1910).

VURTHEN, V.- Hawker. Sentenced on 14 August 1908 for hawking without licence. (IO, 12 September
1908).

*VYAS, Gaurishanker P. - See “Biographical Notes”.

WADEE, Mahomed - Of Standerton. General dealer. Sentenced to 14 days with hard labour. (IO, 15
August 1908).

WAJA, Amod E. - Arrested. (IO, 25 December 1909).

WAJA, Moosa E. - Arrested. (IO, 25 December 1909).

WILLIAMS, A.D. - Arrested. (IO, 24 September 1910).

YENKETAPPAH – Charged in Durban on 14 November 1913 with incitement to strike. (Natal Witness, 14
November 1913).
 II. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES ON SOME OF THE RESISTERS

ANGLIA, Mahomed Cassim: A leading Durban merchant, with

municipal franchise, Anglia was Joint Secretary of the Natal Indian Congress. He had been in
the Transvaal in 1897 as managing partner of a company. In August 1908, together with Dawad
Mahomed, Parsee Rustomjee, and Shapurji Randeria, he crossed into the Transvaal by train to
test his right, as a pre-war resident and an educated person, to enter the Transvaal under the
Immigration Restriction Act. They refused to give thumb impressions. They were arrested in
Pretoria, on 27 August, and deported the next day. They re-entered the Transvaal and were
sentenced to three months imprisonment with hard labour.

Anglia told the court on 13 August 1908 that he had come to the Transvaal with full knowledge
of the penalties of the Asiatic Registration Act. He held that to register under the Act was to
degrade the Indian community. It did not leave an atom of self-respect to them. His objection
was a religious one, to the element of compulsion and the principle of segregation. That would
largely disappear if the law were of general and not special application. He referred to the
distinction in the Act against Turkish Mahomedans, even of European birth, who were required
to register while Turkish Christians were not. The Act was not a measure of identification but of
religious prejudice. It was contrary to the Mahomedan religion to submit to an Act distinguishing
any section of the community.2

Anglia went to England in 1909 as a member of the Natal Deputation.

He later turned against passive resistance and gave evidence before the Indian Inquiry
Commission which almost the entire Indian community boycotted. He founded the weekly
Indian Views in July 1914.3

2
IO, 15 August 1908.
3
IO, 12 September 1908.
 ASWAT (ASVAT)4, Ebrahim Ismail: From Surat district, India. A "thorough
going passive resister" of Vereeniging.5 Member of Committee of British Indian Association
(BIA) and Secretary of the Johannesburg branch. On 1 February 1909, he was elected Acting
Chairman of BIA when A.M. Cachalia went to prison. He served three terms of imprisonment in
1908-09: jailed for one week in November 1908 for hawking without licence; sentenced on 3
March 1909 to three months with hard labour; sentenced again on 20 October to three months
with hard labour.6 On 23 January 1909, Aswat followed A. M. Cachalia's example by informing
his creditors of his determination to resist the anti-Indian laws and placing all his assets at their
disposal. He wrote to them: “My liabilities are roughly £2,000, and my assets £4,000.”7

After he went to prison, his brother Moosa Aswat, who was left in charge of his store, was
sentenced to one month with hard labour for trading without licence. Another brother, Mahomed,
was sentenced to three months with hard labour for the same offence.8 The store was re-opened
on 11 May 1909. Volunteers came forward to manage the store and fifteen of them were arrested
in turn and sentenced to three months with hard labour.9

Aswat was released from prison on 19 January 1910. His weight had declined from 135 to 116
pounds and he was suffering from rheumatism of the legs.10

He was President of Transvaal branch of the Non-European United Front when it was formed in
1938, with Dr. Yusuf Dadoo as secretary. His daughters, Zainab Asvat and Amina Cachalia were
active in the liberation movement. He died on 3 July 1940.

4
The family now uses the spelling “Asvat”.
5
Golden Number of Indian Opinion, 1914.
6
IO, 7 and 17 April and 23 October 1909.
7
IO, 30 January 1909
8
IO, 13 and 20 March 1909.
9
Esse Asmal, Suji, P.K. Naidoo, A. Varadan Chettiar (a young man of 19 who had already undergone four terms of
imprisonment), N.M. Naidoo, Govindjee, Raju Naidoo, Muthu, S.S. Pather, T. Candasamy Mudaley, S.R. Naidoo,
Kaloo, Chokalingam Moodaley, Fakir Bhikha,and Vassan Pema. IO, 22 and 29 May, 5 and 12 June 1909.
10
IO, 22 January 1910. About ill-treatment in prison in November 1908, see IO, 19 December 1908.
 BANDHU Etwary, Mrs: Was born in Pietermaritzburg. Married
Gangadeen Bandhu on 10 February 1902. She took part in the passive resistance campaign in
1913 and suffered three months imprisonment with her 18-month-old baby.11

BAWAZEER, Imam Abdul Kader Salim (Abdool Cadir): Indian of Arab

descent who came to South Africa around 1894. Assistant priest of Hamidia Mosque in
Johannesburg, Chairman of Hamidia Islamic Society and member of British Indian Association.
Served four terms of imprisonment in 1908-09. He was sentenced to four days with hard labour
on 22 July 1908 for hawking without licence.12 In 1909 he was sentenced to two terms of three
months with hard labour.13

Indian traders all over South Africa observed hartal on 23 July 1908, as mark of respect for
Imam Bawazeer. There was a mass meeting on 26 July to felicitate him on his release. Gandhi
wrote:

Mr. Bawazeer, we understand, intends to re-start hawking. He thinks that his place is at the Johannesburg
Fort so long as the Act remains on the Statute Book, and so long as his poorer brethren are being sent to
gaol.14

He lived at the Phoenix Settlement in 1913-14 and later moved to India. At Gandhi’s invitation
he lived at Sabarmati Ashram until his death on 9 December 1931. He was appointed “dictator”
or “first servant” of the Civil Disobedience Movement in India in 1930 after Gandhi and

11
Bramdaw, p. 61
12
Sushila Nayar, p. 317
13
IO, 31 October 1908, 13 March 1909
14
IO, 1 August 1908
Mahadev Desai were jailed, and went to prison despite ill-health. Gandhi said Imam Saheb was
“a brother to me.” The following are extracts from Gandhi’s reminiscences of the Imam:15

Imam Saheb went to South Africa about the same year as I (1893). His real name was Abdul Kadir
Bawazeer, but, as he served as Imam in South Africa, most people knew him as Imam Saheb. I always
addressed him by that name. The Imam Saheb`s father was the Muezzin16 of the famous Jumma Masjid in
Bombay and served in that capacity right till his death. He died only a few years ago, after the Imam
Saheb`s return to India… The Imam Saheb`s forefathers were Arabs and had come to India and settled in
the Konkan years ago. Hence he knew the Konkani language too. His mother tongue was Gujarati, but he
had little schooling. He knew Arabic well enough to be able to read from the Koran Sharif with a pleasing
intonation, though not so well as to be able to understand everything in the Koran. He had picked up,
through contacts in practical life, English, Dutch and Creole French. Urdu, of course, he knew. He had also
a working knowledge of Zulu. His intellect was so sharp that, if he had regularly studied in a school, he
would have earned reputation as a great scholar. Though he was not a lawyer, he had come to understand
subtleties of law through practical experience. The Imam Saheb had gone to South Africa for trade and had
earned much. When he gave up business, he kept coaches which he supplied on hire and had a fairly good
income from that calling. Being a man of independent temper, he never tried his fortune in big business.
He had a sweet voice, and, since his father was a Muezzin, he occasionally officiated as Imam in the
mosque in Johannesburg. But he accepted no honorarium for his services. The Imam Saheb had married
twice. Both the wives were Malays. His first marriage was not successful, and so he married the lady whom
we knew as his wife. This marriage had given him much happiness. He and the Haji Saheba served each
other with great devotion. He was a sincere friend. So far as I know, the Imam Saheb`s views about
marriage had undergone a complete change and he had come to believe in monogamy...

In the beginning, Imam Saheb used to come to me on behalf of clients and explain their cases to me. But he
took interest in current affairs and would draw me into discussion about them. He evinced keen interest in
discussing the hardships of our countrymen in South Africa and took part in the meetings, etc. On most
issues, he supported me, but he never hesitated to oppose me even in public whenever he did not approve of
my stand. Gradually, however, he was drawn towards me and, when the satyagraha commenced, proved
himself as steadfast as a rock. Some fell and some weakened, and some opposed me bitterly, but I don`t
remember Imam Saheb to have wavered at any time. When he was imprisoned for the first time, nobody
expected that he would remain strong till the end. On the contrary, many persons told me, including some
who held him in high respect, that he would not go to jail again, that he had a delicate constitution, was
pleasure-loving and had many wants. This was on the whole true. However, Imam Saheb never weakened,
whereas I saw many who were known to be simple in their habits withdrawing from the struggle. Imam
Saheb`s capacity for self-sacrifice was very great, and, though he would think long before taking a
decision, he showed wonderful strength in clinging to a decision once taken.

When Imam Saheb plunged into the struggle, he had no thought at all that he would have to break up his
home and embrace a life of complete renunciation. As soon, however, as he saw that if he wished to remain
staunch in the satyagraha movement he would have to give up the attachment to his home, he did so almost
in an instant. This was no small sacrifice on his part.

We should remember that Imam Saheb had set up his home in English style. Haji Saheba had lived in that
style from her very birth. Fatima and Amina also were brought up like English children. For one who had
lived in this manner, it was extremely difficult to curtail his heavy expenditure and adopt an utterly simple
mode of life. For Imam Saheb, however, once he had made up his mind to do a particular thing, it was quite

15
"Reminiscences of Imam Bawazeer, Letters to the Inmates of the Ashram, 7, 14 and 21 March 1932” in CWMG,
Vol. 49, pp. 183-84, 202-03, 217-19.
16
Person chosen to lead the call to prayer.
 easy to carry out his resolve. And, therefore, when I decided to leave Johannesburg and to settle in
Phoenix, he himself proposed that he, too, would live there. 17 …

Many inmates of Ashram probably do not know that Imam Saheb joined the residents of Phoenix in all
their activities. Everybody fetched water for his or her own use from a spring below. It flowed at some
depth below the level of the Phoenix Settlement. The Phoenix buildings were on a hill and one had to climb
about fifty feet to reach the place. Imam Saheb had a delicate constitution even at that time, but every
morning one saw him walking down to the spring with a kavad18 on his shoulders and climbing up slowly
with the buckets filled with water. The place now occupied by the spinning-wheel in the Ashram was held
in Phoenix by the printing press. All the inmates, boys and girls, old men and women, educated and
uneducated, had to work in some department of the press. There were all kinds of big or small tasks,
composing, folding the printed copies of the paper, making wrappers, pasting stamps, moving the wheel
with the hand whenever the machine stopped, etc., etc. Everybody was required to give some time and help
in these tasks, especially on the day on which the journal was to be published. Imam Saheb, Haji Saheba,
Fatima and Amina, all four of them joined in this work. Imam Saheb had learned composing. For a man of
his temper and habits and of his age, this was indeed wonderful. In this way, Imam Saheb identified himself
completely with the life at Phoenix. He and the other members of his family were non-vegetarian, but I
don`t remember any time when they cooked such food at Phoenix.

This, however, does not mean that Imam Saheb was in any way a less devout Muslim. He never missed
namaz,19 nor did he or his family ever fail to observe the roza. By adopting the manner of life of the other
inmates and making a sacrifice for their sake, he really demonstrated the nobility of Islamic culture. Imam
Saheb`s capacity for self-sacrifice was to be put to a still more severe test. He went to jail again several
times, and proved himself a model prisoner. When, however, in the year 1914 it was decided that most of
the inmates of the Ashram should return to India, leaving only a few of them in Phoenix, Imam Saheb was
put to a real test. South Africa had practically become his home. Haji Saheba, Fatima and Amina were
complete strangers to India and did not know any Indian language - a little English and Dutch was all the
language that they knew. But Imam Saheb took no time to come to a decision. He had made up his mind
that he and his family would live wherever I did. That was his self- sacrifice for the cause of satyagraha and
his contribution towards Hindu-Muslim unity...

17
Gandhi closed Tolstoy Farm in Johannesburg in January 1913 and moved to Phoenix Settlement near Durban.
18
Two baskets or vessels suspended from the ends of a stick carried horizontally over the shoulders.
19
Prayer.
 Imam Bawazeer and Thambi Naidoo

BHAWANI: Of Natal. He arrived in Natal before 1895 as an indentured labourer. Though `he
had a bad eye, was suffering somewhat badly at the time’, he could not restrain himself on seeing
Budree Ahir, one of the oldest passive resisters courting arrest. Bhawani was arrested on 25
September 1913 after crossing the Natal-Transvaal border with Gandhi and Budree and deported.
He crossed the border again and was sentenced on 30 September to three months with hard
labour.20

BHAYAT, Amod Mahomed: A merchant in Heidelberg and a prominent member of the

Kholvad community. Deported from the Transvaal to Natal in February 1909, he returned to the
Transvaal and was sentenced in March to three months with hard labour. He was again
sentenced to three months with hard labour in February 1910.21

BHAYAT, Amod Moosa: Born in Kholvad in 1871. Arrived in Natal in 1887.

He was among the pioneer merchants in Natal. He started his own business in Pietersburg in
1892 and at Heidelberg in 1895 and had branches at Boksburg and Rustenburg. He was a
personal friend of Gandhi. He participated in the passive resistance campaign and suffered a term

20
IO, 1 and 8 October 1913
21
IO, 20 February and 13 March 1909, 4 June 1910
of imprisonment in 1908. He was deported to Natal in February 1909, re-entered the Transvaal
and was sentenced to prison for another three months.22

BHIKHA (BHIKA), Faqira (Faquirabhai): Sentenced in October

1908 to six weeks with hard labour. Sentenced in May 1909 to 14 days with hard labour.
Sentenced in June 1909 to three months with hard labour for managing the store of E.I. Aswat.
An order of deportation was issued against him in April 1910. He served eight terms of
imprisonment in the Transvaal. He went to Natal in November 1913 and did useful work in
Phoenix and Durban, but was not successful in being arrested. . He was in charge of stores at
Phoenix Settlement. He left for India in 1914.23 Gandhi wrote on 4 April 1910: “Mr. Fakira is
one of the few Gujaratis who have remained staunch satyagrahis.”24

BUDREE, Ahir: Sentenced in October 1913 to three months with

22
Bramdaw, p.70.
23
IO, 17 October 1908, 22 May and 12 June 1909, 30 April 1910, 4 March and 5 August 1914.
24
IO, 9 April 1910 and 4 March 1914.
hard labour. Budree, from Bihar, India, was one of the oldest residents of South Africa. He
arrived as an indentured labourer around 1881. After completing his indenture, he worked
independently and later migrated to the Transvaal where he acquired considerable property. He
was Vice-President of the Transvaal Indian Association (before the British Indian Association
was formed) and was a member of the Indian deputation to the British Colonial Secretary in
1903. He was a client of Gandhi. His son Sivpujan, a student at Phoenix, was a member of the
pioneer party of passive resisters in September 1913. He was sentenced to three months with
hard labour.25

CACHALIA, Ahmed Mahomed: Merchant. Jailed several times.

Acted as picket in Pretoria in 1907. Sentenced to deportation on 28 December1907 for not
registering under the Asiatic Act. Sentenced on 10 January 1908 to three months imprisonment
with hard labour as he defied deportation order.26 Released at the end of the month after
compromise with General Smuts. Arrested in December 1908 while picketing Registration
Office. Sentenced on 30 January 1909 to three months with hard labour. Sentenced again on 10
June 1909 to three months, soon after he was elected by the Indian community as a member of a
delegation to London.27

A.M. Cachalia was born in Kalakacha, Navasari district, in 1876. Along with his brothers –
A.E.M. Cachalia and E.M. Cachalia – he arrived in South Africa in 1890. They were trading in
the Transvaal from 1895, except during the Anglo-Boer War when they went to India.28

He was elected Chairman of British Indian Association, Transvaal, on 10 September 1908,

succeeding Essop Mia who went on Haj to Mecca. His European creditors forced the joint estate
of the three brothers into insolving by demanding immediate payment unless he offered to refrain
from passive resistance. He allowed his flourishing business to be auctioned. In March 1909 the
trustees of the estate met and reported that they had recovered enough from the estate to pay the

25
IO, 1 and 8 October 1913
26
IO, 11 and 18 January 1908.
27
IO, 19 December 1908, 6 February 1909
28
IO, 20 March 1909
creditors in full.29 When he was sentenced in February 1909 Cachalia sent a message to the
Indian community that he was pleased at being imprisoned and did not mind “what happened to
his material affairs, he gave everything up willingly, and left his wife and children in God’s
hands”.30

He died in 1918, “serving the community till the last…” 31

His sons, Moulvi Ismail Ahmad Cachalia and Yusuf Cachalia, as well as Amina Cachalia (wife
of Yusuf and daughter of E.I. Aswat), were prominent in the liberation struggle after the Second
World War and were associates of Nelson Mandela.

Gandhi wrote in an obituary on 20 October 1918:32

It was during the passive resistance campaign that Mr. Cachalia suddenly leapt to fame and acquired among
the Indians of South Africa a prestige unequalled by any other Indian. It was on the 31st day of July 1907,
under the shadow of a tree in the holy mosque of Pretoria, that Mr. Cachalia hurled defiance at the might of
General Botha33 and his Government. Mr. Hosken34 had brought a message from the General to be
delivered to the great mass meeting that was held in the mosque compound, to the effect that in resisting
the Transvaal Government, the Indians were breaking their heads against a stone. Mr. Cachalia was one of
the speakers. As I am dictating these few words of humble tribute, his voice rings in my ears. He said: "In
the name of Allah, I wish to state that though my head may be severed from the trunk, I shall never obey
the Asiatic Registration Act. I consider it unmanly and dishonourable to subscribe to a law which virtually
reduces me to slavery." And he was among the very few who never flinched through those long and weary
eight years of untold sufferings. Mr. Cachalia was by no means amongst the least of the sufferers. He felt
that as a leader his sacrifice should be striking, and that he should stop at nothing if thereby the honour of
this country might be saved. He reduced himself to poverty. He said good-bye to all the comforts of life to
which he was used, and night and day worked for a cause he held sacred. Naturally he acquired a wonderful
hold over the Indian community throughout South Africa and his was a name to conjure with amongst
them.

Gandhi devoted an entire chapter to Cachalia in Satyagraha in South Africa. The following are
some extracts:

I knew him only as a client and as an interpreter. He had never before now taken a leading part in public
work. He had a working knowledge of English, which he had so far improved by practice that when he took
his friends to English lawyers, he acted as interpreter himself. But interpretership was not a profession with
him; he worked as interpreter only as a friend. He at first used to hawk piece goods, and then to trade on a
small scale in partnership with his brother. He was a Surti Meman and enjoyed great reputation in his class.
His knowledge of Gujarati was also limited but in this too he had greatly advanced, being schooled by
experience. He had such sharp intelligence that he very easily grasped anything that was put to him. He
solved legal difficulties with such facility as often astonished me. He would not hesitate to argue law even
with lawyers, and very often his arguments were worthy of consideration for them.

29
IO, 20 March 1909
30
IO, 13 February 1909.
31
CWMG, Vol. 11, p.14
32
Bombay Chronicle, 21 October 1918; CWMG, Vol. 15, pp.56-57.
33
General Louis Botha, Prime Minister of the Transvaal
34
William Hosken, member of the Legislative Assembly of the Transvaal and former President of the Association of
Chambers of Commerce of South Africa. He was sympathetic to the Indian cause.
 I have never, whether in South Africa or in India, come across a man who could surpass Mr. Kachhalia35 in
courage and steadfastness. He sacrificed his all for the community’s sake. He was always a man of his word.
He was a strict orthodox Musulman, being one of the trustees of the Surti Meman mosque. But at the same
time he looked upon Hindus and Musulmans with an equal eye. I do not remember that he ever fanatically or
improperly sided with Musulmans as against Hindus. Perfectly fearless and impartial as he was, he never
hesitated to point out their faults to Hindus as well as Musulmans whenever he found it necessary…

… the European creditors of Kachhalia caught him as in a noose. Many Indian traders are entirely
dependent in their trade on European firms, which sell them lakhs of rupees worth of goods on credit on
mere personal security. That Europeans should repose such trust in Indian traders is an excellent proof of
the general honesty of Indian trade. Kachhalia likewise owed large sums to many European firms, which
asked him at once to meet their dues, being instigated thereto directly or indirectly by the Government. The
firms gave Kachhalia to understand that they would not press for immediate payment if he left the
Satyagraha movement. But if he did not, they were afraid of losing their money as he might be arrested any
time by the Government, and therefore demanded immediate satisfaction in cash. Kachhalia bravely
replied, that his participation in the Indian struggle was his personal affair, which had nothing to do with
his trade. He considered that his religion, the honour of his community and his own self-respect were bound
up with the struggle. He thanked his creditors for the support they had extended to him, but refused to
attach any undue importance to that support or indeed to his trade. Their money was perfectly safe with him,
and as long as he was alive he would repay them in full at any cost. But if anything happened to him, his stock
as well as the book debts owing to him were at their disposal. He therefore wished that his creditors would
continue to trust him as before…

But the merchants at this juncture did not seek justice. They were out to bend Kachhalia. Kachhalia would
not bend, bankruptcy proceedings were instituted against him, and he was declared an insolvent, though his
estate showed a large excess of assets over liabilities.

Far from being a blot upon his escutcheon this insolvency was perfectly honourable to him. It enhanced his
prestige among the community and all congratulated him upon his firmness and courage…

The Europeans wanted to compel Kachhalia either to give up the struggle or else to pay them in full in
cash. They failed to achieve any of these two objects, and the actual result was the very reverse of what
they had expected. They were dumbfounded by this first case of a respectable Indian trader welcoming
insolvency and were quiet ever afterwards. In a year’s time the creditors realised 20 s. in the pound from
Kachhalia Sheth’s stock-in-trade, and this was the first case in South Africa to my knowledge in which
creditors were paid in full from the insolvent debtor’s estate…

CAMA (CAMAY), Nadirshah Ardeshir: A Parsi born in Bombay in 1870. After passing the
Intermediate Examination of the University of Bombay, he worked in the Bombay Port Trust
from 1891 to 1895. He went to Durban in 1895 and worked for a few months with Messrs. Dada
Abdulla & Co. He moved to Johannesburg early in 1896 and obtained a position in the Post
Office. He was also a partner in A.F. Cama & Co. He remained in the Transvaal during the
Anglo-Boer War of 1899-1902.

He became a member of the Committee of the British Indian Association in 1906 and took an
active part in the passive resistance. He denounced the discriminatory legislation against the
Indians and refused to register under the Asiatic Registration Act. He was discharged from his

35
This spelling is used in the English translation of Satyagraha in South Africa instead of Cachalia, the correct
spelling.
position in the post office in Johannesburg and arrested in December 1907. On 27 January 1908,
the magistrate ordered him to leave the Transvaal within 14 days but, after the compromise at the
end of the month, he was reinstated in his position. When the struggle was revived in the second
half of 1908, Cama participated actively and was dismissed from his job as postmaster in
August. He was arrested and on 18 February 1909 sentenced to three months with hard labour
for refusing to register under the Asiatic Act. He was arrested again in Johannesburg on 15 June
1909, soon after he was elected by the Indian community as a member of a delegation to India.
He served another term of imprisonment with hard labour.

Cama was married with five children, the youngest of whom was born whilst he was serving his
last sentence. He attended Amritsar Congress of Indian National Congress in December 1919 as
delegate. He was elected a member of the council of the South African Indian Congress at its
inaugural session in 1923.

Cama’s brother, Ardeshir Framji Cama, was also arrested in February 1909 and served a term in
prison.36

CHETTIAR, A. Varadan: Elder son of V.A. Chettiar, born around 1890. Sentenced to three
months with hard labour for managing the store of E.I. Aswat. By the age of 19 he had already
undergone four terms of imprisonment. He was deported to Bombay in 1910.37 Indian Opinion
reported: “… Mr. A. Varadan Chettiar, a young man of twenty-one years of age, who was
recently deported to India after having suffered imprisonment with hard labour no less than six
times.’38

Source: Indian Opinion 14 May 1910

*CHETTIAR, V. Amirthalinga: Born in 1860. Son of Veerapatra Chettiar of Tranquebar,
south India, who migrated to Mauritius and engaged in trade until 1876. He studied in Mauritius
and then in Tranquebar. In 1887 he returned to Mauritius, opened business and established

36
IO, 29 August and 3 October 1908, 16 January, 20 and 27 February 1909. N.A. Cama was a partner in this firm.
37
IO, 2 January, 19 February and 22 May 1909, 16 July 1910.
38
IO, 26 June 1909, 26 March 1910; Ind Rev, June 1910, p.441.
branches in several towns. In 1889, he moved to South Africa and traded in Port Elizabeth and
Kimberley until 1893 when he left for Johannesburg where he remained as a general dealer
except for a few years during the Anglo-Boer War. He was for many years the well respected
chairman of the Tamil Benefit Society, the main organisation of the Tamil community in
Johannesburg.

He was arrested in February 1909 on the charge of failing to produce a registration certificate
under the Asiatic Act. He and Packiry Naidoo were sentenced in February 1909 to three months
with hard labour, which they completed despite the medical testimony that was given to the court
as to their ill-health.39 He was then 55 years old and a chronic diabetic.

In June 1909 at a mass meeting of Indians, Chettiar was elected a member of the delegation to
Britain along with Gandhi, A.M. Cachalia and Haji Habib. He was arrested on the eve of
departure for Britain and sentenced again to three months with hard labour. He was arrested for a
third time on 5 April 1910. Gandhi wrote on 11 April:

[He] was today ordered to be deported and was taken to gaol. Mr. Chettiar is about 55 years of age. He
suffers from a chronic ailment, and yet he is facing deportation with the utmost courage. He is to be
deported to Natal, from where he will return immediately.’40

He served three terms in prison totalling nine months which impacted on his business financially.
Indian Opinion reported:

He was doing good business as a trader in Johannesburg when the struggle commenced, but has since been
reduced to poverty. Though suffering severely from diabetes and other serious disorders, he has three times
gone to gaol and once been deported to Natal. He is the proud father of Mr. A. Varadan Chettiar, a young
man of twenty-one years of age, who was recently deported to India after having suffered imprisonment
with hard labour no less than six times. 41

On the eve of his departure for India in 1912 the Tamil community of Johannesburg arranged a
banquet which was attended by about 300 guests, including a number of European sympathisers.
Gandhi spoke at the farewell party on 12 July 1912. He died on 2 November 1920 in
Johannesburg.42

39
IO, 6 and 20 February 1909, 9 and 23 April 1910.
40
IO, 9 April 1910
41
IO, 20 February, 19 and 26 June 1909; Ind Rev, June 1910, p. 441.
42
IO, 10 August 1912
 CHRISTOPHER, Albert N: Born in South Africa. He was a
volunteer in the Anglo-Boer War and the First World War. He was prominent in organising
assistance to Indian workers on strike in the coal mining areas near Newcastle and Dundee and
helped set up a Relief Camp in Newcastle in 1913. He led 250 people in the “Great March” in
November 1913. During the strike in Durban, he exhorted the colonial-born Indians to support
the strike of the indentured workers though they were not subject to the £3 tax. He was arrested
on 21 November and charged with incitement to strike. The charges were withdrawn later.

Mr. Christopher studied in England in the 1920s and became a barrister. He was active in
community affairs. He was elected a member of the council of the South African Indian
Congress at its inaugural session in 1923 and later as Deputy President. He was Secretary of the
Colonial Born and Settlers’ Indian Association in the 1930s.43

His wife Gadija Christopher served a term of imprisonment during the 1946-48 Indian passive
resistance.44

COOVADIA, Ebrahim Saleji: Coovadia was born at Ghala in Surat

district, Bombay Presidency, in 1878. He was the third son of Saleji Hassanji Coovadia, a trader
in Ghala. Ebrahim studied in the vernacular school of Ghala and arrived in South Africa as a
young man in 1889 with his brothers Moosa Saleji and Ahmed Saleji. The three brothers settled

43
IO, 5 and 26 November 1913, 17 December 1913.
44
IO, 2 August 1946; The Passive Resister, Johannesburg, 12 August 1946.
in Natal and opened a business at Ladysmith, Newcastle and Charlestown. In 1892 they moved
to Johannesburg and carried on a large business. In 1897 E.S. Coovadia was elected treasurer of
the Johannesburg Indian Committee. At the outbreak of the Anglo-Boer War he went to Natal
and later India. He returned to the Transvaal in 1902 and continued work in the family business.
In 1904 he was elected honorary treasurer of the British Indian Association, and in 1907 of the
Hamidia Islamic Society of which he was a founding member.

In August 1908, together with ten other passive resisters, he crossed the border at Volksrust to
defy the immigration law. However, he was not arrested.

On 2 March 1909 he was appointed acting Chairman of the British Indian Association after the
imprisonment of A.M. Cachalia and E.I. Aswat. He held that position scarecly for a day when he
was arrested on the charge of failing to produce the registration certificate upon demand and
refusing to provide means of identification. In a letter to the Transvaal press on 3 March 1909, he
wrote:

I have just been appointed to act as Chairman of the British Indian Association, in view of the
imprisonment of my predecessors, Messrs. A.M. Cachalia and E.I. Aswat, and am now myself under arrest
and expecting to go to gaol for three months with hard labour next Thursday. My object in writing this
letter is to point out that, if the Government are desirous of incarcerating passive resisters, there are many
hundreds eagerly awaiting arrest and imprisonment, like myself. Nearly every prominent member of the
Committee of the British Indian Association has now been either imprisoned or arrested. As a result, a large
number of passive resisters have become greatly encouraged to continue the struggle… I am a 16 years’
resident of the Transvaal, and both my children are born here. My business is a large one, but I am prepared
to relinquish everything rather than surrender my honour and betray the trust that is imposed upon me on
behalf of my children.45

He was sentenced with seven others to a fine of £50 or three months hard labour. He chose
prison.46

At a mass meeting in June 1909 he was appointed a member of a four-man delegation to India.
He was arrested on the same day in the office of the British Indian Association. On 23 June he
was again sentenced to three months with hard labour.47

DADAMIA (DADAMIAN), Kajee Kalamian: Fruit agent. He crossed the Natal-Transvaal

border along with Gandhi and several others in March 1910 and claimed the right to enter the
Transvaal as a pre-war resident. He was sentenced to three months with hard labour for not
producing a registration certificate under the Asiatic Act. He had been sentenced to six weeks
with hard labour in 1908 and six months with hard labour in 1909.48

45
IO, 3 March 1909
46
IO, 20 March and 3 July 1909
47
IO, 6 and 13 March, 26 June and 3 July 1909.
48
IO, 15 August 1908, 13 and 20 February 1909, 19 March and 2 and 9 April 1910.
 DAYAL (DAYAL SINGH), Bhawani (Bhawani Dayal Sannyasi)
and Jagrani Devi: Bhawani Dayal was born in South Africa on 10 September 1892. His father,
Babu Jairam Singh, arrived in Natal as an indentured labourer. After completing indenture, he
moved to Johannesburg where he was active in public affairs and was elected President of the
Transvaal Indian Association. He became a friend of Gandhi.

Bhawani Dayal received his formal primary education at St Cyprian's School and his secondary
at Wesleyan Methodist School in Johannesburg. In 1904 together with his parents, and brother
Devi Dayal, he went to India.

Babu Jairam Singh settled in Arrah, purchased land and began his life as a zamindar. He
developed a close friendship with Babu Ramnarayan Singh, another zamindar. Their friendship
resulted in the marriage between Bhawani Dayal and Jagrani Devi, daughter of Ramnarayan
Singh, in 1910. Bhawani Dayal was only 18-years-old at the time of his marriage. A year later,
Babu Jairam Singh died. Dissatisfied with the economic and social conditions in Bihar, Bhawani
Dayal decided to return to South Africa.

He arrived in Durban with his wife Jagrani, and their six-month-old infant Ramdutt, on board the
steamer Palamkota on the 22 December 1912. That was a time when anti-Indian sentiment was
rife and the authorities were keen on curtailing the inflow of free Indian immigrants

On arrival at the port of Durban, the Dayals were prevented from disembarking, as the Chief
Immigration Officer in Natal, C.W. Cousins, who was particularly hostile to Indians, claimed
that their travelling documents were not in order though Bhawani Dayal had with him his
father’s domicile certificate and the Transvaal Registration Certificate in which the date and
place of his birth were recorded. The family was forced to remain on board under police
supervision. At Gandhi’s request, H.S.L. Polak spoke to Cousins who was unhelpful. He had to
get a court order to allow the Dayals to enter Durban before the boat left the port.

The Dayals lived on the Phoenix settlement for some time and then left for the Transvaal to start
a new life. Bhawani was elected President of the Young Men's Indian Association of Germiston.
He found it difficult to balance political work with family commitments, and was plagued with
financial problems. Jagrani was still acclimatising to life in a foreign country when the third
phase of passive resistance began in 1913. Both of them joined the movement and played an
active role.

In October 1913 Bhawani Dayal organised a group of six women and ten men to offer resistance
by hawking without licence in Germiston. They managed to get arrested but were released after a
few hours.

Jagrani wanted to participate in the struggle.49 Bhawani tried to dissuade her but she was
determined. They decided to seek Gandhi’s counsel and met him in Johannesburg on 30
September. He questioned Jagrani closely as he did not want people to court imprisonment
impulsively, without the full knowledge of the issues involved and the consequences of their
actions. Jagrani told him: “When hundreds of our womenfolk are compelled to sell their bodies
to pay the £3 tax annually and married Indian women are labeled mistresses of their husbands
then for me to enjoy the comforts of a home is unacceptable and the hardships that I would have
to endure in a prison will help in a small measure to meet your demands”. Gandhi, satisfied with
her answer, agreed that she could join the Satyagrahis.

Jagrani was among the group of 11 women from the Transvaal who crossed the border of the
Orange Free State and returned, and then hawked in Vereeniging, but failed to get arrested. They
then proceeded to Natal where they encouraged the Indian workers on the coal mines near
Newcastle to suspend work until the government agreed to abolish the obnoxious £3 annual tax
on indentured labourers who completed their contracts and their wives and children.

Bhawani, along with three other men from Germiston, joined the Transvaal women satyagrahis
and Thambi Naidoo as they crossed from the Transvaal into Natal. They were with the women in
promoting the strike. Bhawani was arrested at the Newcastle railway barracks where he spoke to
Indian labourers but was released the next day. He was arrested again in Newcastle while
moving among indentured labourers on the mines and sentenced to three months imprisonment
with hard labour. He spent two days at the Newcastle prison and was transferred to the
Pietermaritzburg prison.

Jagrani and her colleagues were also sentenced to three months with hard labour. She served the
term in the women’s prison in Pietermaritzburg together with her year-and-a-half-old son
Ramdut. In the prison, Jagrani would often wash clothes of Kasturba Gandhi while Kasturba
attended to Ramdutt.

49
The sentence for hawking was usually one or two weeks. The government suspended arrests for hawking in
October 1913. Many of the resisters then tried to get arrested by leaving the Transvaal and re-crossing the Transvaal
border; the sentence for that was usually three months with hard labour.
 Jagrani was released from prison on 15 January 1914. Bhawani was released from Durban
prison on 17 January; he had been in the hospital for the last three weeks of incarceration.

Bhawani Dayal became editor of the Hindi section of Indian Opinion from 28 January 1914. He
moved to Durban and was active in community affairs. On a visit to India he became a
Sannyasi.He became a leader of the Natal Indian Congress and the South African Indian
Congress. He was elected President of NIC in May 1938. He was the author of several books in
Hindi, including History of Passive Resistance in South Africa, My Experiences of South Africa
and Story of My Prison Life. He died in India on 9 May 1950.50

A young Bhawani Dayal in 1913

50
IO, 15 and 22 October 1913 and 4 March 1914; Sushila Nayar, pp.588-89, 633-41; Karma Yogi Swami Bhawani
Dayal Sanyasi, Veda Jyoti Souvenir Brochure September/October 1992, p.11; Swami Bhawani Dayal Sannyasi,
Pravasi Ki Atmakatha (The Autobiography of a Settler) (New Delhi: Rajhans Publications, 1947). Our sincere
thanks to the grandson of Jagrani and Bhawani Dayal, Pandit Mahendra Dayal, for the translation and the
photographs.
 DESAI, Pragji Khandubhai: He arrived in South Africa in 1906 at the age of
22. He was for some time editor of the Gujarati section of Indian Opinion, and later bookkeeper
for an Indian firm in Harding, Natal. He left his employment to join the struggle. He courted
mprisonment several times. He developed close friendship with Gandhi’s sons Harilal and
Manilal and with Surendrarai Medh during the campaign. He crossed the Natal-Transvaal border
with Gandhi in March 1910 and was sentenced on 24 March to three months with hard labour.
He was sentenced again in July to three months with hard labour for re-crossing the border. In
1910 he became a pioneer settler on Tolstoy Farm.51

In September 1913, Desai, S.B. Medh and Manilal Gandhi initiated the new phase of the
campaign in Johannesburg by hawking without licence. They were arrested the next day and
sentenced to seven days with hard labour. They were sentenced on 9 October to ten days with
hard labour for again hawking without a licence. After their release, since the authorities were no
longer arresting hawkers, Desai proceeded to the strike centre in Newcastle where he was
sentenced to three months on 29 October as a “vagrant” trespassing on mine property.

He was jailed six times. During imprisonment in Pietermaritzburg in 1913, he fasted, along with
others, in protest against ill-treatment of prisoners. He was trasferred to Durban prison where he
was assaulted by a warder. He fell to the ground and was dragged to his cell. He was
hospitalised for 11 days for injuries sustained. His charge of assault against the warder was
dismissed by the Durban Magistrate.

He lived in the Phoenix Settlement, together with his wife Parvati and their children, for several
years. In the 1920s and 1930s, he supported Manilal Gandhi, often editing Indian Opinion in his
absence He returned to India in the late 1930s and was active in the Indian national movement.52

DOCTOR, Mrs. Jayakunwar: Daughter of Pranjivan Mehta, a friend of Gandhi from his student
days in London. She arrived in South Africa and lived with Gandhi at the Phoenix Settlement
and the Tolstoy Farm. She was among the 16 pioneer passive resisters from the Phoenix
Settlement. They left the Phoenix Settlement on 15 September and crossed the Transvaal border.
51
IO, 19 March, 9 April and 30 July 1910, 8 October 1911; Phoenix Centenry.
52
IO, 22 October and 5 November 1913, 11 March 1914; CWMG Vol. 12, p.285; Pragji Desai, “Satyagraha in
South Africa” in Chandrashanker Shukla, Reminiscences of Gandhiji by Forty-eight contributors. (Bombay: Vora
and Co.,1951).
They were sentenced on 23 September to three months with hard labour. She married Manilal
Doctor, a barrister, in 1913. After the satyagraha in South Africa, they settled in Fiji and then
Mauritius and were engaged in public service.53

GANDHI, Chhaganlal Khushalchand: Son of Khushalchand Gandhi, cousin of M.K. Gandhi.

Gandhi raised him like his own son. He was a founder-member of the Phoenix Settlement and
joint manager and Gujarati editor of Indian Opinion from 1908. Gandhi sent him to England in
1911 to study law. He was one of sixteen pioneer passive resisters who left the Phoenix
Settlement on 15 September 1913, crossed the Transvaal border, and were sentenced to three
months with hard labour. He acted as a spokesman of the group when they were stopped by the
immigration offcier at Volksrust54

GANDHI, Harilal Mohandas (1888-1948): Eldest son of Mohandas and

Kasturba Gandhi. Born 1888. He was active during the satyagraha in the Transvaal. He was
sentenced on 28 July 1908 to seven days for hawking without licence. He was convicted on 10
August 1908 for entering the Transvaal without a registration certificate and was imprisoned for
one month with hard labour. He was deported from the Transvaal on 17 September. He re-
entered and was imprisoned at Volksrust. He was released on 21 September when the case
against him and his colleagues was withdrawn. He was again arrested on 30 December on re-
entering the Transvaal, and sentenced to six months with hard labour. He was sentenced to six
months with hard labour on 1 November 1909 and to three months with hard labour in 1910.
Between July 1908 and 1911, he spent most of his time in prison. He later left for India to
continue his studies in Ahmedabad. He died in Bombay on 18 June 1948.55

53
IO, 1 October 1913
54
IO, 1 October 1913
55
IO, 1 and 22 August, 3 October and 5 December 1908, 13 and 20 February 1909, 25 June 1910; Phoenix
Centenary, p. 22.
 GANDHI, Mrs. Kasturba Kapadia: Was born on 11 April 1869 in
Porbandar, India. Her parents were Gokaldas and Vrajkunwerba Makanji who were merchants by
profession. She did not receive any formal education, but as tradition dictated, groomed by her mother
in domestic chores. Engaged to Gandhi at the age of seven and married at 13, she was six months
older than her spouse.56 Kasturba and Gandhi were married in May 1882. Kasturba gave birth to
Harilal in 1888 and Manilal in 1892. Gandhi sailed for South Africa in April 1893 and Kasturba
joined him in November 1896, accompanied by her two children and Gandhi’s ten year old nephew.

In 1913 Kasturba was eager to participate in the struggle because of the Searle judgment
invalidating Hindu marriages. Indian Opinion reported:

The ladies [in Phoenix] were allowed to join the struggle after great effort was made by them to take part in
it. When Mrs. Gandhi understood the marriage difficulty, she was incensed and said to Mr. Gandhi: “Then I
am not you wife, according to the laws of this country.” Mr. Gandhi replied that that was so and added that
their children were not their heirs. “Then,” she said, “let us go to India.” Mr. Gandhi replied that that would
be cowardly and that it would not solve the difficulty. “Could I not, then, join the struggle and be
imprisoned myself?” Mr. Gandhi told her that she could but that it was not a small matter. Her health was
not good, she had not known that type of hardship and it would be disgraceful if, after her joining the
struggle, she weakened. But Mrs. Gandhi was not to be moved. The other ladies, so closely related and
living on the Settlement, would not be gainsaid. They insisted that, apart from their own convictions, just as
strong as Mrs. Gandhi’s, they could not possibly remain out and allow Mrs. Gandhi to go to jail. 57

Kasturba was among the group of 16 individuals, including four women, who constituted the
pioneer party that departed from Phoenix settlement to the Transvaal in September 1913. They
were sentenced to three months with hard labour and sent to Pietermaritzburg prison.

Kasturba and other women passive resisters in prison faced many difficulties. They had to fast
for three days to protest against the food provided to them. Kasturba had been on a fruit diet; the
prison authorities did not provide it or allow the family to bring it to the prison. She helped the
younger women to survive the hard conditions of prison life.58 She led them in prayers every
evening and offered moral support. When she was released on 22 December, Gandhi received
her at the prison gate and found her emaciated. The Indian community had planned a huge
56
E. Tarlo, “Married to the Mahatma: The Predicament of Katurba Gandhi”, Women: Cultural Review, Vol. 8, no. 3,
Oxford University Press, 1997, p. 266.
57
IO, 1 October 1913
58
Gandhi, Satyagraha in South Africa, 283; CWMG, Vol. 12, p. 287.
reception in Durban to welcome Kasturba but it was abandoned as she was far too ill to attend.
She was taken to the Phoenix Settlement to recuperate. She was hanging between life and death
for several months.

On 18 July 1914 Kasturba and her husband sailed for London. In January 1915, they arrived in
Bombay to a tumultuous welcome.

She died while imprisoned in the Aga Khan Palace, in Poona, India, on 22 March 1944. In a
memorial letter, Hermann Kallenbach stated:

In my memory is the date of the 22nd December 1913, when, with Bapu (Gandhi) and others, we met Mrs.
Gandhi at Pietermaritzburg Gaol. She was liberated after a term of imprisonment. It was pathetic to see the
small frail figure passing through the prison gates, having undergone so much suffering but carrying herself
with so much self-respect and bearing.59

GANDHI, Manilal Mohandas (1892-1956): Second son of Mohandas and

Kasturba Gandhi. Participated in the satyagraha from 1910. Indian Opinion reported in 1909:

He completed seventeen years last October. He has been asking Mr. Gandhi to let him take part in the
struggle for the last nine months… He was living with his father in Johannesburg, but when Mr. Gandhi
broke up his home there, Manilal went to Phoenix where he has been studying and assisting at the Press
works. As several Indian lads have already suffered imprisonment during the struggle, and as Nagappan,
the first martyr, was nearly eighteen when he died, Mr. Gandhi felt that he could no longer deny his son the
privilege of suffering, believing as he does that prison experience in the struggle is real education. 60

Gandhi explained, at a meeting in Johannesburg on 7 January 1909, the reason for allowing
Manilal to enter the Transvaal with the prospect of arrest. He said that Manilal had repeatedly
expressed his wish to share the sufferings of his people. He had at last consented, feeling that he
would go into the prison not to acquire the vices of such a place, not in any sense as a criminal,
but as a missionary among his co-sufferers of his own race and among the African convicts with
whom he would be classed.61

59
IO, Kasturba Gandhi Memorial Number, March 1944; Local History Museum, Durban. Kasturba Gandhi
Memorial, Gandhi MK, File no. 581G.
60
IO, 25 December 1909
61
IO, 15 January 1910
Manilal was sentenced to ten days with hard labour in January 1910 and again early in February
for hawking without licence. On 21 February 1910 he was sentenced to three months with hard
labour for re-entering the Transvaal after being deported to Natal. At the end of September 1913
he was sentenced to seven days with hard labour for hawking without licence and again on 9
October to ten days with hard labour for hawking without licence. After his release, since the
government was no longer arresting hawkers, he proceeded with his colleagues to Natal. He was
later sentenced in October 1913 at Volksrust to three months with hard labour for crossing the
Natal-Transvaal border. While in prison in 1913 he was assaulted and led a hunger strike for
better prison conditions. 62

Manilal took charge of the Phoenix Settlement and Indian Opinion for four decades until his
death in 1956. He participated in the Salt March to Dandi in India in 1930 and spent nine months
in prison. In South Africa he joined the Indian passive resistance movement (1946-1948) and
served a month in prison 1946. He crossed the Natal-Transvaal border in 1948 but was not
arrested. He undertook a fast in 1951 in protest against discriminatory laws. He participated in
Defiance Campaign in 1952 and spent 38 days in prison. (He was then 61 years old.). He was
one of the few who suffered imprisonment in freedom struggles both in South Africa and in
India.63

GANDHI, Mohandas Karamchand (1869-1948): Leader of

the Satyagraha in South Africa and of the freedom movement in India. He was born in
Porbander, India, and arrived in Natal on 23 May 1893. Soon after arrival in South Africa he
experienced racial discrimination as an Indian. He stayed on in South Africa to serve the
Indian community and led the struggle against racial discrimination. When appeals and
deputations had failed to persuade the authorities to end discrimination, he decided to defy
humiliating laws enacted in the Transvaal in 1906-07. He led the non-violent defiance in the
Transvaal in which more than three thousand men, or one-third of the population, defied the

62
IO, 22 January, 12 and 26 February 1910, 8 and 29 October 1913; CWMG, Vol. 12, p. 287, p. 356; Gillian
Berning, Gandhi Letters, p. 42.
63
Uma Dhupelia-Mesthrie, “Writing the life of Manilal Mohandas Gandhi”, Journal of Natal and Zulu History, Nos.
24 & 25, 2006-2007, pp.188-213; Gandhi’s prisoner? The Life of Gandhi’s Son Manilal (Cape Town: Kwela Books,
2004).
laws and courted imprisonment. In 1913 the struggle was extended beyond the Transvaal as the
courts in the Union of South Africa declared that marriages performed under religions which
allow polygamy – that is, almost all Indian marriages – were not recognised in South Africa.
The struggle now also encompassed Indian indentured workers because of the failure of the
government to abolish the £3 annual tax imposed on workers who completed indenture and
their wives and children. During this struggle, he led more than two thousand workers from the
coal mines in Natal across the border of the Transvaal in a “Great March”. Tens of thousands
of Indian workers in mines, plantations and cities suspended work in the largest general strike
in South Africa until then.

Gandhi himself was imprisoned four times, served about nine months in prisons in South
Africa, mostly with hard labour. After the government negotiated with him and enacted the
Indians’ Relief Bill, he left South Africa in July 1914 and went on to lead the struggle for the
independence of India. His experiences in South Africa laid the foundation of his spiritual and
political development. He developed the concepts of Satyagraha and Sarvodaya (the welfare of
all) which formed the basis of his political philosophy. Nelson Mandela said in a speech unveiling
the statue of Gandhi in Pietermaritzburg on 6 June 1993:

Gandhiji influenced the activities of liberation movements, civil rights movements and religious
organisations in all five continents of the world. He impacted on men and women who have achieved
significant historical changes in their countries… The Mahatma is an integral part of our history because it
is here that he first experimented with truth; here that he demonstrated his characteristic firmness in pursuit
of justice; here that he developed Satyagraha as a philosophy and a method of struggle.

He wrote in an article in 1995, “Gandhi threatened the South African Government during the
first and second decades of our century as no other man did.” 64

GANDHI, Mrs. Santok Maganlal: Wife of Maganlal Gandhi, nephew of M.K. Gandhi. She was
one of 16 pioneer passive resisters who left the Phoenix Settlement on 15 September 1913 and
crossed the Transvaal border. They were sentenced on 23 September to three months
imprisonment with hard labour.65

HURBATSINGH (HARBATSINGH). He came to South Africa as an

64
From: B. R. Nanda (ed.), Mahatma Gandhi: 125 Years (New Delhi: Indian Council for Cultural
Relations, 1995).
65
IO, 1 October 1913
indentured Indian and worked for many years as a field labourer. He lived in Natal for almost 30
years. In 1913, he left his farm and joined the resistance movement. He crossed the border at
Volksrust with 36 others and was sentenced in early December 1913 to three months with hard
labour. He was 70 years old and died in prison on 5 January 1914 of "pneumonia and senile
decay”.66 He had no living relatives and the prison authorities buried his body at Stellawood
Cemetery. However, the community quickly sought the necessary permission to have the body
cremated according to Hindu rites. Adlam Reid & Co were the undertakers and a funeral
procession was arranged. The hearse was followed on foot by many leaders of the Indian
community and their European friends. Among them: Miss Sonja Schlesin, Parsee Rustomjee,
Henry Polak, Imam A.K. Bawazeer, Gabriel Issac, Thambi Naidoo, Albert West, P.K. Naidoo,
Sorabji Rustomjee, Shroff, Ahir Budree, Maganlal Gandhi and Tipius Patel. The Reverend W.W.
Pearson, who had arrived from India to investigate the conditions of the indentured labourers
was among them. He wrote to the press: "As we passed through the streets of Durban during the
luncheon hour, I was struck with the way in which hundreds of Europeans showed their respect
for the dead body by removing their hats as the hearse passed. It seemed to me strange that this
old man who, as a labourer, had for 40 years served this country, had to wait for death to claim
his body before he could win the respect of the Christian public."67 The procession passed along
Umbilo Road, West Street, Grey Street and Umgeni Road. Others joined the procession as it
moved and it finally arrived at the crematorium at Umgeni Lagoon.68
Gandhi recalled his conversation with Hurbatsingh before he died:
I once asked Hurbatsingh why, in his extreme old age, he thought of going to gaol, In reply he said, `When
all of you, and the women too, are going to gaol, what should I alone do outside? When you went to
Charlestown, I decided to leave my small farm and follow you. When my friends came to gaol, I also did
the same”. “But friend”, I asked, “What if you die while in gaol?” This wise Indian replied, “If I must I
69
shall. I am an old man; what is the good of my living on?”

ISAAC, Gabriel: European supporter of the Indian struggle. Mr. Isaac, a jeweller associated
with the vegetarian restaurant in Johannesburg, stayed in Phoenix Settlement for some time and
collected subscriptions and advertisements Indian Opinion. In 1908, he offered to become
nominal owner of shops of passive resisters when courts began to sentence merchants to fines
without option of prison, and the Government began auctioning their goods to recover the fines.
In 1909, when the Transvaal Government started sending Indians to Delagoa Bay for deportation
to Bombay and Colombo, he was sent there by the British Indian Association as its
representative to look after the deportees. He was sentenced in 1914 to three months for assisting
Indian workers who were camped in Pinetown and was released from prison on 13 February
1914 after the provisional settlement. He was the last resister to be released from prison.70 He
died in Johannesburg on 9 November 1914.

66
IO, 7 January 1914
67
IO, 4 March 1914
68
IO, 14 January 1913
69
CWMG, Vol. 12, p. 320
70
IO, 18 February 1914
JOSHI, Harishanker Ishwar: Of Natal. A bookkeeper in Natal, he had frequently acted as an
interpreter in English and Indian languages. He was a Sergeant in the Indian Volunteer Stretcher-
bearer Corps led by Sergeant-Major Gandhi in 1906. He crossed the Natal-Transvaal border in
August 1908 along with 11 others to claim his right as an educated person under the Transvaal
Immigration Restriction Act to enter the Transvaal. When arrested and brought before the Court
he said he had received education at the Ahmedabad High School and studied English for ten
years. He passed the education test on crossing the border. He was sentenced to four months
imprisonment with hard labour. In 1909 he was sentenced to six months with hard labour and in
October 1909 deported from the Transvaal.71

KHAN, Jamadar Nawab: Former soldier in the Indian Army. He was a Pathan who came to the
Transvaal during the Anglo-Boer War and was attached to the transport corps. He settled in the
Transvaal and was in charge of African police in the Central South African Railways. He was
prosecuted for not registering under the Asiatic Registration Act. Gandhi served as his counsel at
his trial in Johannesburg on 3 January 1908. He was ordered to leave the Transvaal within 14
days. He was sentenced to two months for defying the order but was released after the
provisional settlement at the end of January 1908.72

KHAN, Samandar: Of Johannesburg. A Pathan soldier who served 30 years in the Indian Army
and came to South Africa during the Anglo-Boer War.He received a bullet wound in the thigh.
He was prosecuted under the Asiatic Registration Act. Gandhi served as his counsel at his trial in
Johannesburg on 3 January1908. He was then an orderly at the Asiatic Office in Pretoria. He
was ordered to leave the Transvaal within 14 days as he did not register under the Asiatic Act.
He was sentenced to two months for defying the order but was released after the provisional
settlement at the end of January 1908.73

KILLAVALA (KILLIWALA), Mohanlal Parmandas: Interpreter and teacher in Natal.

Formerly a government servant in India. He had a passport issued to him in Mauritius in His
Majesty’s name entitling him to proceed to and travel anywhere in British South Africa. He
crossed the Natal-Transvaal border in August 1908 along with 11 others to claim his right as an
educated person under the Transvaal Immigration Restriction Act to enter the Transvaal. He was
sentenced to deportation for not producing registration certificate on demand. He re-entered the
Transvaal and was sentenced to six weeks imprisonment.74

LAZARUS, Jesudason (Dossen): He was born in Madras on 24 July 1878 and educated at the
Lutheran Mission School. Arriving in Durban in August in 1895, he proceeded to Newcastle

71
IO, 15 and 29 August and 31 October 1908, 13 February and 23 October 1909.
72
IO, 29 August 1908. Pathans in South Africa were among the soldiers from northwest India brought by the British
during the Anglo-Boer War. They were permitted to remain in the Transvaal after the war.
73
IO, 11, 18 and 25 January 1908
74
IO, 15 and 29 August 1908
where he set up a business and a school. The business was later moved to Dannhauser. He was
well known in Northern Natal because of his public activities. He was a strong supporter of
Indian passive resistance in 1913. The Transvaal women satyagrahis, Thambi Naidoo and
Gandhi stayed at his home in Newcastle which became the headquarters of the movement in the
coal mining area. Mrs. Lazarus and her sister, Miss Thomas, worked hard to prepare and serve
food to Indian workers on strike.

Mr. Lazarus was charged on 29 November 1913 with harbouring an indentured immigrant. The
charges were dropped later.75

MAHOMED, Hajee Dawad (Dawood): A prominent member of

the Natal Indian community. He was the President of Natal Indian Congress from 1906 and later
of the Natal Indian Association. He came to the Transvaal in 1884 and lived in Pretoria,
Potchefstroom and other places, engaging in business before the Anglo-Boer War. In August 1908
along with Parsee Rustomjee, MC Anglia, Jivanji Randeria and others, he crossed into the
Transvaal by train to test his domiciliary rights in the Transvaal. (Dawad Mahomed’s wife was
seriously ill at the time). He refused to give thumb impressions when demanded by the
Transvaal authorities and courted arrest to establish the right of entry of former Transvaal Indian
residents. members of the group were arrested in Pretoria on 27 August 1908 and deported the
next day. Mahomed told the court that he could not accept an “obnoxious” measure such as the
Asiatic Registration Act and was ready to suffer any penalties for not registering under the Act.
He was prepared to sacrifice everything to uphold what he considered to be right. He was
sentenced in 1908 to six months with hard labour. In February 1909 he agreed to the
sequestration of his estate in the Transvaal. In the same month he was sentenced to six months
with hard labour for refusing to give thumb impressions after crossing the Natal-Transvaal
border. He was released a month early on 12 July 1909 due to srious illness.

During the satyagraha of 1913 he was Chairman of the Natal Indian Association and of the

75
IO, 10 December 1913; Bramdaw; Ismail Meer in The Leader, Durban, 8 November 1985.
committee set up for collecting funds and foodstuffs for the striking workers.76 In an obituary for
Dawad Mahomed, who passed away in 1919, Gandhi wrote:

Mr. Dawood Mohamed rose from the ranks. He never received any English education. I am not sure that he
passed through more than two standards in a vernacular school in India. But his versatile ability and
perseverance gave him such a wonderful grasp over languages without any book-learning whatsoever that I
have known him hold discourses with people in Tamil, Hindi, Creole French, Dutch and English besides
his mother-tongue, Gujarati. His native wit made him a popular speaker.

He was as keen a politician as he was a merchant. And when the critical moment for decision came he
threw in his lot with the South African civil resisters, crossed the border and together with other merchants
of note presented himself for arrest for crossing the sacred border of the Transvaal. Having carried on
extensive business with European business houses, he was well known to many Europeans and owing to his
great ability commanded their respect. And I am happy to be able to testify that for him who was used to a
luxurious life and who was at the time 50 years old, to have risked imprisonment for the sake of conscience
was an act which raised him still further in the estimation of his many European friends rather than
otherwise.

It was a privilege for me to find men in South Africa drawn from the commercial class giving freely of
their time, their money and even voluntarily risking loss of personal freedom by undergoing imprisonment
77
and poverty. Mr. Dawood Mohamed was one of the best among these.
.

MEDH, Surendrarai Bapubhai: Commercial broker, interpreter,

bookkeeper and teacher in Natal. He held a senior certificate in accountancy issued by the
London Chamber of Commerce. He was a Sergeant in the Indian Volunteer Stretcher-bearer
Corps led by Gandhi during the Bambatha Rebellion in 1906. He passed an education test in the
Transvaal. He was in the first batch of 11 Natal Indians to enter the Transvaal, following
Shapurji Adajania, to test the right of educated Indians, under the Transvaal Immigration
Restriction Act, to enter the Colony. He was sentenced to six weeks in 1908. He was deported
from the Transvaal in October 1908 and sentenced on return to six months with hard labour.78 In

76
IO, 15 and 25 August 1908, 13 February, 17 July and 4 September 1909, 22 October 1913.
77
Letter to the Press, 30 August 1919, in Young India, 3 September 1919.
78
IO, 15 and 29 August 1908, 13 and 20 February 1909.
1910 he served two terms of three months with hard labour.79 Along with Pragji Desai and
Manilal Gandhi, he joined the campaign in 1913 by hawking without licence on 20 September
1913. They were arrested the next day and sentenced to seven days with hard labour. After their
release they were sentenced to ten days with hard labour for again hawking without a licence.
After their release, since the authorities were no longer arresting hawkers, Medh proceeded to
Newcastle, crossed the Natal-Transvaal border in October and was sentenced to three months
imprisonment. During his imprisonment, along with other resisters he went on a hunger strike
against ill-treatment and poor quality food. Medh holds the record for length of imprisonment,
having been incarcerated about fourteen times as a passive resister.80

MEHTA, Jayakunvar Pranjivandas (“Jeki”)- See “DOCTOR, Mrs. Jayakunwar

MEHTAB, Mrs. Fatima Sheikh: Wife of Sheikh Mehtab, a childhood

friend of Gandhi in Rajkot, India. Little is known about her except that she was the daughter of
Sherekhan and attended Arabic classes at the medressah of the Grey Street Mosque where
Sheikh Mehtab taught.

Fatima and her mother, Hanifa Bibi, were the only Muslim women to court imprisonment during
the Satyagraha. It was extraordinary for a Muslim woman at that time to participate in
political activities. Fatima decided to join the struggle, inspired by sacrifices of the Indian
women of the Phoenix Settlement and Transvaal. Henry Polak reported in Indian Opinion
that she told her husband to sell her jewels to pay for the fare to Volksrust if necessary.
According to Martin Green, “she acted independently of both her husband and Gandhi in
going to Volksrust, and there are some other indications of a bold and stubborn
personality.”81

When she decided to volunteer, her mother, Hanifa Bibi, and their servant and family friend,
Akoon, decided to accompany her along with her seven-year-old son. They left Durban on 8

79
IO, 25 June and 5 November 1910
80
IO, 22 October 1913, 5 November 1913, 11 March 1914.
81
Martin Green, Gandhi: Voice of a New Age Revolution (New York: Continuum Publishing Company, 1993), p.
204.
October 1913 and crossed the Transvaal border without permit, as Mrs. Gandhi and other
satygrahis had done. They were arrested on 14 October at Volksrust on the Transvaal side of the
border. The adults were sentenced to three months’ imprisonment with hard labor. The women
were sent to the women’s prison in Pietermaritzburg, and Akoon to the Point prison in Durban.

Bai Fatima’s son was prevented from accompanying his mother to prison. The magistrate
entrusted him in the care of Amod Badat, a prominent merchant residing in Volksrust, pending
the arrival of his father from Durban. Badat wrote to Gandhi on 13 October for his advice and
took charge of the boy.

Indian Opinion of 15 October published a letter by Fatima to “Dear Indian Brothers and Sisters”
giving reasons for her going to prison. She said that because of the crisis, she was breaking the
purdah she had observed for long.82

After arrest, Bai Fatima was called to give her finger prints. She refused and “remained resolute”
despite being threatened83. On 18 October, the BIA wrote to the Resident Magistrate at
Volksrust:

Mr. Badat, the well-known merchant of your town, informs my Association that, on Monday last,
he was summoned to the local Charge Office to take charge of the young son of Mrs. Sheik
Mehtab, who was about to be sentenced under the Immigration Act. While Mr. Badat was there, the
Sergeant – an officer newly appointed I understand – desired the lady (Mrs. Bai Fatima Mehtab) to
give her finger impressions. This she declined to do, whereupon the officer roughly addressed her,
seized her by the arm and pushed her forward so that she almost fell. Mr. Badat remonstrated,
saying that that was not the way to treat a prisoner. Upon this the Officer ordered Mr. Badat out and
closed the door behind him. 84

The Association demanded an immediate investigation on the incident. In response, the District
Commandant of Police at Wakkerstroom wrote that,

the Sergeant asked Mrs Mehtab to give her thumb impression, but she did not appear to
understand what was wanted. The Sergeant took hold of her wrist to take her thumb impression,
but when she understood what was required; she pulled her hand away, and was not pushed as
stated.85

On 12 January 1914, when Bai Fatima and her mother were released from prison, they were
honored with garlands and bouquets of flowers. A large crowd of local supporters of the struggle
waited outside the Pietermaritzburg prison to welcome them. They boarded a train for central
Durban and were taken to 110 Field Street, the home of Parsee Rustomjee, where they received

82
Ibid.
83
IO, 22 October 1913
84
IO, 26 November 1913
85
IO, 26 November 1913
tributes from the Zoroastrian Anjuman (represented by Rustomjee), the Transvaal Indian
Women’s Association (represented by Sonia Schlesin) and the Natal Indian Association.86
Elizabeth Molteno, daughter of the first Prime Minister of the Cape Colony, also gave a speech
to welcome them.87

The health of Fatima and Hanifa deteriorated as a result of imprisonment. The family was in
difficult circumstances and Sheikh Mehtab sent an appeal to Parsee Rustomjee for help. He
wrote on 30 July 1914: “I am sorry to inform you that both my mother-in-law and my wife have
been very ill for three days now. I was hoping that they would get well soon, but in vain. I,
therefore, request you to kindly arrange to send Mr. Edward or Dr. Nanji and oblige… You
know my condition, that I am poor. I am thankful to God that, with the help of people like you, I
am just able to live honourably.”88

Fatima passed away at an early age.89

MIA, Essop Ismail: A wealthy merchant who resided the Transvaal since 1888. He practically
wound up his business in 1907 and postponed his pilgrimage to Mecca for the third time to
participate in the struggle. He was elected Chairman of British Indian Association succeeding
Abdul Gani, a position he held until September 1908. He was jailed in January 1908. He was
badly injured in February 1908 along with Gandhi when they were attacked by Indians opposed
to the compromise settlement with Smuts. When satyagraha was resumed, he defied the
municipal by-laws by hawking fruit without a permit and was arrested in August 1908. He
resigned from the chairmanship of BIA on 10 September 1908 and left for Haj. He opposed the
Smuts-Gandhi agreement of 1914.90

MINACHI, See “MUDALIAR, Vengadasala Munuswamy”.

MORGAN, Willie: Willy Morgan and Rajoo Narsoo were arrested on 2 October 1913 and
sentenced to 24 hours for hawking without licence in the Transvaal. They were also detained for
14 days under the Asiatic Act and discharged. Morgan, together with R.K. Naidoo, was arrested
on 18 October 1913 for crossing Cape-Transvaal border. They were kept in jail for fourteen days
before trial. They were then ordered by the magistrate to appear when called upon to receive
sentence. Upon release they proceeded to the strike centre in the Natal Midlands and were
sentenced, on re-crossing the Transvaal border, to three months with hard labour.91

86
IO, 14 January 1914.
87
IO, 14 and 28January 1914
88
Gandhi Archives, Sabarmati, Letter to Parsee Rustomjee, 30 July 1914 (SN6032).
89
While Fatima and Hanifa were the only Muslim women who went to prison in the satyagraha, many Muslim
women were prominent in the liberation struggle from 1946.
90
IO, 18 January and 19 September 1908.
91
IO, 8 October and 5 November 1913, 4 March 1914.
 MUDALIAR, Valliamma R. Munuswamy – Valliamma, the
“child martyr,” was born in Johannesburg and was the eldest daughter of Munuswami Mudaliar
and his wife Mangalam, of Mooi Street, Doornfontein, Johannesburg. Her father was a fresh
produce hawker. Both of her parents courted imprisonment during the struggle. She attended the
government primary school in Doornfontein. As a young girl, she accompanied her father to
several political meetings, which were chaired by Gandhi or Thambi Naidoo, a prominent
political activist who also lived in Doornfontein.

Munuswami could not participate in the last phase of the satyagraha in 1913 as he was
recovering from an operation. Valliamma and her mother joined the second batch of Transvaal
women passive resisters. They left Johannesburg for Newcastle in late October to replace the
first batch of women who were imprisoned. Their mission was to go among indentured workers,
explain the position regarding the obnoxious £3 tax and persuade them to suspend work until the
government undertook to abolish the tax. They arrived in Ingogo with Thambi Naidoo; on the
same train were the first batch of Transvaal women bound for Pietermaritzburg prison.

Valliamma and her colleagues visited different centres and addressed meetings. While in Durban
they courted arrest by hawking without permits. They were arrested by an African warder but, to
their great disappointment, discharged on reaching the jail. In December, in another attempt to
go to gaol, they crossed the border from Natal to the Transvaal. They were deported but they re-
crossed the border and were sentenced to three months with hard labour.92

Valliamma fell ill in prison. The prison authorities offered to release her on medical grounds and
encouraged her to go home but she refused. On 11 February 1914, she was released from prison,
after the provisional agreement between General Smuts and Gandhi. She arrived in Johannesburg
with her mother on 20 February. By then, her health had seriously deteriorated. Gandhi, writing
in Satyagraha in South Africa, recalls his last meeting with her:

How can I forget her?… She was confined to bed when I met her. “Valliamma, you do not repent
of your having gone to jail?”, I asked. “Repent? I am even now ready to go to jail again if I am

92
IO, 1 and 15 October and 24 December 1913
 arrested,” said Valliamma. “But what if it results in your death?” I pursued. “I do not mind it. Who
would not love to die for one’s motherland?” was the reply.93

Valliamma died on 22 February. Her funeral took place at 2 p.m., barely a few hours after her
death. Approximately 60 carriages and a large concourse on foot followed the body to the burial
site in Johannesburg. Wreaths were sent by several Indian organisations and about 400 Indians
were present at her graveside. In the aftermath of her death, in March 1914, several local Indian
organisations paid tribute to her courage and bravery and her sterling contribution to the
satyagraha. Amongst them were the Tamil Benefit Society in Johannesburg, the Germiston
Indian Association, the Patidar Society, and the Transvaal Indian Women’s Association. The
latter held a special meeting, attended by 150 women, 25 of whom had travelled especially from
Germiston to Johannesburg to attend this special session. The British Indian Association passed
resolutions of condolence and appreciation. Bhawani Dayal recited a poem in her memory. The
Hindu Women’s Sabha of Durban passed a resolution expressing profound grief at the death of a
“beloved sister, a loyal and devoted passive resister”.94

In July 1914, just prior to his departure for London, Gandhi and Kasturba attended the unveiling
of a memorial stone at Braamfontein cemetery, in honour of Valliamma and another teenage
martyr, Sammy Nagappan Padayachy..95

The inscription on Valliamma’s memorial stone, engraved in Tamil, English and Gujarati, read:

In Loving Memory to our Sister

VALLIAMAL MUNUSAMY
who died on the 22nd February, 1914,
Aged 17 years
Of illness contracted in the Maritzburg Goal to which she went as a Passive Resister.

Gandhi wrote in Satyagraha in South Africa: “…Valliamma’s service is imperishable… the

name of Valliamma will live in the history of South African Satyagraha as long as India lives.”

Memorials to Valliamma were built in Johannesburg and in India. A community hall in her
memory was built in Suikerbos Street, Lenasia, a predominantly Indian township of
Johannesburg. In Tamil Nadu, in India, a Valliamma High School was built in Valliamma Nagar,
in Thillayadu, her ancestral village. In Madras, “Cooptex,” the headquarters of the Tamil Nadu
State Handlom Cooperative Association, was dedicated to Valliamma. The foundation stone for
the five story building was laid by M.G. Ramachandran, Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, in 1982.

93
Gandhi, Satyagraha in South Africa, pp.283-84
94
IO, 11 March 1914
95
IO, 29 July 1914
 On 20 April 1997 a memorial ceremony was held at the Braamfontein Cemetery in
Johannesburg, honouring the two young martyrs, Valliamma and Nagappen. Amongst those
present were leaders of the liberation struggle uch as Walter Sisulu, Deputy President of the
African National Congress, Mac Maharaj and the then Johannesburg mayor Isaac Mofase.
Gopalkrishna Gandh, the Indian High Commissioner to South Africa, paid tribute to Valliamma.

You were no longer a child, and not yet a woman and you had the will to dare, the will to die… I
am reminded particularly today of one person who was with you in the Maritzburg jail: Kasturba.
Both of you were prisoners together and she too became a martyr. Coincidentally, she was to die
on the very same date, February 22, exactly 30 years later in 1944. Both of you were Maritzburg
co-prisoners and your deaths are not deaths, but proclamations of the indomitable spirit of
Satyagraha.96

MUDALIAR, Vengadasala Munuswamy: Known as Peter Moonlight, he was once Chairman

of Tamil Benefit Society. He was arrested in May 1910 and deported from the Transvaal to India.
He returned to South Africa. His wife, Minachi, was in the second batch of Transvaal women
who went to Natal in October 1913, to encourage Indian indentured workers in Natal to suspend
work until the government gave assurance that the £3 tax would be abolished. She was sentenced
in December to three months with hard labour. Their son Kuppuswamy, a student at Phoenix
Settlement, was a member of the Phoenix party of resisters and was sentenced to three months
with hard labour. He was not yet 18.

NAGAPPAN (NAGAPPEN) PADAYACHY, Swamy: One of the martyrs

of the Satyagraha in South Africa. He was sentenced on 21 June 1909 to ten days with hard
labour. He and his colleagues were sent to the Johannesburg prison road-camp and ordered to
break stone from early morning in the bitter cold. He contracted double pneumonia and was
released from jail on 30 June. He died on 6 July. On 7 July, the Rand Daily Mail published a
statement by J. Veeramuthoo, a fellow prisoner, that Nagappan had been struck a “fearful blow”
by a warden and could not eat for two days. When the chief warder was informed he had replied
“Let him die,” and forced Nagappan to take up a pick and shovel and go to work. The official

96
Y. Pillay, Valliamma Munuswami Mudaliar 1898-1914, Child Martyr (Durban: Alba, 2006), p.24; The Leader,
Durban, 20 September 1996.
cause of his death was cited as acute double pneumonia and heart failure. Dr. W. Godfrey, an
Indian doctor, stated that Nagappan’s body was covered with bruises.97

Nagappan was given a public funeral by the Indian community. A procession of about thirty cabs
followed the remains from 143 Market Street to Braamfontein cemetery. One of the last
engagements of Gandhi before he left South Africa was to attend the unveiling of the
gravestones of Nagappan and Valliamma in the Braamfontein cemetery in Johannesburg on 15
July 1914.

Gandhi wrote in Satyagraha in South Africa:

Nagappan’s companions say that he thought of the struggle and the struggle alone till he breathed
his last. He never repented of going to jail and embraced death for his country’s sake as he would
embrace a friend.

On 20 April 1997 a memorial ceremony was held at the Braamfontein Cemetery honouring the
two young martyrs, Valliamma and Nagappen. The tombstone was unveiled by Walter Sisulu,
deputy president of the African National Congress of South Africa. The gathering was addressed
by the Indian High Commissioner to South Africa, Gopalkrishna Gandhi.98

NAIDOO, G.K. Thambi (1875-1933): He was born in 1875 in Mauritius. He came to South
Africa in 1889 and settled in Johannesburg in 1892. He was fluent in several languages: Tamil,
Telugu, Hindi and Creole. He was active in public affairs. He formed the Transvaal Indian
Congress with H.O. Ally in 1893. He was one of the few Indians who saw President Kruger of
the South African Republic to present a petition in regard to Law 3 of 1885 which restricted
Indians to segregated locations. He led a deputation to the Johannesburg Town Council when he
was only 19. He was also a leader of Tamil Benefit Society and was elected chairman of the
Society in 1912. He became a member of the executive of the British Indian Association founded
by Gandhi in 1903. At the mass meeting of Indians on 11 September 1906, he seconded the
resolution to defy the Asiatic Ordinance and court arrest if necessary. He became a prominent
satyagrahi when defiance began in 1907, prepared for any sacrifice for the honour of India, and

97
IO, 10 July 1909
98
IO, 19 July 1909; M.K. Gandhi, Satyagraha in South Africa; The Leader, Durban, 20 September 1996.
was an inspiration to the Tamil community. He served fourteen terms of imprisonment and was
called the "old offender," and “many-time ardent jail-bird”.

He played a crucial role not only as a determined resister but also in mobilising mass support.
He was arrested in 1907 when he was the Chief Picket in Johannesburg and was one of the
first to be imprisoned. 99 He was prosecuted on 28 December, 1907 for not registering under the
Asiatic Registration Act. He told the court that he was a married man with five children – ranging
in age from 13 to about 18 months. He was ordered to leave the Transvaal within 14 days and was
sentenced on 10 January to two months for defying the order of the court.83 He signed, along with
Gandhi and Leong Quinn, the letter to General Smuts which resulted in the provisional
agreement at the end of January. In February 1908, after the Smuts-Gandhi agreement, Gandhi
was severely assaulted by Mir Alam, a Pathan who felt that the agreement was a betrayal.
Thambi Naidoo went to his rescue and was also assaulted. Indian Opinion reported on 15
December 1908:

Mr. Thambi Naidoo engaged the attention of Mir Alam, who rained blow after blow upon him, which
fortunately, Naidoo was able to ward off by means of an umbrella he was carrying at the time.
Eventually the umbrella broke and one more blow felled Naidoo to the ground, his head being gashed,
and when he was on the ground, further blows were struck at him and he was considerably bruised.100

He was imprisoned twice in July 1908 for hawking without licence. On 30 January 1909 he
was sentenced to three months with hard labour for picketing. He served three more sentences
of three months with hard labour in October 1909 and February and June 1910.

Gandhi wrote about him in a letter to Gopal Krishna Gokhale on 6 December 1909:

But perhaps the bravest and the staunchest of all (Indians in gaol) is the indomitable Thambi Naidoo. I do
not know any Indian who knows the spirit of the struggle so well as he does... He has sacrificed himself
entirely, and has sent me a defiant message, saying that, even though I may yield and accept anything less
than Lord Ampthill’s amendment, he alone will offer resistance and die in the Transvaal gaols.101

During the 1913 campaign members of Thambi Naidoo’s family were in the first batch which
proceeded to Natal to encourage the Indian workers to strike until the Government gave an
assurance that the onerous three pound tax would be abolished. They included Mrs. N. Pillay,
mother-in-law of Thambi Naidoo, the oldest of women satyagrahis; Veerammal, wife of
Thambi Naidoo; and Mrs. N.S. (Lachimi) Pillay, wife of Veerammal’s brother. They were
sentenced to three months with hard labour.

Thambi Naidoo accompanied the first band of Transvaal women from Johannesburg to Newcastle
in the coal mining area in Natal. He took them around the railway barracks and the coal mines to

99
He was sentenced to 14 days in prison.
100
IO, 15 December 1908
101
CWMG, Vol. 10, p. 97
exhort the Indian workers to strike. He addressed thousands of people at meetings in the coal-
mining area. When Gandhi led strikers on the “Great March” from Newcastle, he stayed in
charge in Newcastle and soon followed Gandhi, leading 300 strikers to Charlestown, near the
Transvaal border. He then went to the Transvaal and returned with seven women, including
Valliamma. He worked ceaselessly night and day among the indentured labourers on the mines.
While the women were arrested, he was not.86

Indian Opinion wrote on 4 March 1914:

… after the arrest of the strikers on the commencement of the strike on sugar estates, he came down to
Durban, where, with his usual tireless energy, he was everywhere.102 He was also instrumental in bringing
about the strike in Maritzburg and was arrested while addressing a mass meeting there. He was brought to
Durban and detained in custody pending the hearing of his case, as he declined to give an assurance that he
would refrain from taking further part in the passive resistance movement. He was subsequently released
on one hundred pound bail, and, eventually the charge against him was withdrawn. 103

At a farewell banquet to Gandhi in Johannesburg in July 1914 he presented his four sons to
Gandhi for service to India.
Thambi Naidoo continued organising protests against new racist laws and regulations
against Indians in the Transvaal and served for a few years as President of the Transvaal
Indian Congress. He died on 31 October 1933 after a long illness and his ashes were
buried in the Indian Cemetery in Brixton on 1 November. Indian Opinion wrote in an
obituary on 3 November 1933:
With a sturdy physique and brawny arms, he fathered many a weakling and made life in gaol easier for
him. Thambi Naidoo was always there to finish his own task as well as to help those who lagged behind to
finish theirs. During his leisure time he would be reading religious books or singing hymns and keeping
gay those who had a tendency of being morose having never suffered gaol life. It was indeed a sorry time
for those inside prison when Thambi Naidoo was released. But he was never out long. He required no rest.
One heard of Thambi Naidoo’s release and within a day or two news flashed once again that he was
arrested. This is the life that Thambi Naidoo led from the beginning to the very end of the great struggle in
1914. During the intervals he was the chairman of the Tamil Benefit Society which did a great deal of
organising among its own people. During the great strike in 1913 as a protest against the £ 3 tax on Indian
labourers, the late Thambi Naidoo played a heroic part. He led the women from Johannesburg and marched
from place to place throughout Natal organising strikes without any rest whether by day or by night and
often without food. As he was determined so was he fearless. 104

Indian Opinion reported on his funeral on 17 November 1933:

Great crowds turned out for the funeral of the late Mr. C.K.T. Naidoo, at his residence in 176 President
Street. The streets were thronged with people and cars that special policemen were on duty controlling
the traffic. The procession was nearly two miles long. It was an awe inspiring sight and a fitting tribute to
a great patriot and hero…There were 80 cars in the procession besides the horse vehicle. The funeral

102
When the owners of the estates stopped rations to the workers, he went around carrying food to them.
103
IO, 4 March 1914
104
IO, 3 November 1933
 procession went through President Street right into the heart of the town. Hundreds lined the street. As
the cortage arrived at Vrededorp the whole of 17 th Street from Delarey Street was crowded. Many signs
were evident of the great appreciation that men and women had for the man who was determined to lay
down his life for the honour of the Indian community in South Africa… The coffin was laid in the
beautiful courtyard of the crematorium. Mr. M. Nursoo acted as chairman for the great meeting. Speeches
were made and the first to speak was Mr. H. Kallenbach, who spoke very feelingly – for does he not
know the sterling qualities of Thambi Naidoo. He said that we have to lay to rest a brave and courageous
man and above all a man of peace. He was overcome and he stopped. Mr. J. D. Rheinalt Jones also spoke
and said that he had great veneration and admiration for Mr. Naidoo who was vice-chairman of the Indo-
European Council, one who truly interpreted the great Indian Nation… 105

Gandhi, in Satyagraha in South Africa, described him as "lion-like" and wrote of him:
He was an ordinary trader. He had practically received no scholastic education whatever. But a wide
experience had been his schoolmaster. He spoke and wrote English very well, although his grammar was
not perhaps free from faults. In the same way he has acquired a knowledge of Tamil. He understood and
spoke Hindustani fairly well and he had some knowledge of Telugu too, though he did not know the
alphabets of these languages... He had a very keen intelligence and could grasp new subjects very quickly.
His ever-ready wit was astonishing. He had never seen India. Yet his love for the homeland knew no
bounds. Patriotism ran through his very veins. His firmness was pictured on his face. He was very strongly
built and he possessed tireless energy. He shone equally whether he had to take the chair at meetings and
lead them or whether he had to do porter’s work. He would not be ashamed of carrying a load on the public
roads... Night and day were the same to him when he set to work. And none was more ready than he to
sacrifice his all for the sake of the community... the name of Thambi Naidoo must ever remain as one of the
front rank in the history of Satyagraha in South Africa."106

Gandhi added: “He has an incomparable spirit. What need is there to write in praise of him? This
struggle has produced few Satyagrahis who can be his equals”.107 “Another person who can
match Mr. Naidoo in self-sacrifice is unlikely to be found even in India”.80
Many descendants of Thambi Naidoo were prominent in the struggle for the liberation of South
Africa.

105
IO, 3 November 1933
106
Gandhi, Satyagraha in South Africa, pp. 147-48
107
CWMG, Vol. 10, p. 267
 NAIDOO, Mrs. Veerammal: Wife of Govindasamy Krishnasamy Thambi
Naidoo. Veerammal and her husband were very active in politics at the turn of the century.
Veerammal had to endure many challenges during the satyagraha in the Transvaal as her
husband was constantly in prison.

In August 1908, he was sentenced to 14 days in prison for hawking without licence. Veerammal
was in advanced stage of pregnancy when he went to prison and gave birth to a son – still-
born.108 The child was buried at the Braamfontein Cemetery in Johannesburg. Henry Polak
attended the ceremony on behalf of the British Indian Association. During his incarceration
Thambi Naidoo was unaware of the loss of their child.109

Recalling the pain and suffering of Veerammal, the Rev. Joseph Doke wrote:

When “the old offender,” Mr. Thambi Naidoo, the Tamil leader, was sent to prison for the third time, to do
hard labour for a fortnight, Mr. Gandhi suggested that we should visit the sick wife together. I assented
gladly. On our way, we were joined by the Moulvie and the Imam of the Mosque, together with a Jewish
gentleman. It was a curious assembly, which gathered to comfort the little Hindu woman in her home - two
Mohammedans, a Hindu, a Jew, and a Christian. And there she stood, her eldest boy supporting her, and
the tears trickling between her fingers. She was within a few days of the sufferings of motherhood. After
we had bent together in prayer, the Moulvie spoke a few words of comfort in Urdu and we each followed,
saying what we could in our own way to give her cheer. It was one of the many glimpses, which we have
lately had of that divine love, which mocks at boundaries of creed and limits of race or colour. It was a
vision of Mr. Gandhi’s ideal.110

Gandhi also recalled Veerammal’s loss:

After he had been taken to the Fort we visited Mrs. Naidoo in her house. The scene was full of pathos. The
little Hindu woman, almost with the touch of the pangs of motherhood, was completely broken down. Her
elder son stood by her. She tried to look brave, but the tears trickled through her fingers. I think some
gathered in our eyes, too.111

While Thambi Naidoo was in prison, she had to assume the burden of looking after her large

108
IO, 8 August 1908; E.S. Reddy, Thambi Naidoo and his family –Four generations in the Historic Struggle for
freedom in South Africa (New Delhi: Mainstream Publication, 1988), pp. 1-2.
109
IO, 8 August 1908
110
Reddy, Thambi Naidoo, p. 2
111
IO, 8 August 1908
family of two daughters and six sons. She was active in the movement, but found it difficult to
run the business and was eventually forced to sell it:

… selling off horses and carts one by one until there was nothing left to sell, no money to pay the rent and,
when she and her children were put out on the street, with no home. They were rescued by her brother who
took them all into his home on President Street. When he too was arrested, they were destitute again. This
was how it was for many activists' families. 112

When the Tolstoy Farm was established, Veerammal her husband and their children lived on the
Farm.

When satyagraha was revived in 1913 and women were invited to participate, Veerammal, her
mother Mrs. N. Pillay, and her sister-in-law Mrs. Narainsamy Pillay volunteered. (Veerammal
was pregnant at that time and took her infant daughter Seshammal with her.) They were in the
first batch of Transvaal women who went to Natal, informed Indian workers in the mines and
railways about the injustice of the £3 tax, and persuaded them to suspend work. They were
arrested at Newcastle on 21 October 1913, and sentenced to three months with hard labour under
the Vagrancy Act. They served the sentences in Pietermaritzburg prison under dreadful
conditions. Veerammal gave birth to a son, Mithalin, the day after she was released from prison.
He died in infacy

In July 1914, Veerammal and Thambi presented their four younger sons - Bala, Barathasarathy,
Narainswamy, Puckrey – to Gandhi to the service of India. They had lived on Tolstoy Farm and
Phoenix Settlement and were schooled by Gandhi who called them his “four pearls”. Gandhi
educated them in India. Puckery died in Gandhi’s Ashram in Ahmedabad in 1916. The other
three were sent back to South Africa at the request of their parents.

Veerammal passed away in 1948 at the age of 75. Among Veerammal’s descendants were
several who went on to play a key role in the liberation movement: Naransamy and
Barathasarathy (sons), Thayanagie (daughter) and grandchildren - Shantie, Indres, Murthie,
Ramnie, and Prema.113

Veeammal with her daughter and sons

112
Muthal Naidoo, Stories of the Asiatic Bazaar (Johannesburg: MN Publishers, 2009), p.813
113
Interview with Shanti Naidoo, 18 January 2009
NAIDOO, N. Venugopal: was born in Papanasam in Tanjore (now Thanjavur) district in 1873.
He migrated to Mauritius with his father in 1880 and was educated at Port Louis. He set up a
business there in 1894. He moved to the Transvaal in 1898 and was active in public affairs. He
was a member of the Theosophical Society and honorary secretary of the Pretoria branch of the
Tamil Benefit Society. He was sentenced in January 1908 to three months but was released after
the Gandhi-Smuts agreement. He was again sentenced in February 1909 to three months with
hard labour. Soon after his release, the Indian community elected him as a member of a
deputation to India, but the government arrested him on 17 June and he was sentenced to six
months with hard labour. After release he settled in the Tolstoy Farm where he looked after
cooking and taught Tamil to the children.114

NAIDOO, P.K. (Krishnaswamy): Of Johannesburg. P.K. Naidoo was

born in South Africa. He told the court on 28 December 1907 that he had arrived in the
Transvaal in 1888. He left during the Anglo-Boer war in 1899 and was in the ambulance corps
led by Gandhi. He returned in 1902. He went to Natal again and returned in July 1907. He was
secretary of the Johannesburg Tamil Benefit Society and was one of the most active passive
resisters. His wife was also a passive resister.

In 1910 he went to Madras, at only a few hours notice, to look after deportees from the
Transvaal.

On 28 December 1907 he was prosecuted for failing to register under the Asiatic Registration
Act and ordered to leave the Transvaal within 48 hours. He defied the order and was sentenced
to two months imprisonment.115 He was thrice sentenced to three months with hard labour in
1909. He was a volunteer in charge of the store of E.I. Aswat in Vereeniging. He was rearrested
an hour after release in 1910 and sentenced to three months with hard labour. Towards the end
of 1910 he was sentenced again to three months with hard labour.116

During the 1913 campaign he courted arrest by hawking without a licence in Johannesburg but

114
IO, 3 July 1909, 18 June 1910
115
IO, 11 and 18 January 1908
116
IO, 6 February, 22 May and 4 December 1909, 26 February and 5 November 1910.
was not arrested. He then went to the Cape province and led Cape resisters crossing the
Transvaal border. He was arrested on 19 October, remanded for two weeks and discharged on 4
November.

He accompanied Gandhi on the “Great March” and was arrested at Standerton with Rajoo
Naidoo and others. They were found guilty and sentenced to six months with hard labour,
suspended for 12 months. Naidoo then proceeded to Pietermaritzburg where he was arrested on
30 November for incitement. He was allowed a bail of £300, but the charges, which related to
strike in Pietermaritzburg, were withdrawn on instruction from the Attorney-General.117 He
continued organising resistance of Indians in Pietermaritzburg and Durban until the provisional
settlement of 1914.118

He was elected a member of the council of the South African Indian Congress at its inaugural
session in 1923. He died in 1924 of pneumonia.119

Gandhi wrote in an obituary:

He was one of the truest of Indians and the stoutest of hearts. He suffered the hardships of a prison
life many times. His wife followed suit. He was ready for all work. He got ready on an hour`s
notice to take charge of a party of deportees who were banished by General Smuts to India. He
counted no cost too dear for the sake of his country`s freedom. His death at the present moment,
for our countrymen in South Africa, is a tremendous loss. He was capable single-handed of
hurling defiance against the mighty South African Government. Indeed only a few weeks ago I
had a letter from him describing his plan of campaign… P. K. Naidoo was a fair English scholar.
He knew Hindi, Telugu, French and Zulu. He was self-taught. He had a powerful build. He was no
mean pugilist. But he had learnt the secret of non-violence. He was therefore able to control
himself under the gravest provocation. He was a born toiler. He never refused any work. He was
an expert barber and, because he would not become a clerk, he had chosen to be a barber and
carried on a haircutting saloon. When, at Tolstoy Farm, we took to sandal making, he became a
finished sandal-maker. He was a true soldier. He knew how to obey. I tender my humble
condolences to Mrs. Naidoo and our countrymen in South Africa.120

117
IO, 22 October and 5 November 1913, 28 January 1914.
118
IO, 11 March 1914
119
P.K. Naidoo, “Five Times to the Transvaal Jail” in Ind Rev, September 1910; “Triumph of Passive Resistance” in
Ind Rev, April 1912.
120
Published in Young India, 25 September 1924; CWMG, Vol. 25, pp.210-11. See also Gandhi, Satyagraha in
South Africa, pp.222-223.
 NAIDOO, Mrs. P.K.: Mrs. P.K. Naidoo was a pioneer settler in
Tolstoy Farm when her husband, P.K. Naidoo, was in prison. She was one of the first group of
eleven Transvaal women who went to Natal to court arrest. She addressed Indian workers on the
mines and encouraged them to suspend work. She was arrested at Newcastle on 21 October 1913
and sentenced to three months with hard labour under the Vagrancy Act.

She participated in the 1946 Indian passive resistance campaign and was imprisoned. She was
elected to the executive of the Transvaal Indian Congress. Her son, K. Naidoo, was also
politically active in the freedom movement in the 1940s.121

NAIDOO, R.K: Born in South Africa and lived in the Transvaal since 1895. He was a
satyagrahi during the campaign in the Transvaal. He picketed registration offices under the
Asiatic Registration Act and hawked goods without a licence. He was jailed in November 1908
and again in December 1908. Together with Rajoo Narsoo and Willy Morgan, he crossed the
Cape border in 1913 and re-crossed into the Transvaal. They were kept in jail for fourteen days
before trial. They were then ordered by the magistrate to appear when called upon to receive
sentence. They proceeded to Newcastle to help the Indian strikers. They again re-crossed the
Transvaal border and were sentenced to three months with hard labour.122

NAIDOO, Rajoo (Raju): Pioneer settler on Tolstoy Farm. He worked as a volunteer in the
offices of the British Indian Association and provided valuable service to the passive resistance
movement. He was sentenced on 14 August 1908 for hawking without licence. He was again
imprisoned in November and in December 1908 for hawking without licence. In 1909 he was
sentenced to three months with hard labour for managing E.I. Aswat’s store. He was sentenced
again to three months with hard labour in 1910. He was arrested on 18 October 1913 for crossing

121
IO, 22 October 1913 and 13 September 1946; The Passive Resister, 4 August, 9 September and 28 October 1946.
122
IO, 18 January, 3 October, 21 November and19 December 1908, and 4 March 1914.
the Cape-Transvaal border but discharged on 4 November 1913. He was sentenced in Volksrust
in December 1913 for crossing the Natal-Transvaal border.123

NAIDOO, T. Coopoosamy (Kuppusamy): Eldest son of Thambi Naidoo and Veerammal.

Pioneer settler on the Tolstoy Farm. As a 16- year- old teenager he went hawking with Manilal
Gandhi but was not arrested. He was sentenced in 1909 to seven days with hard labour for
hawking again without licence. He went hawking again with Manilal Gandhi in February 1910.
They were arrested and charged with hawking without licence and also for not having
registration certificates under the Asiatic Act. They were sentenced to three months with hard
labour. During the 1913 campaign Naidoo hawked goods again without a licence but was not
arrested. He was arrested on 18 October, for crossing the Cape-Transvaal border, remanded for
several days and discharged on 4 November. He then proceeded to Newcastle and joined the
“Great March” but was not arrested. He returned to Charlestown where he assisted in the care of
the families of imprisoned strikers. He made several attempts to court arrest by crossing the
border at Volksrust but was on each occasion recognised and allowed to pass unchallenged.124

NARAYANSAMY, A.: Narayansamy served with the British troops in a non-

combatant capacity during the Anglo-Boer War and was granted residence in the Transvaal. He
worked as a hawker. He was imprisoned as a passive resister in 1908. He was arrested again in
1909 and was illegally deported to India. He returned to Durban with 82 other deportees but was
denied entry. He proceeded to Port Elizabeth and then to Cape Town but was not allowed to land
in either port. In Cape Town he was kept isolated and placed on board Gertrude Woermann
which went via Durban (where he was not allowed to communicate with friends) to Lourenco
Marques (now Maputo). He died on board Gertrude Woermann at Delagoa Bay on Sunday 16
October 1910. The agents of the shipping company said that he had died of enteritis and was
buried at Lourenco Marques.125

Gandhi called the death of Narayanswamy “legalised murder”. He wrote in a letter to the press
on 17 October:126

123
IO, 5 September, 21 November and 19 December 1908, 29 May 1909, 26 February 1910, 5 November and 31
December 1913.
124
IO, 12 February and 5 March 1910, 22 October and 5 November 1913, 4 March 1914.
125
IO, 1 and 22 October 1910; Rand Daily Mail, 18 October 1910.
126
This was published in Rand Daily Mail, and The Transvaal Leader, 18 October 1910, and in IO, 22 October 1910.
 When he left this province for India as a deportee, he possessed a healthy constitution, but over six
weeks on the decks of different steamers exposed to all sorts of weather evidently proved too
severe for his constitution. Mr. Ritch has pointed out that he and his fellow-deportees were not
allowed to see friends or legal advisers almost for a week while their steamer was in Table Bay,
and ultimately he had to obtain an order from the Supreme Court before he could see them. He has
stated in a letter to the Cape papers that he found these men bootless and hatless and in some cases
even without sufficient protection for the body, shivering on the open deck of that steamer. They
were refused landing first at Durban, then at Port Elizabeth, then at the Cape, and again at Durban,
the last time in defiance of an order of the Supreme Court restraining the Immigration Officer
from removing them from the jurisdiction of the Provincial Division of Natal. The Officer, acting
under instructions from the Minister of the Interior, and in his over-zeal to please his chief, gave a
meaning to the order of the Court which no common sense man would give, and in indecent haste
sent these men to Delagoa Bay with the result that, as above stated, Narayansamy is no more.

I have not hesitated to call the death of the late Nagappan legalised murder, and I fear that the
death of Narayansamy must be classed in the same category. I have the warrant of our own Court
for stating that deportation such as Narayansamy’s under an administrative order, described by
Mr. Laughton, K.C., as “Star Chamber procedure”, is illegal. Narayansamy and his fellows, very
properly, as I think every lover of justice and fair play would say, disregard such deportation,
attempt to return to the country of their birth or adoption and, in the attempt, are driven from pillar
to post. Inconceivable difficulties are placed in their way. Is such treatment necessary?

NARSOO, Rajoo: Young satyagrahi imprisoned during the 1913 satyagraha. Rajoo Narsoo and
Willy Morgan were sentenced to 24 hours for hawking without licence in Johannesburg, charged
under the Asiatic Act and detained for some 14 days. On release, they went to the Cape province
and crossed the Cape-Transvaal border in October 1913 with PK Naidoo. They were arrested
and kept in jail for 14 days before the trial. They were then convicted and ordered by the
Magistrate to appear when called upon to receive sentence. They proceeded to the strike centre
in Newcastle. Narsoo accompanied Gandhi and P.K. Naidoo on the Great March and was
arrested at Standerton and sentenced to six months with hard labour, suspended for 12 months.
He died on 4 February 1914 after a brief illness.127

PANDIT, Ram Sunder (RAMSUNDARA): Priest in Germiston. He

127
IO, 22 October and 19 November 1913, 4 and 11 March 1914.
campaigned against the Asiatic Registration Act and was the first to be sentenced in the
satyagraha in the Transvaal. He was arrested on 8 November 1907 for failing to produce a
registration certificate under the Act and sentenced to one month. He was given a huge reception
upon his release. He announced he would continue to fight. But at the end of December he
deserted the struggle and his temple, left the Transvaal and went to India. A warrant was issued
for his appearance in court on 28 December 1907 for not registering under the Asiatic Act.128

PILLAY, C.M: A Bachelor of Arts graduate, he was active in public affairs in the Transvaal
since the 1890s and was for some time secretary of Indian Congress, Pretoria and Johannesburg.
In 1893, he wrote a letter to Transvaal Advertiser complaining that he had been violently pushed
off the footpath. He was mistaken by the Natal Advertiser for Gandhi, a barrister who was then
living in Pretoria. Gandhi sent two letters to that paper which published them on 16 and 19
September 1893, correcting the error and replying to its comment.

Pillay was prosecuted on 28 December 1907 for not registering under the Asiatic Act. He was
defended by Gandhi. He stated that he came to the Transvaal in 1883. Before the Anglo-Boer
War, he was Inspector of Asiatic passes and licences. During the War he was a commissariat
officer and messenger of the court. He was ordered to leave the Transvaal within 48 hours and
was sentenced in January 1908 to two months for defying the order.

He joined William Godfrey in 1906 in sending a petition to Lord Elgin, Secretary of State for
Colonies, criticising Gandhi who was then in London in a deputation to the British Government.
They were probably disappointed that they were not chosen for the deputation.129

PILLAY, N.K.: He was deported to India during the Transvaal satyagraha and re-entered the
Transvaal via a port in the Cape. He proceeded to Natal in November 1913 when Indian workers
went on strike for the abolition of the £3 tax and stayed there until the beginning of 1914.
Together with Sheikh Mukdoom, he took charge of the strikers’ families at Charlestown. He
made several attempts to court arrest at the Transvaal border but without success.130

PILLAY, Soopia (Subbiah): During the 1913 satyagraha campaign Veerasamy Francis, Soopia
Pillay and Annamaly hawked goods without permits in Johannesburg and were sentenced to ten
days imprisonment with hard labour. On their release, finding that the government was no longer
arresting hawkers, they proceeded with Manilal Gandhi to the Natal border, crossed and re-
crossed the border and were sentenced to three months with hard labour.131

128
IO, 9 and 16 November and 21 December 1907, 25 January 1908; Sushila Nayar, p. 151.
129
IO, 18 January 1908; Sushila Nayar, p.155; Gandhi Archive, Sabarmati, India, Serial Numbers 2797 and 3697.
130
IO, 4 March 1914
131
IO, 22 October and 5 November 1913, 4 March 1914. Indian Opinion of 12 March 1910 reported the arrest of
Suppaya in March 1910. That may be S. Pillay. “… it appears that at about noon on Saturday his wife was taken ill,
and he went to Orange Grove to fetch the doctor. It was on his way to this place that he was arrested. Meanwhile
twins were born. Mr. Suppaya was not able to secure a doctor, owing to his arrest. One of the twins died on Saturday
and the other on Sunday.”
PILLAY, Mr. and Mrs. V.S.: Mr. Pillay was Chairman of Pretoria Tamil League and suffered
two terms of imprisonment totalling nine months with hard labour in 1909. His wife was a
member of the second batch of Transvaal women who went to Natal to persuade the workers to
strike. She was sentenced to three months with hard labour. Mrs. Pillay was then over 50 years of
age.132

RANDERIA, SHAPURJI JIVANJI (1880-1945): A Parsi, born in 1880 at

Rander, Surat district, in India. He passed the senior book-keeping examinations of the London
Chamber of Commerce in Bombay. He founded a customs clearing and shipping business in
Bombay. He had a passport issued to him by the British Consul in Zanzibar entitling him to
proceed to any British colony with full citizenship. He arrived in South Africa in 1900. He was
among the batch of individuals from Natal - including Dawad Mahomed, Parsee Rustomjee and
M.C. Anglia - who crossed the Natal-Transvaal border in August 1908 to claim their right as
educated persons or former residents of the Transvaal to enter the colony under the Transvaal
Immigration Restriction Act. He was arrested on 27 August and the next day the Court
ordered his deportation to Natal. He re-entered the Transvaal and was arrested and brought
before the Court where he was defended by Gandhi. He was sentenced to three months with
hard labour.

He told the court that as a Parsi he had been granted a permit to reside in the Transvaal under the
Peace Preservation Ordinance. He could not submit to a degrading Act like the Asiatic Act.
South Africa was the land of his adoption and he claimed the right to reside accordingly. He was
arrested again on 30 December 1908 and sentenced to two months; his appeal was dismissed by
the Supreme Court on 5 February 1909. He was released on 4 March, re-arrested the next day
and sentenced to six months with hard labour.

He was a prominent community leader in Natal. Ismail Meer recalled he “held many important
posts and was widely respected by all, as a brave man for his sacrifices… I remember Shapurji

132
IO, 2 January, 20 February and 23 Ocrober 1909, 24 December 1913.
Randeria as that imposing quiet man, who was the Gujarati examiner at the Pine Street Madressa
and as the person of so many sterling qualities.” He passed away in September 1945.133

ROYEPPEN, Joseph Devasayagem (1871-1960): Royeppen, a

Christian who belonged to the Church of England, was born in Natal in 1871. His parents were
Devasayagem and Catherine. He worked as a clerk to Gandhi when he first established a legal
practice in Durban. He was a member of the Indian Volunteer Ambulance Corps led by Gandhi
during the Anglo-Boer War. He later went to Britain and obtained B.A., LL.B. of Cambridge
University (1906), graduating with distinction. He also passed the Bar Final Examination to
become a barrister. He was the fourth Indian barrister in South Africa and the first Indian
barrister born in South Africa. He was studying in England when the satyagraha commenced in
the Transvaal. He assisted the Transvaal Indian deputation (Gandhi and H.O. Ally) during their
visit to England in 1906 and sent an appeal to Members of British Parliament. With the help of
five other Indian students he submitted a letter to Lord Crewe, Secretary of State for the
Colonies, on 3 November 1906 highlighting the inequity of the Transvaal Asiatic Law
Amendment Ordinance which the Indian community were determined to resist.134 In a letter to
Pall Mall Gazette, he expressed outrage “at the sufferings of my kith and kin in South Africa –
sufferings that have been provoked and multiplied by the thoughtlessness and indifference of the
Imperial Government.”135 He returned to Durban in September 1909 after eight years in
England. He did not register as an advocate in Natal as he was keen on participating in the
satyagraha in the Transvaal.136

On 17 December 1909, Royeppen left Durban for Volksrust with Gandhi and five other passive
resisters to defy the Transvaal Immigration Restriction Act of 1907 and to claim his right to
enter the Transvaal as a British subject. Before leaving Durban, Royeppen wrote a letter to the
Natal Mercury in which he said:

I was born in the Colony and was educated along with the European children of Durban in the
Model School. I passed the collective examination, and, desirous of continuing my studies, I
sought admission to the High School but was refused. With self-help, I succeeded in passing the

133
IO, 15 and 29 August 1908, 13 March and 11 September 1909; Ismail Meer’s memoirs in The Leader, 20 March
and 28 August 1987; Bramdaw, p. 215.
134
Pyarelal, Mahatma Gandhi –The Early Phase, Vol. 1, p. 492; E.S. Reddy, “Joseph Royeppen – A Barrister who
joined the Satyagraha in South Africa”(unpublished).
135
IO, 2 January 1909
136
IO, 2 October 1909
 Natal Civil Service examination, but, although I passed seventh of the 30, of whom 15 were
successful, I was not so much as offered an appointment, while the Europeans who passed below
me were appointed to the Service. I proceeded to England at the expense of every shilling in my
family, and, after studying in London and at Cambridge for many years, I have returned home to
Natal, as the only South African-born Indian to graduate in an English University, and also as a
barrister of the Honourable Society of Lincoln’s Inn. The question arises whether I have acquired
a sufficient status to exercise the fullest rights of British citizenship or whether the fact of my race
and colour, ipso facto, denudes me of any status when confronted by the question of Imperial
rights and privileges. To test the question, I hope to proceed to the Transvaal in a few days. I have
no rights of residence there whatsoever, according to the Transvaal laws, but, by the right of
Imperial citizenship, I claim to enter and reside in any part of His Majesty’s dominions. If I am
imprisoned in the attempt to vindicate an Imperial right, I wish my imprisonment to serve as an
unqualified protest against a condition which is repugnant to the first principle of the British
Constitution, i.e., the inherent right of the subject to enter and reside in any portion within the
jurisdiction of the Constitution. 137

Gandhi and his party were allowed to proceed to Johannesburg without being stopped at the
border. At a reception held in honour of the volunteers who crossed the border, Royeppen said
that after a long absence from home he thought he would be able to celebrate Christmas among
his people. However, the call of duty beckoned him, and it was a “terrible wrench” for him to
leave his old mother but she willingly spared him for the sake of the Motherland.138 In
Johannesburg he hawked goods without a permit and was arrested in January 1910. The
Magistrate, Schurmann ordered deportation to Natal and expressed regret that he had to pass the
order against an Indian of Royeppen’s status. Royeppen answered that he did not mind the order
as he was there to suffer for his principle.139 In an appeal “To My Countrymen” on the eve of his
imprisonment he wrote:

For claiming what is our just due, I am today a prisoner deprived of home, friends and liberty.
There is no need to tell you, my brothers, that I have not accepted this unhappy lot to gain some
personal end. There is no need to tell you that an Indian son would not leave his aged mother, his
only parent, and accept imprisonment, thereby hastening the end of all he has left in the world.
No, friends, we are engaged in a national struggle, a struggle for the honour and respect of our
greater and venerable mother, India, the sacred land which gave our earthly mother her birth. For
the honour of Mother India it is that every Indian today is called upon to give up father, mother,
wife and children, but if every Indian cannot obey the call, let the brother that realises the
sacredness of the call respond with his whole heart and soul and stand as firm as a rock until
victory is won. And I appeal, as a Tamil particularly, to my Tamil brothers to stand to the end.140

137
Natal Mercury, 23 December 1908; IO, 1 January 1909.
138
IO, 1 January 1910; Reddy, op.cit.
139
IO, 29 January 1910
140
IO, 29 January 1910
He defied the order of deportation, returned to the Transvaal and was sentenced to three months
with hard labour. P.K. Naidoo and Royeppen were in prison together. In prison Royeppen did
all his work, including the carrying of slop pails, telling his fellow-prisoners that he had not gone
to jail to pose as a B.A. but to be a common labourer. Indian Opinion commented: “Of such will
the resurrected Indian nation be made.”141

Indian Opinion applauded the efforts of Royeppen and stated:

We congratulate this barrister-passive resister, hawker and labourer upon his unique experiences.
His presence in the gaol has been a matter of encouragement and of education to his fellow-
prisoners. By his intense desire to share in the fullest measure the hardships of his co-prisoners he
has endeared himself to them, and by his unfailing good humour and the philosophic calmness
with which he has gone through his experiences he has greatly strengthened his fellow resisters.
Mr. Royeppen’s evolution has astonished his friends, and we believe equally the authorities. At
first it was considered that he, who has been the pet of his family, has been softly nurtured, and
has had a pleasing experience for a number of years of English life, would not be able to stand the
rough life of an Indian convict, especially during the trying winter months of the Transvaal. No
such fear is now entertained by the community… Mr. Royeppen found himself in harness
immediately on his discharge. 142

Royeppen continued to court imprisonment and was sentenced to six weeks with hard labour in
May 1910; three months with hard labour in July 1910 and three months with hard labour on 19
January 1911. He was released on 17 April 1911.143 Gandhi and Smuts signed a provisional
agreement on 20 May 1911 and satyagraha in the Transvaal was suspended. Royeppen later
joined other former passive resisters at Tolstoy Farm. Indian Opinion wrote:

He has gone to Tolstoy Farm and is there working like a common labourer – minding nothing. He
takes his hand at wood chopping, water carrying, loading and off loading, laundry work – in fact,
every form of what is generally termed menial work. His good humour never fails him in all he
does. And he fills his companions with joy by wearing a pleasant smile on his lips even when he
is doing the hardest work to which he is not accustomed. 144

Samuel Joseph, a nephew of Royeppen, who was a headmaster of the Seaview School,
accompanied Royeppen to the Transvaal in December 1909 and served two terms in prison –
three months with hard labour and six weeks with hard labour. Solomon Royeppen, another
nephew, was among the resisters from the Phoenix settlement in 1913 and served three months
with hard labour.145

141
IO, 5 March 1910
142
IO, 9 July 1910
143
IO, 21 and 29 January, 18 and 28 May and 30 July 1910, 17 April 1911.
144
IO, 9 July 1910
145
IO, 29 October 1910
Royeppen returned to Durban in 1912 and practised law. He was active in public work,
especially with the youth, leading deputations to the authorities, drafting petitions and writing
letters to the press. He was secretary of the Durban Reception Committee for Gokhale on his
visit in 1912. He later moved to the Transvaal and became a member of the British Indian
Association. When the South African Indian Congress was established in May 1923 he was
elected to its council as one the three representatives of the British Indian Association. He was
elected by Madras Presidency as one of its delegates to the Nagpur Congress in 1921 to
represent Transvaal Indians and visited Gandhi’s Ashram at Sabarmati. He died in June 1960.146

RUSTOMJEE, Jivanjee Ghorkhodu (1861-1924): Known as “Parsi

Rustomjee” and “Kakaji”. One of the pioneer merchants in Natal. He arrived in Natal in 1880.
He worked for several traders and by 1893 became one of the wealthiest Indian traders in Natal.
He acquired large business interests throughout Natal and invested in real estate. He was a
Parliamentary voter in Natal.

He was one of the founder members and Vice-President of the Natal Indian Congress which was
established on 22 August 1894. He was appointed a trustee of the Phoenix Settlement in 1912.

Parsee Rustomjee and his wife Jerbai and their children Jhalbhoy and Sorabjee lived above their
store in Field Street in Durban. Gandhi and his family spent their first night at Rustomjee’s
residence at Field Street on 13 January 1897 after Gandhi was attacked by a European mob.

Rustomjee was visiting the Transvaal from 1893 and owned three properties which were
expropriated in 1904 by the Johannesburg municipality. He entrusted his financial affairs in the
Transvaal to Gandhi.

146
Pyarelal, Mahatma Gandhi, Volume I: The Early Phase, p. 492; J. Royeppen, “South African Indians” in Ind Rev,
March 1921.
In July 1907, when passive resistance began in the Transvaal after the Asiatic Registration Act
came into force, he declared that all his possessions were in trust for the community.147

He was very active in the satyagraha and repeatedly went to prison. He was held at Volksrust,
Heidelberg, Diepkloof, Johannesburg, Pietermaritzburg and Durban prisons.148 In August 1908
together with Dawad Mahomed, Anglia and Randeria and others, he crossed into the Transvaal
by train to test domiciliary rights. They were arrested in Anjuman Islam Hall and deported to
Natal the next day. They re-crossed the border and were sentenced to three months with hard
labour. Rustomjee was again sentenced on 11 February 1909 to six months with hard labour for
refusing to give thumb impressions. He was sentenced again on 11 August 1909 to six months
with hard labour.149 Rustomjee’s health deteriorated under prison conditions. He lost 70 pounds.

On his release he was greeted by hundreds of people when he visited Durban in February 1910.
He urged the community not to be discouraged by the prolongation of the struggle which was of
so great importance to the community. According to Indian Opinion, Rustomjee was determined
to fight: “Until victory was won, there was neither rest nor peace for him outside the gaol… he
would far rather die in gaol than retreat from the struggle.”

When satyagraha was renewed in 1913, he was among the pioneer group that left the Phoenix
Settlement on 15 September and crossed the Transvaal border. He was sentenced on 23
September to three months with hard labour. During his imprisonment in Pietermaritzburg, he
was deprived of his Zoroastrian sacred shirt and thread. He went on a hunger strike until these
items were restored to him. Many Indian organisations sent letters and telegrams of protest to the
Ministers of Justice and the Interior. The shirt and the thread were eventually restored and he
was moved to the Durban prison. He was assaulted twice by Native warders.

Rustomjee was a well-known philanthropist. He supported Gandhi’s projects in Natal and India.
The Indian hospital in Durban in 1897 opened with his donation. He provided funds and
materials for the construction of the press building at the Phoenix Settlement in 1904. He also
provided funds for the charitable mission of St Aiden’s Hospital, the ambulance corps formed
during the Anglo-Boer war, and the M.K. Gandhi Library and Parsee Rustomjee Hall, which was
opened in Durban in 1921.

147
IO, 27 July 1907
148
IO, 15 August 1908; Dictionary of South African Biography. Published for the Human Sciences Research Council
by Tafelberg-Uitgewers Ltd., Pretoria, 1987, Vol. V. Also A.H. West, "In the Early Days with Gandhi" in Illustrated
Weekly of India, Bombay, 3, 10, 17 and 31 October 1965; Berning, Gandhi letters. See also Bramdaw, p. 354.
149
IO, 14 August 1909.
He passed away on 14 November 1924.150 Gandhi wrote in an obituary151:

With the passing away of Parsee Rustomjee... India has lost a true soldier. So far as I am
concerned, I have lost a true friend. I have come across few men like Parsee Rustomjee. He had
had hardly any education. He knew a little English and his knowledge of Gujarati was not much.
He was not too fond of reading. Right from his youth he was in business. Through sheer hard
work he had risen from the status of a common clerk to that of a big businessman. Despite this, he
had a keen common sense and great generosity and he was so tolerant that, although he was an
orthodox Parsi, he had the same affection for Hindus, Muslims and Christians. I have never seen
anyone going round for funds return empty-handed from him. His loyalty to his friends was so
staunch that many gave him their power of attorney. I have seen many prominent Muslim
businessmen name Parsee Rustomjee their representative in preference to their own relations. No
poor Parsi was sent away from Rustomjee`s shop. He was as sparing towards himself as he was
generous towards others. Luxuries had no place in his life. He spent money after great hesitation
on himself and his family. He continued to live in great simplicity till the end. Parsee Rustomjee`s
shop was the only place where Gokhale, Andrews, Sarojini Devi and such others stayed. The
minutest detail did not escape his eyes. Who else but he could be given the responsibility of
packing Gokhale`s forty-five packages consisting of innumerable addresses of welcome and such
other things, making a list of these and loading them on the steamer? By making a trust in the
name of his dearly loved wife Jerbai after her death, he gave away the larger part of his wealth in
charity. He has not pampered his children at all but has rather brought them up in simplicity and
left them an inheritance sufficient only to prevent them from starving. He has remembered all his
relations in making his will. He took part in public affairs with the same degree of precision and
firmness described above. At the time of satyagraha, Parsee Rustomjee was the first among the
businessmen of Natal who were prepared to sacrifice their all. It was his way not to give up a task
once he had undertaken it, whatever the risks involved. He had to serve a longer sentence in prison
than expected, but this did not frighten him. The struggle continued for eight years; many staunch
warriors fell. Rustomjee, however, did not waver. He made his son Sorabjee also plunge into the
struggle.

I first made the acquaintance of this good Indian in 1893. At first I was not greatly impressed by
him. However, as I got more and more involved in public work, I learnt more and more to value
the gemlike qualities in Parsee Rustomjee. He was my client, my colleague in public work and
finally he became my friend. He did not hesitate to come to me and describe his faults like a child.
He astounded me by his faith in me. When the whites attacked me in 1897, Rustomjee`s house
sheltered me and my sons. The whites had threatened to burn down his house and property. That
threat, however, did not deter him in the least. He continued the relationship thus built up in Africa
till the time of his death. He continued to send money here too for public work. He was to have
come here in December at the time of the Congress session. God, however, willed otherwise.
Sheth Rustomjee`s death is a great loss to the Indians in South Africa.

150
IO, 12 September 1908, 13 February and 11 December 1909, 19 February 1910, 1 October and 24 December
1913; CWMG Vol. 12, p. 285.
151
Published in Navajivan, 30 November 1924; CWMG, Vol. 25, pp. 372-74.
 Parsi Rustomjee (extreme right) and a group of
traders

RUSTOMJEE, Sorabjee (Sorabji) (1895-1960): Son of Parsee

Rustomjee, born in Durban on 25 December 1895. At age 16, he crossed the Natal-Transvaal
border and was sentenced to six weeks in January 1911.152 He requested to join his father in the
first batch of satyagrahis from Phoenix in September 1913 but was denied the opportunity. He
later distributed food and grain to the workers who were on strike in Natal. He was arrested in
November 1913 and charged with inciting the Indian workers to strike. The charges were later
withdrawn. Gandhi wrote in Satyagraha in South Africa about the bravery of Sorabji during the
strike in Natal:

Many labourers came out (on strike) in Verulam and would not return in spite of all the efforts of the
authorities. General Lukin was present on the scene with his soldiers and was about to order his men to open
fire. Brave Sorabji, son of the late Parsi Rustomji then hardly 18 years of age, had reached here from
Durban. He seized the reins of the General’s horse and exclaimed, “You must not order firing. I undertake
to induce my people peacefully to return to work.” General Lukin was charmed with the young man’s
courage and gave him time to try his method of love. Sorabji reasoned with the labourers who came round
and returned to their work. Thus a number of murders were prevented by the presence of mind, valour and
loving kindness of one young man. 153

152
IO, 18 and 25 July 1908
153
Gandhi, Satyagraha in South Africa, p.317
Sorabji was prominent in Indian politics from the 1920s. Elected a member of the council of the
South African Indian Congress at its inaugural session in 1923; President of Natal Indian
Congress in 1928. Later moved to the Transvaal and was elected Vice-President of the Transvaal
Indian Congress in the 1940s.

He served a term in prison during the Indian passive resistance of 1946 and was a member of a
delegation to the United Nations to lobby against South African racism and advise the Indian
delegation. After his return from New York his wife Khurshed and their daughter Dhan went to
prison. Sorabjee and his daughter, Themi, called on Gandhi on 30 January 1948, the day of his
assassination.154 He died on 22 February 1960.

SELVAN: An indentured labourer who completed his term. He was

shot dead during the strike in 1913. His eldest son, Antonimuthu, received three bullet wounds.
Selvan had wanted to wait until the strike was over to re-indenture. His death sparked violence.
Twenty-two Indians, including some wounded, were imprisoned for six months and then charged
with public violence.

Antonimuthu joined Gandhi’s ashram in India. Gandhi referred to him as “the little one who used
to be naughty in Phoenix.” His mother, Manganuma, declined Gandhi’s invitation to live at his
ashram. Gandhi arranged a small monthly allowance of five rupees for her in 1915.155

SHAH, Nanalal Valji: A Jain. An educated Indian in the Transvaal who had studied at the
University of Bombay. He served nearly a year in prison without break. He was sentenced to two
terms of six months with hard labour in 1909. Immediately after release in 1910, he was arrested
and deported from the Transvaal to Natal. His health was considerably undermined and he had to
take rest in Durban.156

154
IO, 21 January 1911, 26 November and17 December 1913. See also biography in Dictionary of South African
Biography, Vol. V and Bramdaw, p. 218.
155
IO, 25 March 1914; CWMG Vol. 13, pp.72 and 76.
156
IO, 6 March and 11 September 1909, 29 January and 5 and 12 February 1910.
 SHAPURJI (ADAJANIA), Sorabji : Sorabji was born in Adajan, India.
He belonged to a well-known Parsi family in Bombay and was a cousin of Parsee Rustomjee. He
was a bookkeeper and manager of the store of a Muslim merchant in Charlestown, Natal.

The Indian community in the Transvaal wanted to test the Immigration Restriction Act by
inviting an educated Indian to cross the border into the Transvaal to claim the right to residence
under that Act while refusing to register under the Asiatic Registration Act. Several young
Indians volunteered and Sorabji was chosen by a committee. He held a British passport.

He entered the Transvaal on 24 June 1908, with testimonials from the Chairman of the
Charlestown Local Board and other prominent Europeans, claiming right of residence under the
Transvaal Immigration Restriction Act, as an educated Asiatic. He appeared in court on 8 July
1908, defended by Gandhi, and was ordered on 10 July to leave the colony within seven days. He
told the Court that he had received 14 years of education, seven of them through the medium of
English. He had been in Durban for a year and a half and in Charlestown for four-and-a-half
years. He had made an application for voluntary registration in the Transvaal but never applied
for registration under the Asiatic Act, “an un-British and disgraceful Act”. He defied the order to
leave the Transvaal and was sentenced on 20 July 1908 to a month's imprisonment with hard
labour. He was released on 19 August and was deported to Natal after a day's solitary
confinement.

Several educated persons followed him by crossing the border, claiming the right of residence in
the Transvaal, refusing to give thumb impressions under the “Black Act”, and going to prison.
Sorabji was deported and re-crossed the border again and again, and served several sentences of
imprisonment with hard labour. He was sentenced to three months in September 1908, six
months in February 1909, three months in June 1909, six months in October 1909, three months
in June 1910, and three months in November 1910. He left for India in June 1911, after the
provisional settlement, to attend the session of the Indian National Congress.157

At a farewell meeting in Durban on 16 June, Gandhi said:

157
IO, 4 June 1910, 17 June 1911, 10 March 1912; Bening, Gandhi Letters, p. 53.
 As a satyagrahi Mr. Sorabji has displayed many fine qualities. He has rightly been described as the greatest
of the satyagrahis… To be sure, Mr. Sorabji stands out from the rest because he volunteered for suffering.
He came from Natal and was the first from that Colony to join the campaign. Complaints were frequently
made against the satyagrahis in gaol, but never against Mr. Sorabji, He is by nature a mild and amiable
person. That cannot be said even of Mr. Thambi Naidoo. No improper word was ever heard to escape his
mouth. He has none of the Parsis’ faults but I have found in him all their finer qualities. Though so well
endowed he is without a trace of pride. Though a Parsi, he is an Indian first. Hindus, Muslims and
Christians alike admire him. That he continues firm on his course, having once set it, and that he tries to
understand every issue, is his fourth virtue. Mr. Sorabji is without compeer.

Gandhi had high hopes that Sorabji would be a worthy successor to him when he left South
Africa, to serve the Indian community. He was chosen by Gandhi in 1912, for a scholarship
offered by Dr. Pranjivan Mehta, to study in England and qualify as a barrister.158 He was a
member of the Indian Ambulance Corps recruited by Gandhi in London in 1914. After being
called to the bar in London, Sorabji returned to Johannesburg, practised law and performed
public work.
He passed away on 13 July 1918. On 1 August, Gandhi called on a family member of Sorabji in
Surat for condolences.159
Gandhi wrote in an obituary on 27 July:160
One of the best Indians has just passed away in Johannesburg in the person of Sorabji Shapurji of Adajan,
near Surat, at the age of thirty-five. And it is my mournful duty to pay a humble tribute to a fellow-
worker… He was a prince among passive resisters. He joined their ranks when the struggle in South Africa
was at its highest and when it had travelled beyond the confines of the Transvaal… Neither he nor I ever
expected that he would have to undergo a series of imprisonments amounting in all to over 18 months with
hard labour. But he went through it manfully and cheerfully. Mr. Sorabji was a small trader when he took
to public life in South Africa. He had a high school education. But such as it was, he made the most
effective use of it in the Transvaal. During the struggle, he showed a steadfastness of purpose, probity of
character, coolness of temper, courage in the midst of adverse circumstances, such as the best of us do not
often show… The deceased took an active part in all the leading movements among Indians in London. He
was for some time Secretary of the London Indian Society. He was the first to join the Indian Ambulance
Corps that was formed in London at the inauguration of the war and served at Netley, nursing the sick and
the wounded. After being called to the Bar, he proceeded to South Africa, where he intended to practise the
profession and return to India after he had given a number of years to South Africa and found a substitute.
But alas! fate has willed it otherwise and a career full of promise had to come to an abrupt end.

158
Dr. Pranjivan Mehta offered a scholarship to Gandhi, and had probably intended it for one of Gandhi's sons.
Gandhi gave it to Shapurji Adajania in 1912 to study for the Bar in England - as he wanted Shapurji to be trained
for service as his successor.
159
C.B Dalal, Gandhi: 1915-1948, a Detailed Chronology (Gandhi Peace Foundation, New Delhi and Bharatiya
Vidya Bhavan, Bombay, 1971), p. 20.
160
Letter to the Press by M. K. Gandhi on 27 July 1918, published in Bombay Chronicle, 29 July 1918. From
CWMG, Vol. 14, pp. 507-08.
 SHELAT, Umashankar Manchharam: A Brahmin from Ahmedabad. An
interpreter and bookkeeper in Natal. Before arriving in Natal, he had been a government servant
in Baroda, India. He was a senior sergeant in the Indian Volunteer Stretcher-bearer Corps led by
Sergeant-Major Gandhi in 1906. He joined the Satyagraha and was one of the "stokers" at the
mass meeting in August 1908 when Indians burnt their registration certificates.

He entered the Transvaal in August 1908 along with 11 other resisters, to claim the right of
entry as an educated person under the Transvaal Immigration Restriction Act. When arrested
and brought before the Court, he said he would not comply with the Asiatic Act. He was
sentenced and served a term in prison.

When the Transvaal government began to deport resisters to the Portuguese territory of
Mozambique, around January 1909, Shelat travelled with them to be of assistance. When they
returned to the Transvaal, they were arrested. He was sentenced to two months on 30 January
1909. He was released on 29 March, but detained pending deportation. He was arrested again in
Johannesburg on 15 June and sentenced to six months. He was reduced in weight from 139
pounds to 110, looking weak and emaciated. He had been confined to a solitary cell and placed
on reduced diet for having refused to carry slop pails. He said that as a Brahmin he could not
perform such a task as it was against his religious beliefs. Other Indian prisoners offered to do
the job, but that did not help. On his next term in prison, three months with hard labour, he was
again placed in solitary confinement for refusing to carry slop pails and warned by the Governor
that if he persisted he was liable to receive lashes. He still refused and said he was prepared to
receive lashes. He crossed the Natal-Transvaal border in August 1910 after being deported and
was imprisoned. He had already been sentenced to imprisonment five times and deported four
times.161

SINGH, B. Lalbahadur – From Germiston. He was active in the first passive resistance
campaign in the Transvaal and served impsrisonment. In 1913, however, he was not arrested for
hawking without licence. When the strike of Indian workers was at its height, he was stationed at
Verulam where he helped feed the strikers and attended to the wounded and sick.

161
IO, 29 August 1908, 1 January, 11 June, and13 and 27 August 1910.
 SODHA, Ratanshi Mulji (1885-1930) and Mrs. Rambhabai SODHA
(1893-1928): Ratanshi was born in Rajkot, India, in 1885. He arrived in Natal in 1896 at the
suggestion of Gandhi. He went to the Transvaal in 1897 and established a business in Pretoria.
During the Anglo-Boer War he went to Natal as a refugee, and became a founder of the
International Printing Works.

He went to the Transvaal on 7 October 1908, after passing the education test, to test the right of
educated persons to enter the Transvaal in terms of the Immigration Restriction Act. He had to
spend two years in prison for refusing to register under the Asiatic Act.

He was sentenced to six weeks with hard labour in 1908. He was sentenced to six months with
hard labour and later to six weeks in 1909. In 1910 he was sentenced to two terms of three
months with hard labour. While he was in jail, his store in Tongaat, Natal, was broken into. He
was reduced to poverty. He decided to close his home in Tongaat and send his wife, Rambhabai,
and three children to Tolstoy Farm in the Transvaal.

Rambhabai and her children went with Gandhi to the Transvaal on 7 November 1910. The police
stopped her at the border town of Volksrust. Gandhi stayed in Volksrust to look after her and her
children. She was remanded and released on bail. Gandhi sent a telegram to the Immigration
Officer that she did not seek permanent residence in the Transvaal, but would be looked after at
the Tolstoy Farm and would return to Natal on the close of the struggle. But his appeal was
rejected.162 In January 1911 Rambhabai was sentenced to imprisonment for one month.

Later in 1911, after the provisional agreement, Ratanshi was allowed to settle in the Transvaal,
with his family, as one of the seven educated persons allowed in the agreement. 163 He died on 12
August 1930.164

Their son, Revashanker, was a student in Phoenix Settlement. He was a member of the pioneer
party of resisters from the Settlement in 1913, and served three months with hard labour. He was
then below the age of 18.165

162
IO, 12 November 1910
163
Bramdaw, p. 356
164
IO, 10 and 17 October 1908, 20 February and 20 November 1909, 25 June and 5 November 1910, 7 and 14
January 1911. Bramdaw.
 A young Ratanshi Sodha

SOORZAI: (also known as Amhalaram) was an employee of the Phoenix Wattle

Plantations. He had been ill for three years; his left arm was paralysed. He was late for work on
27 November 1913 as he waited for the rain to stop - as did other workers. George Joseph Todd,
the manager, suspected that Soorzai was leading a strike and went to his hut. Soorzai was
standing near the doorway. Todd flogged him several times with a whip and kicked him in front
of his hut in the presence of his common law wife - Iyamah. J.J. Van Biljon, a Corporal in the
South African Mounted Rifles, examined him and found “two wales on his back which might
have been caused by a sjambok”.166 Todd also assaulted several other workers with a sjambok. A
group of Indian labourers then took Soorjai to the Phoenix Settlement; A.H. West was in charge
there.

Todd threatened West for allowing Soorzai to stay at Phoenix. He went to Phoenix with
constables and took Soorzai away. The latter was jailed on 3 December. He was removed from
prison to the Verulam Indian hospital on 8 December as he was unconscious. He died on 10
December 1913, and his body was taken to Durban en route for the Umgeni Crematorium. Four
hundred mourners led by leaders of the Natal Indian Association, followed the funeral
procession. Among those in the procession was Miss Elizabeth M. Molteno, sister of the Speaker
of the Cape Parliament who had seen Soorzai at Phoenix. Among others present were: Omar

165
IO, 1 October and 24 December 1913
166
IO, 4 March 1913. Sjambok is a whip made of heavy leather.
Hajee Amod Johari, Albert Christopher, Sorabjee Rustomjee, Imam A.K. Bawazeer, Thambi
Naidoo, Sonja Schlesin (Honorary Secretary, Transvaal Indian Women’s Association), Albert
and Ada West, Mrs Pywell (Albert West’s mother-in-law), Mrs. V.S. Pillay and nine other
women passive resisters from the Transvaal. Wreaths were sent by the Natal Indian Association,
the Tamil Benefit Society of Johannesburg and the British Indian Association.167

On 14 December 1913, at a mass meeting attended by about 1,500 Indians, the following
resolution was passed: “That this mass meeting of Durban Indians expresses deep sorrow at the
death of our late brother Soorzai who, we consider , died for the cause, and offers its deep
sympathy to the wife and family of the deceased”.168

At the inquest into Soorzai’s death in January 1914 by the Assistant Magistrate of Inanda, Todd
was charged with common assault. But he was acquitted in May 1914.169

VALLIAMMA – See “MUDALIAR, Valliamma R. Munuswami”

VEERASWAMY, Francis: He was deported from the Transvaal to India during the satyagraha
in the Transvaal. He returned to Durban and was allowed to land, as he had domicile in
Kimberley. He went back to the Transvaal and was sentenced to three months with hard labour
in July 1910.170

In 1913 Francis Veerasamy, Suppia Pillay and Annamaly proceeded as hawkers without licence
in Johannesburg and were sentenced on 9 October to ten days imprisonment with hard labour.
On their release, finding that the government was no longer arresting hawkers, they went with
Manilal Gandhi to the Natal border, crossed and re-crossed the border and were sentenced on 27
October to three months with hard labour.171

VYAS, Gaurishanker P.: One of the leading satyagrahis in Pretoria. He had attended the
Benares session of the Indian National Congress around 1906. He was arrested and charged on
13 November 1907 with incitement and assault – for threatening an Indian who wanted to
register; the charges were withdrawn when the Indian denied the assault. He was tried in January
1908 for not registering under the Asiatic Registration Act and ordered to leave the Transvaal.
He had been 12 years in the Transvaal. He pleaded “guilty by law but not by conscience.”172 He
defied the order and was sentenced on 15 January 1908 to six months with hard labour, but

167
IO, 17 December 1913
168
IO, 17 December 1913
169
Transvaal Leader, 12 December 1913
170
IO, 18 June and 30 July 1910
171
IO, 18 June and 30 July 1910, 22 October and 5 November 1913, 4 March 1914.
172
IO, 4 January 1908
released after the provisional settlement at the end of January. He was sentenced on 22 July 1908
for four days with hard labour for hawking without a licence. He was arrested with Gandhi on 25
February 1909 for crossing the Natal-Transvaal border at Volksrust, and sentenced to three
months with hard labour. He was again arrested in Johannesburg on 15 June and sentenced to
three months with hard labour. (IO, 19 June 1909). Gandhi and the Rev. C.F. Andrews stayed at
his house in January 1914 while they were in Pretoria for talks with General Smuts.173

WEST, Albert: West emigrated from Britain to South Africa and worked as a printer in
Johannesburg. He became acquainted with Gandhi in 1903 at a vegetarian restaurant in that city
and they met often at the restaurant. The next year, at the suggestion of Gandhi, he went to
Durban and took charge of Indian Opinion and its press. Later in the year, when the press was
moved to the Phoenix Settlement, West moved there. In due course, his wife, sister and mother-
in-law also became inmates of the Settlement.

During the satyagraha in 1913, Albert West and Maganlal Gandhi were joint managers of the
Phoenix Settlement and Indian Opinion. They helped hundreds of Indian workers on strike who
found refuge in the Settlement. West sent cables regularly to Gokhale informing him of
developments in the struggle. He was imprisoned briefly when he helped Soorzai, an Indian
worker in a wattle plantation, who was brutally assaulted by the manager.174

173
IO, 23 November 1907, 4, 17 and 25 January, 1 August and 3 October 1908, 27 February 1909; Sushila Nayar,
pp. 336-37.
174
IO, 26 November, 3 and 31 December 1913; Albert West, “In the Early Days with Gandhi” in Illustrated Weekly
of India, Bombay, 3, 10, 17 and 31 October 1965; Sushila Nayar, pp. 450-55.
 III. WORKERS KILLED, WOUNDED OR IMPRISONED
DURING THE 1913 STRIKE175
[Tens of thousands of Indian workers in Natal went on strike in 1913 demanding the abolition of
the obnoxious annual £3 tax on former indentured labourers, their wives and children.
Thousands were imprisoned, in prisons and mine compounds. But the names of only a few are
known.]

ABOO, C.V.- Worker at Commercial Hotel in Newcastle. Sentenced to two months with hard
labour. (IO, 29 October 1913).

ANTONIMUTHU – Wounded during the 1913 campaign. His father was shot outside the prison
and together with his mother and brother sought refuge at Phoenix. (Phoenix Centenary). See
also “Selvan”.

APPLESAMY, N. - One of 13 strikers from Fairleigh Colliery in Natal who were each sentenced
to two months with hard labour. (IO, 29 October 1913).

BENJAMIN, Jimmy - Worker at Cottage Hospital, Newcastle, Natal. Sentenced to two months
with hard labour. (IO, 29 October 1913).

BHAGAVATHEE - One of 13 strikers from Fairleigh Colliery in Natal who were each
sentenced to two months with hard labour. (IO, 29 October 1913).

BUNGAR - Worker at Ballengeich mine in Natal. Sentenced to six months with hard labour for
refusing to work and desertion. (IO, 5 November 1913).

CANNI - Indentured worker in Natal who went on strike. Charged with desertion. (IO, 26
November 1913).

CHINNAPPEN - One of 13 strikers from Fairleigh Colliery in Natal who were each sentenced to
two months with hard labour. (IO, 29 October 1913).

EBRAHIM, Syed - Mine worker at Newcastle. Assaulted. (IO, 29 October 1913).

GOUNDEN, Subbraya - Worker at Mount Escombe. He was shot and killed on 27 November
1913. (IO, 10 December 1913).

GOVINDER, Valoo (Veloo) - One of 13 strikers from Fairleigh Colliery in Natal who were each
sentenced to two months with hard labour. (IO, 29 October 1913).

GURUVADU - Worker at Mount Escombe. He was shot and killed on 27 November 1913. (IO,
10 December 1913).
175
Please see “Names of Resisters” for information on workers who were imprisoned during the resistance in the
Transvaal before 1911.
HOOSENIGADU – Worker at Mount Escombe. Shot in the left shoulder on 27 November 1913.
(IO, 10 December 1913).

JOHN, I.T.- One of five workers at Commercial Hotel in Newcastle serving two months with
hard labour. (IO, 29 October 1913).

MARIEMUTHU - One of 13 strikers at Farleigh Colliery in Natal who were each sentenced to
two months with hard labour. (IO, 29 October 1913).

MOONSAMY - Worker at Durban Navigation Collieries. Sentenced to seven days. (IO, 5

November 1913).

MOONSAMY - One of 13 strikers from Fairleigh Colliery in Natal who were each sentenced to
two months with hard labour. (IO, 29 October 1913).

MOONSAMY - One of 13 strikers from Fairleigh Colliery in Natal who were each sentenced to
two months hard labour. (Indian Opinion, 29 October 1913).

MOONSAMY, R.D. - One of three workers at Cottage Hospital, Natal, who were each sentenced
to two months with hard labour. (IO, 29 October 1913).

MUTHU, ANTHONY – See “Antonimuthu”.

NAGAPPEN - Worker at Commercial Hotel in Natal. Sentenced to two months with hard labour.
(IO, 29 October 1913).

NAIDOO, Kassava - One of 13 strikers at Fairleigh Colliery in Natal, sentenced to two months
with hard labour. (IO, 29 October 1913).

PACKIREE, R.K. - One of three workers at Cottage Hospital in Natal, sentenced to two months
with hard labour. (IO, 29 October 1913).

PACHIAPPAN - Worker at Mount Escombe. He was shot and killed on 27 November 1913. He
left his wife and child. (IO, 10 December 1913).

PANCHAM – Worker at Mount Escombe. Shot in the right leg on 27 November 1913. (IO, 10
December 1913).

POLDAT, Mr. - Worker at Ballengeich Mine. Was in the "Great March" of 1913. Appeared as
witness at the trial of Gandhi at Volksrust on 14 November 1913. Jailed in the satyagraha.
(CWMG, Vol. XII, p. 266).

RAGAVEN - Worker at Mount Escombe. He was shot and killed on 27 November 1913. (IO,
10 December 1913).
RAMAMMA (RAMAHMAH), Ms. - Worker at Durban Navigation Collieries. Sentenced to seven
days. (IO, 5 November 1913).

RAMSAMY – An indentured Indian. He was charged in the first Criminal Court in Durban on
18 November 1913 with desertion from the service of Poynton. He pleaded guilty and said that
he would not go work until Gandhi told him to do so. He was sentenced to 31 days imprisonment
with hard labour. (Natal Witness, 18 November 1913)

REDDY, Kanniappa (Canni) - Indentured worker on strike. Charged with desertion. Charges
were later withdrawn. (IO, 26 November 1913).

RUSHPAUL - One of five workers at Commercial Hotel in Newcastle, Natal, serving two
months with hard labour. (IO, 29 October 1913).

SAUNPAUL - One of five workers from Commercial Hotel in Newcastle, Natal, serving two
months with hard labour. (IO, 29 October 1913).

SELVAN - A labourer who completed indenture. Shot dead during strike in 1913.
His eldest son, Antonimuthu, received three bullet wounds. (IO, 10 December
1913). Mrs. Selvan went to India. Gandhi arranged a small monthly allowance of
five rupees for her in 1915. He invited her to live at his ashram but she declined.
Her son stayed in the ashram. See “Biographical Notes”.

SINGH, Chundoo - Born in Jaipur in 1851. Served as indentured labourer and then started
farming and opened a general dealer’s store. Took prominent part in the strike in 1913.
(Bramdaw),176

SINGH, Madhu - Farmer in Verulam. Former indentured labourer. Took part in the
strike in 1913. (Bramdaw).177

SINGH, Raghoonath - Born in Malama, Patna, in 1872. Arrived in Natal in 1890

and joined the Natal Government Railways. Was a leader of the strikers in northern
districts of Natal in 1913. (Bramdaw).178

SOOBIAH, Joe - Born at Estcourt on 29 February 1888. Engaged in market business. Prominent
worker during the 1913 strike. (Bramdaw).179
SOORZAI - Worker killed during the 1913 strike. See “Biographical Notes”.

176
The source does not indicate if he was arrested.
177
The source does not indicate if he was arrested.
178
The source does not indicate if he was arrested.
179
The source does not indicate if he was arrested.
SUBOODOO - One of 13 strikers from Fairfield Colliery in Natal who were each sentenced to
two months with hard labour. (IO, 29 October 1913).

SUNDHER - Worker at Ballengeich mine in Natal. Sentenced in November 1913 to six months
with hard labour for refusing to work and desertion. (IO, 5 November 1913).

THAVASEE - One of 13 strikers from Fairleigh Colliery in Natal who were each sentenced to
two months with hard labour. (IO, 29 October 1913).
 IV. NOTE ON HELPERS IN THE STRUGGLE
Thousands of people who did not defy the laws and “court” imprisonment helped the struggle by
making donations in cash or in foodstuffs, attending mass meetings, assisting families of
prisoners or striking workers, providing shelter to workers and their families during the “great
march” etc.

Some of them, including European associates of Gandhi, were imprisoned in 1913.

Hermann Kallenbach, for instance, bought and provided a large farm in 1910 to house families
of resisters in the Transvaal. He was of great help during the strike of coal miners in the Natal
and the “great march” in 1913. He tried to avoid prison at the request of Gandhi, but was arrested
and sentenced to imprisonment.

Henry S.L. Polak was preparing to go to India to acquaint the public about the situation and went
to Balfour to see Gandhi, who was leading the “great march”, for consultation. Gandhi was
arrested soon after he arrived and he led the marchers to the next stop on their route. The strikers
were then arrested and, at the request of the authorities, he helped to persuade the workers to
board the special trains to take them back to the coal mining area. He was imprisoned soon after
and sentenced to imprisonment.

A.H. West, manager of Indian Opinion, was requested by Gandhi to stay free to ensure
publication of the weekly and to keep Gopal Krishna Gokhale informed of all developments. He
was arrested for harbouring indentured workers and helping Soorjai to sign an affidavit about
brutal assault by the manager of a plantation near Phoenix. He was a released after short
imprisonment.

Gabriel Isaac looked after the deportees from the Transvaal at Delagoa Bay and in 1913 helped
striking Indian workers at a camp in Pinetown. He was sentenced to imprisonment and was the
last of the prisoners to be released.

L.W. Ritch was not imprisoned. But, as secretary of South Africa British Indian Committee
(SABIC) in London, he helped greatly in promoting understanding of the Indian cause by the
British people. On return to South Africa, he was of great assistance in Cape Town and later in
Johannesburg during the final stage of the struggle.

As noted earlier in the chapter on the final stage of resistance in 1913, a number of people who
had supported the strike of Indian workers or assisted them with foodstuffs were arrested and
charged with incitement.180 The charges were later withdrawn. Their names are included in the
“Names of Resisters” as they had risked imprisonment.

180
The following is a list of those charged with incitement, including some of the satyagrahis who helped the
strikers: Thambi Naidoo and P.K. Naidoo of Johannesburg; Bhawani Dayal and Ramnarain Singh of Germiston;
European Sympathisers and Supporters

For information on European sympathisers and supporters, please see “Europeans in South
Africa” in Chapter VIII on National and International Support to the Struggle.

Indian Helpers

There were numerous Indian helpers, especially during the strike of Indian workers in the mines,
plantations, railways and municipalities of Natal and the “Great March”. The following are
some of the names from Indian Opinion and local newspapers.

Maganlal Gandhi was requested not to court arrest as he had to take care of the Phoenix
Settlement, especially of the many children who were left behind when their parents went to
prison. He was able to provide assistance to hundreds of workers who came from the plantations
for protection and food.

The Natal Indian Association provided extensive political and material support to the strikers and
their families. When the employers stopped rations, hoping to starve the workers into
submission, the NIA collected large amount foodstuffs and transported them.

The officers of the NIA were: Dawad Mahomed, President; Omar Haji Amod Jhaveri and L.
Gabriel, Joint Honorary Secretaries; and E. Paruk, Treasurer. Several of its members were
arrested on charges of incitement.

Albert Christopher of Durban deserves special mention for organising relief to striking Indian
workers and mobilising support by the Colonial-born Indians181 to the indentured labourers.

In Pietermaritzburg, a committee was elected at a large mass meeting on 15 November to support

the passive resistance and the strike of the workers. The officers were V. R. Pillay, President;
N.B. Naik, Vice-President; and Ismail Amod Bayat, Treasurer. The members of the executive
were: Rostan Khan, C. Dada, S. R. Naidoo, S. C. Naidoo, A. F. Peters, Jugdoe, D. R. Teni.182

In Newcastle, a passive resistance committee was elected at a meeting of the Indian community
on 13 October 1913. The members of the executive were: Chairman, I. Seedat; Secretary, Abdial
Ephraim; Treasurer, Amod Vawda; Members of Committee: D. Lazarus, M.R. Chetty, M.M.
Pillay, M.R. Currian, M.R. Tomy, Ebrahim Khaki, Suliman Seedat and Amod Dawjee.183

Dev Narain and Yenketappah, A. M. Moosa, Abdul Hak Kajee, I.M. Lazarus, Arjoon Singh, S. Emamally, Sorabji
Rustomje, Albert Christopher and R. Bhugwan, of Durban; S.W. Shroff and C.R. Naidoo of Dundee and Verulam;
N.B. Naik and Dukhi of Pietermaritzburg.

D. Lazarus of Newcastle was charged in November with harbouring indentured immigrants but later discharged.
181
Indians born in South Africa
182
Natal Witness, 16 November 1913
183
IO, 22 October 1913. IO also acknowledged help by a Mr. Sidaat of Ingogo.
The home of D. Lazarus became the headquarters for Thambi Naidoo and the Transvaal women
resisters and to Gandhi at the beginning of the strike. “An ocean of heads was seen on the
premises at all times. The kitchen fire burnt the whole day and night. Mrs. Lazarus and her sister
Miss Thomas served the guests always with a smile.”184

Mr. Dwarkasingh, Mahomed Shaffee , Jaffer and Dawood contributed goods for the maintenance
of the strikers in Newcastle.185

At Dannhauser Sheikh Ameer was helpful. Valji Lalla, M.K. Kothare and Ayob Sayan were
among the helpers in Tongaat, and Mr. Seedat at Ingogo.186

The merchants in Charlestown, near the border with the Transvaal, provided great help, but their
names are not available, except for those of Valli Peerbhai and Sheikh Mukaddam.187

The following provided much help, especially to workers during the “great march” on their route
from Volksrust to Balfour: Amod M. Badat; S.M. Munshi; Mrs. G.A. Bayat; M.R. Patel; and
N.C. Desai188

A committee was formed in Ladysmith to raise funds for the resistance but the names of its
officers are not available.189

Moulvi Ahmed Mukhtiar, Priest of the Surti (Hamidia) Mosque in Johannesburg who was forced
to leave the Transvaal for preaching against Asiatic Act also deserves mention.190 Two lawyers

184
Sushila Nayar, p. 647
185
IO, 22 October 1913
186
Gandhi wrote to Kallenbach on 30 October 1913: “Mr. Seedat at Ingogo seems to be a decent man. He gave
biscuits, tea, bread, etc., to the men without stinting. He gave me cigarettes too for them. I have asked him to pay the
express fares for the women and some men who could not and would not walk”. CWMG, Vol. 96, p. 152.
187
IO, 19 November 1913
188
IO, 5 and 12 November 1913. Earlier, in 1908, Essop Suleman and Chergan Dhobi at Volksrust and Mr. Mullan
in Charlestown were apparently helpful to the resisters. IO, 8 and 29 August 1908, and 20 September 1913.

Gandhi wrote in Indian Opinion of 19 November 1913:

During the Transvaal march, Mr. N. C. Desai was diligent in attending to the indentured labourers. He
offered tea to people and shelter to the women who were tired. The Indian community in Standerton
supplied one thousand tins of jam and entertained the marchers generously. At Vaal station, Mr. Patel was
in attendance and he took persons who had fallen sick to stay with him. During two stages in the march,
Mr. Badaat proceeded ahead of the marchers by train and had bread ready for them. Mr. Valli Peerbhai
offered his carriage for transport of stores during the first stage. Dr. Briscoe gave four pounds worth of
medicine free of charge for the pilgrims. Mr. Sidaat of Ingogo supplied tea and biscuits to those who had
started on the march from Newcastle. In this way, at every place the marchers were cared for by Indians.
The Indian community in Charlestown was, and still is, very diligent. Mr. Sheikh Mukadam devotes all his
time to this work.
189
IO, 5 November 1913
from the Godfrey family – George Godrey who defended passive resisters in Johannesburg and
G.V. Godfrey who defended strikers and resisters, including Gandhi, in Natal, were also of great
assistance.

Others

Branches of the Social Democratic Party declared support to the Indian struggle.

Abdullah Abdurahman, leader of the African People’s Organisation, mainly a Coloured

organisation, and branches of the APO supported the struggle and one branch made a small
contribution.

Gandhi and the Indian community did not seek support from the African leaders and
organisations. As the Europeans were afraid that the Indian example would encourage the
Africans to resist, they would have reacted with great hostility to any Indian efforts to seek
support from the Africans. But Africans leaders watched the Indian struggle with interest and
Pixley ka Isaka Seme, one of the founders of the African National Congress, visited Gandhi in
1910 to consult him about passive resistance.

190
The temporary permit of Mr. Mukhtiar was not renewed and he left the Transvaal in December 1908. IO, 2
January 1909.
 Select Bibliography
Archives

South Africa

Natal Archives, Pietermaritzburg: papers of the Indian Immigrants Department (II), Attorney-
General’s Office (AGO) Papers

Gandhi-Luthuli Documentation Centre, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal,

Durban: Protector of Indian Immigrants Reports

Killie Campbell Africana Library, Durban

Local History Museum, Durban: Passive resistance file

Talana Museum, Dundee: The Natal Mine Mangers’ Association Reports, Klip River Annals
and photographs.

India

Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya, Harijan Ashram, Ahmedabad

United Kingdom

The British Library: Despatches on Indians in South Africa

Newspapers and Periodicals

South Africa

The Star, Johannesburg

Transvaal Leader, Johannesburg
Rand Daily Mail, Johannesburg
Pretoria News
Indian Opinion, Phoenix
Natal Witness, Pietermaritzburg
Natal Mercury, Durban
Natal Advertiser, Durban
The Leader, Durban
Ilanga lase Natal, Durban
Dundee and District Courier, Dundee
Cape Times, Cape Town

India
Indian Review, Madras
Modern Review, Calcutta
Young India, Ahmedabad
Harijan, Ahmedabad
The Hindu, Madras
Times of India, Bombay

Books, Journals/Periodicals

Andrews C.F. “Mr. Gandhi at Phoenix”, Modern Review, Calcutta, May 1914.

Asmal, K. “The Centenary of a Bonfire” in Mail and Guardian, 27 August 2008,

http://mg.co.za/article/2008-08-27-the-centenary-of-a-bonfire. Accessed 9 August 2013.

Beall, Jo, “Women under Indentured Labour in Colonial Natal 1860-1911” in Walker, Cherryl
(ed.), Women and Gender in Southern Africa to 1945 (Cape Town: David Philip, 1990), 146-67.

Beall, Jo, “Women Under Indenture” in Surendra Bhana, (ed.), Essays on Indentured Indians
(Yorkshire: Peepal Tree Press, 1991), pp. 89-116.

Beall, Jo and North-Coombes, D. “The 1913 Natal Indian Strike: The Social and Economic
Background to Passive Resistance”, in Journal of Natal and Zulu History VI, 1983, pp. 48-81.

Berning, Gilliam (ed.) Gandhi Letters: From Upper House to Lower House 1906-1914 (Durban:
Local History Museum, 1994).

Bhana, Surendra and Uma Dhupelia, “Passive Resistance among Indian South Africans”, paper
presented to the conference of the South African Historical Association, University of Durban-
Westville, July 1981.

Bhana, Surendra and Shukla-Bhatt, Neelima A Fire That Blazed in the Ocean – Gandhi and the
Poems of Satyagraha in South Africa, 1909-1911 (New Delhi: Promilla & Co., 2011).

Bhana, Surendra and Vahed, Goolam The Making of a Social Reformer: Gandhi in South Africa,
1893-1914 (Delhi: Manohar, 2005).

Bose, Nirmal Kumar, Selections from Gandhi (Ahmedabad: Navajivan, 1960).

Bramdaw, Dhanee (ed.) South African Indian Who’s Who and Commercial Directory 1939
(Pietermaritzburg: Natal Witness Ltd., 1939).

Britton, Burnett. Gandhi Arrives in South Africa (Canton, ME, USA: Greenleaf books, 1999).

Brown, Judith M. and Prozesky, Martin (eds.) Gandhi and South Africa: Principles and Politics
(Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press, 1996).
Commemorating the Centenary of Phoenix Settlement 1904-2004 (Durban: Gandhi Development
Trust, 2004).

Corder, Catherine and Plaut, Martin, “Gandhi’s Decisive South African 1913 Campaign: A
Personal Perspective from the Letters of Betty Molteno”, in South African Historical Journal,
2013, at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02582473.2013.862565. Accessed on 5 January 2014.

Dayal, Bhawani. Swami Bhawani Dayal Sannyasi, Pravasi Ki Atmakatha (The Autobiography of
a Settler, translated from Hindi) (New Delhi: Rajhans Publications, 1947).

Desai, Ashwin and Vahed, Goolam. Inside Indenture – A South African Story, 1860-1914
(Durban: Madiba Publishers, 2008).

Desai, Pragji , “Satyagraha in South Africa” in Chandrashanker Shukla, Reminiscences of

Gandhiji by Forty-eight contributors (Bombay: Vora and Co., 1951).

DiSalvo, Charles. The Man Before the Mahatma: M.K. Gandhi, Attorney at Law (Noida, India:
Random House India, 2012).

Doke, Joseph J. Gandhi: An Indian Patriot in South Africa (New Delhi: Publications Division,
Government of India, 1994). Originally published in London in 1909.

Gandhi, M.K. The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi (New Delhi: Publications Division,
Government of India,1958-94).

Gandhi M.K. Satyagraha in South Africa (Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House, 1961).

Gandhi, Prabhudas, My Childhood with Gandhiji (Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House,

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