Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1.0 25
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:; 11111 . 11111 . :; 11111 11111 .
I~ III~ 2.2 I~ ~III~ 2.2
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and
Irrigation Water Requirements
in cooperation with
CONTENTS
Pa,.
1;Ulnmnry ______ o- 1
Need for l\lethod __ , 2
Past Investigatioll:;_ 3
U('lIoral Studio,;. - ~
i\lr'ihocls ___ . _• ~ _ • __ - 6
I'n'cipitation 1l
Tr'mperaturl' 13
Hllrniditv._ l'l
Growing Sl'asoll . L4
Hoil Fertility__ __ - 15
COII:;Ull1ptivl'-l-"p Formlll:L li
r rrigalion Etricien<:lps 22
Altm;ArC'a,Okltl . _ -------- 29
II lLwaii __ a5
Apppnclix____ • ___ , - 39
:). Exumple of total and ('Irecti\"(' llIonthly precipitation for a given arra_
n. Typical watrr-application
"r
Examples of slIggrsted lIlonthly cOPslImptivp-use co('tf1<:irllts (k) for
rrquin:n\('nt..--; for alfalfa for the lIlajor growing :;pa~on, Altus arpa,
gra1:'" plL'5ture, Charlpslon, l-'.C., for dry ypar 1\}2.) _____ . ___ • _._
(IV)
. ' ,
and
SUIvIMARY
~1an.'· factors influencc the ilmoun t of watcr consumed by plants.
'l'he more illl port 1m t nat ul'l11 influencE'S ilre clinmte, \VU tel' supply,
soil, Hlld topography. The dilllutie factors believed to Illn-e the
grC'atC'st effC'('t Oil eOllsllmptive usc on which data arc generally llvniL
It hIe un' (eIll pertlt urp, precipi t n tion, h lIrn ieli ty, wind mow'men t, ilnd
growing senSOll. IITigl1tion pL'IlC'tices, as wC'll as kind of crops grown,
thC'ir SttlgC' of growth, and spC'cies,. also influence the alllount of water
consumed.
This report indudes results of experinHmtill studies ill the cnited
SUltC'S and sen-rnl forC'ip:n eoun triC's. An elll piricilL form ula is devel
oPNI from these rC'su\ts, sLlOwing the rt'lationship betweC'n tC'll1pemture,
length of growing Sl'llSnn, monthly percent.age or .UlIlUlll dnytillle bours,
nnd consulllpLin usC' of wntC'r. Frolll this relntionship, ('onsllmptin'
usc of ,,"uter by crops llllt! nntuml Yl'gctation and an irrigation require
llH'nt (,1ll1 reildilv be ('stinlnlcd for ony .lrea where the bnsic dimilto
logical diltrl nrc 'llYililable.
'The pro(wlure wns de\-('loped by con·elating rnensured ("OIlSlIlllpti\-e
use dilltl with monlldy telllperflture, IllOllthly percelltages of yellrly
daytime hours, precipitation, lllld ~rowing or irrigatioll S('llSOII. Th('
('o('ffkiellts thus dcye)oped allow for the ('olliputntion of ("onsulllplivc
usC' of ('adl crop if the monthly l(,llIp('rature, latitude, Ilnd ~ro\\'illg
period of the crop nrc kllowlland ir the (·olllpulrd IIlonthly pC'reentnge
or HlllHlill daytillle hours arc it vailtthle.
Estimated- s(,llsoll111 ('OnslllllptiYe use ill ill('h{'" (·illl 1)(' tOlllplltC'd
rrOIll the ronlluln.
U=f{Ii'
•
where U=usc or wflter in illchC's;
J(=elll pirical seasonal c:opflicielll;
F=sum o[ the 1I10llthly factors en
for the seasoll (sum of
the products of Illeall 1II0llthly tpr1Iperllture (I) in
degTC'C's Fn hrt'll hei Land mOllth Iy ppr('Plllnge of .ulIlunl
.. daytillle hours (p)) .
The eq ualion for Ilion t hly or shOl"t-p('riod ('onsulll ptin' use ill inelH's
jS1~=kf.
1
2 TECHNICAL BULLE'PIN 1275, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
I See appendix, Jl. 3fJ, for dpfinitions of terlllS used ill lllb bulletin.
CONSUMPTIVE USE Alii!) WATER REQUIREMENTS 3
l'here is i1 need to correlilt(' eVllpol'!ttion from water llnd land
surfaces and trallspimtioll fronl phUllS with the climn,tological .factors
ilnd soil conditions. If longtime metlSUremellts of fill tbe climatie
faetors affecting consumptive use were available, all empirical fonl1uin,
taking illto account the efl'ect ot' l'flch factor eould be de,rel{)ped llnd
npplied with l'easonable iH'curac,f for ilNemge conditions ill any' llreft.
Howeyer, eyen in the more intensi\Tely settled n.reas, onl~~ part of
the influol1eing flLetors hllYO heen mensUL'l'Cl. On new project lands
tlmt nrc still sparsely settled, it is 1ll1USUill to have nlly l'nctors mens
UJ'od pxcept precipitation {md tempomturo. Anti, in mnny instances,
reconls of these inHuences nre limitrcl 01' not n.vailable.
X ew SOUL'ces of irriglltioll water.' supplies nre becoming limited,
whel'ens the m'(':t of underdeyelopcd irrignble In,lId is still extensin'.
As the ('ost of water illl'reas{'s, mon' cilI,t'ful estinllltes of wnter re
quircllH'nts 011 projects nn' lIecessmT. Only the lnlld tbnt cnn be
sPITod acl(,C[lHltply tind ('conomicall.r can now bc l)l'ought under
irriglttioll, For some of the nlOl'e rec('nt large pl.'ojects, the construc
tion costs ehnq!eabl(' Ilgainst ilTig:lti.Oll are well n,bove $500 pel' acrc.
'With ('osts so high, lurgt' errol'S in estimating tite nCl'eage of land
suit:lble for continued il'l'i~iltion ill1d the 1111l0lmt of watel.' requircd
for it Illust be a,-oided. If insufllcient watpr is allowed 1'01' maximull1
produdioll, the proje('t lands will not producc prolwri,\" and will not
be abll' to pa~" the ('harges; but il' tht' supply eX('t'eds the Ileed.;, watt'l'
costs ll1a,\~ ex('t'('(\ the ability of the users to pny.
As :1 l't'sult, Statr, FeciPl'llI, llnd other a~t'n('ies rt'sponsible Jor tho
pl:\'lIl1in~, ('Ollsll'll('tion, oIwrntion, ll1itintt'na.II('C, n,nd ndministrntioll
of IlIllltiplt'-pUl'poSP projects, and thost' r('sl)Qllsibh· 1'01' guiding :Ind
assistillg f1\1'I\1('I's ill tht' solution of their irrig:ltioll probkllls Iwt'd
basic ,nltt'I'-n'(IIlirt'lllpnt data.
If eedain dilllatologicni dn.tn, UI'P ayaililhIP, lhis hull<,till desc'ribt's
It method for ('stillwting lhe irri~:llioll IIt'PtiS and tht' ('onsull1ptin~
liSt' of Wlltpr by ('rop, and tllll;; tl\(, irrignlioll rNluir(,IIH'lIts for a
g! '"('II Itl.'Pll.
PAST INVESTIGATIONS
'J'ra.nspil'ation of wlltpr b,'- plallts has bt'(,11 studi('(l for till' past
t.wo ('('nturips, and likp\\~is(' (,Yllporatioll of Wilt('r hni=; bcc'li sludied
on'r II. long p('riod (/).2 HO\\'('ypr, it wns 1I0t until thp first part of
this ('('lItUI',\" thnt the' \('1'1115 "C'OIlSlllllptin' US(," alld "t'nlpolr:l.Ilspi
rlltion" (':tlll(' illto gl'11<'1'Il1 usagc'. AII(l it has b('{'n olll,\~ sill('(' 1\J:{:"j
thllt sufii('iPllt dal:l hll"(' 1>('('11 :I,·a.ilnbiP on this sllhj('ct so that dlL
sigllPl'S or irrig:llioll Iliid dmillnge 5.n;tt'l1ls and hydrologists h:lY(!
hnd cOIl(id,'Il('(' in til(' liS!' of sll('h IIllltp['ial.
GENERAL STl'DIES
TIt(' <,fl'(,(,t or sUllsililll' and 11(':t( ill stilll\dH(in~ (rallspinttioll WitS
studied ill EIl~la.lId liS (1:ldy as HiHl, 11('('ol'ding to Abb(' (1). \Ip:tsllr('
lI1ents or trnllspil'lltioll or \'i1l'ious kinds or pl:llltS indicate 11 ('Ios('
-.
6 'L'ECHXICAL Bl'LLETIX 1275,t:.~, DEPT, Ob' AGIUCeL'lTHI~
FJ(dHl'; I. ',\11 "\'aporalioll pl:'~li,' 1;lIlk ill~lall<'d Oil II ... Irwltj,oldt Hhf'r proj
('('I, Ilf'at' Witllli'IlII1I't'a, :\ I'Y, ,I, II!~I all ill!!; pla~1 it, 11l"11I!J1'!\IH'~ I :!·illl'h hoard,.;
atoll!!; ~id,' of pit !lllililll' IIlf' ~i"l'~ o( Ib,' 1:lIIk; IIWlllhralw "I. Ill!' ral' ~i(h' i~ (oldpci
i>nl'i-; to ~how Illf' hOHrd-, \vill'/"f'''- Ill! Ih" h'(1 il i~ "l':q)l.r1 u""!' Ilu· IHwrd-.
,";nnrl \\,:1" ~pl'I'lJd "n'lJI~' '" a ""I'll! of ,I 10 ii il1('hl'~ (II! lop or 11I1'1ll1,nlllf', Ii,
(;I'P:l.,'wIH,,1 plaul- l.!1',,\lilll.! ill II", I'Y:lpol/'all-pil'alioll lauk ·~Iu>wll ill A IIIHI,,/'
1'011.1 l'1ll'1 illlJ , :-:"1'11'1111)1'1' an, HUill. ()f Ii... lOii plalil. ~I't II11 ,\pril :~n, IllIiO,
'in 1'00\('([ aIHi Ihrin·r{. ~Olll" l'I'pl:1C"'IIIi'1l1 plalltillg \\:l~ rill'''' ill,rorl' tit,. IllIil
gJ'tl\\'ill~ .... t·a...oll. PlIolIH!l"aph-. 1~f)llrlf'~Y l ....~. (;"ologi('al ~~lIrvfty.
8 T.ECHNICAII BULLETIN 1275., U.S. DEP'!,. OF AGRICULTURE
In those areas not affected by high ground water, the change ill the
moistme content of the soil within tlierbot zone of the crop is measured
periodically. Samples are taken in I-foot increments to depths of
3 to 10 feet, depending upon the crop nnd root zone. Equipment
has been developed in southern Cnlifornill, consisting of n compressed
nil' unit, soil tube, and soil-tube jllck (18) to obtllin sllmples. For
shallow depths, either a soil. tube or auger may be used. Soil blocks
for measming electrically the moistme content 01' neutron-scnlter
moisture meter readings (38) may nlso be used to measure moisture
content.
occlIr.
\Vith respt'et to /lInny minor nops, nnd those 1I0t ('OIlIIlIOllly growll
in the Unitt'd Slates, It P:1UC'i(y or daltt still exists. Yrars or study of
the behavior of suell (TOPS llndt'r different site ('onditions \\"ill probnbl.\'
he neeessary hprore mles of ('ollsumptiyp lISC' (':lIl bc' drfinilply
determined.
Seasonal Vses
Allmf" ut- I
I
Colo. !
Logan, Ulah ______ . . - -, ... - ... -.. 5/25- 8/21 16. (j · 17 .24 .TlIlll'
- --.26
~
"'ailluts at- i
.Justin, CuliL_____ 1930 4'1 - 9/80 : 27. 4 ; .15 ' -----
!
Pasture nt 1
~1erced, Calif ______ • 1955-5(j (iJl -10/31 ')4 4 .19 _ July
· 1tl \ _____
Columbia Basill ____ ' ________ .' 4/5 -10/15 il: 0 .13
Vernal, Dtah _______ :_________ : 5i17-10;G 25.0 .18 _____ _
Consumptive usc
------. -'-'-~
Shott-Time Use-Rates
vVith the growing use of sprinkler irrigat.ion systems and need for
better information on the most economical capal'it.ies of irrigation
systems, there has been all increased need for monthly, weekly, and
even daily consumptive use of water mtes. Thus, beginning nbout
1950, considerable effort has been directed by the Agricu1ttlrol ll£.'
search Service (14) and ot.her flgencies towilrd gathering such dota.
Several investigators have reported highly variable mles of usc on H
short-time basis. The data are probahly con'ect but flfrect£.'d by
many influencing Jaetors, mOllY of which have not been undel' t.he
control or or measured by tbe investigator. Variations in soltu'
radiation probably account'for part of tllis variiltion. Consumptive
use is not well correlated with tempemture for short-t.ime pel:iods,
illthough for long-time periods the correlation is higb. Howevel',
........
CONSUMPTIVE USE AND WATER REQUIREMENTS 11
data on solar radiation were 110t aVllihtble for this report. Some
measured monthly rates of use of water by various crops at selected
sites are shown in table 2.
Observations indicate that the use of water by crops varies widely
throughout the season ttnd such variation cannot be explained by
climatic data generally aVftilable. For instance, work in TeXilS (14)
suggests that the average rate of consumptive use by grain sorghum
plnnted June 15 is about 0.06 inch pel' day during the emergence
period in the latter part of June. By the middle of July the use rate
is up to n,bout 0.20 inch per day, and the mte reaches n, peak at about
0.30 inch per day about August 7 when the sorghum is in the boot
stage. By the time the plitnt blooms-n,bout August l5-the mte
has decl'ensecL per dRY, tmel it continues to decreilse until the sorghum
is completely mature about the middle of October. The rnte then
holds constant at Rbout 0.05 inch per day until hn,rvested.
PRECIPITATION
TABLE 2.-E:m.mpZe8 oj mea8uredmonthly (,01l81unptil!e1l8e <d waiel' jol' irl'i(!ated crops at seleci(!d locations inlYesiel'n
Un ited Stales ~
o
Upfl'r
ellcu
~
o
:.
t'
b:i
(15) q
(14) ~
trj
(9)
(20)
(14)
(14)
"'
52
.....
5. ·.1 (14,31) '"<:>.
"'I
:l.1 (9)
q
.1. 0 ; (14.30)
.1. 0 1 (.9) fn
.. oj
I). . . . (14) t:I
t;i
_. J "d
(4.9) !-:l
,I. 2 (14.)
,I. n (14)
~
:3. [) t 1.2 1. :3 (14j :.
C')
5. aI n. ·1 ., (. ,
' - - - ---1-----" (14) ....~
1 I .1. 1 a. (j
.). I
1______ -----. (14) o
q
t'
I Ht';;t pprio<i fmlll ,\ II/-(. 1 t () ;-ippl.
~ \'nlul' fur Spp\. Ifi to ;\() lIlIl,\'.
I.i. d
~
trj
.i .. A .. . .. lo.
(f
Inches Inches
1-------~ _________________________ · ___ 1 1
0.95 0.9.j
') ;
,90 1. 85
3====::=~=:=======:===~===========:=:=1
4 _____________________________________ :
5 __________________________________ _
.82
.65
:!.07
3. 32
6. ____________________________________ . .45 :3. 77
• 'J-
_D 4. 02
Ovpr 6 __ ___________________________ ;
~.
,05
TEMPERATURE
(4) n~' A. D. I fopkins," lIioclimat!cs, As<'irnt'C ofHfe anll dlmat!' r"lali'l!l~," U.S. Dept. of A~ri. l>l.sc(,I
Inncolls Publication Xo. 2SO, 1938, pp. J -1.'>8.
14 'I'ECHlo.'1CAL BlfLLgTlN 1275, U.S. DEP'.r. OF AGRICULTURE
HUMIDITY
WIND MOVEMENT
Ji~nlpol"H lion or wa tel" fl"om land llnd plant surfac('s (:Ikl's pl:\(:e
1I10l"e mpidly whell then' is moying nil' tillul undl'l' cnlm ilir conditions.
Hot, dry winds :111(1 otht'l" unusual wind conll iLions d ul'ing the gl'owing
j){'riod will ntreet tllc' IUllount of wlltl'r conslllllptivdy us{'(1. Howenr,
thcl'e is it. limit til tbe Hmount o( wnt('1" tillit c:tn be utilized. As soon
as the bnd surface is dry, ('\":Ipom.tioll pl"adicall.r stops llnd tml1S
pimtion is lilllited by the ability of the pllllltS (0 extmct :lIld cOln'fly
thl' soil moisture through tilt' plltll ts.
GROWING SEASON
TJIt' growiJlg spaBOIl, wltidl is tied I'a t!l('r ('los('ly to lplllJ)('ra ture,
IIHB a rnnjor (>(f(·et on thl' s('asollHl U::1(, or Wllll'l" hy plan ts. It is fre
quelltl~- eonBidt~rt'd to hl' till' period betWl'l'll killing frosts, but, for
IJlnny anuulIl ('roPB, it i" ,;horter thall till' fl'ost-frcc Iwriod, as sueh
(TOPS are uSlIIllly plttnt('d :lftpr fro;:;ts :tn' p:tBI alld IllatuJ'(' befol'c thl'y
reCur.
For most Pl'I'('LlllillJ ('rops, growth st:uts us soon aB thp Ill:lXillllllll ..
[em p('m tUI'P SblyS wdl :1 IJo \'(. thp freezillg poin t ror Ull l'x(pll(l<>d
!)(>riod of days, illld eontinm's throughout the season despite iatpr
freezes, Sometimes growth persists nfter the Jirst so-cnlled killing
frost in the f:dl. In the spring, Hnd to less extent in the Jail, daily
lIIinimum tNn pt'L'il.tures Illa.\- lluctl/ate se\'l'l'iIl (/egrl'es :tbon' and
below :32°F. for sl'VPml days before H'Ulllilling gellC'rally ll.bon~ or
lwlo\\' thl' fl'ppzing poill t. The lw I'd ipr Cl'OpS sun·i n' thC'se fluetUll lions
:wel continue unharrllPd during :1, few hours of subfrN'zing \(llIIpent
Lure. In fact, many hardy (TOPS, l'BI)('ci:t!ly gl'llSS(,S, 1l1~1.\· matul'c
eyell though growing S(,IISOIl tempel'a turesl·Plwa.ted 1,\- d wp Iwlow
rreezillg. :1 n sou tJl('rn Arizona a Ild C:11 irom ill It! f:t/fa lind ('i trw; (re'('s
gl'O\V throughout tll(' year (J, /·5).
Although the frost-fr('l' SPIlson Illay be UB('(I as a· guidp ror ('o,nputing
.
('onslllllpti\-p use, Hetunl dates of planting :uld IlHl'n'sting of the (TOPS
lInd :IYN'age :ulIIunl datl's o( !:lIP Jirst :111.1 !aRt irrig:ltion ar!' illlportunt
in deh'l'Il1inil1g the ('onsUlllptin' irrigatioll rC'quin'IlJ('nts or til(' (TOpS.
Sludips or tlu' drl'ct of ('Iilll:ll(' OIl plnllt lift' W(>I'(' I"l'portpd H~ rnriy n.s
..
190,5 (1). Pht'lIologiClll sludi!';; "ucl! liS tllosl' lIJl(krwny in the Wt'stcrn
l'rgioll of tltc l~lIitl'<1 Stnlp:" witlt Itt'lltiqll:lrtpr;; a.t BOZ(,11I1111, ~IOlIl.,
will gr(liltly nssist ill IlInking proP('L' ('\'It/un tioJl of !.h(' gl'Owing S('ni;OI1S.
QUALITY OF WATER
SOli\(' ill\"pstigaliolls h:I\'e showil tllllt thp qll1t1ily of til(' w/ltel'
supply 1l111~\' hll \'l' :lJl :lppn'('i:lb\(' effeet on (,OIlSlIllIptin' use, \\lleth('r
or not plalltS netunll,\' tr,lnspirp 11101'(' 01' ks::; il' w:itl'r i8 highl,\' snlil1e
IlItlY iH' dl'i>at:lble. HO\\'('\'PI', if it i::; n('('('ssnI'Y to I1Pply additiol1itl
wnte-l' to till' 1:lnd 1:0 lea('h thc' saLts LlO\nl through the soil, l1Jorc
W:ttf'l' will pro!>:lbL,\' 1)(' lost Ii,\' e\":1 poral iOIl 1'1'01\1 tlH' soil surl'u('p and
sueh loss will he- ('ll:ll'gl'llble ngnillst fhp ('onsulllptin' j'('quil'elllcnt
of the' ('roPIH'd a r{'It,
SOIL FERTILITY
11' :1 soil is IlI:uLe II H) J'(' fertile throu~h the .1 pplie:ltion of III1lIlUL'l1
or hy SOIl1(' otlH'r IIlt':II1S, tll(' yi(,lds Illay be <'xIW('ted to ill('['(,1I8(, with
all aeeolllpan:vingsll1all in('I'('as(' in IIS(' or \\":II:{'I'. UoWe\'('I', an increllse
ill fertilit\" or the soil C,LUS('S It d('(T(',IS(' ill the amoullt of Wftl('l' ('011-
sUIlle<l p(:r lInit or erop yield,
CONSUMPTIVE-USE FORMULA
Disregarding many influencing factors, cOllsumptive USe varies with
the tempC'rn.tul'C', lcngth or clay, nnd avaibbk moisture regardless of
its Source (precipitation, irriglltion \nltl'r, or Ilfltul"Hl groulld watpr).
~[ultiplying thr mettll monthl.,- tpmpC'l"lttUl"r (t) by thc possibk
1110llthly l}(,lTl'lltnge of daytillw hOllrs or lhc yetll' (p) gi\-C's a mOllthly
(~OIlSUlllpti\"C-use ftlctor U). It is flSSllll1ed that crop consuillptin usC'
\-;lries direetiy as this factor \\-hc'n ;lllllll1plt' Witter suppl.,' is availablr.
IDxprrssrd nlathclnllticnlly in Ellglish units 1L=I.:j twd C=SUIll or
kj=K.P whcrr,
t=~lcall monthly temppmtuH" ill degrers F;thrrnhcit.
p=~lonthly perccntage of d;lytime hOlll'S or tlte .\'CaT.
f=l~g=lIlonthlY eOllsumptivp-us(' factor.
u=~lolltld.\' eonsumpti,-p liSP, in illchl's.
('=Srllson;11 consulllptin~ use (or ('\'llpotI"aIlSpimtioll), in ill("lws.
F=Sulll or the monthly ('onsllll1ptive-us(' radors for thl' lll'riod
(SUIIl of thC' products or llH'nll 1l10lltltly (elnprl"lltUI"(' and
mOllthl.\" prrC"clltage of d:I.,-tillH' hours of the .'"pur).
f(= Empirictll rOllsumplin-llse crop ("oeflieient ror irrigatioll
S('llS011 or growing period. ('I'ltis hns b('('11 roulld to be
I"l';tsollably eonstlUl L ror ail ;tl"('ns.)
III IIlPlri(' till ils,
/ (-t;j.7t+~i1:))
II=/,:p
. I . '11'
- J ()()-- =~loll[hy l"OIISlllllptL\'(' Lise, III 1111 IIIlP(('rR.
I,:::~rl'all Illonthly (l'IIlI)('nliul"l', in dl'gl'('PS ('{,Iltigrade.
Thr COIlSlIlllptiw'-lise rll('(Or (F) Illtty bl' (,OlllputNI ror ILl'pnS for
whieh monthly tClllperature re("oL'(\s lIre ;l\";lilllblc, ir lI1(' pC'ITPlllnge of
hours thaL llre shown in app(·ndix litblc Hi are used. Theil, tlte totnl
erop consumptive usc ([T) is oiltnilH'(\ bX IIluilipi.\-ing (P') by tlte
('Inpirical consull1ptin-lIsl' crop ('odf.i(:iellt ([(). This rl'i:ttiollship
allows the cOlllpultttion of ('OIlSlllllptin' ww :lllywhl'I'(' in till' \\'orld for
nops for whieh coeffieim(s 1m\'(' b('('I.l ('xlwrillll'lltnil.\' ('s(ablisIH,d 01'
which can be estilllated. .\PIWlld ix t II Ilks 17 11 lid I f) COil til ill ('It\eu In ted
1I0nrHtl monlhl.\- eonsull1ptin~-us(' fnctorR CO iLnd fl\'C'l"ltg(' 1110I1thl.\'
precipitation (1") ror arellsin,res(C'rn CnitC'd :-;(;\lrs and in \-arious
1l1"l'nS or the world. From t1H'sl' dlltt\' til!' R('asonal r;w(or (F) (';UI Il(,
d('ll'rlllilled ror nlly growing p('riod nl tbes(' IO(,;ltioll::;.
18 TECHNICAL BULL1!~TIX 1275, U,S, DEPT, Oli' AGHICULTURE
Dates_ o. __
Full year __ . _ . .H5 to .80
Pasture crops:
Gr:I$S_ .. , __
r BC't\w[!n frosts. .75 to .85
Ladino whitrcio\'pr _ Betw('ell frosts .80 to .85
Potatol'i; .. . :~ to 5 months_ .H5 to ./;)
Rice __ .... . :3 to 5 l110nth~_ 1.00 to 1.10
HisaL _. _._ Full vear
0 .H5 to .70
Hugar beets 6 moilthRo .(i5 to ,75
HugarclInt'0 . Full I'ear. . .SO to .!l0
Tobacco_ .~ lllo·nths. .70to .80
Tomatop;; __ . , ·t months. .H510 .70
Truck erops, small. :! to 4 months .. .(iC) to .70
Yin('yard __ 5 to 7 monUIf' .50 to .(ii)
1 Ll'n~th of ~I'ason dPIJPllcig lHrg('ly on \':triply :llld t imp of yl'ar \\'11('11 1 l!l' (TOP is
~rowll. Anllll'li crops ~rO\I'n tlurini( the wintl'r Ill'riod lIlay takC' lllllel! longf'r than
if grown ill the ,;ulllllwrtirne.
2 The lo\\"pr I'lllu('s of K for lise in tht' BJ:uJ('y-Criddl(' forlllub, C=KF, arc fur
thl' more hUlllid area», :t1Id til(' higlH'r \'aillps are for tilt! lIlorl' arid clillla(ps.
,I,It":>-:o ,,
! ,
,,
1,-,-.~I" '-'----;--,--; --;-~I
1 I
,~,
.
I.
_ _ _-'-_1
I
I I I
j.
" . - - - " - - - - ,- , - -
I
I
, z,
-
0
10. 10.
QU'";)
0
I
!
"
Itt
~
:,
f
tOtO
I~-r.
I
1
,
t
I
I
,
I
f
,
I
,
I
t 1
,
.
t
_ I
~I
X!
----:--l~~----- - -, --,-------,
:I; I' 000100
-OO·~'JJ
OOOICIO
OO':r.:I-iO
< f
'---1-'-' , - - - -----,--------
~-o'
-_
I I:': 0 0 0 In
-0-01-
0010 L': 10
C~OCI""IO
-:! ..... . ....
~ --~,~-------.-"-- .. ----,.. "-.-.- I
g
00000 o In 00
~:'t':'I-I-IO ':t;
,l-t Clr::
'-
o·
=
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.~
CONSUMPTIVE USE AND 'VATER REQUIRE"-IEN'l'S 21
3. The fNtility and producti"ity of the soils ill the ,'arious
locntious nrc similnr.
4. Growing periods for alf:IIra, pasture, on·hard ('wps, nnd
"natural" vegetation, although usually extemling beyond the
I'rost-free IH'riods, nrc usunlly indicated by suC'h periods.
Yields of crops dependent upon vege(:ltiye growth only v!try
with the length of the growing period.
Figure 2 is u nomograph dc\~cloped for the solution of lIlC consump
t i\'C'-uSC' 1'0rll1uln,u= kf, in the English nncL metriC' systems. H the
Illean lllonthly tempNl1tlll'C nnd the latitude of the area are known,
it is possible to cstim:ltc the nOl'lllnl montbly consumptive USc (u) of
any ('rop for ",11i('h (k) is known"
As :1I1 cxnmple, :lSSUllle lhnt it is desired to know whilt tlte July
t'onsulllptin. usc of \\,:lter hy sugHr beets might be in llll area of lnl.
:36 0 X., \\'bere the menu tempel'll.iul·p during thp month \\':lS 70 0 F.
For this condition, the .Tuly eonsumptin-use coefIieient for sugilr
bp('ts is estim:lted to be 0.70. From appendix table Hi, l' is 9.99
pe('(·('nt. Entering the nomograph (fig. 2) "'itlt the ilboye vnlues of
lane! jJ, \\'P find. thtlt f=(UJ. With a k or 0.70 the usc of wllt('r by
8llg:u' bt'C'ls during ,Tul,\' wilt be about 4.8 incil('s. Had the (TOP been
nIr:IU':1 with a k or 1.00, til(' normal ,Tuh' use would be about 6.9 inch('s.
tn OthCl' wOI'lI,;, 7 ineill's of wn.t('r lllllst be lIlade anlilablc for el'op use
during the month. This l'cquil'clIH'nl nllly be llJet frolll precipitatioll,
:~ 34
T
1·...2,
.1.'100 12 30
II
10 ?o6
24
~) 9 22
8 20
2. 7 -t 18
16
~ 40
IIOf45
100 6
35 14
20
90 .30 5
3 15 12
80 25 4
70' 20 5 4 10
6 ·10
4 9
7 8
.e 7
:
3 8
::1-::
40 5 15
10
12
~ 6
6
5
r6
7
I
3
Z L5
I
30 0 2.
~
9
JO
I'
12
13
f·
,
{j·1'02G~~ 02 -I
22 j'ECHNICAL BULLE'l'IN 1275, U,S, DEP'l', OF AGRICULTURE
IRRIGATION EFFICIENCIES
.Kllowlpdgl' of ('OIlSulllptin' USl'S is illlporlanl ill Ihl' (':1"P of a 1111'g'l'
irrigatioll projl'd, lInd e"pl'l'ially 1'01' rin'I' S,\"':;[(,1118 as a \\'1t()Jp,Ho\\'~
('\'PI', it IIlU,\' not b(·;.;o important to till' illdi\'idual farlll as [It(' pllieiPII('Y
with whie-h thp Wl1(('1' is ('Ul\\'p,\'(,d, distl'ii>u(('(I, Illld appli('(1, PSp('C'illlly
on it long, nnrl'Ow proj('('t. Jl'rigatioll Hutiloritil's 11lI\'(' ('stil11at('(1 tlllll
IPss thall :30 Ill'I'('Pllt of till' water <ii\'pr!("1 froll1 til(' soun't' ilcluIlII,\'
1)('('ol11('s a\'nilllble for LISP h,\' till' plant ill SOIlI(' arl':lS, This, for
example, 1l1l'11I1S thllt ill orcipr to supply 11 27-ill('il dt'pth of wIlte'1' 1)('1.' •
11(,I'P to aLfnLfa 1'01 ac:tUHI (,()IlSUnlptin~ uSP, at leHst 90 :l('l'('-in('hes
(7\; H('I'P-fppt) would hnn' 10 be din'I'INI fl'onl the rin'l.' 01' Otll!'1'
SOUI'(,p, Of the unused 70 1)('I'('(,llt, H. Jnl'gP PIll't is usually Illl\(k up of
tmllsnlissioll nnd distributioll IOSSl'S in ulliined (':lllal,;, latel'als, and
flll'lll ditdl('s, ,\pplie:l,tion loss('S'{'\'llporntioll, c\Pl'P P('I'('nlatioll, IIl1d
sUl'fa('(' I'unoff' -a('count 1'01' the I'PSt, Such loss('s indi('all' It 11('('(\ 1'01'
impI'On'lll('llt ill tilp us!' of Il\'ail:tble \\'11(('1.' 1'('SOlll'!'('S,
Tl'l'igntioll pfli.('iellC'Y is tlH' IWI'('entag(' or il.'l'igltliOIl watpl' tlta! i;.;
tnlHle ll.\'llilable 1'01' ('OIlSlI III pt in' uSe hy crops, \Vhl'll tl\(, \\'atpr
delivPI'p(\ is Illl'IlSlll'('(1 nl tlte flu'lll IIt'ndgntl', it is ('Itlled "fal'm" irrig-n
lion d!i('if'I1(',\'; \\'11('11 Ill('asul'('d at thp field or plot, it I11n,\'I)(, d('sig'natl'd
lIS "lipid" il'l'ig-illioll pffi('it'l1t,\-. (S('(, ll.(lPPllciix, p, :Hl.' ({('spnrdl
work('I's 11:1\'(' ('ollsi<i(,I'('(\ eff.i('il'IH',\' of irrig-ntioll (willrl'-Ilppli('alioil
effl('i('n('y) as I IIp PI'\'f'('Ill:Ig-P of watp!.' lilllt ('1111 1)(, aC'colllllNI for as tll('
illerease of IllOisllll'l' ill lh(' soil oC'('llpil,d h,\" the prillc'ipal I'ootill~
system of thp ('I'OP, alld liH'Y 1t1l\'P nSSllllll'(\ thnl tllf' 111l101111t of watpl'
stored by tlte irl'igator in the ::loil i::l IwuilalJlt' for lrllllSpil'lltion Or
CONSU~IP'.rI\'E USE AND W A'l'ER REQUIREMENTS 23
consumptive llse. Ir-l'igf1tion efficiency determillittions hilve been
made by the U.S. Depltrtment of Agriculture in cooperation with
State agric:ultuml expel'imen t sbltions and other agencies in 'Vestern
Shltes, particul:u·l.v ('ltiifol'llin, (1), Xew Mexico (36), Utilh (33), and
vVnshin cr ton. 3
If th~ filnn llltemis al'e relatively short, if they are lined, or if the
water is deliwred to the field hy pipelines, farm transmission losses
nmy become negligible nnd field-irrigation efficiency may be approx
imiltel\r the Sllllle as the fnrll1-il'rig:ttion efliciencv. Skill in the
handli~lg or the water by the il'rigntor, proper land preparation, and
lldeqUilte I'llI'm irrigation structures mny greutly increuse the efficiency.
This \dll allow 1'01' fl corresponding decrease in the total amount of
water that must be r\pli,'ered to the lnnd 1'01' crop production.
~[ethods or detprmining irrigiltion effieiency have been described
in other rrports (4, 33). To dptermine the field-irrigation efficiency,
it is essential to know the 1lI0isturl' content of the soil before and
Ilfter irrigation, liS well as the quantity of water delivered to the
fidd or plot. Additional inrOl'llllltion on irrigation efficiencies is
needed 1'01' \"Ill'ious irrigation site conditions.
Effect of Soils
Prohnbly the f:tdor h:t\'ing the gre:ltcst effect on irrigntion effi
('ieney, aside from the handlillg- by the irrig-ator himself, is the soil
on the flU'Il1 n.nd thaI soil through which the ('anals lind ditches run.
This applies parti('ularly 10 oldcr projects, where fnnn irrigation
systcms wen' not IH'C'('ss:lrily Inid out n('('ording 10 soil characteristics.
III geneml, ('onsid('l'ilhlc loss of \\'nl('[' b.,· dccp pe['coilition occurs in
tile lighter soils. On lit(> hca\'ic[' soils, llllWIr watcr lllll)' he lost
through surrnec !'llllo!L T~'pi('al irrigation (,fljeiencics 1'0[, se"cral
difrcretlt soil eonditiolls aI'(' shown in lithic (i.
One of the major reasons for low ilTigation efficiencies is the change
of intake rate that oecurs throughout the irrigation season Iwd from
year to year within the crop rotation period. Becnuse of this rate
of-intake variation, which might range from one to four within any
one season and at least double between seasons, considerable flexi- ~
bility must be built into the irrigation system if high efficiencies are II
Effect of Crops
As II, nile, it is possible to gethighet· efl-iciency or il'l'igation with ...
close-growing crops than with those growlI in rows. Also, applicntion
efficiencies 1'01' deep-rooted crops nre usually higher than JOl' SI1l111ow
rooted crops. In large fields or shallow-rooted crops, n substnntinl
pnl't of the water applied mny be lost because lhe upper' end of the
field becomes "oversoaked" alld the water sinks below the root zOlle
before the 10weL' end has received enongh water.
In a similar mtumer, the age or the crop likewise nfl'eets inig[ttion
efficiency, especially with row crops when the plants al'e young.
The root zone of young plants is extt'emely shallow, iwd much ·water
is usually lost through deep per('olntion or' smfaee runoff before
enough water moves hori7.ontally from the fmrow to the hill under
young plants. 1\.s the plants develop and the root systems grow,
this loss can be reduced n,ppreciably.
•
Effect of Methods of Irrigation
'rhe method of iuign,tion hns considerahle efred 011 LllP efliciellP\'
of application. UncleI' some couditions, the highest nppliclItioil
efficiency can be attained by the usc or sprinklet's. Borclerirl'igiltion,
where adapted, is condueiye to relatively high efficiency 111 the usc
of Wtlter. At th(' other end or the scale, "'ild flooding is probably
the least efficiel1 t of nIl methods iwd is usually not justified where
the cost of water is high. Flooding J't"equentiy results in nonuniform
distribution and excessive waste of wiLter nnd is lIkely to create
serious (iI'ainage problems.
USABLE PRECIPITATION
The amount of growing-season precipitation thnt is usable by
plants is difficult to predict because of the many conditions enCOUll
tere(\. Undoubtedly, not all rainwater will enter and be stored in
the soil. In some areas of light rainfall, practically all summer pre
cipitation may be lost by evaporation from the foliage and adjacent
land surfilce, None may be retained in the soil for transpiration by
the CTOP, Howey-er, in such areas, the total summer precipitation
is pl'obilbly a relatively small amount of the seasonal consumptive
requirements of the crops, The showers, although adding little or
nothing to the usable soil moisture supply, are commonly accompa
nied by doudy weather, during which evapotmnspiratioll is slowed
down. Thus, sllch storms may be of value in meeting the wiLter
needs of crops.
In those nl'eas where growing-season rainfall is heavy and ill tense,
SOIUC will be lost, depending upon the intnke rate and stol'llge capnc
ity or the soil in the root zone or the crop use, Likewise, eyell though
tIte soil nU1Y nbsorb the rfLinl'all, any in excess of tllilC which the root.
zone will retain is lost to the crop above,
Unless ([etailed inl'ormation is fLVailable on the chanLCLer or the
storms ancl the surface Tunofr and deep percolation that occurs I'rom
eaeh, the authors recommend that "efrective Snl11lner precipitation"
be estilllnted, using monthly precipitiltion dilta and the relationship
as shown in table 3, But here again, local experience may ue more
lIsel'ul than ,wy ilrbitmry Jormulil that might be set up to covel' nJI
eonditiof1[3 of rninfall, soils, CL'OPS, topogl'fLphy, and climate.
APPLICATION OF CONSUMPTIVE-USE
'l.'.\.Ii[,E I ..... ('ompllll'd I/ol'lilalliloltthly COl/81WlptiL'e 1/8(' (lild irri!lation /'I'lj!tiremenls of nIL ol'anye wove, Sa,nla, ..lna, Oalif.
;(~-"'--"~--r ------
('(lIl~l"IlPI h'l' 11;-;1' A\'prag;1' I ,OIlSIIIIl pt 1\'1'-, lrri' l" 1I ('j
i o
~llJlltll
~Ipall D" \'l i III!'
1I;l\II'~
('OIl:;III1IP- I
th°l' 11:;(\ ~
AV('I'Hgt'
mill":dl
(,Ifl'('\h','
I':ti II r:dl ~
11,';<' lIIillUS"
! ('fr('l'th'p I gil. JO
l'I'qllll'~-
g
!I.
IPlllP"I':I
IlIn' I,'al'llli' ('()('fIi l'il' II I
.
r:lll1fnll
.
I 1Il('lIl .!
....
til (,I) en (kl J (II) (,.) (1',,) (u r ..) . (i)
~
....
.,-:
t':l
~ 1'. /"'J'('t'111 il/(·it(',~ /III'II'<S /tlt:/I(W i t/(·itl'.~ illcit(w
~
,J:lIll1i1I'\' ii:~. 0 ,. \J!l :~. 'Ii (J. :::0 O.S2 'J .)
.... _I 2. on I. 27 UJ
It'ebI'IIU'I'\' ii·1, Ii 0. 110 :~. Ii' • :{O I. 1:1 a. 25 2.11·1 I. ~! j t':l
;'Inl'ch . ,ii. I S. :{ii
,,-
.1. Ii'
- · ;{.j I. (i, 2. 57 2. ;{2 ". til) I ,:.L..,
,\pril
:\'1 n \'
,J!). !J
In. ,j
S .Il
II. il
11. _I
Ii. I, , ·It)
· ·10
2. II
2. ·Ii'
· !IS
· as
· !/5
· :'I(i
I. III
2. II !
(1)
2. Ii t::1
.Julli· _
Ii" I II. !HI {i. 50 .50 :{. :?ii · (}·I «(,) a.25 l .1. 0 :;j
.JlIh'
.\1I~1I~1
~I'J1t(,lIlb,'1'
,1.1
71. \1
till. ij
0.1'\7
II. :t3
1'\. :~Ii
,. 05
(i. ,I
;i 1'\ I
· ;j5
· iiO
• ii·1
:l. SS
:1. ali
a, I·'
!
.01 I
,05
,22
(Il
(;)
(I')
a. S,";
a. :.15
a. 14
.1. S
4, 1
3.7 ~
Ol'tubl'l' (i.1, , 7. no 5. II ,,10 ' 2.0·' ,71 · liS I. au L 7
~
X (1\'('111\)('1' ,In, I
" lI2
,I. Iii , ,10 I. (j(i · HI · S(i .80 1.0 ~
1)""('l11hel' .jl, , n.112 a, 71'\ , :l5 I. a2 :.1.01 2.71i •••.1. ,1-1... ________ _ t':l
o
T{Jlul, 'lI' IIIt'UIl Ii:? :? 2U,I;.I 1·1. ·10 la.27 21. !)
~
........ ----" ............-- .. ---~ g3
I k fOl' IIlllll! II,; of Apl'ill'o ;.\0\'1'1111)('1' un' (I'OllllulJll' Ii of l'('f(,I'('II('1' 3 B:t;;l'd 011 in.ig;at iun t'f1it'il'lIc,r of SO pr:'r(,l'11t ullder good busin t;3
Vl,l IJn:<p(\ 011 IIH'U:illn'd \'nlll"s; k fol' .JnllllulT, F,'/)nlnI'Y, ~I an' II , nllrl inip;lltioll pl'netiel' ill Ol'llllg;(~ COIIIILy with l'OIl(iIlIlOIlS t.n'(' gl·owth. 2!
1 Willlt'l' rlllTyO\'l'r soil IIlOi~tlln', :'Illlrl'1I a 1= a.7 illdlt's. Th('I'(' >-3
UJ
'1)('('('1111)1'1' an' ,'xlmpolnll'c!, wh,'1'1' k.",,!':.· fon', 110 irrigatioll r<'(jllirt'd in Apl·il.
~ /)Ptl'l'lIlilll'd ill :l1·I·Ol'd:tIH.'!' witll !:thl:! (,:\l'('pl fOl'lllilloJ'l'lIillfull s '1'11(' ,mlllll :11 1\ e,11I II I.. of millfnll is 1\('g;ligiblc.
as i IIdil'all'l1.
t1
28 '.rECHNICAL BULLETIN 12 i 5, U ,S, DEPT, OF AG UICUL'rUUE
I
('OI1:'III1lP
11:'1' ( 'Olt [h'I'II:'p Irri.!!H
,
:\lonth
"'"llP
ti\'(~
llIil)lI'; (,f
f('('l i\'p
tiOIt
I'('«uin'
FlIl'tnr C'o('lli· U:O-:P Tnt:,1 EfT!'I'- rninfnll 11)('11 ( I
('il'lI! I in· •
Month
Factor
_.,--_ _ _!
COl'm
tivc
lise Total EfTec-
I
Rump- ;__.. _.,..-___ III III us ef- I tlOIl
feclive ; require-
":tiJlfall! ment;'
rient tin' !
I
(J)I {k)2 (It) I (r) ! (It-r.) U)
-----I---:------f
! j : 1I/che.. j-;:;::--1-1-lIc-,,,-'..-1 1I/ell/,..
"
I Illehes
~layi-315l .l, 30 0.83 i :3. 5 i I I. OS I I. 02 \ 2.55 i 4.25
.r u ne. ~ __ ~ l Ii. liS . Sf! ; 5. 05 . 92, . Si 5. OS'S. 4i
,J uly _. _~! ~. 5§ . O~ () S') , ')4 ' . 23 G.50 1.O.9S
AugusL ___ , 6.8, .S3 5: iO : I!) I . IS 5.52 9.20
September J 5. 15 . (i\) 3. 55 . 53 ; . 50 3.05 . 5.08
Ortob~'r 1- i .3S .35 I .13 . 12 i . IJ
.02 , _______ _
3. ' , .
j ~. __ ~ ________--....--__ .....-! ~ ..___ ~ ........__ "___._ ~4 • • • ~ ~~ _ _ .,....- _ _ •_ _ .
_ ._ _ _ •
25. i2:t 3. OS I
i
2.01 22. SI, 3S.01
MOllth
., "---~~:I~~!:'~~~~:~;~~'-i- . - ····/~~IIJl:t
I'ador ('~:)('Ih-; 1'(''11111'1'- Mont.hly pl~I'(,-
;Elft'l:ti\'{,/;"".
i dllJ'l!lg
Willt('I~!-~lltlll'llll~OI' C~lIl-11
(:VllPOru-, SlIllIptl\"('
CllJ'J'j'-
At thc
Iwudgute '
fi~ld
8
t-l
Ci
fD
!i,
....
('1('nI 2 , 1111'111. t "'f' : groWIIIg ILIOII frolll! ov('r us lise of t
, ' : S('USOII I soil ~ isoillllOis- crops u I ~
(1',) . tlln' r. t t"
(j'J I {k)2 (II - A:fl (1') (I' )'1 , I t:Ij
------~ ! . , . _ - ~ .. -, .L ~- -- ___ 1_ _ _ __
I ~
- --.. --
,lanulIl'\' _ 2.74
lucltt';f IlId'f.1
O. 7fi
I"rlle.,
0.71i
1Ilcllr.v '/IIcll,.
O. 50
IlItlle,'
O. 2(i
I IIICIIl'. l' IlIc'ttx
. _ _. _ _.. _ _
Peel t'j
~
F('brtl:1rr
MIII'l'h.
a. on .1;4. .1;4 , 5~ . ~4 !-- 1 _1 __ ." Z
ApriL.
.1. 4a
5. 'II) O. 50 2.74
I. 54
2. 78
1.44
2. 41) 2. 40 j _
· 7;) . (,0 1_
1 (S)
I
I ._
__
'1_ - .-- ...
~
Mny_ fi.8f) . RI) 5. ·In ;3.50 a. 0 I 3.01 : I (.II) _ . _ _,. _ .._ 'I
.filliP 7.78 1. On 7.78 3. 18 2. SO 2. SO 10 4. 77 n. 3(; O. 53 0.
,Iuly R 33 I. 10 O. Iii I. 84 1. 71 I. 71 7. 45 O. !)3 I • 83
August 7.82 1. 05 8.21 2. ·10 2.2U 2.2U I 5.05 7.03 i .66 d
S('ph'III bt'r fi.:H I. 00 ti. :34 2.1;3 2. f3 2.53 3. 8 L 5. 08 1 • 42 ~
Octoll!'r 5.07 . 50 2.54 3.21 2.82 II 2. 54 .28 I ~ ... _" __
X oVl'IIlIll'1'
DI'('(·llIiJl'r.
:3. ti5 I. 24 I. 17 · 50, . li7 i, ,- ... .,' . _. -,. . ._.'_ ~
2. 88 1. 21; I. 20
. . . -- .. · 50. . 70 I - .,j.... ... -i . .
____,___
."
~
I
--~ --~- -----I-~~
Toinl 01' n\'l'l'Hgl' ti4. ·IS , R5 ·12.2fi 25.40 2:3.0a 17. 34 2. 75' 2. 04 21. !IS I 20. ao I 2. 4.1 o
,1_ f . ____ ~__ _ ":1
I Fl'olll ilp(lendix tnhll' 17. .1 COllsulllptin' 1'['(luin'mellt, of 2.74 iuches millus effective :.
2 A~~\I1I1('d fl'OIll ('Xlwl'illll'ntal data ill oihl'l' al'(,H~.
3 COlllput\'d fl'ollllaiJle a.
, AssllIlIl'rl.
plw,jpijut iou of 2.4!) would I'<'fluir!' withelm,wIII of 0.25 inches froll\
thl' soil lIIoist,1I1'1' l'eSPI'V(' of 2.!)'~ inehofi aL t.llt! I'lld of Murch, but
"
~
8
wOllld lIot, require irl'igatioll. Th(' soil Illoisi;ul'c rest'rv(\ ut the c::
1 Dilf P J'('lIi'l' I){'l \1'('1'11 l'1J'('dh'p pl'l'eipitntiull alld 1(1';'; by (','apol'u (,1Ir1 of April would th(,'11 IJ(' 2.(;1) illchl's. t"
tiOIl.
a COlIslIllIpti\'(' wHir'r r!'quiJ'('III('IIL IlIillllS pl'I'eipitntioll alld
o 5.40 IIdllUS :J.n I 2.48 t.o (:omo fl'OIll soil moistlll'll carryover of
2,fiH II'H\'iIl/-( 0.21 ineh liS earryOVl'r Ilt the eml of May.
d
~
I'('siduul (':1ITYO\'1'1' soil lIIoistul'l' Iwailuhh' dllrin/-( tlw IIhllllh. 10 7.78 iut'h('s millus 2.RO=4.08 illches to comc frolll carryover t-l
; BH~\'d Oil n fipld ilTigation dliei('Jl('Y of 75 ppn'I'lIt. This Illay soil lIIoistun' (0.21 ill.) alld irrigatioll (4.77). .
Iw npplil'(l durillg I hI' lIIouth liS showlI, UI' S(lIII(, IlIH I' ht.' s[ol'l'd II Ollly 2.54 illehes is 1I['('ded to sntisfy consumptivc requirement
IIIH'Hd of ti 11\('. . and 0.28 illl'h to rl'plellish soil 1lI0il)t,ure .
,5 9....:J
I .. ~~f6~~;i~~~i~
-En=::;
._
-'----
.:: -: -,:,i ,:- ~i d ~ ~ . { ct5
._ C";::
;... .:;
.,:; ....
j
i
I
":'1
~~f::g~~;6~~~~
~....: ....: ~i ....: -:= -r ,:"i , _. ~
~~::d~~~;~~~ I ~
~-:-i~-iIr5~~~C'i Ie ~
:::;.
,
I:,!
. =:
i~
.~
s~:~~~ti;;;:;;
..,..t:.i:r..~~==~~I":
7'1:r.;=::r..':F.;7'I~tr..
.~
S(
-= :..
'"
~
f-'S2 E~~
:.. ~t=;.~...::4 ~
~ . or. -::
-::::...
...= ~ =;; ... "-. ~ :::;:.;
;:
~I~'~~'~~~ ~
;-;-::~":;":;<riio
« 4
~~-(.
rL\.lIJ,I~ 12.-1!.'.rample oj obsel'cedmonfhly tempera/unll:,. and precipitation and calculated cOH811lnptive-use jactol's and
".[{('clive rainjallfol' the JIonll'v8e area" Colo.
1 . l'I'CC~;ilat iOI~~ T~:I~~~I~;:~~~~:;' c:et ::~;-dr!)Clive. minCall for crops
g
z
] COn~III1lI.)- . f during" Ihe CI'OHtJl'l'C 01' growing period
I
I
;,'[ollih
l\ll'ill!
1('1111)('1'11-
lUI'('
I'cl't::cnt
cia ,'limc
hOll1'8
th'p 1I:i(1
Cndol',
x
l l'
t
1--
'
I "'~I------------l'-'--'
Alflllf:l, ~I':IS';, hll.y, COl'll IIlId olh!:1' Gmill and bcalls,
100- ! :\ol'lllni Elree- alld ol'chHl:d, 5f{) lllllllWls, 5/0 5/(j Lo 8/6
(i\'('. to Wi(j to 'Jj6 m
I ; --.'--
1- (n I ('.)'
c:i
(~_I__ ~_j _
. _~~J.~~~L_(f)_I. Cr.) 2 U1
(0 (p) J til m
.lal1l1:1n'
'!';',
:;'1. ~
_. .
l~. ~.\
!,- ..
;~. (,~
l,'clle~~
O.;)~
[lIclle~.)
O.
I - -,!
n: ,-
111 cll e. ,/1
,
I
1_
1I1c/lc. I c_. _.. __ [1Iche.
>
Z
t;
1~!:bl'lIn'n' .)1. I (l. IS _.1;) . '\1 . ·In '. I : :;J
;\lnn'h _' :l!l. S R a·\ . ;{. :U . 70 . 72 ; _ . _,. ; >
Apl'iI_ ,I.S.·I So!!:! I ,t.;{2 1.00 .U51_ .__ .... _1 _ _..... • __________ _ l-3
;\II1Y _
.funt'
~~. :~
btl. :)
itJ. p.\US 1r ~. ~o
0. h·\
I. o~
..11..
1. oq
. ·In
,!. (~O
h. b.J. I
o. R! 1 ,!. (~O
. ·In I h. (j·l
I 0.81' ~. ~o
b. 64.
0.81
,45
tol
::<l
.Iuly _
AII~II~t
7:!.2
Ii!). S '
1O.1a
n. ,I\)
I,
7.al
(j. 02 I
.79
I. :{ I,
.751
J. 2;3 •
7.:31:
Ii. Ii:! i
.75
I. 22
7.al
0. 1l2,
II •
.75
J. 22
,15
I, 28
7.31
. 24
.75 ::<l
m
I I
~
~
1;3
TotaL __ _ - .-.: ---100.-00-!-·' 5L-IG-:'~l):7!i' \J. 26 1--:i;~-12-j---:i ..10'; -~;;:~ll-a'-'I'-I I 10. sa 2.25 ~
__ ._.___.._ ......_ _ .• _____ •__ .....!_____ .. __ • __ • ____ ~ ___ i_._ _.______ .~_-_•• __ ___ ._._:.l___ ~...l.- _ __ rJl
I r=tl\'el'!\ge pl'('cipitalion.
Col:!
Col:!
~
~
'l'AIILt} 13.-]l':t(l:mp[l' IIj l'ompulat-ion (if sl'nsollal con8umptiL'ellSI' nud irrigatiun rellU'irementlljol' crops in the J11ontl'ose
Land lise ,
l~roRtfl'l>f' or I
I
:
growing 1-'" .-- -
area, Colo. I
COllSlllllpt.h'c 1I8(~
I
ComplltNI
erT('cti Vl'
rainfull
.~e·_.
U minlls
/(
__ ~__. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Pield irri
gil tiOll effi
ciency
Irrigation
require
ment
I
~
~
I seaSOll I
Faetnr CUl'ffieil'nt Amollnt l':l
Small grain
5i6 <10;U
5!li- Il/li
5Jli- S!6
31.
2U.
lll.
12
21. 1
83 1
. 75
• 75
• 75
23. 34
Ill. U6
14. 87
I 4.
:3.
2.
4U
H
25
IS. S8
lH. 22
12. 62
60
65
65
31. 5
25. 0
I\). 4
cl
~
Orchards•...
SCPIW(\ land
Dl'nsc naturnl vl'gp\ati()n
MHO/U
5/6·10/6
5f{HO/(;
31. 13
31. 12
31. 12
. (i5
. SO
1. 20
20. 23
24. 110
37.34 ,
I 4. 4H
4. ,W
4.4(;
15.77
20. 4.4
32. 88
70 22.5
~
t'j
I
::>j
l':l
: i
Irrigation water
l'e Q uired for con- I Farm ir-'
I ! Wllter required
for crops at
Land liSt' Land sumplh'e use 1 I I'igation I farm heaclgate
/
aren f 'I'
efficiency 2 '
t j 1'('1' acl'() ; Total
1 31 Total
, Pel' acre
--.--",------- - - - -'--~-'" ---I-~- ---,-----1--
rrri!/(I/(>ri 'i i Acre- I Acre·
Alfalf:l __
I .lere.,! ~Icre-[e<l !ut I Pacellt .'Icr.-/ttt /ett
35 I I. 83 > 04 60 3.05 107
Grass hav
COI'll ___ •
20 r I. 57,' ;~ 1 'I 50 :3.14 6:3
10 ' 1. ;{5 Il 55 2.45 24
Ol'chnnL __ 10 I I.:H 1 1!31 60 2.18 22
i/tr'ii/en/fll •
I
Road:; ~ .1 o I o
I)PI1iW lIatural
\"(~gl>l:ltioll_
~('P ped Ian d,; 6 -r
!I I'
1.
I
us I ~
'J
-.
I.
-',-)1' .) ;
., I
:---j----:---(-
Total 01' :l\'(>l'a!!;l'
fOl'1I01'lllai i j ('
1 Consumptive U~l' (G) minus ('ff"eli\'!' pl'f'eipit.ation (R,) for growing season.
(See table 3.)
2 Assul11cd reasonable for this area. (See table 6.)
3 Amount of water to be delh-ered althe farm headgatf', in acre-feet. to satisfy
crop requirl'ment:::.
~ ~[ost of this use might bl' clirninatNI by lanrl leveling fmd better water maTl
agement, and the water put to a higher or more beneficial usc.
5 Vegetation along ditchbllnks and on low land.
LITERATURE CITED
[:'Irany pI'oc('ssNI :lrlieles are no longer twailable]
(8)
Assoc. Internal!. d'lIydrol. :-ici., \'01. 3, Bul. as,
pp. l,jO-160, illus.
IOiif!. I RRWATIOX .IU:S};AHC'U AX]) WAT8R l"'l'lI"IZATlOX IX IS ILU:r.. IT.H.
Jntl'rI111tl. Coop. Admin. n,O:'lI Agl'. HpL, .I LG pp. \\'lI:;hinglon,
D.C. [Proc(·",,(·c1.]
(Il)
111;i!). .\lOXTIII"" ("OXH(,~II"nn; I:Sg /(EQl"IH}:~IJ::X'l"S FOR IHHIGA'n~O ('HOI'S.
Ampl'. ~o(". Ch'il Engill. Proc., Irri!5. and I)rtlinnge Div. •Jour.
(IJt-1, Papcr 1!)63) S;j: 1-12, iIIUi<.
(10) •
I !)(iO. IH;'I'r;It~IlXIXG lJtIllGATIOX H~:QL'J ItJ~~1 ~:XTS FHO,\I ('()XHL'~II''J'I \'1:) es~;
WATElR 1tA'n~:;. Fifth Int!'I'IlHll. Cong, Agl'. Engin. TI'fIns. (l ()liS)
I: 2\)2-30·1. Hru:;i'('I".
(II) ... - AXU CIUJ)I)I,g, W. D.
1!Hii. A .\n:'l'IIOD OF ESTDIA'l'IXG WNn:H HEQL'IHg~IEX'!'S lX lRHIGA"I'~:D
Aln;.\H FRfJ~1 CI"I~I,\TO!.O(;ICAl, OAT,\. l'.::3. D('pt. Agr. Soil Conser\" ....
:)('1'\'., 17 pp. [Processed.]
(12) - - - - AXil ('1(11)1)1,£, \\'. J).
I 0;::;0. J)~:TI';R~IIXIX(; WA'n~H HE(H:Iln:~IEST;; IX IHl!WA'I'J-:1J AftEAS FRO.\!
('I, 1.\1 Nl'or,() caC,\I, ASI) ll!ItI(;A'J'IOX I) Nr,\. l:.H. J >ept. Agr. i:ioil
COIl~erv. 8('1'\'. f;Ct;,·TJ'-(J6, .J.1 pp" illu~. lPro('l'~s('d,]
(13) -~-- EWIXG, P. A., JSIUELSEX, O. \\'., AXI) OTm:H);.
10:38.HE(;J()XAL PI>AXXIXG, PAHT' \'l--l"PI'}~R HIO GIUXDE: PAHT IIr, WNfEIt
l'TlbIZATIOX. .'\tltl. HN'OUrtc:; Com., pp. 203-,128, illu~.
(1.1) '_ .. -'_ .. HAISE, H. H., AXI) ,h;XSEX, :'II. E. 1
I \);j!J. COX>iCMI"I'IYf} I:SE H l"] nftWA'I'EO CHOPS IX \l'ES'I'EIIX "XI'/'f;J) i)'J'A'J'ES,
LT.;;. J)(.pt. Agl'., Agr. He;;, Bel'\'. 53 pp. [Processed.)
CQNSUMP'l'IVE USE A:.~D WA'.rER REQUIREMENTS 37
(15) 131"I.NEY, H. F.,AND HARRIS, KARl,.
1 1951. CONSUllPTIVE USE AND IRRIGA'l'ION REQt:IREMEI,'rS OF CROPS IN
; ARIZONA. U.S. Dept. Agr. Soil Conserv. Serv., 49 pp., ilIus.
r-.J [Proeessed.1
(1 H) - - - AND ?lIORIN, K. V.
I\)·12. EVAPORATION AND CONSt:~IP'l'IVE USE (H' WA'I'.ER EMl'IRICALFOR
1941. CONSU:\IPTIVE USE Ot' WATER FOR AGRICUL'l'URE. Amer. Soc. Civ.
(36) l\IcLAUGHLIN, \V. 'V., BI,AI>EY,H. F., E'\'ING, P. A., .~ND OTHERS.
(37) MUNSON, W. C.
1960. METHOD FOR ES1'UIATING CO)<SUMPl'lV.E USE OF WATER FOR AGRI-
CULTURE. Amer. Soc. Ci\,. Bngin. Proc., Irrig. and Drain.
Jour. (IR-4, pt. 1) 86: 45-57.
(38) NIXON, P. R., ..1.1>0 LAWLESS, G. P. .,
1960. TRANSI,OCATION OF ~IOISTURE WITH "rI~IE IN UNSATURATrm SOH,
PROFII,ES. JoUI'. Geophys. Res. 65: 2, 655-66l.
(39) PENlIAI>, J. L.
1948. NATURAl, EVAPORATIO:-I "RO;\[ OPEN 'I'ATER, BARE SOIf" AND GRASS.
Roy. Soc. London, Proc., SCI'. A, HJ3: 120-145.
(40) PITTl[AN, D. 'V., A:-IJ) STE'I'ART, GEOHGE.
1930. TIYENTY-EIGIIT YEARS OF IRRIGATION EXPERDIENTS NEAR r.OGAN,
UTAH, 1002-29 INcr,usrVE. Utah Agr. l<;xpt. Sta. Bul. 2IO, 15
pp., illus.
(41) RILEY, J. A., A:-;J) GRISSO.M, P. H.
1961. CI,DI.-I.TE A:-IJ) CROPS IX HUMIIl AHEAS. AlI1er. Soc. Ck. Engin.
Tmns. 126, Part III: 492-5l3, ill liS.
(42) ROCKIYEU" "'. L.
1914-20. DUTY O~' WATER 1:-1 IHRIGATION. U.S. Dppt. Agr. Bur. Pllb.
Roads, 77 pp. [ProcPRsed.]
(43) STOUT, O. V. P.
1931. C()NRUMPTIV}~ VSt; ()V WATEH IN Tllt~ IHJl.TA OV SACRA.\IE:-Il'(J ANII
(4!) Y<JUNO, A. A.
1!J.l5. IRRInA'rrON IUHllrIRt~MfJ:-Il'S (J/o' ('ALW()RNIA CROI'';. Calif. ()ppt.
Pub. Work,;, \rater Rpsourc('s J)iv. Bu!. 51, 1:{2 pp., ill liS.
· '.
APPENDIX
DEFINITIONS OF CONSUMPTIVE USE AND IRRIGATION TERMS
Con8umptive 1tSe (evapOll'an8piration).-'l'he unit amount of water
used on a given area in transpiration, building or plant tissue, and
evaporated from adjacent soil, snow, or lntel'cepted precipitation In
any specified time, Oonsumptive use may be expressed in volume
per unit area, sueh as ae!'e-illches per acre, or in depth, such as lnches
01' millimeters,
Transpiration.-'l'he net quantity of water absorbed througb the
('rop roots and transpired, plus that us('d directly in the building of
plant tissue. It docs not include evapomLion from the soil or inter
('epted precipitation, Jt is expressed in ter.llls of volume per ullit
urea 01' as depth in feet or inches,
('onsumptive water reqltirement,-'J'he alllount of water pot('ntially
required to meet the evapotnwspiration needs of vegetative arens so
that plant production is not limited from lack of watel',
Oonsumptive irriYCLtinn l'eqwirement.-The depth of irrigation water,
exclusive of precipitation, stored soil moisture, o!' gl'OuncL wnter, t,hat
is required consulllpti \'c!y for crop production,
Irriyation ei/icienc?/,-The percentage of irrigation ",atp!, thai is
stored in the soil and a\'i1ilable for consumpt.i ve use by the cropE,
'When the water is IlwnsUl'ed n.t the fiU'II! hendgltte it is co.lled farlll
irrigation efficiency,; when measured at the field, it iE designated ns
field-irrigation efficiency; and when 1l1('11sUI'ed at the point of divP!'
sion, it may be cnlled project-efficiency,
Irrigation water I'eqnil'ement.-Thl' consUlllptivt' irrigation waLe!'
!'equl/'ellient divided by the irrigation (,{Ikinney,
Jloistnre percent(Lge.--'rllC pcrcenUtge of 1Il0isture in the soil, based
on the weight of the ovell-dry material.
Field cap(witl/,-'rJw moisture percentage, on a dry-weight basis, of
a soil after /'apid dntinage hns taken plaee following l1n ltpplicntion of
Witter, provided therc is no water table within eapilhu',Y n·nch of the
root zone, This moisture percentage usually is reached within 2 to 4
ditys after an ordinlu-y irriglttion, tIle time-intervnl depending on the
soil type,
IVilting IJoint,-Tlte Illoistul'P percclltage or the soil below which
little 01' no plan t growth occurs,
Effective predpitcLtinn,-PrecipiLation falling during the growing
period of the crop tltn.t is available to meet the consuillptive waleI'
requirelllents of crops, It docs not ineludc cleep percolation helow
the root zone nOl' sud'ace runoff,
Oarryover soil moisture,-Y[oisture stomcL in the root zone soils
during the winter while the m'op is dorl1lant 01' before it is planted,
'1'1!is moisture is n vn.ilablc to help llleet the conslIlllpti\Tc water needs
of the crop,
39
40 TEC~TICAL BULLE'l'IN 1275, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
TABLES 15 TO 18
TABI.E l5.-Records of lIlCaS~lred seasonal conswnplit,c use of water by irri(Jaleci
crops and calculated con.~wl/ptiL'e-1Ise factors (F) aud ('rop coefficients (K) at
variolls sites in fiT estern United Siaies
i____.
__. _.______1 WI .. (1-'\ (K)
.\Ifalfa at.
Carlshad, X. ~fI'x •• I!J.lO
ftUJIC$
:18.6 ,
..·1.".",1---·",
"U 0.8S ISIIl
Fort Stoekfon, 'T(.lx~ ~ I!J.lO 40.n tf).'JC 1 s.~ I (311)
~al1 F'('rnnn<io, Calir..~ 19:m 1!1.:r ~'t~! . -
:~~ !
(I)
:;"n Fl'rnlllldo. CnIiL ..
BOTllwrs Ferry, 1dnho ...
I!J.lO
1940-17 i
:1•• 4
24.0
4:1.73 I' {I)
2 •• 15 .88 (li)
S('OII~hllllr, Nehr,_ W:12-:m ~tj. 9 !."J.04 1, .SO (W)
I'rOS$!t r, \\',l.c.;IL.
l
Lognn, l'tnh •• _
1!J.l7 36.0 as 50 I .(Ia ('J
lOO2-:'~ 25.0
-
I>a\'io, ('nliL :J().4 :10.40 , .77 ('l
~\h'snt Ariz•. ~. 1!J.l5-lG nl.O ria)
Ontnrio, Or~l! __ ~
nobdin~~ Id;iho.
J!)41-12 t
:.'!l.4 I
I
I .i7••11 I'
30. no
.8.5
.K1
.sa
('l
I
~LO 2H.IS (ell)
Ill'HIlS i1t-~
1>" "is, ('nliL_ 14.40 29.14 ; .49 ~ (.)
I l[l\·is. ('nIiL .•• _
""llIIS (Iirn"ln~ /la"i" Calif
12..~4
IS.U I 2LY"2 ~
2\1.14 .1
.5U
• /;2
(.)
(.)
I
('orn Ht··-
I i::~~
Bonuers Ft.'rry, Idaho .. , ;"IS ... 012, ~8.~:; .00 fie)
\"rrnul. nah._ niH1- 9;20 .95 (!on
Ila"is, (',lliL •• 6:1 - O];{O I 19.40
I~.O :!7.U~ .45 (.)
r.o~an, nah.• ftl - 9/301 :!s.o 2.;.00 • \16 (40)
~ft.ln'{'d(,s, T('x_" 3.:1,';- 'jl5 .
("01 ton al-"
~'!l.ll ~S.52 ·.n q2)
~rr~a, Ariz __._
Bakprst1~ld, Calif
1.00 llanos, ('aIiL_
1.05 Hanos. CnHL
~Wt(' ("oll(~:zet X~
..
19:1i>-:m
1!t2T-:W .
10:12
1U:14
411 -IOi31
4:1 -1O.:1I
5: I • lOi:lI •
iii I -IO/:H
I
I
:11.0
2\1.2
~.j. ;1
~3.U
I
II
no. 0
-1,.14
-I4.l!1
.[11. 17
· tt?
.Ii~
.,18
.5S
Wi)
(S)
('I
1')
)IC'x 10:10
i··~s=llnl I! 2fi,H H.SI. .r.o r/S!
Cnrlshad, X. ~rpx •.•. n 2.'i.7 47.39 .111 ,31))
Fort ~lol'kton, T{'X'._
D:tt('s nt Tl'rnp(i-, ';\riz,.,~.
W40 4)1:1-111'11 :.>s. 9 ·1Ii.:.>8 .02 •.111)
1!!:1I-:J2 AllnllnL •• _' 47.7 i T..t21 .6.5 (16)
Flax In ~I{'sa, Ariz ____ _ ml:J-I4 10114- 6,30 :H.U 42.~J .SO 115)
Hrnnll grnins nt
;:;('oltsblutT, Xphr....... 19::12-35 ! l·t 72 2O.1Y.! .74 (2(1'
BOllIIPrs .Ferry, Idaho., 19aO-4. 1•• 50 19.-18 !.l10 (Et)
Prosser, \\"'nsh. ____ . , .._,.. 1944 IS.m ~ta2
gan Luis. \'allr.y, Colo_ Inn 14.05 I~. o:J
.. ?7 ('J
Lognn, (I(\h ____ . ".IS (13)
IllIt2·2!1 17.5 ~'O. 00 .S7 (40)
\'prnnl, t;lnh_. 1U4>-: lO.n 150\ I') .91 em
Ferron, t:rnh.
!l,n-is, ('nlif..
l!J.lb 17.8 21l: 86 .il5 (J!,'j)
12.0 17~ 7:5 .HS (')
Cimin, sorghums rlwgnril )ll'S:l,'" :::::::::; 21.4 29.7S .72 (')
Ariz.
On'hanl fruits
Cit rus frllit:
(;rapt,'(ruit [It
..\I{-S3, Ariz_ Hl3l-;!·1 :u -.IO':ll • 40.:! ~,~ I l.'ill
~ rc!m. Ariz. 4 19:1I-:H .\111111:11.. ·17. r. "tai ~ (.11/
Ornngc$ nt
.\resn, ,\r;7. ...
~I{'$a • .r\riz......
HI:n-:14 3:1 -10:31 :12.4 ,.0;, ~~l .56, (3Jl
l!l:n-:14
'I'usl.ln, ('aliL
AZlIsn, ('alif.
A 7.Usa, (,uIiL __
Ht2'J
19:!1l-aO
l!r2'J
.\nlluoL .• _
·Iil
.1.1
",I
-lflal
-9.:111
-Hlal
:U;.1i
:.'11.0
IS. I
21.8
73.;)_ "
-14. It
;j'.I1H
4:1,11/
It ,,52 ;
.47
.49 ,
I
(.'Ill
qUI
liS)
liS)
",>() [
Sail Fernando, Calif, lI/40 4'1 -1fI.:1I 22.1 4:!.7J, ••';1. (11
Lemons at ::an FC'rnfindo, It40 4,1 ,10,31 21.S ,la.'3 I .m· (I)
('alif.
\\'(\lmllsni~
,
Tustin, Cnlif•. 1!t2S 4:1 - 9.:)0 2ft30: :1•. 00 ,r.9
Tustin, CaIiC_ 19'2'J .u - 9 30 27,-I:i 3S.63 : .71
- COIISII'UP- conslllllP-1
Growing Commmp- ti\"ll·U~ tin!'-usc. HC((lr
('rap nll(lloclltioll S(~n~on or tiV(~ use (m·tor t;~fJic:ient t encl.'
pt.1rfod \
I (U) f (F) (l{) I
~:;;-ar-d-f-r-u;~---c-o-n.-----I-- --'--------I·-----!-.---;·----!--~-
Deciduous fruits IIt l
Ont.llrio, Calif. (peachcsl
i
_, 1!l~8
"I!
·111 - lI/ao I 18.4' :J'.73 0.•5 1/81
Davis,Calif__ .. _._ ...- .-----.
Wenlltchee, Wash ____._ • I!lOS
all-ll/aOi
-I/lii-lOt2'2 j
~fi.4
2:1.0
.
.~• ! 61511
'"
••••~,(IJt I')
(I,;)
Albuquerque, N. Mex..
Past.ure at-
loa" 5/1 - 9/:11 1 19.5
Illc/,e."
3:1.94 ! _58 eMI
Vemnl,. Utllh.... 1{14' 5/1'-I0/1i ,i ~5.1) "7 -I" l .111 j
Columbln Basin, \\',.~h 415 -10/15 i ~-I.() a7:,;j I • fi-J j
Redmond, Oreg___ _ .. __ 11115 -I/2o'r- II/Iii III. () ~7. 7:l · 4')
ns f
Peasnt Davis, Calif_ . __ ,,,, ___ . :1/1 - fij;m' !1.6 2'2.0a I
Potatoes at.
San Luis Vnlley, ('010.
Wright. Stntion 1tl~1i nil - 9/1" 15. :18 10.:n I 113)
West Station. __ i mali 6/.1 - !Ji:1O ' 1tl.8!l ?2..50 t (J.n
Bonners Ferry, [d'lho .. ~! 1111. 5iS - \1/27 , ~'!~U5 29.:15 ! (Hz)
Utah County, ('tah _ !\las 5115- 9/15 t
~r: ~~~
Zo!.50
ScottSbluff, Ncb,'_
OnlUrio, Oreg'__ .
10:12':15
.. I 1941-42
ti/21)- 8m
4/21}- Ojao I' :~:illl !
i
:''9.81 '
(!IE)
(1O)
('1
Prosser, Wash._ .j HH5 4/20- 8/4 IttU;') ?.L81 ; ('1
Prosser, "-nsh. '
Dn"iS, CnliL_
Lognn, Utnh ..
Redmond, Orel( __
. _.1 IVIT
HilS
3r20- 7/20
l BInney. Harry F .. nnd Rtockwcll, Homer J. .Progn 5.."i Ht.'pons on Coop(·nlth·t~ Hl':;t>.arrh
l
~tlHlit·s on
"'uter Utilizutlou, Snn Fer!mndo \'lIlley, Clllif. 19·to-lI. ('I'ypewrltll'n.)
: :--fl1ch, S.!. .Progress H(.lport, lrrigation Branch Expl~rirrJlln~ ~tatioJ). I'ros.....;I'f. "·;u;hin~lon lOtS.
('I'ypewrittcu.)
1 \·~ihm~yer, Frnllk J. Irrigation Studies. C'nh'crslty of ('nlif. 10:19. ('L'YI""lI'ritt"n.)
• Tncludes rest period Aug .. I to Sept. 15.
Ltltitlltl~
.'all. IF~b.
Korth I i
,iI ~I:tr. Apr. ~lll)','Jun,'
I I 1 I I : 1
i JUI), Aug. S,·pt. ! O,·t. I Ko\·. Dec.
I I
I!
------------~--,--,--:--:----,·----I----
1
U.1
0
··'··'··_'_'1
IHo•••••.•.•••
3.451
3.i5!
5.14
5.30
i.Ut)j 9.0'2112.1;';; 14.12113.(lI) 11.2.;!
i.9:1. U.S., 12.42.1' 13.00 113.:11 11.15,'
S.5.1
S.f>S
Il.mf
6.iU i
4.12
4.35
2.U4
3.04
(\30 ............ j 4.01 5.40 i.9.; i 9,8:Ji 12.2'2 13.. 2'2 1:1.02 11.04 S.W 6.i9, 4• .15 3.3i
ti2Q~_ . . ~ .... ". -4.25 5•.12 7.99 1 U.7.j t 12.0:i i 1~.9l 12.71) 10.92 S.50 6.86 1 4.72 3.tl7
til" '·1 4.46 5.61 S.O!' \/. it; 11.88 I .12.~1 12.55 10,84. S.55 0.94 'J' 4.S9 :l.93
m" . 4.6i'. .1••0 8.0519.00111 ••2,12.39 12.33 lo.i21 S.5i. i.OO 5,04 4.15
I
:'\1" .. 4.S1 5.'S: S.05\ 9.00111.61)112.2:1112.2110.00 8.561 i.Oi 5.(J<j 4.31
5S" 4. \~J' 5.;;'5 S.O.\. 9.55. 11.44 . 12. ()(J 12.00 10••56 S.56 i.13 5.13 Lif,
~~~ .5.14 t 5.93 S.U7 '. 9.51 1
11.:12\' 11."ii 11.8. I 10Ai S.54 •. 19 5.27 4.6\1
nto . 5.:'~1· 0.0Il 8.10 I 9.4'5111.~..'o 11.6i 111.69,' 10.40 8.52 •• 25 5.54 4.8\1
Mi" 5.:m O.()(l 1;.12' U.4t 11.11 11.53' 11.iiU 10.32 8.51 •• 30 5.62 5.Ul
54"
r,\"
5.;;:! O.I!.' S.151 V.311 1l.OU 11.40 11.4:1 1IJ.~' i S.5O '.a:l 5,.4 5.1:
• 5~"...
c
5.U4
5.75
0.19
0.23
S.16! V.:J2 IO.SS 1l.:11 11.:14 W.W·
ii.17: V.28 1 10.81l 11.1:1 11.2'2 1tI.1.;;
S.52
8.40
i.38
i.40
5.8:J
5.94
5.31
.;.43
51 .... 5.S7 6.25 8.~1 i g.~(): 1O••()) II.U' 11.13 1O.U.; 8.48' i.4l 5.9i .1.41l
WO.... • •.• ii.9S Il.:!~ S.~.5! !L25 , 10.1\9 HI.oa 10.9'.1 IO.OU 8.44 i.43 I\.Oi 5.(l.',
48· •. Il.13 i 6. 4~ S.2'2: V. 15 I 1Il.5I) 10. i2 10. S:J 9.0'2 8.45 i.51i 6.24 5. &l
!~~ g:~~, ~:~ ~ ~:~~' ~:g~! :~:~~ :8:~ :8:~J ~:~~ ~:!; ~:~~ ~:~T :::~
..., 1\.00 I
42°... I Ii.f..; S.28 8.9. 10.10 ((1.~1 1O.3i U.Il-I 8.42 •.•:1 li.6:l 0.39
40Q. 6.•:1' 6••3 S. 30 ~. 92 i 9. U'J 1U.11~ 10.:14 9.56 S.411'.•8 6. i3 6.5:1
:W ., Il.ti'l 6.79 8.34 S. \10 i 9.0'2 9.115 lU.1O 9.4. s.as I '.SO 0. S2 6.66
:lIi" tl·\~.ll 6.SO S.35 B.S.; 1I.:ll 9.s:! U.!~I U.4U I 8.36', •• 85j0.!F2 Il. i9
:14°... '1 i.1II Ii. VI .'i.:m 8.80 I V. i2 9.'U i V.88 V.3:1 8.30 i.OO i.0'2 o.n
:\2.... . •. 20 0.9, S.:l7 S.72 , V.6:l I 9.t.iU U.7i 9. 28 ~'. ~.l~ I •. g:! I' •. 11 •. 05
:m'-lc
:!$"...
7.:$0
..40 I 7.0a
'U2
~.~S,·
:;.•1.1
~.~~, !.L.ja lIY'~~1
S.I.,: 946 1 ./.3S!
9.~7
9.n8
(9.2'~
9. 1U
Q'1
8.32
7.9H
8.0'2
7~1!)
• ')-
i.14
7.2i
~~~ ~.~. ~·l~· ~!X ~:~ ~:~b! 3:~3. ~:!y ~:~~ g~ ~:~g i I Ug 1 ~~*
2'2" •.• 6· •. 2'2 S.41 S.5'~ 9'2'JI' 9.1~1 9.31 0.1)0 8.30 S.13 .:56
• ~v . ..73 i.26 S.~'U· I 914 !I.U2 i 9.2.;
S.52 S.9.5 S.3U 8.19 '7.501
.5f.i I •• 88
11>'... '.8S I i "6 8.401 s.4tll u:UG S.!l'J I H.20 8.~l S.W 8.24 • 6i I ',BY
t~~:::·:::.:=l ~:~s'!
,.
H~, U~ i ~:!1 ~:r~ ~:~~. S.UtI
~.11· i.40 ,. ~.H I' ~.4~ 1 ~.84 i
;:~~ g:n ~:~ ~:~~ f:I~ i ~:~
s. ~S, 8.27 ~•. ~.J' i ~,'.~ S.'!i 8.05
lIl'.... ,...... ~ I
7.40 S.44 8.4.1. S.SI, S.;" S.84 8,,4 S.26 ~ _, q" S.OS
,,'............. ' S.13, •. 41. iU5 S.'.; S.51 S.7i .~.'U So 25 8.311 7.i;9 S.11
.
:I.3Y
Ii'........... H.W· .,49: ~.45i S.3Y Si'l ~.4R 8.i51 S.G9 5.2.;' 8.411 7.9,'i S.1O
4·.... •. ~.2(1! 7..5S' S.4~ 1 s.:la
8. ~2
S:l\51 s'!,~.' .~~.Q:) S.~.\3 '. ~.?1. ~"~~I':
S••>() i ~,"
11.; 8.!.'t1
'J'
0'===.::: .• :: S.4:1 I '.1i2
K49 '.6i
Ii. 41
8.40 i 8''''
S.51 I
X.49 j
S.•"
8.2"2
..1.
j 8.40
lUjl}
8.·!9 S.W 8.49L So 16
8.2'2
S.42
8.49
I
g~l.
S,-IO (.J;' : ~.4U ".2'1 So 49 -'.49 ;;'19 S.49 8.49
~ ..la 7.71 K·!\l ~. 19. ,'.44 .~. 4:1 !;. 1U ~~~~ 8.5.;
~.IH , i. ill I S..'~I ii. I.; >;.39 i So ~~I S.19 ' ii• •, h ~.aa Kti.1:
~ .•1 7••'S1 ~ S.;~l S.l:! S.:lIl! S.W S.IS S.5U
U~!
8.•9 I.M S.74
~.;il Soil S.24 It 1:\ .~. IS S. ttl 8.84
~~ ~5
~.!l1
"sn
7.01
.'\,5:! I
K.;:l
S-1I\1 S. IS K 11 SIS S.HS K,i2 ; 8.00.
j ~.nll .'i. I~ Ii. O~ I K I. S.I;i S,5S S.o.)
s. 07
~:~~
S.97 ! K54 8.0:1 •. OS ~.16 . 'til\! 8.ft; 9.01
9.0tJ ; i .\oj••10 7.US i.un '.9·!
~~,
8.14 ' 8.•6 9.17
U. IS' S.1l1) i ,-;...'17 7.ua i.UtJ ~·b') ; li.U S.SIJ U.24
tI.:!.; . ~_ ;'i,,\ ;~92: ;.~{ ~ 1.3 S.S:~
{L:Hi ~ s'OUI'
S.l~ S.liS
j ~.la .,.1;:1 I 9.:12
f~~~ ~.~;
i.7fi 'i. I:! .Io\_~f.i I >UK) ; U.:lti
!l.H·
~:~~ :
.!,.5H 7.5:-. ."'i.l:.! .~. oil ~"UI; i tl~ 47
n.52 ! .~.l~l i. Sl -; ;')1, i.·HI ,; 11 .~. !I.! f) HI r 9.1i1
H.m ~.~.1 , ~ la i."in '.·llJ 7.·10 . x III KI/7 !).l!J i n.74
tJ,ji!/ »..l.! . ,Ioj I);{ 7. if, i ·Ia T:m I S. (~I !I.IXI !).~.; U.SH
~L it, ,,",,3H x.w;
!J.!"~ S. -11
j S 1:.1 7. ill
7. Ii"
I T. ;~!J
7.an
; 20 !!.!H \l.:ll !u.
'" lUi •. III X.llli !J.II; II as n. !~J
Ill. Wi .-;,fi!{ :";.n7, '.m 7.111 Ii. WI j "'Illi !( 15 tl al HI. 21
HI. 1-1 s. Iii .'\. f~"" I 7 in 7.0:{ fi ..r; !""t. n:i ~.\0 • U.m 111 :U
111.24 S fi;i ~ 7(1 7.:>4: it tin n -;:~ ~ III fJ"'J' 11.69 lIJ.·!2
IIl:W S- 7:! \.71 7 ·1rJ' Ij )..;i Il.m ~.nl ~7 ~ 1'.7!]
!J. lU.;j'
ItL ~)~ X.Xl 1'\,,7:.! f ·14 Ii ..;~ /).·I!i .. IHI (l,:I'! • \1. PI 10.72
Itt f~-"; t , I.t ;-:w ItlH Ji:fO: 7. US BII 1II.1l:l 1/1. !~l
111. ".i •1., 71i 7. :t! n ·1;1 Ii 1:1 .. !lti OH lit 1• 11. <XI
11.11:1 ,1.:i.77 i. :!.i Ii. at r,o H~ 1 ;, !I,j U. iia 111.:12 11.:111
44 TECHNICAL BULLETlli 1275, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
TABLE 17.-Normul monthly con.mmplive-llse factors (J) lind lIVera{/C mOllthly preci
pitation (1') in inches for /llIriOIl.~ lo('(/tioll.~ ill We.~tel'n United Stale.s and Hawaii 1
(:
Arizona California
I Ij -l- -1 - .
r ~
----.
I r I ; r : II r
J:muury _____________
Jot'brunry.___________ ! I
~\llur)r.lclh-------------------------------!. 5.07
~.6-I' II/cg.e~;
3.8'2 .77 '
. 5S
3. H.
3.40 t
4.51 ,
/l/cg~~4
.70
.58
:1.00
4.07 '
5.36 I
itlC3.eS5
.41
.34
3.33j
3.58 .
4.7,'
/
lIc
t%
.1.01
l. OH
• 5. S9 I' .4(J 5.35 t .31 n. III ; • 10 5. 55 .52
~lny----- ____________ , 7.28 .12 i 0.73 . .!!() 7. at) .04 • 6.87 .36
JUIlC _________________ , 8. 17 1 .07! 7.tH I' .:11 S.16 I .02 t 7.61 .07
~\~~ust==============
September__.._______
l~ .
Il.91l
I:~~ ! n~
.... ,6.26:
l:~ I
1.211
~:~l j
6.9S
:~ ; ~:~~
.31.6.201'
:~l
.13
Oc(ober_____________ . 5.58 1 .4i, 5.04 .I;!): 5.81 .26 5.13 .37
Ko\·ember__________ , ·j.20 I .70 i :1.07 .1),; ! ·'.42 . .29 ,. 3. os .46
December___________: 3.62. 1.00 l 3.15 I .8·' . 3.87; ..>:1 3.33 i .86
.----
TotaL____________ ! 71.28 i
------------,----------------
7.78 04.58 9.3S ! 73.35 3. -17 6,;.84\ !
5. or, !
;ost.fre~~riod_. __ .I'··· 2iH2t6' - . -~ ~~-I ~;.-I--· l Ij12-12126 \--';;1-11/2.1 •.
.. . _.. ,_.. ., ......__ j I
California
C'nliforniu Co[orndo
1.72
IlIche••
O.1l2
Fchrllurr._._ ••••_ __ 3.3U 3. on 3.78 :1. ~b I. 89 ' .57 2. ~'9 . r.o
~\hlr(.·h_+ ___ .. _+ ~ "__ "'~ ~ ~t 52 , 2.•1; -t.77 2.57 3 n') 1. 01, 3.:57 .8"2
ApriL. _____ ........ g:~~ 1••11I5.27 .US. f~~ ! ~:~~ i 4.6. .SO
.i\~~~:::~:::::::::::::
.Iu[~·-- ...... __ .... ---
Ii. 03
•• 42
Ij:n: U~
•. 05
, :~~.
.01
U.45
'.Il
1..1H
I.lil
~:§8
•• 9S
:~~
.75
An/!ust _______... _____ 6.92 IJ n.'I,.m \;'5{) i 1.3U 7.10 1.19
:'cptcmlwr_____ ._ 5.SI, .as 5.81 .2'2 I ·1.98 i 1.:10 5.f,o 1.03
Oetobrr• ____ ... 4.89 • \t~ ~. II .71 :1..3 ' 1.13 :.1,•. =,"',' ',' .86
Xowmher...__ 3.fH· I.~S 4.1.1 .9\ "4'), .4R! .57
J)el~'llIher ..••• ____ :1.06 3.0:1! :1.80 3.01, i:si' .4.1 1.9'~ .68
61.1U: 18.02 r,2.S0 14.·10 ' ·19.26 \..1. 73 55.29 l 9. 07
C'olorntlo hlaho
'.
Sionth
I I f
J J J f
\---- ----- ----- ----- ---.- - - - ---- -----
IlIcht.' IlIche., IlIcht., IlIchrs
Januury__ I. 77 0.S9 2.12 O.:!;; 2~21 I.;m
FebrU:lr)' . 2.1U .84 2~32
!
.81i 2,:m
O••1
1.24 1.48
0.S7
.81
.-
MarciL•.
ApriL..
3.35
4.39
.S5
1.0.
:I. tiS
4. ~I
1.02
2.05
:I.St)
4. US
I.O:J
3.% . 2.50
:J.76
1.21
1.ti!1
.\In)' . 5.75 • \14 tl.!i!! 2.iiS n.·15 4.(j(i .5.15 :J.06
June•• 1i.53 .79 7.30 2. n.~ 7.-1.; 4.;;', !l.U:1 2.8\1
Jill)·.•. 7.57 .:10 7.n7 2..S-t S. to 2.80 6.S7 I.!!S
Allgllst •• (to; 2;~ i.3i 2.24 i. 5:~ 3.1:1 tl.21 I.O<J
September.. 5.()0 .43 5.8:1 1.111 5. \~J :I.:~I 4 03 1.67
October ••. 3.93 .74 4.·11 L2.5 4.65 2.-t5 3.35 1.42
No.emhcr_ 2.48 1.05 2.9:J . in :l. 13 1. 77 2.03 1.00
n(~cember~ 9.84 ! ~ i5 .US
'1'ot:ll"
-----~-
,11.·14 I S.BS
- .. ,- ....
2.17
~-----
57.20
---- .511
Ill. 01
2.32
59,00
.-----
1.02
~-
:JO.S7
..... ~
1.41
··....--r---
44. 0:1
i
, 18.0:1
;llontnn" :{ehrnskn
2.0/; ;
2.46 i
' IlIche.,
0.62
.tiO
Marcb...... . 4.01 ' • 55 ' 4.29 I .32 3045 1. 30 I 3.56 ; .43
ApriL.__ .. .
~:~g • l:~g 5. I., :~5 I t~3 :~~ U~ I .42
:\111),.......
ng I f t .48
JUliO...... .
July• . , .
August••.
September..
October...
7.61
-g'!,
!,.':;~ ~.
G.15!
uu
5.04 ,
1.6.1
2.15
1.80
1.91
1.41 ,
7.7211.7:1'
7.17 f
5.94
4.77
1.73
1.35
.551
.70
I 6.23,
7.(H
6.42
5.00
3.S7
I
'l'!!
:'17:
.IS
.21\
.58
.I
li.:li I
717'
6.63
5.OCJ
a.95
.41
.17
.24
.27
! .:1:1
.\
Novcmhcr_
December.
'! -0 •.\
a, 3. "fa
••
__:~~. -'-::~f-':~~ _.--.-':.[--...::=:.1__1_.: .
•• I
64••&:_·_la~1 61. m
•
._---=
'J
_. "-
vi
52. 12
.:!Ii
.52
4.85
OklnholI1a Oregon
~[ollth
J I I I
-- --_ .. _-......" ~..-~~----.~~- --'~-~--~~----:----:~----,----
II/che., Illches i I Illchr. II/chr.<
JUl1ullry_ ._ 2.7,",- ll.70 1.00 1.:lU 2.09 ;'.IS 2.50 2.31
.I'ebrunry•. :tOU .S·1 I.!lO 1.27 2.40 :1. !IS 2.S1 2. OS
.\[arch..... 4.43 i Lfi.l :t 12 1.11) i :1.61 :l.24 3. !Kl 1.50
April. 5.4Y 2.7H 4.10 1.0U 1 4.5; 1.69 4.1)!/ 1.3:!
~lny.
June•. .. ~
Ii.Sfi
7. 7~
a.50
:l. IS ~ 5.1l1l
Ii. 11
1.55
1.:1·1
5.S:l
H.·17
l.UI
.7; :
5 III
n.74
1.10
. in
JuJ~·.. S.3:! I.S·' U. !l2 .58 7.15 .IS 7. f).t .31l
August. 7.,1;2 2.,1\) U.2fj .·W Ii. [~) .2ti 6.S5 . ),
Septembt'r. O.:J.I 2.~a 4.72 •·W ii.IH 1. IS ii.3:! .l\.'i
r October. 5.n'j :1.21 a.5,; .91 a.V2 • \~J .1. 12 Loll
November :l.6.' 1. 2·1 2.~2 L05 2. H.; 5.32 2 flO 2.:H
DeC~lIltlCl' ViS 1.28 l.fiS 1.7() !t 15 Ii 2:1 2.·12 2.&"\
Tot,,1,. 01.-18 2.;.-1\1 4•• 64 12. Uti 52. at' :11.:111 55,71 16.."3
'J'exus l'tuh
_ _ _ _I_ _ f_l_r_ll_f_.I_r~l-f-t-~-L
. \ "
f~~L._
January•..____
.Februury__....
?
_.33
.,
0.01
2.48.7:1
I lllche~ I' '1
3.·10
3.61
IlIche,,_
0.·11 j
.53
?
_.Sa .
3.09 i
Illcha
049;
.5S,
i ljg
3.0~
II/che$
1.55
1.51
March..... 3.•8 .71 4.87
I .• 1 .55 1 4.28 .00 1. !l2
I I •.
u
50.5·1
U I. 27
11;'·14
._.._._ _ ............. _ ..1 ...
t.:LUh \\'"shill~toll
:'IOlltll
II/chi'.• Inchr.!
Jallunr,}"' ..... , 1.00 : 1.72 , 0.91 I. 70 0.42
rebrnary_. 2.~fi ! 2.22 1.82 LS2 .Hi
:'lnreh..... 3A. r 3•• 1 ! 2~ .5 1.02
.\pril.•• _
~:~ I
·1.45 ! ·I.(H 1.1l!1
M3)- ___ . Il.()!; • 2.·1:1
.rllnl\....... ~ O.iiS 1i.I:l 1.!iI
Jllly__ _ <
4r I3-1O/22 ·1,15-1022
I MClin mont.hly Wm(lCrnturl's nnd u\'l'ruge monthly prl'('ipituiioll arC from clinmtologic~ll data, annual
51llnm!lries for IIl-IS. I'.S. \\'cullwr BllrI'ulI.l'rost.·fn'(' periods arc from rcferenct' (45).
, EXC('rpl, frolll tabl" IlccQmJlun),ing letter frolll HfHlllld I. llIcwit t, Sf-ute Conser~:ltioll Engineer, SCS.
dnl,'d i/5100.
.Il/nl/n
.\ri7.0nn: !'nlt Hinor \"nl·
ley. Mesn (2/5 to 12;6) .... 10.3; 0.5.:; 0.75
, I 1' I;1.00
0,00. 1.0,1: I.J5 j 1. 15 1• 10 0.8.; i 0.6-5 t 0.45
j I
Los "\ngeles (I!~ to
12t2S)................. .:15' .45 .r,o
!';ncrnmcnto·:'UIl JOU"
.70 ; • S5 .9.; 11.00 ! 1. 00 i .9,; 1 .SO; ,551'
.30
I
,,
I
quin D,'ltn·.. .
i't~VktOn (2/14 to i
1.1O}............... :
rpper SaUnas 1-1/10 to i
~ 28 •·11 .r,o .SO
,i
.95 1.03 1.05 .IlS .SO I .50 .25
S"~r:llllNIlO \'n1l('\','
Sa..rnmento (20 to ;
12110) ............... •... .:17 . 'is , .ua f 1.0'2 1.01 .9" I .&1 .6:1 i .,12 ' __ •• _•
•• , 3~ I I
(5, II to 9,2Iil. .................- . .·10 ' .7·1 • OIl .D5 , • lil 1 .... '---- ........---- ...
South DnkolJl: H",IO,'ld ;
JJ,'\,cloprnelll '?arm, j
H(\dfij~ld
l"inh:
(5112 to H'2U) ....
f.ogn n I.M7 to Will) •...•
~ .-1-1
.5;)
•.'ill
.SI) I
I.tlll
.11;'
I. H1
I.{l(l I
.95
115 I.W
.SO I
I .5O ~ .. ---.
,----- ..
. I 1/lllfl"Urtm
I
""lho: Cllhlw~\I, .Blul'k .
Canyon ([o!G to 10'3.1. on i '
sodIum soiL............'............:...... • Iii SI: .~g, .00
i
i
. j
,;;;1 I
1 !
.60 1......•..._•• __' ' ' '
I
Sct! footnote at end of tllble.
50 TECHNICAl, BUI,LE'rIN 1275, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
TABl,E IS.-Suggested monthly crop coe.tficients (k) for selected locations I-COli.
;\fon(h
frost·free period
I
Avocado.
J"II.
-----1---1-1-
Feb. Mllr. Apr. ?'[IIY .Tunc July ,\ug.
sept.l oct.jNO\·.1 Dec.
1
O.:~ I
California:
Fallbrook, .Escondido
(3/9 to 11/25) ________ __ 0.15 0.25 o. ·15 0.54 n. r.o r O.IH I O. f>3 0.57 I' 0.·16 I 0.3!I 0.21
Ooleta, Santa Barbara
(1/22 (0 12/19) _________ 1 .15 .25 .~O .52, .U:l . ..
/3 r . -. I .
.a,.1.9 .C.o / .~S 1 •.) I .m
1 .3_,
Cllrpcn(eria, Santa Bar
bara (3/9 (0 11/25) _____ _ .15 . . 25
Beall', .mall/chile
.;~s •.18\ •.57
.! .(!.q
• '~l t .01.1 / .0- .42
: .. ( .).!
•.1, i .-, I. 15
i '" .~
·i··I,'
Californin: Santa YIWZ
I ,. ('1·_···1·
Vullo)', Santa Barbllm
(1/22 to 12(19) ...__..... _ .. _. ____ __
I
12(16) •• _______• _______.. _. ______ '"'j_'_''' . ____ .;____.. .:.11), .IH .91 I
Shllftcr, Hakt·rsfielcl I i
12t.!'2)----~~,~~--- ..
••0
.20 , '45,1 j I
I
Or'L'iS. la\\'n.-
California:
or C/olln!
;!
.I'(ls!l(.ie,m I ,
{2/3 to 12/I:ll •••_. ____ .1 .2.1! .as!.55
I
I
i
I II
.70
I ! !
I
.liS
!
I
I .lI'2 [ .UI .!r2j
I ,SO ~72f~51 .:!5
I
1Jrornrgrm;s-
Xorth DakOta: D,"'P,'
l\i\'cr DCl'elopmenL
k'lIrm, ;\1 findnll (5/11 I
ncd(~I~{7g~=----·--·-----·'
! . .
t
I'
.
·----"------1...---- .
,
III • .70
I
j
H{28 to 10/141••_____ •••_____ '_ ••••• ______ .• _____ L 15 i .!lS .,;:! '._-- ......,.
See footnote at end of table.
CONSU:MPTIVE USE AND W A'l'ER REQUIRE'MEN'l'S 51
TAB I.E I8.-Suggested monthly crop coefficients (k) for selected locations I-COil.
:.... Month
rrost-rr~ll period
_. __ ._._
t
.Iun:.! Fl'h.
I I
i\llIr. ~Li\r"y
I
lnll(' ~ Aug. Sept.. Od..• No\'. D~c.
I
(;/IIzr I
I I
. Orch(lril Frllit.j
!1cl'illnolls frllit-
California: Sun .Ionllnin
I
I I
,
1.
!
to 1./16) .............. 0.·111 n. iiO I
.I;O!. nii
<
! I I
• ,(I I
1
.7ii .7;' .7.; .7.1 .70 O. m o. m
12111) .................. , .. I .·1It ("111 .fiII . !iii .illl .Illl •fill .:.0 .40 ......
Orllngcs-
AriZOII1I: Suit Hlwr'
\'lIlley. {,hol'nix (2/ii j
C~fif~1'~f,1: ..·•••·..
j
·····I:
.·!ii I .:1:1
I ·:J!'l .15 .r.o
I
C'otl.st~H tlrl'lLS
0/21 to \ I
12./191 __ • ___ •• _' __ '_, ,27' .34 .40! .4(\ .50 ..',3 .1;4 .54 .52 .48 .43 .3U
IntermCllint.· (aIo to I 1
.
1~.)/5) ___• ______ ••____ t .3:1'. . a9! .45 II ..1() .54 .5Ci .57 .57 .56 .5:1 .47 .38
\\'nlnll~ .
Clllifornill:
Din"is} Snl'~arncnto I'"
i (
(2/6 to 12/10) __ . __________ .'______1 .I!l .30 ..,5 .84 .98 .88 .IiO .117 .20
~
l
1
' i
;
• Plls~ure.'J, irnVllled
Cflhfornm:
Va\'is. SlIcralll~nto t2jO I
i l l!
tOI2/1U) ________....._______ :. __ ••• !.1O
I .42! .52
I
;5!
+.___. .
.27 .57 .. .35 .15
i\furrictn (a/In to 11119)••__ ._., _____ • .20 .19 .74 .84 .87 ,8.; .78 .5.;
:i\lerccd (3/9 to 111201 __ ._' •____ It\ •. 151 .65 .75 .78 .74 I .55 • ~O I
! I
Pea", Papa!IO
~
"\ rizono: SuI lH wr \'al·
ley, Phoenix {2j5 to
12/16) .. _____________ • ___ 1 .25
!
Ii I
.~S
I.
II,OS 11• 10
f
'I
.----. --.--- --.. --1------ .•--.·---.-1...--.
f 1
Potaloc~ I I. : i :
I II
t
I I! 11
1
.00 I.
._.......
j . \. ,
12/16)..._.___• _____• ____ • ____ .; .20 .50. I.no 1.20 I 1.05 ' __ ' __"'____ '"
j
..
.118 t ·~'lj O~
.• )t
.. ( ..
,·15
TABLE lS.-Suggested monthly crop coejJicients (k) for selected locations I-COIl.
""Ionth
Crop, locution, tUld
frost-free period I
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _1_J_31_1. ~'eb. 1\lnr. Apr. ~ .ful111 .July
. Aug. ~ Od.
I Nov. Dec.
Sorgh/ll/l
Al'iZOllU: Slllt Hiver Vnl·
loy (2/5 to 12/10)..........._. .._ .. _ ...... '"
Kun~as: Gurden Cit}'
U.40 1. UO O. H5 O.71l I,,,_"
(4/25 to 10/16) ................................. _. .45 1.00 1.17 .SH 0.47
'l'exas: Grcut Plaills Flelt!
Statioll,Lubbock (4/12 .~
to 11/3) ........................ _..._. __....... . .ao .7f> 1.10 .851 '.nO "._•••• ,.,
Slty"r Heel.'
Califurniu:
Northern (2/G to 12/10).................... 0.31 n.un .9(i 1.01 ,S:! ..........._ ............
Santa Yucz, semj·
12/19)................. ...... ...... ...... .37 .42 ,43 .44 .·13 .38 ..... +_..........
.River O,",elopml'llt
toY/2ti}.................................. 10
Hcgari-
Utah: St, George (,1/10
Oat;~10/2:1) ........................ ·1·..··· .....-
Ncbrusk.I........................................
Whcnt-
Arizona: Salt Hi",,/,
Valley (2/5 to 12/Ul.... .20 ..to . SO I. 10
..
Knn~ns: Garden CiLy
(4/2Ho 10/16)........ .40 .72 .97 1.0,5
'l'exas: Southwest Grent
'Tomatoes
Oalifomin: Northern Sac
ramento (2/6 to 12/10) ........................_. . . 41 .74 .9:1 ,98 ,89 ..................
'J'ruck Garden alUl
1'·euctable.~
I I
C~l~~£)~I~:·~~~~~.:!:~.~~+ .... r ... y..... .2:1 .4!J I ,ti, .78 .78 • 64 1 . 40 1..... '1'.....
1 Monthlr cocllicl"lIts tnk"ll from SlIIOOllH,'d CurVl'S hased on O"ld lIICIlSllrCIllI'lItS.
~ronth
!Cnp lfnitien 'j Cny~s I naIlli~n • f Fopd des
-"egr~s
I (Jonah'es I ITinehe .Teremie
1!lrl!frl!;rl!!rl!lr'!Jr !Ir
-----1--·::;:-- [TlCheS,--:Inches!--: [1IChesl-- [IIChes --jIJlches - - Inche.' l
Jan .. __ . __ ,.5.76 4.09j6.;Jl:2.S0/fl.1311.31l 5.(j'11.53 6.14 0.16 5.72 0.43 .5.87 3.62
~'"b_.. __ .15.26 4.2.1 5.fl913.43 .1.6, 3.07 5.~2 I..;! 5.68 .59 5.15 .87 .5.33 3.• 1.?
(
.\lnr___ . ___ ,6.25
Anr______ , fl.4.1
May_ .. ___ I' 7.03
3.82 6.6514.17 (j.62 2.64 It 09 2.20 6.li7
3.S~ fl. 85 7.05 6.81 4.13 6.23 4.41 fl.Oi I
0.91 7.36 !1l~4(j1 7.31i I' 7..j(j 6. 71 1 7. 17 7.42
.59 6.25 1.38 6.26
US 6.57 ~.27 6.48
3.23 7. iO 11.57/7.06
3 23
4.02
Ii. 26
June•.•• _ ... 7.14 3.27 7.30, •• 20 •• 44 3.15 li.71l 5.08 •. 61 3.62: 1i.l1·1 8.54 7.11 4.57
.'"ly. . . . . _,~.43 1.6! !.70 5.()Si~.~o ~.6~i6.£.5 1 !.3~1~.~1 2.8'1'7.346.387.58 3.:H
Ang ___•.• _!,:\1 1.6~ I.Hi8.1~!I:~~:0.Q~I~.:·I!~.!~t~.oO 2.?6 ~.!~ 6.61,7.03 3.8.5
Rept... __ ., I~'~'I! 4.0_ i ~.9f : ?Qh: ~.~Q I ~.• 6' b.3,! j o. ~o ':?~ 3.30' b.ol S.03, 6.59 4.01i
OcL.__ __, 6.3,1 8.98, 6.93 13.1·1, I
b.lo ' 0.43 6.10 I 8. 0·1 , 6.91 2.361 6.27 7.52' 6.47 5. fi9
::':0\'_. . . . . . _. 5.69 '11.02 i 6.37 i 7.00 , 6.22: 3.11 , .5.03 i 3.70' 6.48 .91, 5.91! L89 5.99 7.52
Dec_ . . . . . ., 5.70 i '.20! 6.:~.j' 2.87' 6.181 1.00i 15.2911.2616.38 .43, 5.58! ..51 5.96 4.33
Totnl. .... '.6.W-.;;;H,SI.Sti S2.05~,4;j.93 in.sl 152.83-:82.81:21.89 ;76.58 ,50.01'77.73 f 53.54
-:-~_-::~~~__ .~._...:::-:-:-:
:;::-..::,;.-::=..::_--:--=:.. . ! ~ f 1 ~ •
. '"
Ifl If i, f! f
------- --I -;:;;;;:,--1 [lIche., j---I-[tlChe., I--!-;:;;: ---- - - - -
Jnnllary ________ . __ ... ~.S31 I). ~'Ii ;l.f,;J; 0.481 79! 331' a.3~ 3.92 4.05: :1.82
Kf~:e~~~:~~=::::.:::::
ApriL... _....... _.'
Ug!
5.50 I
1:1{0: ~:6~' ~;~51
. .';2 5.79 (1)
lfA
HI I
~
2(1
U~ i
5.52' 1.r.2
g~
0:43'
tg~
Ii. 09
LW
.M!I~'. __ .• __ . __ ._ •. _ ~.~4 i.... -..: 6.82 IS61 S 0.95 i 2.0·1: 7.43 7.2'2. __ ...
Juno __••_____ .•• __ • 8:\~:.: ':i ~J~ ~:l!) \ ~ i ~:g6' _.9' 8.47 ~:~g ,
:(~~iisL::::::':::::: 7.71 '._._ . 21,;' ()' 7.S0 :~1 ~:M, S.~
September__ ._~"~ .... ~j 6.21) '. ~:~~ j=~~~:~: 173 i 0' G.47 .71 7.25 7.25
October_____ • _ 5.82 i- .i.SO I ('l , 140' 0, ,i.·13, 1.()()1 B.no 6.28
November__ •________ 1 4.40 :_------, 4.!iG 1 1.49 lOa i ~3 j' 4.13! 2..;;;: 5.09 5.13 _ _
D~cember ________ .. _ 4.42 j~I __::_~,~J, 5.40 j~i_'::"i a.·17 i.~!..2::~~:...:...--=-
JrotaL~_~ .. __ .~ __ ~ ___ i 70.:'19: 0.121 GS.6S t 7.72,1,759; 189! UO.S7! 24.31 j 61.{J:l i4.~1 13.27
I Iii 1 i -'-1_ _,_ _-'--_ _- ' - _
1 Data obtained Crom report on irrigntion requirements Cor ITail! br George H. I [nrgrcayes, ch-il en~inN'r,
HAA(SCIPA), with the cooperntion oC Andre Cau\'ln, hydrology engineer, Uaiti ~linlslry oC Agriculture,
Port·au-Prince.
2 From a preliminarr report h)' the authors on "\\-nter Requirements oC Peshawar Valle)-." 1960.
3 Sec reference (8) .
• Excerpt Crom a report Cor GO\'Crnment of [rnq, by the. K:uljinn Corp., .. Eski ~[osul [rrigalion Projcct
l Datn obtained Crom a report on e\'apotranspiration in the Scyhan Plain in Sout)l('rn Turk,'Y b~' "ad II;:
•
Toksos, engim.'l'r, Bolgo, Adann, Turkey.
, Darn obtained Crom II report on water requirements oC hananllS in the Jord,Ul V,llk')' hy [z7.c<lill )'ultis,
director, Irrigation and \\"nu~r Power, Hns:hcmitc. Kin~dorn oC Jordan.
j Trace.
A brief SllllIlIULI'Y of the de \'e1 Op lIle 1\ land lIS(' of witteI' I'I'q u irellwil t
datiL in several eOllntrips or thc world is gi\r(,11 brlow.
Afghanistan
III the prcpal'iltion or :L report on soil alld W:lter l'('SOlll'('l'S or SOli th •
west Afghanist:U1 by ('laude L. Fly ill 1959, lise was 11I:1(lc f)f data
obtained in the United States on walpr rcquiremcnts and tm.nsposed
to Afghanisbul by the Blaney-Criddlp (B-C) nwtltods. Various
project develop men ts hnve used. such da tll in thrir dc·signs.
Colombia
III 1958-{)O, All~d Ibarr:l Cai(·pdo or til(' Gr:U1ja .\grl('ol:L I~xp('l'i
lIlental-Pitlmir:L St:LtiOIl, ('OIOlllhiH, I II (':ISI1rNI l'nlpotl'HIlSpiratioll by
grnss, bitll:U1i1, COCOtl, and 50.\·l>e:111 ('rops; and eoeffi('icllts 1'01' thp B-(!
formula fLre being computed.
Dominican Republic
Studies of use of \nttcr b,- bnll:lI1ns Illadr in PlIPrto Lib('rt:ldor,
Dominicitu Republic, b.\- Pro'fpssor A. A. Bishop of (-t(th Statp Uni
vcrsity in 1950 indieflted thaL the ('0111111011 pmeti('e of 2-illch applica
tions o/' wllter each 5 dlL"S WflS not nec'pSSiU,\,. "\Jter this oi>::l('rvlltion,
it was found lIw,t the intrlT:ll between irrig'atiolls could h(' Ipllgt.hell('d
:wel lighter iLpplicntiolls mn,dp. ~[jlxilllum tOllSllll1ptiol1 rnt('s
nppcitred t.o be [tbout 0.2 inch 1>('1' dny.
CONSUMPTIVE USE AND W A'.rER REQUIRE'ME~"'TS 55
A study of the soil-m.oisture depletion method of measming
consumptive use was carried 011 for more than it year. The computed
:~
annuul consumptive use coefficient (J() wus 0.81. Never dm'ing some
fourteen different intervuls throughout the period of study· did the
computed consumptive-use coefficient reuch 1.0.
Egypt
In n stud.\- of wiLler requirements tnilele in Eg."pt b.\- Tipton and
Knlmbilch, Ine., the B-C formuill wns used to compute consumptive
use (or uUlllfa, citrus, Ycgetn,bles, and lll:lny field crops. The results
were correlated with the Egyptinl1 method of computing water
requirements. The close con-elation of the two methods indicILted
tbe validity of the computations.
Greece
•
This formula 11:1': had a grc'at suet'p,:s aud it is used throughout the \\-ori(1. Thi.:;
SlIce('SS mIt)" 1)(' hlrl,wly attributNI. to tIll' "elimatie faetor" (0 I)('ing p:l"ily deter
mined frolll data of IIWlln monthly tC'llll)('rature (1) alld monthly daytilIl(' per
centage (p) thltt an' l'v['rY\\'hel'(~ at hllnd. In l'OJ1tr:L."t. otll('r r('I<~\'al1t forlllulas,
simple or complit'ILt·('(I, arl' ba..';t'd Oil ('lim:ltolog-ie:ll datIl th:lt; art' not \l,;wllly
:\ndl:J.ble r;;r the}- Illll:'t bt' 11H':1slIr!'d with l'laboratp ,md dplil'at{' l'qllipllH'llt.
Iraq
..
:;tat('s of Uw r,:-;.A., lind w(' l'Ofl:,idl'r. Oil rp\'i('\\' of th(' l'\'i(\('IIl'(' ll\':tilabl(·. that the
Blml('y-C'rieldh· (''Illation for ('oll:,ulllpti\,('-u:ip clt'\'ploppc! ill till' t:.~_A. i:'i 01(1
s(ot1dinylylitc //lost pr(lctical lind reliable forlllllia for u:'e ill arid cOlllllril':', {'iOwr On
II!'\\' project" or rl'lIIodl'ling of ('xi:,Ung work"." [Emph:l:;i:i :,upplit'd.J
• .Also Or int(,l'est ill this connection js tit(' IIS(, of the IIIe>thod described
ill this report for determining till' ('onsumptive lIS(, of WItter on til('
Eski ~[osul Irrigation Projed jn Tl'ilq. This r('porL was prepllred in
1957 by the 1(uljii1Il Corp. for the GoY('rnment of Imq.
Another report was prepared in 1958 b.Y Sir \I.urdock ~r('1)onald und
pilrtUC'l's of London.
Israel
BeCilllSI' of its limi t('d wlll<'r SlI ppl.\-, lhe prohl(,lll of irrigalion
requirements and ('onsul1lpti\-e use of walc·ris of prime importanc'e in
conneetion wit h Jsl'lt!'! '5 fUJ'tiH'r ('('0110111 ic dev('lopmell t. A report on
irrigl1tiolt studies in lSl'Hel by BhllJey (8) dis(,lIssNI these Oltltters ill
eOllsidemblc cietilil.
56 TECHc~ICAL BULLE'rIN 12 i 5, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
been made by Israeli researchers of mon thly (k) and seasonal (I{) CI'OP
consumpti\re-use coeilicients. :;oilmoislure studies were used to
determine consllmpti\'c use. Thesc studies indic/Ltc thilt crop
coeilicien ts de\7eloped by B-C form ula fronl California studies may he
IIsed in Israel.
Development of coefficients for crops not produced in California is
still needed. Trrigntion wilter requirements of corn and sugar beels
grown III the GiIat Experiment StiLtion (neitl· Be('I'shehil) were ("0111
plltpd fi'om ll1eteorologieal data for 1954-5.5. A comparison of the
mC:llsured !lnd eornpu ted ilTiga lion req uiremcll ts is sho\\'n in t.lLble 20,
Thc method of eom pu tillg water requircmen ts is used ill 1l1llny areas
in ISl"HeL The Illctrie (B-C) formuh used ill ISl"llel is: lL=~cfu(45.7t
+81:~)=consul1lpti\'e use, mm.; wh('rc k=monl.hly ("ocffieicnt, p=
percent of Ilnlluill dnyiiml' hOllrs, lllld t = IIl('an mOil thl)'
III 011 thly
t(,lnpcnllurC', degrees Ceniigr'IHlc. The eomptlt(·d l'I'quirclIlC'nls arn
being cheekl'd by I'('selu'chcl's Ilt till' _\grictllt tll'lll I:DxpC'l'iIII PIl t St alioH
and nt field sbltiollS of the I~xtension :)0::\,1('(' of T::;nH'1. .
rII(P'TH I ('011
( 'rup Irri.~at
iJd \\,(·,'11 I )l'pt h
SlI III p •
iOIl p,'riod irl'i~:l' th','-lIs,'
of \\'atpr
tiOIl" : lI~l'd (( ') (·O(·f!i
. eiPlil (I{)
/)(11/.'( [1Irl". i
Bamlna .. April· C)etobpl'. iHJ IK 0 O. !l.)
Do._ ,Il1,w-·;-;(:ptr·lllb\'r. I>!J :21,0 1.0,)
Do __ .\ugll~t- (Peak). I I> :!,1. () J. 10
Alfalf'l _ April-()('to/)Pl' Iii l:i.O ,1>0
1)0 .. April·C)('to/)Pl' :21 l.i.O ,80
Corn (grl'l'1l for f()dd('l'1 ,IlIly ,\l1g;IH II I Ii..) .77
C'OXS(TMPTIYE USlo] A...'iD WATER REQUIREiMENTS 57
Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
In a report on "Water Requirement for Bananas in the Jordan
Valle.", 1958" by Izzeddin Yunis, Daghistani, Director of Irrigation
and 'Yater Power, the results of experiments conducted to determine
the consumptive use of water in producing bananas are given. In
these e:qJerilnents tanks having a surface area. of 5 square meters and
a depth of 1 meter were used. PrO\Tision wns made for drainage and
... its eollection and measurement. Excess water appli('d to tbe tank
wus therefore determined. These tunks were located within the bound
Itries of a banana on'hnrd so that the tests would b(' made under
natmal conditions found in ordinfil·.'" farming prnetices. Following
normal agriculture prnctice, the se('dling in the tank wus limited to
threC' <lofl'slIOOts" pel' yenr and grown for 2 years.
The growth of the plr..nt in the tnllk wns norlllal to that of other
adja(,l'l1t plants. In anothrr e:\l)el'iment, rows of bannna plants in
the fic·ld w('re treated separlltely with upplicntions of 33, 50, and 100
nun. of water (1.30, 1.95, und 3.94 ill.) 011 the same schedule of watering
ns the single plant in the tank. Thesr different treatments showed It
distinct difference in growth and yi(·ld. The ll'ngth of the plant sU'ms
increased proportionatel.y to the amount of watpr appli('d.
Th(' thre(' bunch('s of bananas pt'oduc('d tJle second yCIlt" by the
Uu'('(' offshoots allowed weighed 53 kg. (U7Ib.). At th(' nor'mal planting
rat!· of 1,100 seedlings per lu:'ctare during the second ."ear of growth
(\\'hl'l1 yield is highest) the 3/300 offshoots bpar'ing fruit could hc'
('xp(>cted (0 produce a calculated yield of 58.3 tons pel' }l('ctan'.
Although some very successful bantlna ol'dlards produce this yield,
th(' normal .'-i('ld in the Jordan Yalle,r is about half tJlat al1lount, or
approximn.tl'ly 2i) lons P('1' hecbu·(·.
Thcsc expl'l'inrpnts wel'(, continued for 2 years, as hanllna plants
:lrc not ('onsidet"cd .rnuture until the second ycar. The usunl pl':1etice
is to allow tllree offshoots to grow around eaell main tl'ce the second
.n·at'; /'I'om th(' third year on the jlrnetice is to !lJJO\\' thr('(' main and
thl'ce oH'shoots ('aeil year. Annunl \\-uter' consumption is high for the
second and succ'('ecling years, nfter maturity of the pln.nt.
The data fr011l the study showed that the l1I('asul'ed use-mIl'S w(,ro
highe'l' than nor'rnally ('xpected undcr field conditions. This is not an
unuslll1l finding. Tank studies usually gin higher ~'i('lds nnd gn'ittel'
water use pel' nnit of hlnd. In this study, the ~'ield alllounted to about
• 117 tons per 11('ctal'(" or 5 Lirll(,S the not"lllfil and 21~ tir)l('s what is
considered to he n. ypry high yiC'Jd. The plantpopullltions, bnsed on
the tank surface n.rcfl, of 5 sqUfl,I'(' J)wtel's would be' 2,000 s('edlings per
hectare which is nearly twice the nOl'lI1al population of 1,100 pel'
hectare.
H t be eonSUll1 ptin'-use l'n.tes aTe red uced to Ilol'm/ll in proportion to
(he yield and population ('ounts, tlle maximul1I monthly ('ol1sumptin'
use ('oeffieil'l1t would bc about 1.20, \\-ith a rllinirnulIl of Ilbout 0.a5.
TIl(' onl'all HV(,I'llf!:C k 1'01' tile 2-Y(,Hl' period would 1)(' about 0.75,
which includes the iil'st yeaI' when til{' s('edlin~s WCI'C d(·\'elopinl!. II'
only tire data 1'01' tlw s('('ond Yl'iU' of ~l'owth \\'C'I'(' uSNi, ft\-C'l'lI~e Hllllllli.1
58 TECHNICAl, BULI~lo}T[N 1275, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE
•
4 Hl'port filpd. Il),)7.
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