Hydric Resources in the Metropolitan Region of Campinas
(MRC)
PASQUOTTO, Geise B., ROSA, Lívia M., BARBIN, Márcia C., VENTURATO, Thaís B. de S.
 comprehends twenty 1 municipalities that, consolidated,
Abstract— Given the current world´s critical situation of
water demand and quality in metropolitan regions and the need
to implement integrated political-administrative actions among
with the municipalities of the Metropolitan Region of
Campinas, the article proposes the contribution to the analysis
of the water resources context in the referred region, based on
literature references, comprising the insertion and data overlap
on maps generated that allow the integration of the information
Available in each municipality that composes the
institutionalized region. The paper reflects on the heterogeneity
of water related rates in the cities, in how it’s affected by the city
of São Paulo in terms of the water supplying scarcity, and also
how it can affect the host of the upcoming FIFA World Cup.
Index Terms— Metropolitan Region of Campinas, water
resources, wastewater, water management, water scarcity. 
I. INTRODUCTION
The metropolis can be defined as a phenomenon of
integration and grouping of distinct communities, for the
labor market or for the commercial facilities offered by a
central city, the core of an interdependent urban center. The
correlation between municipalities in a same system arise the
need of creating political-administrative relations that
overcome the obstacle of managerial fragmentation and
decentralization and that can act in an efficient manner on the
economic, social and urban fields [1].
Established in the 1970s, the first Brazilian metropolitan
regions were defined according to population criteria
(magnitude of the urban agglomeration and conurbation) and
socioeconomic and functional correlation of determined
municipalities. Additionally to those criteria, the intervention
of the military government was a determining factor for the
establishment of the metropolitan regions in Brazil, with the
aim to rationalize and standardize them with the purpose of
domain and political control [2].
In Brazil there are 26 metropolitan regions
institutionalized, comprehending 390 municipalities and 39%
of the total population of the country. Since the Brazilian
Constitution of 1988 there was an increase in the number of
metropolitan regions established by the State Government.
Therefore, in June 19th, 2000, the Metropolitan Region of
Campinas (MRC) was created by the State´s Complementary
Law nº 870, with nineteen municipalities, where 2.3 million
inhabitants resided at the time [1]. Currently, the MRC
Manuscript received on May 15th, 2014. This paper is sponsored by the
Institute of Exact Sciences of the Paulista University (ICET-UNIP) and was
developed based on the subject of Regional Urban Projects (lecturers Prof.
Ms. Arq. Geise Brizotti Pasquotto and Prof. Ms. Arq. Ricardo Alexandre da
Silva) of the Architecture and Urbanism graduation course of the Paulista
University-Unip.
perform a representative socioeconomic structure in the
country [3]: its Gross Domestic Product (GDP), estimated in
R$ 542 billion, represents 26% of the GDP in the state of São
Paulo and increased more than 56% since 2006 [4]. Its
population, 97% urban, reached 2.8 million inhabitants [5] in
the 2012, with a population density of 727,5 person per km2.
This amplitude on the urban development of the region,
represented by its population and density growth and
economic development stimulates the diversification of water
use, such as public supply, food production, power
generation, dilution of sewage and others [6] and subsequent
water shortage, caused by the increased demand [7] and by
the degradation of the quality of water, in its turn, resultant of
the deficit in the industrial and domestic wastewater
treatment [8], occupation of preservation areas, vegetation
cover degradation, inappropriate disposal of solid residues,
among other factors intrinsic to the urban evolution [9].
The MRC comprehends approximately 3.8 km² [5] and is
geographically situated2 in the basin of the rivers Piracicaba,
Capivari and Jundiaí, denominated Basin of PCJ (Bacia do
PCJ). From the basin of the river Piracicaba, the Cantareira
System transfers 31 m³/s to supply the city of São Paulo,
activity that affects the outflow and, consequently, the
degradation of the water quality, due to the low dissolution of
wastewater disposed with high concentration of pollutants
[9].
Given the current world´s critical situation of demand and
quality of water in metropolitan regions [6] and the need to
implement integrated political-administrative actions among
the municipalities of the region [9], this paper proposes the
contribution to the analysis of the water resources context in
the Metropolitan Region of Campinas. The methodology
used is composed by three axis; i) The literature references
are constituted of studies and publications that refer to the
development and urban growth, the global water resources
situation in the urban area, of the relation between the soil
use, basic sanitation, the population´s health and the
preservation of the environment and of the Metropolitan
Region of Campinas. Supplementary to academic texts, it
was necessary the use of journalistic articles for the analysis
of the water resources scarcity ii) The data referring to water
supply, wastewater collection and treatment was compiled
from the Plan of the Piracicaba, Capivari and Jundiaí River
Basins for the period of 2010 to 2020 [10], from the Report
on Superficial Water Quality in the State of São Paulo 2013
[11], from the National Sanitation Information System [5],
1
Campinas, Sumaré, Americana, Indaiatuba, Hortolândia, Santa Bárbara
D'Oeste, Valinhos, Itatiba, Paulínia, Vinhedo, Cosmópolis, Nova Odessa,
Monte Mor, Jaguariúna, Artur Nogueira, Santo Antônio de Posse,
Engenheiro Coelho e Morungaba, last city included to the Metropolitan
Region of Campinas (State Law nº1.532, from March, 17 2014).
2
The municipalities of Indaiatuba and Engenheiro Coelho are partially
inserted in the Basin of the rivers Jundiaí and Jaguari, respectively. [10]
among other water index. iii) Insertion, data analysis and
maps generation of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas
that allow the integration of the data Available in each
municipality.

II. WATER INDICATORS IN THE METROPOLITAN REGION OF

CAMPINAS Fig. 1. Water supply level by category of municipality. Source: Elaborated
by the authors with data from [5].
The high population growth in the MRC caused the
competition of capital investment for sanitation infrastructure
A supply system presents shares of water loss (real and
to be designated to other productive and social sectors, such
apparent) in relation to the volume collected, however, one of
as health, education, housing, etc. Additionally to this factor,
the essential factors for its efficiency is to impede the
the dispersed growth of the cities demanded infrastructure
increase of this level. It can be led by the apparent loss, which
investments in potable water supply, excluding the
consists in the non-authorized use (frauds and registration
implementation of a wastewater collection and treatment
failures) and measurement errors, apart from real losses that
system [9].
comprise leaks and extravasations on the pipelines,
Consuming 743 thousand m³ of water per day [4], the
adductors, reservoirs and branches. In Brazil, it is estimated
MRC presents a total public water supply index of 92.6%,
that the average level of water loss is 40%. [9][13]. In the
against 85.7% of sewage collection [5]. From this percentage,
MRC, the average level of water loss on the public
only 54% is treated, evicting almost 70 thousand kg of
distribution is 35.8%. Reaching the highest level of 40.6% is
biochemical oxygen demand B.O.D. 3 a day to the water
the Small Size 2 municipality category (Figure 2). The
course [5].
municipalities that present the lowest levels of water loss are
For a water indicator analysis of the municipalities, the
Campinas (19.3%), Americana (25.6%) and Morungaba
region was divided into four categories of population size
(26.4%), and the ones that present the highest levels are
according to Table I.
Engenheiro Coelho (48.2%) and Pedreira (48.3%). A total of
TABLE I: CATEGORIZATION OF CITIES BY ITS POPULATION SIZE. 266 thousand m³ of water are wasted along the supply system
SOURCE: [5] [5].
Repres
Total
Popu- enta-
Category Cities Popula-
lation tion in
tion
MRC
Santo Antônio de
A Less than Posse, Engenheiro
61.579 2,14%
Small Size 1 20.000 Coelho, Morungaba,
Holambra
Monte Mor,
B 20.001 to
Jaguariúna, Artur 185.598 6,45%
Small Size 2 50.000 Fig. 2. Level of water loss in the public supply system by category of
Nogueira, Pedreira
municipality. Source: Elaborated by the authors with data from [5].
Itatiba, Paulínia,
C 50.001 to Vinhedo,
371.060 12,89%
Medium
100.000 Cosmópolis, Nova The water demand for public supply is mostly belonging to
Size
Odessa the Large Size cities (Figure 3).
Campinas, Sumaré,
Americana,
The average per capita demand in the region is 261.7
D More than Indaiatuba, m3/person/day, as the highest levels belong to the
2.260.266 78,52%
Large Size 100.000 Hortolândia, Santa municipalities of Holambra (440.6 m³/person/day),
Barbara D'Oeste, Americana (336.1 m3/person/day), Vinhedo (316.3
Valinhos,
m3/person/day) and Pedreira (311.0 m3/person/day). The
lowest levels of per capita demand are Monte Mor (182.0
A. Public water supply m3/person/day) and Engenheiro Coelho (203.0
The Large Size cities present the higher levels of urban m3/person/day) [4].
public attendance of water (98.5%), versus the lowest levels
of the Small Size 1 (80.2%) (Figure 1). In the MRC, only the
municipalities of Americana, Nova Odessa and Paulínia
attend 100% of its population, as the cities of Engenheiro
Coelho and Santo Antônio da Posee are the ones with the
lowest supply levels, with 73.1%, 69.8% respectively. In the
whole region, approximately 185 thousand people still do not
have public supply of water [5]. Fig. 3. Water collection percentage by municipality category. Source:
Elaborated by the authors with data from [5].

3
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (B.O.D) is the quantity of oxygen
necessary to oxidize the organic matter by aerobic microbial decomposition
B. Domestic wastewater collection and treatment
to a stable inorganic form. The highest increase in terms of BOD, in a glass The main rivers in the region present sections in
of water, are caused by disposal of predominantly organic origin, that can degradation caused by the disposal of wastewater without the
lead to the complete depletion of oxygen in the water, causing the
disappearance of fishes and other water life forms. The State enactment nº
appropriate treatment. Currently in the MRC more than 380
8468 defines standards of BOD for the emission of sewage directly to the thousand people do not have access to the public system of
water source. [12]
sewage collection. According to SNIS data [5], the Small
Size 1 municipalities group is the one that presents the lowest
level of collection, whereas the Large Size group presents the
highest levels. Amongst the twenty municipalities of the
MRC, four present levels of sewage collection lower than
80%, such as Monte Mor (53.3%), Hortolândia (62.4%),
Santo Antônio de Posse (69.8%) and Engenheiro Coelho
(73.1%), and only two attend 100% of its population:
Valinhos and Nova Odessa (Figure 4).
Fig. 4. Level of attendance of public sewage network by municipality
category. Source: Elaborated by the authors with data from [5].
system are entailed to Diseases Related to Inadequate
Environmental Sanitation (DRIES) [14]–[7]–[6].
The map generation based on water resources index and
data aims to graphically demonstrate conflict points related to
the basic sanitation, water quality and its effects on the
population in the Metropolitan Region of Campinas.
Conflicts were identified from two dimensions: i) water
collection for public supply located downstream domestic
and industrial disposal and ii) water collection for public
supply in bodies of water in inferior class than recommended.
The conflicts based on the collection points located
downstream of domestic and industrial disposal were
identified through the: i) Water collection points for public
supply inserted in the MRC territory [10]; ii) Domestic and
industrial disposal points inserted in the MRC territory [10]
iii) Relief of the MRC territory in order to identify the
upstream and downstream in the subbasins [10] (Figure 6).

Although the sewage collection presents a mild rate, the

wastewater treatment presents even lower levels, reaching the
average of 55% in the MRC. The worst levels belong to the
cities of Sumaré (11%), Nova Odessa (7%) and Monte Mor
(3%), while Artur Nogueira and Holambra do not present
wastewater treatment in its systems, according to the data
from [5]. The highest levels of collection belong to the cities
of Pedreira (98%), Vinhedo (93%), Itatiba (91%) and
Engenheiro Coelho, the only one that in the MRC attends
100% of its population [5].
The Municipality Urban Population Sewage Collection
and Tractability Index (ICTEM 4 ), that demonstrates the
effectiveness in the treatment of domestic wastewater
generated, presents regular levels in the MRC (5.8) and in the
Small Size 1 (6.79), Medium (6.63) and Large Size (6.02).
The Small Size 2 cities present the lowest index of 3.80.
Itatiba (9.9), Morungaba (9.9), Paulínia (9.8), Engenheiro
Coelho (9.7) and Vinhedo (9.6) are the municipalities that
present the highest efficiency on wastewater treatment, while
Artur Nogueira (1.5), Cosmópolis (1.5), Holambra (1.4),
Monte Mor (1.1) present the lowest level in the region [5]
(Figure 5).

Fig. 6. Water collection map with for public supply, downstream to

Fig. 5. Average ICTEM by municipality category. Source: Elaborated by the
authors with data from [5].
III. MAPS: OVERLAPS AND ANALYSIS
The spring contamination, considered a treat to the public
health, increases the possibility of water-transmitted diseases.
In Brazil, more than 60% of hospitalizations in the public
4
ICTEM (Municipality Urban Population Sewage Collection and
Tractability Index) has the purpose to express the effectiveness of the
removal of organic matter potentially pollutant, generated by the urban
population considering also the relative importance of the forming elements
of a sewage treatment system (collection, distance, treatment and treatment
efficiency to quality of the effluent receiving water. ICTEM allows the
global efficacy comparison of the sanitary sewage system. It ranges in a scale
of 0 to 10 [15].
wastewater disposal points. Source: Elaborated by the authors with data from
[10].
The map reveals various conflict points in the course of the
Metropolitan Region of Campinas, occurring in most of the
municipalities, with the exception of Holambra, Monte Mor
and Nova Odessa.
The conflict in collection points in bodies of water with
inferior class than recommended were identified by means of
i) Water collection points for public supply inserted in the
MRC territory [10]; ii) Classes of watercourses regarding
quality [10]; iii) Watercourses classification according to
their respective usage, which defines the classes 4 and
outclass as improper for supply for human consumption [16]
(Figure 7).
As to the conflicts related to the framing of bodies of water
lie in the municipalities of Indaiatuba, Vinhedo, Valinhos,
Campinas, Sumaré, Americana, Monte Mor, Cosmópolis and hospitalization rates through the ratio between the
Paulínia. hospitalization number per 1.000 inhabitants; iv) Conflict
points defined by the Figures 06 and 07 (Figure 9).
The highest hospitalization rates occur in places identified
as collection conflicts, especially in Nova Odessa, Vinhedo
and Indaiatuba.

Fig. 7. Water collection map with for public supply in bodies of water with
class 4 or inferior. Source: Elaborated by the authors with data from [10]–
[16].

The conflict points registered in the Figures 06 and 07 can Fig. 8. Map of conflict points (Figures 6 and 7) and average water quality
be attested through the crossing of the rates related to the index (IQA) of the subbasins inserted in the MRC Source: Elaborated by the
water quality in the bodies of water supplied by the annual authors with data from [11].
report from CETESB [11]: iv) Identification of the sampling
points inserted in the territory of the MRC and the respective
annual average of the Water Quality Index (IQA5) between
2009 and 2013 [11]; v) Classification of the subbasins of the
MRC regarding the IQA, through the total average of the
respective sampling points inserted in its territory; vi)
Conflict points defined by Figures 06 and 07 (Figure 08).
The information crossing of the map in Figure 8
establishes a higher concentration of conflict points in the
subbasins that present water quality levels classified as
regular or outclass, comprehending the municipalities to
West and Southwest of the region.
The last map aims to establish the relation between the
quality of the water collected for public supply and the health
of the population. For that, it was used: i) Definition of
fecal-oral diseases transmitted through the ingestion of water
or contact with water [14]; ii) Identification of the
hospitalization quantity6 in the public health system, within
the years of 2008 to 2013 [17]; iii) Definition of

5
IQA – Water Quality Index incorporates nine variables considered as
relevant to the evaluation of the water quality, having as main determinant its
use for public supply. Ranging in a scale of 0 to 100, it is classified as
OPTIMUM if 79 < IQA ≤ 100, Good if 51 < IQA ≤ 79, Regular if 36 < IQA
≤ 51, Bad if 19 < IQA ≤ 36, Terrible if IQA ≤ 19 [11].
6
Hospitalization by Cholera, Typhoid and Paratyphoid, Shigellosis,
Amoebic dysentery, Diarrhea and gastroenteritis of presumable infectious
origin [17].

Fig.9. Map of conflict points (Figures 6 and 7) and Diseases Related to
Inadequate Environmental Sanitation (DRIES). Source: Elaborated by the
authors with data from [14][17].
IV. WATER SCARCITY
The Cantareira System consists by six dams in different
levels, interconnected by water collection pipes and elevation
stations. Operational since 1975, the system transfers water
volumes from the rivers Jaguari, Jacareí, Cachoeira de
Piracaia and Atibainha dam to Cantareira Mountain range,
where there are treatment stations that supply 55% of its
capacity of water to the city of São Paulo [9].
The excessive water consumption in a rain scarcity period
has generated a peculiar scenario that the state of São Paulo
hadn´t experienced for decades. The Cantareira System
reached 99% of its capacity, which outset a decrease from
2011 until that, in December 2013, its level started to present
volumes below normality. During the same month in 2011,
the level reached was 69%, an impacting difference. On May
2013, the Cantareira reached 8.4% of its capacity, the lowest
level in the last 10 years [18] (see Figure 10).
150
CAPACITY%
100
50
0
Fig. 10. Water capacity level in the Cantareira System. Elaborated by the
authors with data from [18].
The intensive heat on the first quarter of 2014 maintained
the elevated evaporation, however the rain quantity was not
enough to replace such losses (atypical fact in the Brazilian
summer), decreasing the hydric levels.
At the beginning of February, the cities in the interior of
São Paulo, as in the Metropolitan Region of Campinas, that
collects water from the Cantareira System, were firstly
impaired and the rationing was initiated. According to the
Federal Law 9.433/97 the cities where the dams are
geographically located have priority of the water usage;
however, in the current scenario, the city of São Paulo
collects an exceeding quantity from the system [19].
The cities of Valinhos and Vinhedo have adopted the
system of rationing on water supply and the other 18
municipalities may probably follow the same framework.
In Campinas the current mayor Jonas Donizette signed in
February a decree charging fines from those who waste
water.
With the decreasing level in the Cantareira System, the
scarcity of water expands and the Governor of São Paulo
Geraldo Alckmin still avoids a rationing system for the
state´s capital [20]. The anti-crisis committee created to
monitor the situation on the Cantareira System points that, on
the worst water scarcity scenario, the water of the “useful
volume” in the main spring that supplies water to the capital
of São Paulo and to the region of Campinas may end at the
end of June 2014 [21].
The “dead volume” (bottom of the reservoirs) was defined
as an emergency plan by the Basic Sanitation Company of the
State of São Paulo (CETESB) during the drought period.
Sabesp, the water utility company that detains the bestowal
on the water distribution of the Cantareira System invested
R$ 80 million to the necessary installation for collection and
pumping of the water below the reservoir.
The consortium of Rivers Piracicaba, Capivari and Jundiai
Basin (PCJ) formally questions the use of the “dead volume”.
With the rationing suppression, the Cantareira System can
take about 15 years to recover itself [22]. According to Cezar
Saad, Project coordinator of the PCJ Consortium, “The ideal
situation would be to adopt the rationing system, no doubt.
The State Government counts with this reserve, but it
shouldn´t be used” [23].
Avoiding rationing, Sabesp proposed a discount plan for
the population of up to 30% for those who accomplish a
reduction of until 20% on water consumption [24].
Another worrying scenario is the possibility of energy
rationing and the increase in the electricity bill. The
reservoirs of the hydroelectric power plants, responsible for
almost 80% of energy generation in the country, have
reached the lowest levels since 2001, when the energy supply
crises “blackout” happened. To avoid such action in 2014 in
Brazil, according to the Decade Plan of Energy, it would be
necessary to invest R$ 21 billion per year until 2022 [25].
A different alternative that was considered by the State
Government was the use of the Rio Grande System, which
supplies three cities in the region known as ABC Paulista,
part of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. The forecast
for the month of September is to revert 500 liters of water per
second.
According to Porto [26], there are different possibilities to
expand the water supplied for the city of São Paulo. The one
that infers in Metropolitan Region of Campinas foresees the
use of the Piracicaba River pumping water through a 16km
channel to the dam in the River Atibainha, one of the
suppliers to the Cantareira System. This solution was not
considered until this moment, due to the consequences that
affects the cities supplied by the River Piracicaba and also the
transposition costs and consequent higher prices of water
selling to the population.
V. CONCLUSION
To overcome the challenge of integrating the planning and
execution of public functions of common interest in a large
area and large population, it is necessary that regional
councils and committees define the themes and real objects
that address the demands of improving the living conditions
of all social segments, assuming a homogeneous territory
[27].
Throughout the course of the data collection process for
this paper, the absence of homogeneous and updated data
sources raised difficulties in the analysis of various topics.
ANA (National Water Agency) also noticed this aspect on
problems related to the lack of standardization and
consequently the challenge of comparing samples and
information, which resulted on the creation of the National
Assessment Program in Water Quality [28].
 The data analysis of the municipalities identified that there
is no uniformity, either in positive and / or negative aspects of [3]
the water context of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas.
Some of the cities present good water supply systems and on
the other hand may lack the sewage collection system, such [4]
as Americana, in which 100% of its population is served by
public water supply and sewage collection, but with a low [5]
Urban Population Sewage Collection and Tractability Index,
indicating the deficiency in the wastewater treatment.
The overlap of information in the generated maps showed [6]
various conflicts throughout the metropolitan territory of
Campinas, additionally to the critical water quality index in
collection points, which tends to worsen due to the lack of [7]
dissolution of effluents as a result of the water scarcity, and [8]
its consequent effects on public health. This concentration of
conflicts may increase the necessary investments on the
Brazilian National Health Service, and in the treatment [9]
process to supply drinking water for human consumption
[29].
In the current hydric situation, the water loss rates,
reflected by the state and condition of supply pipes, [10]
alarmingly exceed the maximum rate established as ideal by
the World Bank, 20% to 25% [29]. The only city that meets
this criterion is Campinas, presenting a water loss rate of [11]
19.32%, while the rest of the municipalities have an average
of 40% loss rate.
Until this edition deadline, on May 14th 2014, the water
scarcity has reached its most critical point, when the [12]
government has finally established the water extraction from
the "dead volume" zone of the Cantareira System, sustaining
the public strategy of non-rationing measures in the city of
São Paulo, until March 2015, in contrast to ANA’s opinion, [13]
who expects the exhaustion of the "dead volume" in
November 2014.
In an atypical year for Brazil, which will host a large
worldwide event as the FIFA World Cup, the stadium, [14]
accommodation and transport infrastructures may be
insufficient to meet the population needs in addition to the 7.2
million foreign tourists expected to the year 2014 [30], since
the water demand will be even greater. In the pace of
week-on-week decline presented by the Cantareira System, [15]
its capacity will finally reach 0% in the last week of July
2014, coincidentally when the city of São Paulo will host one
of the round of sixteen matches of the World Cup [21].
Therefore, the water management demands effective [16]
long-term measures that embrace regions homogeneously,
consolidating the interests of all sizes of municipalities in [17]
order to preserve one of the most essential resources for life
and socioeconomic development.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
[18]
G. B. Pasquotto, L. M. Rosa, T. B. de S. Venturato and M.
C. Barbin thank the Institute of Exact Sciences of the Paulista
University (ICET-UNIP) in the name of the Coordinator [19]
Prof. Ms. Arq. Patrícia Ceroni Scarabelli, for the opportunity
of developing this paper.
[20]
REFERENCES
[1] U. C. Semeghini, “Metropolitan management, possibilities and limits:
the experience of Campinas”. 2006. Doctorate thesis. Economics
Institute, Campinas Univ., Campinas, SP, Brazil, 2006.
[21]
[2] R. Rolnik, and N. Somekh, “Governing the Metropolis: dilemmas of
decentralization,” São Paulo em Perspectiva, vol.14 no4,
Oct.-Dec. 2000. [Online]. Available:
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-88392
000000400009
W. Cano, and C. A. Brandão, The Metropolitan Region of Campinas:
urbanization, economics, finance and environment, vol. 2, Campinas,
SP, Brazil: Unicamp, 2002.
National Basic Sanitation Survey 2008, IBGE Brazilian Institute for
Geography and Statistics, 2008. [Online]. Available: http://cod.ibg
e.gov.br/J4I
Diagnostic Services of Water and Sewerage 2012, SNIS National
Information System on Sanitation, Brasília, DF, Brazil:
Snsa/Mcidades, 2014. [Online]. Available:
www.snis.gov.br/PaginaCarrega.php?EWRErterterTERTer=103
M. Whately, “Will there be water for everyone?,” Le Monde
Diplomatique Brazil, Oct. 2009. [Online]. Available:
www.diplomatique.org.br/artigo.php?id=107
J. G. Tundisi, Water in the XXI century: facing shortages, 3rd ed. São
Carlos, SP, Brazil: Rima, 2009.
R. L. L. Porto, “Assessment of water quality and self-purification of
rivers of the Piracicaba River basin,” Brazilian Journal of
Environmental Science, n. 16, pp. 20-21, Aug. 2008
A. G. Yahn, and A. A. R. V. I. Giacomini, “Water Resources and
Sanitation,” In R. B. Fonseca, A. M. Q. Davanzo, and R. M. C.
Negreiros, Green Book: challenges for the management of the
Metropolitan Region of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil: Unicamp,
2002.
Piracicaba, Capivari and Jundiaí River Basins Plan 2010 to 2020, PCJ
River Basins Agency, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil: Cobrape, 2008. [Online].
Available:
www.agenciapcj.org.br/novo/instrumentos-de-gestao/plano-de-bacias
Surface Water Quality in the State of Sao Paulo, Cetesb – São Paulo
State Environmental Sanitation Technology Company, São Paulo/SP,
Brazil: Cetesb, 2014. [Online]. Available:
www.cetesb.sp.gov.br/agua/aguas-superficiais/35-publicacoes-/-relato
rios
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (B.O.D), CETESB São Paulo State
Environmental Sanitation Technology Company. [Online]. Available:
www.cetesb.sp.gov.br/userfiles/file/agua/aguas-superficiais/aguas-int
eriores/variaveis/aguas/variaveis_quimicas/demanda_bioquimica_de_
oxigenio.pdf
Water Losses in Supply Systems: Diagnosis, Potential for Gains with
its Reduction and Proposals for its Effective Controlling, ABES
Brazilian Association of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering,
Sept. 2013. [Online]. Available: www.abes-sp.org.
br/material-de-consulta
Impacts on Health and the Brazilian Unified Health System Related to
Problems Related to an Inappropriate Environmental Sanitation,
FUNASA National Health Foundation, Brasília, DF, Brazil, 2010.
[Online]. Available:
www.funasa.gov.br/site/wp-content/files_mf/estudosPesquisas_Impac
tosSaude.pdf
Indicators for Management of Water Resources of the State of São
Paulo, SGRHI Integrated Management System of Water Resources in
the State of São Paulo, 2013. [Online]. Available:
www.sigrh.sp.gov.br/sigrh/basecon/caderno_Indicadores_Gestao_201
3.pdf
Water courses classification – Conceptual Foundations, ANA
National Water Agency, 2009. [Online]. Available:
http://pnqa.ana.gov.br/Padres/enquadramento_basesconceituais.asp
Hospital Morbidity at the Brazilian Unified Health System –
Hospitalizations for cholera, typhoid and paratyphoid fevers,
Shigellosis, Amebiasis, Diarrhea and gastroenteritis of presumed
infectious origin. DATASUS Brazilian Unified Health System
Informatics Data Department, 2008-2013. [Online]. Available:
http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/deftohtm.exe?sih/cnv/nisp.def
Water Sources Situation, SABESP São Paulo State Agency for Basic
Sanitation, 2003-2014. [Online]. Available:
www2.sabesp.com.br/mananciais/DivulgacaoSiteSabesp.aspx
R. Brandt. (March 8th 2014). Cantareira System stabilizes, but level is
critical. Estadão. [Online]. Available:
http://estadao.br.msn.com/ultimas-noticias/sistema-cantareira-estabili
za
F. Leite, and R. Moreira. (April 21st 2014). Alckmin announces
'strengthening' the Cantareira and confirms fine for water waste. O
Estado de São Paulo. [Online]. Available:
www.estadao.com.br/noticias/cidades,alckmin-anuncia-reforco-ao-ca
ntareira-e-confirma-multa-por-desperdicio,1156676,0.htm
Cantareira level reaches 8.4% one day before the collection of “dead
volume”. (May 14th 2014). Folha de São Paulo. [Online]. Available:
www1.folha.uol.com.br/cotidiano/2014/05/1454150-nivel-do-cantarei
ra-chega-a-84-um-dia-antes-da-retirada-do-volume-morto.shtml
[22] W. P. Sobrinho. (Aptil 15th 2014). Without water rationing, Cantareira Arquitetônicos, Campinas, SP, Brazil. Current field of study comprises
can take up to 15 years to recover. O Dia. [Online]. Available: urban marketing.
http://odia.ig.com.br/noticia/brasil/2014-04-15/sem-racionamento-de- BARBIN, Marcia Cristina. Valinhos, SP, Brazil. Student in the
agua-cantareira-pode-levar-ate-15-anos-para-se-recuperar.html graduation course of Architecture and Urbanism at Paulista University-Unip,
[23] L. de Sampaio. (March 30th 2014). Prosecution criticizes management Campinas, SP, Brazil, 2015.
of water 'policy' in SP and the 'dead volume' collection. Folha. She acts as architecture intern since 2013 at the Education department at
[Online]. Available: the Campinas City Government, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
www1.folha.uol.com.br/cotidiano/2014/03/1433297-promotoria-critic VENTURATO, Thaís Boldrin de Siqueira. Campinas, SP, Brazil.
a-gestao-politica-da-agua-em-sp-e-uso-do-volume-morto.shtml Technical in Interior Design by Polivalente Technical School of Americana
[24] Even with rain, reservoir level in SP falls again. (February 14th 2014). (Americana, SP, Brazil, 2010).
Terra. [Online]. Available: She is currently student in the graduation course of Architecture and
http://noticias.terra.com.br/brasil/cidades/mesmo-com-chuva-nivel-de Urbanism at Paulista University-Unip (Campinas, SP, Brazil, 2015). Acts
-reservatorio-em-sp-cai-mais-uma-vez,48d1c14a27034410VgnVCM3 since 2012 as architecture intern at Sapore Company, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
000009af154d0RCRD.html
[25] I. Torres. (March 21st 2014) National energy crisis and São Paulo water
supply crisis anticipate electoral debates and stimulate opposition
candidates. Isto é Press. [Online]. Available:
www.istoe.com.br/reportagens/353582
th
[26] R. L. L. Porto. (June 4 2008). Critical water availability: new
challenges for management. Engineering Institute. [Online].
Available:
www.institutodeengenharia.org.br/site/videos/exibe/cod_video/4567/c
anal/360/disponibilidade-hidrica-critica-os-novos-desafios-de-sua-ges
tao
[27] L. M. de M. Bueno, M. H. F. Machado and N. M. da S. Filho, “Limits
and Possibilities of the Shared Management of Common Interests,” In
R. B. Fonseca, A. M. Q. Davanzo, and R. M. C. Negreiros, Green
Book: challenges for the management of the Metropolitan Region of
Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil: Unicamp, 2002.
[28] National Assessment Program of Water Quality, ANA National Water
Agency. [Online]. Available:
www2.ana.gov.br/Paginas/projetos/QualidadeAgua.aspx
[29] PCJ Consortium Press Department. PCJ Consortium Launches Project
of Macro-meters in Municipalities PCJ Basins Cities During the 37th
Regional Meeting of Water Losses. PCJ Consortium. [Online].
Available:
www.agua.org.br/noticias/536/consorcio-pcj-lanca-projeto-de-macro
medidores-nos-municipios-das-bacias-pcj-durante-37-encontro-region
al-de-perdas.aspx
[30] Embratur expects the World Cup to double increase the number of
tourists. (July 2011). EMBRATUR – Brazilian Touristic Institute.
[Online]. Available:
www.portal2014.org.br/noticias/7635/embratur+espera+que+copa+do
+mundo+ajude+a+duplicar+numero+de+turistas.html

PASQUOTTO, Geise Brizotti. Laranjal Paulista, SP, Brazil. Graduated

in Architecture and Urbanism by the São Paulo State University-Unesp
(Bauru/SP, 2006), is Master in Civil Engineering in the field of architecture
and construction by the Campinas University-Unicamp (Campinas, SP,
Brazil, 2011) and doctoral candidate in urban and regional planning by São
Paulo University-Usp (São Paulo, SP, Brazil, current).
She has recently been accepted for publishing, along with Prof. Dr. L.
Medrano, at Bitacora Urbano Territorial from Colombia University
Magazine with the article entitled “Emblematic Buildings and City
Marketing: Strategies for the Central Area of São Paulo, Brazil”. In 2013 she
has published the article “The Cultural trend: Spain and its cultural actions
for worldwide advertisement” at the IV International Symposium on Trade
and the City: a relationship of origin, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil. Also in the
same year, she has organized, lectured and published in the international
university extension course "The landscape dimension in the contemporary
city project: a journey of study in the cities of Berlin, Barcelona and Athens”
with the work entitled as “City Marketing: a tool for the city advertisement”.
She has worked as docent at Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas-Puc
(2011-2012) and at Nossa Senhora do Patrocínio University (2009-2010).
She is currently lecturing at Paulista University-Unip (2011-current),
Campinas, SP, Brazil. Field of study comprises urban public policy.
Prof. Ms. Arq. Pasquotto is a member of the International Network for
Research on Heritage and Regional Development. Is also a part of the
research group Post-Modern Society (Docent responsible: Prof. Dr. M. I. de
Q. F. Szmrecsányi) at São Paulo University-Usp, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

ROSA, Lívia Marino. São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Graduated in Social

Communication with emphasis in Publicity and Advertising by
Administration, Marketing and Communications University-Esamc,
Campinas, SP, Brazil, 2008.
She is currently student in the graduation course of Architecture and
Urbanism at Paulista University-Unip, (Campinas, SP, 2015). Acts since
2013 as architecture intern at the company Fares Ferreira Projetos