OPTICAL FIBER

An optical fiber is a thin, flexible, transparent fiber that

acts as a waveguide, or "light pipe", to transmit light
between the two ends of the fiber.
Why Optical?
● Bandwidth
● Low cost ($0.30/yard)
● Extremely low error rate (10-12 vs. 10-6 for copper
● Low signal attenuation
● Low power requirement
● More secure
Types of Optical Fiber
There are two basic types of fiber:
1.Single Mode Optical Fiber
2.Multi Mode Optical Fiber

Single Mode Optical Fiber:

Used to transmit one signal per fiber (Single Mode generally are
used for in telephones and cable tv applications)
SingleMode Optical Fiber produce as 8 / 125 and 9 / 125 ( Core /
Cladding diameter Microns)
Multi Mode Optical Fiber:
Used to transmit many signals per fiber (Multi Mode generally are
used for in computer networks, lan applications)
MultiMode Optical Fiber produce as 50 / 125 and 62.5 / 125 ( Core /
Cladding diameter Microns)
Types of fiber optic cable of index
1.Step Index
2.Graded Index

STEP-INDEX:
The light rays to travel at many different angles within the Multi Mode Step
Index fiber, The light rays follow straight lines within the single mode step
index fiber

GRADED INDEX:
The light rays no longer follow staight lines. The light rays
follow like sinus signal.
Types of Fiber Optic Cabels of structure
1.Glass Optical Fiber (GOF)

2.Plastic Optical Fiber (POF)

3.Plastic Coated Silica Fiber(PCSF)

OPTICAL LOSS:
The term optical loss describes the difference
Between the amount of light sent in to transmitting end of a
fiber optic cabel and the amount of light that succesfully
makes it use to the cabels receiving end
SDH
There are two types of data transmissions.They are:
1. Analog data transmission and
2. Digital data transmission
In digital data transmission there are two types

1. PDH (Plesichronous Digital Hierarchy)

2. SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)

1. PDH (Plesichronous Digital Hierarchy):

PDH is a popular technology is widely used in the
networks of Telecom in order to transport huge amount of data over
the digital equipment for the transpotation like Microwave radio or
Fiber Optic Systems. The PDH works in a state when the various
differnt parts of the network are clearly synchronised.
The PDH helps in proper transmission of the data that
generally runs at the similar rate but allows some slight
variation in the speed than the nominal rate. The basic
transfer rate of the data is 2048 kilobits per second. For
instance, in each speech transmission, the normal rate
breaks into different thirty channels of 64 kilobits per second
along with two different 64 kilobits per second in order to
perform the tasks of synchronization and signaling.
The typical rate of transmitting the data over the
fiber optic systems is 565 Mbit/sec in order to transport the
data in the long distance. But as the technology has
improved with the passing of time, now the
telecommunication companies have replaced the PDH
equipment with that of the SDH equipment, which has the
capability of transmitting the data at much higher rates as
compared to the PDH system.
The weaknesses that PDH faced paved way for the
introduction and use of the SDH systems. Although the
PDH proved to be a breakthrough in the field of digital
transmission, the weaknesses that made it less demanded
includes:
- Restricted management capacity.
- Non availability of world standard on the digital formats.
- No optical interfaces world standard and without an
optical level, networking is not possible
-Management is very inflexible in PDH,

So, SDH was developed. Synchronous Digital

Hierarchy (SDH) originates from Synchronous Optical Network
(SONET) in the US.
 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)

Introduction:
The Transmission System is traditionally seen as the link
between main WAN switching centres. These Transmission
Systems consist of large bandwidth highways that form the
backbone to the network. They typically serve many
customers each with their own requirements so the systems
have to be reliable, resilient and flexible.
SDH has the capability of transfering the data
at higher rates depends on Synchronous Transport Module
(STM) shown below :
STM-1 ------ 155.520 Mbps
STM-2 ------ 622.08 Mbps
STM-16----- 2488.32 Mbps
STM-64----- 9953.28 Mbps
 But if we compare the PDH system with that of the SDH
system, the latter one has a large number of advantages.
Some of the most common advantages enjoyed by the
usage of SDH include:
- optical interfaces
- capability of powerful management
- world standard digital format
- cost effective and easy traffic cross connection capacity
and add and drop facility
- reduced networking cost due to the transversal
compatibility
- forward and backward compatibility
-Different interfaces or different bandwidths can connect
(G708, G781).
-Network topologies are more flexible.
-There is flexibility for growth.
-The optical interface is standard (G957).
-Network Management is easier to perform (G774 and G784).
-Existing PDH can interface into SDH. There are three G
transmission series recommendations that are very important:
G.707 - SDH Bit Rates
G.708 - The SDH Network Node Interface.
G.709 - Synchronous Multiplexing structure.
 It includes capabilities for bandwidth on demand and is also mad
up of multiples of E1. STM-1 (155Mb/s) is 63 x E1, STM-4 (622Mb/
is 4 x STM-1 and STM-16 (2.5Gb/s) is 4 x STM-4. .