Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Aggersborg
The Viking-Age settlement and fortress
Edited by
ISBN 978-87-88415-87-2
ISSN 0107-2854
Jutland Archaeological Society Publications Vol. 82
Published by
Jutland Archaeological Society
Moesgaard
DK-8270 Højbjerg
in association with
The National Museum of Denmark
Frederiksholms Kanal 12
DK-1220 København K
Distributed by
Aarhus University Press
Langelandsgade 177
DK-8200 Aarhus N
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.4 Ditches, drains, tracks, plot-systems and ‘the manor bank’ 129
5.8 Finds of objects and the function of the fortress Søren M. Sindbæk 178
5.9 The units of measurement and the materials used in building the fortress Søren M. Sindbæk 180
The units of measurement 180. The use of resources 181.
5.10 Aggersborg and other fortresses Søren M. Sindbæk 184
The Trelleborg-type fortresses and related sites in southern Scandinavia 184. Trelleborg’s phases 189.
The circular fortresses’ relationships and relative chronology 191. The fortress houses, Viking-Age building
types and relative chronology 193. European fortresses of the Viking Age and their precursors 197.
5.11 The dating of Aggersborg Else Roesdahl and Søren M. Sindbæk 203
Methods of dating 203. The finds and the relation of the fortress to the earlier and later settlements 203.
The fortress structures and the period of its occupation 204. Trelleborg, Fyrkat, Nonnebakken
– and Aggersborg 205. Other major Danish structures of the second half of the tenth century 207.
The period of use of the fortresses 207.
6.2 Remains of building materials and larger objects Andres Dobat, Else Roesdahl 211
6.4 Soapstone vessels and whetstones Heid Gjøstein Resi with contribution by Helge Askvik 235
6.5 Domestic equipment Andres Dobat, Anne Pedersen, Else Roesdahl, Søren M. Sindbæk 254
6.9 Coins Jens Christian Moesgaard and Jørgen Steen Jensen 298
6.13 Textile equipment, textile impressions Sarah Croix, Else Roesdahl, Lise Bender Jørgensen 317
6.15 Raw material, rough-outs, waste Andres Dobat, Unn Pedersen, Heid G. Resi, Else Roesdahl 337
6.16 Objects of unknown use Andres Dobat, Unn Pedersen, Anne Pedersen, Else Roesdahl 346
6.17 Prehistoric objects Hans Jørgen Madsen, Anne Pedersen, Else Roesdahl 352
6.18 O
bjects from the medieval and later periods 354
Jørgen Steen Jensen, Hans Jørgen Madsen, Anne Pedersen, Else Roesdahl
6.20 Supplementary information concerning finds and illustrations Else Roesdahl and Sarah Croix 365
7. Zoological finds Tove Hatting and Knud Rosenlund . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Undomesticated animals 373. Domesticated birds and mammals 374.
8. The purpose of the fortress Else Roesdahl and Søren M. Sindbæk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
8.1 Interpretation of the Trelleborg-type fortresses – a survey 383
Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Appendix 1. Stray finds and metal-detector finds (until 2008) from the Aggersborg region 415
Anne Pedersen, Andres Dobat, Bjarne Henning Nielsen and Per Mandrup Christensen
Appendix 2. Coins from the floor of Aggersborg church 1976. A summary Jørgen Steen Jensen 418
Appendix 4. Surveying, measuring and digitisation Søren M. Sindbæk and Peter Jensen 421
Appendix 5. Botanical finds from Aggersborg – summary and comments Anne Pedersen and Else Roesdahl 423
Appendix 6. Dendrochronological dating of wood samples from Fyrkat Kjeld Christensen 425
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Objects of the Viking Age found at Aggersborg 473. Place-names and personal names 475.
Folding plates
Plate 1. Aggersborg. Plan of site. 1:1250.
Plate 2. Aggersborg. Plan of the main excavated areas. 1:500.
Plate 3. Aggersborg. Plan of the fortress. 1:500.
Preface
Aggersborg is one of Denmark’s most interesting and impor- tions of them since these reports were published, and because
tant ancient monuments. Here was the world’s largest Viking of the widespread interest in these circular fortresses, it was
fortress, overlying a site where for many generations there had decided that a full translation of most of the Danish report
been a remarkable Viking-Age rural settlement. In this book on the third fortress should be published in English.
are presented the results of many years’ work on the material This book is, then, a translation of most of the text of
uncovered by the National Museum of Denmark’s extensive the Danish edition of the Aggersborg report. One section,
excavations at Aggersborg (1945-52). The publication of the chapter 2.2 (a detailed account of Viking-Age finds from the
three best-known of the late tenth-century circular fortresses Limfjord region), has been greatly condensed. Other sections
is thus finally completed. (chapters 2.4, 2.5, 3.2, 3.3, 7 and Appendices 1-4 and 6) have
Several generations of archaeologists have contributed to been summarised to various degrees, either because parts of
these results. Most importantly, C.G. Schultz, who directed the them are of mostly Danish interest, or because they can be
original excavations, identified the fortress and also recognised used only in consultation with the archive of the National
the importance of the earlier Viking-Age settlement. Later, Museum of Denmark.
Olaf Olsen organised the collation of the excavation plans in Terminology may sometimes confuse, particularly the
order to provide an accurate record of the site, and arranged Danish use of the term ‘Early Middle Ages’, which is applied
funding for the registration of the finds, so that Aggersborg to the 150 years after the Viking Age (which ends in the mid-
could be better understood in academic terms. Finally, the eleventh century). In other languages, however – English and
editors of this book (who also span some generations) worked German for example – it is often used for the post-Roman
through the material and wrote the book together with nine- Period up to the end of the Viking Age. Place-names are only
teen colleagues from six countries. anglicised when they are in common daily use – the Baltic
We extend our warmest thanks to our collaborators for their Sea, Jutland, etc. Names like ‘Sjælland’ are retained – in this
patience – extending in some cases over many years – in waiting case because the anglicised ‘Zeeland’ can be confused with
for the appearance of their contributions (the dates of deliv- the Dutch province of the same name. The Danish ‘Hedeby’
ery of their original manuscripts are recorded in the relevant is preferred to ‘Haithabu’; but ‘Schleswig’, rather than ‘Sles-
footnotes). We must also thank many who have through the vig’, has been used. Readers will enjoy sorting out the ration-
years helped by word and deed, particularly Olaf Olsen for his ale behind the choice of some other spellings!
never failing interest, and Holger Schmidt. Others are named Many institutions and foundations have over the years sup-
elsewhere in the book. We remember the architect, Mogens ported the project. Especially we would thank the National
Brahde, who revised and secured the final system of survey and Museum of Denmark, where the finds are deposited, and
provided the first overall plan of the site, and Svend Sønder- Aarhus University, where much of the work took place;
gaard, whose dedication and extraordinary understanding of Vesthimmerlands Museum in Aars helped with recent sup-
the features revealed during the excavations secured the quality plementary investigations of the site. The main excavations
of much of the documentation. We are also very grateful to were supported by the Carlsberg Foundation, the Arbejds- and
Peter Jensen for digitising the excavation plans, Mette Iversen Socialministeriet and Samarbejdsudvalget vedrørende inter-
for commenting on the Danish text and for editing the bibliog- nationalt Hjælpearbejde. Our work has been supported by
raphy, Eva Wilson, who helped with the first English draft, and funding from the National Museum of Denmark, the Danish
James Graham-Campbell who copy-edited the final version. A Research Council for the Humanities and Aarhus University
large number of people generously waived copyright fees for Research Foundation; the completion of this work was made
photographs. We are deeply grateful to the Jutland Archaeo- possible by a timely grant from the Danish Research Council
logical Society and the Moesgård Graphics Department and for Culture and Communication in 2006.
Photo/Media Department for invaluable collaboration. The publication of both the Danish and English editions
The fortresses of Trelleborg and Fyrkat were published of this book was made possible by generous grants from the
with substantial English summaries. In view, however, of the six foundations listed on the colophon page. To all of these
considerable cumulative knowledge and diverse interpreta- we extend our warmest thanks.