C.

DISASTER RESILIENT STRUCTURES

1. DEFINITION OF DISASTER RESILIENT SRUCTURES

Disaster resilient structure means structures own ability to reduce the magnitude
and/or duration of disruptive events. The effectiveness of a resilient infrastructure or
enterprise depends upon its ability to anticipate, absorb, adapt to, and/or rapidly
recover from a potentially disruptive event.

No city is immune to challenges, whether natural or manmade, and given the world's
growing population, more people than ever are in the potential path of catastrophe.
Fortunately, cities can become resilient and withstand shock and stress. As
conditions change over time, cities that are resilient can evolve in the face of disaster
and stop failure from rippling through systems; they can reestablish function quickly
and avoid long-term disruptions.

When planning and designing buildings, it is appropriate to try to mitigate the

potential of the spiraling cost of operational failures by opting for more resilient
performance through well-thought-out investments in better planning and designs. It
no longer makes sense to wait until after a crisis to implement resilience efforts.
Resiliency strategies for buildings should be discussed and implemented now, so
there is a greater chance of increased performance, not only today but for the future,
benefiting all buildings stakeholders.

1.1 COMPONENTS OF BUILDING RESILIENCE

The 4–Rs
The NIAC (2009) determined that resilience can be characterized by four key
features:
 Robustness: the ability to maintain critical operations and functions in the
face of crisis. This includes the building itself, the design of the infrastructure
(office buildings, power generation, distribution structures, bridges, dams,
levees), or in system redundancy and substitution (transportation, power grid,
communications networks).
 Resourcefulness: the ability to skillfully prepare for, respond to and manage
a crisis or disruption as it unfolds. This includes identifying courses of action
and business continuity planning; training; supply chain management;
 prioritizing actions to control and mitigate damage; and effectively
communicating decisions.
 Rapid recovery: the ability to return to and/or reconstitute normal operations
as quickly and efficiently as possible after a disruption. Components of rapid
recovery include carefully drafted contingency plans, competent emergency
operations, and the means to get the right people and resources to the right
places.
 Redundancy, is proposed as another key feature, which mean that there are
back-up resources to support the originals in case of failure that should also
be considered when planning for resilience.
These four resilience features are simply called the 4Rs. Resilience is
multidisciplinary and needs the cooperation of different disciplines for successful
outcome. Without multidisciplinary cooperation and contributions, there cannot be
successful or efficient resilient infrastructure.

BUILDING PARAMETERS
RESILIENCE COMPONENT
(CONSIDERATIONS)
 Columns
R1: Robustness
 Structural connections
 Maintenance of building
 Memorandum of understandings
R2: Resourcefulness
(MOUs) between different
organizations
 Roadways leading to building
R3: Rapid Recovery
 Training of all kinds
 Columns
R4: Redundancy  Main water pipe to buildings
 Electric/and or power lines

Table___ - Resilience Example of Individual Building as an Asset

Page 1-2 Reference: https://www.wbdg.org/resources/building-resiliency

2. EARTHQUAKE-RESILIENT STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

Three types of earthquake resistant structural systems are generally available.

2.1. Moment Resisting Frames

Moment resisting frames typically

comprise floor diaphragms supported
on beams which link to continuous
columns. The joints between beam and
columns are usually considered to be
‘rigid’. The frames are expected to carry
the gravity loads through the flexural action of the beams and the propping action of
the columns. Lateral loads, imposed within the plane of the frame, are resisted
through the development of bending moments in the beams and columns. Framed
buildings often employ moment resistant frames in two orthogonal directions, in
which case the column elements are common to both frames. Moment resisting
frames are well suited to accommodate high levels of inelastic deformation. When a
capacity design approach is employed, it is usual to assign the end zones of the
flexural beams to accept the post-elastic deformation expected, and to design the
column members such that their dependable strength is in excess of the over-
strength capacity of the beam hinges, thereby ensuring they remain within their
elastic response range regardless of the intensity of ground shaking. Moment
resisting frames are, however, often quite flexible. When they are designed to be
fully ductile, special provisions are often needed to prevent the premature onset of
damage to non-structural components.

2.2 Shear Walls

The primary function of shear walls is
to resist lateral loads although they
are often used in conjunction with
gravity frames and carry a proportion
of gravity loads. Shear walls fulfil their
lateral load resisting function by
vertical cantilever action. By
reference to Figure 9 it can be seen
that both the shear force and bending moment generated by the earthquake actions
increase down the height of the building. Since shear walls are generally both stiff
and can be inherently robust, it is practical to design them to remain nominally elastic
under design intensity loadings, particularly in regions of low or moderate seismicity.
Under increased loading intensities, post-elastic deformations will develop within the
lower portion of the wall (generally considered to extend over a height of twice the
wall length above the foundation support system). This can result in difficulties in the
provision of adequate foundation system tie-down to prevent uplift. The design of
rocking foundations is common with shear walls, although care is required to ensure
permanent rotational offsets are avoided following an earthquake. Shear wall
structures are generally quite stiff and, as such inter-storey drift problems are rare
and generally easily contained. The shear wall tends to act as a rigid body rotating
about a plastic hinge which forms at the base of the wall.

2.3. Braced Frames

Frames which employ diagonal braces as the means of transmitting lateral load are
common in low-rise and industrial buildings. The bracing elements are typically
inclined axially loaded members which traverse diagonally between floors and
column lines. They are very efficient in direct tension and may also be detailed to
accept axial compression although suppression of compression buckling requires
careful assessment of element slenderness. Two major shortcomings of braced
systems are that their inclined diagonal orientation often conflicts with conventional
occupancy use patterns (either internally or across windows or external fabric
penetrations); and secondly they often require careful detailing to avoid large local
torsion a eccentricities being introduced at the connections with the diagonal brace
being offset from the frame node. A variation on this form of lateral resisting system
is the eccentrically braced frame. This system employs a horizontal ‘K’ form of
bracing with the central zone of the ‘K’ acting in flexure as the tension/compression
legs of the brace drive the beam element into direct flexure. Modern buildings can be
designed to be safe under extreme earthquake attack with collapse being avoided.
Current earthquake design practices achieve this by dictating the post-elastic
response of the building, locating and detailing zones within the structure where high
post-elastic deformations are acceptable, rigorously detailing these zones so they
can dependably resist the imposed actions while other, less desirable, post-elastic
mechanisms are suppressed. The importance of achieving a regular building plan
layout, with a well distributed lateral load resisting system and each with a uniform
structural elevation is highlighted.

Review of Existing Seismic – Resistant Construction Techniques

Earthquakes are one of the main reasons of the collapse of the structures every
year. Many research studies have been focusing on decreasing the impact of
seismic waves on the structures. For this, initially there were many passive
techniques introduced to decrease the damage caused due to earthquakes. But
since the late twentieth century, the focus has shifted to introduce active techniques
which are meant to absorb the seismic waves or do not let the waves propagate
through the building. Passive techniques are based on decreasing the lateral loads
on a structure while the others alter the seismic waves that propagate through the
structure.
Every year earthquakes cause tremendous damage to life and property all around
the world. The collapse of structures during earthquakes is the main reason for this
damage. This is evident from the fact that in the past 25 years, over 25,000 people
died in major earthquakes in India alone and 95% of them were killed due to building
collapse. 59% of India falls in regions that are liable to seismic damage but still less
importance is given to earthquake resistant structures (Shri Bhadra, 2010). Building
earthquake resistant structures will help save thousands of lives and property worth
millions. During earthquakes, seismic waves are produced from the ground and
propagate in all directions through the earth’s layers. Since the forces occurring in
the structures due to these seismic waves are very random and complex in nature,
there is always an uncertainty about whether the structure is able to sustain the
seismic forces induced, even after doing an approximate seismic analysis. The
structures can be resisted to some extent but not completely. Hence, the term
“earthquake resistant” is used instead of “earthquake proof”.

Seismic waves result in ground shaking. This ground shaking can destroy buildings.
It may also destroy the foundation and isolate it from the superstructure. In some
cases, earthquake may also cause landslides and avalanches (in hilly regions) or
tsunamis (if the epicenter is in sea or ocean).

During earthquakes, the ground on which any building rests gets displaced. Hence,
the base of the building moves with it. But due to the inertia of the building, the
building will try to resist this motion. This causes the building to suffer a distortion
and this distortion travels along the height of the building. And due to the continuous
ground shaking, building undergoes a complex series of oscillations (Murthy, 2005)
PAGE 3-6 REFERENCE: https://www.masterbuilder.co.in/structural-engineering-applications-
earthquake-resilient-building-construction-part-ii/

3. DISASTER RESILIENT HIGH – RISE STRUCTURES (EXAMPLES)

3.1 PROJECT EXAMPLE 1: Performance based wind resistant design for a 300m
high building; Abeno Harukas

3.1.1 Outline of building and structure:

“Abeno Harukas” is to be the first building that reaches as high as 300m in the
seismic-prone country of Japan. Situated in Abeno, Osaka, the building will
accommodate 60 stories above ground and 5 basement floors and will become a
new landmark. The superstructure is composed of three blocks having setbacks on
the north side. The lower block is for the Kintetsu Department store, the middle one
for offices and the upper one for a hotel. The upper block has a large atrium in the
center. Located between the blocks and a top of the upper one are transfer-truss
floors. In order to enhance horizontal and torsional rigidity against strong
earthquakes and wind excitation, outrigger mega trusses are placed in the transfer
floors and the middle block A total of four types of dampers, both teresistic, are
placed mainly at the four corners in the lower block and around the atrium in the
upper block in order to absorb energies input by earthquakes or wind. In addition,
two kinds of mass dampers (AMD and ATMD) are installed on the 56 th floor in order
to

improve the habitability mainly of the hotel in the upper block.

Table__: Study systems for wind resistant design

Table__ shows the design win speeds, criteria and other items studied in developing
the performance-based wind-resistant design for this building.

3.2 PROJECT 2: Performance-based wind resistant design for a 634 m high tower:
Tokyo Skytree

Tokyo Skytree is a new core facility for digital broadcasting for the Tokyo
metropolitan area of Japan. It is 634m (2,080 ft) high and is the highest tower in the
world of broadcasting and was completed in 2012. It is expected to be a tourist
attraction, a base for broadcasting and telecommunications, and a quasi-disaster
prevention centre of the Tokyo metropolitan area.

3.2.1 Outline of vibration control

system:

The structural design of this tower, for

example the decision on member
sections, is decided from wind induced
response rather than seismic response.
But it was clarified in basic study that
acceleration during an earthquake is too large to operate the instrument for
broadcasting unless damping is added as a vibration control system.

As unique systems for vibration control, the core column system was invented for
this tower to satisfy the severe requirements. Generally steel towers have poor
damping capacity, and improvement in damping ability was demanded for this tower.
The core column system uses the core shaft of the emergency staircase built with a
reinforced concrete tubular wall as a weight applying the theory of TMD (tuned mass
damper)

3.2.2 Tuned mass damper on top:

The gain tower, top of this tower, has to control
wind response to ensure reliability of
broadcasting. Specifically, velocity response
against daily wind has to be controlled under a
constant level required for a new digital
broadcasting tower. Two TMD systems were
installed at the top of this tower: the upper one
weighted 40mg (40 metric tons)

3.2.3 Response control system with core

column

The core column

system, a unique
vibration control system
using a core shaft as an added mass, was developed for
this tower. This column
comprised a circular
cylinder of reinforced
concrete and had a
diameter of 8.0 m a thickness of 600 cm, and a
height of 375 m. it was free from the main steel
frame of the tower. The upper half is connected by
oil dampers and the lower half was connected
with steel members. Therefore, it is a column, but
it is independent of the tower and doesn’t support
the tower’s weight. This vibration control system is
The core column
effective over a wide range of earthquakes. It can
reduce the acceleration response during an
earthquake by a maximum of 50% and a that
during strong wind by maximum of 30%
Oil damper
PAGE 7-9 REFERENCE: http://global.ctbuh.org/resources/papers/download/2279-
performance-based-wind-resistant-design-for-high-rise-structures-in-japan.pdf