Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MEKELLE UNIVERSITY
DATE: 06/JUNE/2016
Design of Concrete Pipe Making Machine
Acknowledgment
There are really no words to express our special thanks towards our advisor INS. Besufekad
who had helped us a lot with his knowledge and giving practical examples of different
mechanisms from the beginning to the end. Secondly, we would like to thank our friends and
dorm mates for giving as ideas towards the partial fulfillment of B.Sc. degree in mechanical
engineering.
We are also greatly thankful to all our classmates who provide us special supports & advices
during trouble & critical times. Last but not least, all praise is due to the Almighty God for
granting us the power, courage and wisdom to finish our study.
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Abstract
This project deals with the design concepts, performance and brief design analysis of a concrete
pipe making machine which is a new machine for manufacturing of Concrete pipes (tubes) to
be designed by taking consideration of vibrating table for compressing and giving final shape of
product. The layout of the machine will be a vertical stand, and it's design will be reasonable,
reliable and simple to operate. All the design analysis is calculated manually based on different
machine design books. Material selection, for each part, is also considered as the pre-request task
for the design analysis. At the end part of the design, detail (part) and assembled drawings are
drawn using solid work software’s.
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Table of Contents
Acknowledgment ........................................................................................................................................... i
Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... ii
List of figure ................................................................................................................................................. vi
Abbreviation .............................................................................................................................................. viii
Chapter One .................................................................................................................................................. 1
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Background and justification .............................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Problem statement ............................................................................................................................. 4
1.3Objectives ............................................................................................................................................ 6
1.3.1General objective .......................................................................................................................... 6
1.3.2Specific objectives ......................................................................................................................... 6
1.4Scope of the study ............................................................................................................................... 6
1.5Expected out comes ............................................................................................................................. 6
1.6Study methodology .............................................................................................................................. 7
1.7Design procedures ............................................................................................................................... 7
Chapter two .................................................................................................................................................. 9
Literature review....................................................................................................................................... 9
2.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 9
Chapter Three ............................................................................................................................................. 15
3.1. Conceptual Design ........................................................................................................................... 15
Concept-2 ............................................................................................................................................ 16
Concept-5 ............................................................................................................................................ 19
3.2. Concept selection............................................................................................................................. 20
Chapter Four ............................................................................................................................................... 21
4. Design Analysis.................................................................................................................................... 21
4.1. Design of the frame work (molding parts) ................................................................................... 21
4.2. Motor selection for the reciprocating pressing head .................................................................. 25
4.3. Design of four bar mechanism ..................................................................................................... 27
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List of figure
Figure 1concrete pipe ...................................................................................................................... 1
Figure 2 horizontal concrete pipe making machine ........................................................................ 3
Figure 3vertical concrete making machine ..................................................................................... 3
Figure 4design procedures .............................................................................................................. 7
Figure 5, concrete feeding conveyor ............................................................................................... 9
Figure 7central vibrating ............................................................................................................... 10
Figure 6head pressing machine ..................................................................................................... 10
Figure 8, machine base frame ....................................................................................................... 11
Figure 9, steel pipe mould ............................................................................................................. 12
Figure 10 hoist tools...................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 11oil pump ......................................................................................................................... 14
Figure 12 2D concept one ............................................................................................................. 15
Figure 13 2D concept2 .................................................................................................................. 16
Figure14, 2D concept three ........................................................................................................... 17
Figure15, 2D concept four ............................................................................................................ 18
Figure16, 2D concept five............................................................................................................. 19
Figure17, horizontal beam on which the outer die is mounted ..................................................... 37
Figure 18general concepts on Euler’s buckling formula .............................................................. 42
Figure 19hydraulic cylinder .......................................................................................................... 43
Figure20, flange - flange end hydraulic cylinder .......................................................................... 44
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Abbreviation
rh = head radius
σY = yield strength
Th = torque applied at the pressing head
σt = tensile strength
t =die thickness
E = modulus of elasticity
Wc = weight of the hallow cylinder
σc = compression stress
Wh = weight of cylinder head
τs = shear stress
g = gravity
Pmax = maximum lateral pressure
lr = l1 = effective rod length
γc = specific weight of concrete
σc = circumferential stress at radius r
h = height of concrete tube
P = working pressure of the cylinder at its
PL = lateral pressure of fresh concrete inner radius,
d = outer diameter of the internal molding din = inner diameter of the concrete tube
cylinder
m = mass of unbalance mass
PL = lateral pressure of fresh concrete
w = frequency of vibration
d = outer diameter of the internal molding
e = eccentricity,
cylinder
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Chapter One
Introduction
1.1 Background and justification
Cement and concrete pipes are widely used on various industrial construction projects. The
tubular products are widely used in electrical conduits, agricultural irrigation, urban water supply
and drainage. The construction of pipes and underground conduits dates back thousands of years
and is one of the earliest forms of civil engineering construction.
Concrete Pipe Making Machines is the ideal equipment to manufacture concrete and cement
pipes with different sizes and shapes. The machine can produce different sizes of tubular (pipe)
products such as connection tubes, small tubes and large tubes with oval, tapered, rectangular,
square or round shapes as preferred by the manufacturer; by using sand, gravel, stone chips, fly
ash and slag mixed with appropriate amount of cement.
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The tubular products made by the machine must have the following advantages:
good impermeability
low cost
There are a lot of technologies to produce pipes of different shape and size including spun
technology, center core vibration, and packer head etc. Until now spun technology is dominating
in most of the industries to produce the concrete pipe which works on the principle by
incorporating mechanism of outer core rotation in horizontal centrifugal machine. This machine
operates on high speed RPM where concrete is feed into the rotating mold. But this
manufacturing operation is time consuming and efficiency is very low, in addition physical
strength of the product quality is not good and thickness is not uniformly distributed. Presently,
Vertical Vibration Casting Concrete pipe Making Machine is one of the most advanced concrete
pipes making technology in the world which integrate the technology of Mechanical, electric,
Hydraulic, and the Automatics. This machine is easy to operate, much higher efficiency, and
full-automatic. It can be used to produce the concrete pipe from DN600-3600mm, length 2-3
meter, and range from reinforced Concrete pipe, Steel Jacking pipes.
=> So we are going to design a vertical vibrating casting concrete pipe making machine in as our
project, and the design will be reasonable, reliable and simple to operate.
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1.3Objectives
1.3.1General objective
The general objective of this project is to design a concrete pipe making machine that is flexible
for different sizes and shapes.
1.3.2Specific objectives
The specific objectives of the project are:-
To design the hydraulic systems for up and down ward movements of the molding
cylinders
The noise will low during the production, which is within the standard allowed limit
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1.6Study methodology
Reading different machine design books
1.7Design procedures
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Design specifications are the requirements or the set of terminologies which are used to develop
the final approach of a system. They can be classified into physical, structural, functional and
cost requirements. Considering those requirement targets, the designed machine must fulfill the
following requirements
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Chapter two
Literature review
2.1. Introduction
Concrete Culvert Pipe Making Machine
Presently, Vertical Vibration Casting Concrete Culvert Pipe Making Machine is one of the most
advanced Concrete pipes making technology in the world which integrate the technology of
Mechanical, electric, Hydraulic, and the Automatics. This machine is easy to operate, much
higher efficiency, and full - automatic. It can be used to produce the concrete pipe from DN600-
3600mm, length 2-3 meter, and range from reinforced Concrete pipe, Steel Jacking pipes.
This conveyor is droved by Variable Frequency motor, rubber belt, easy to maintain and operate.
The unique variable speed control system promises the concrete feeding continuous, stable, easy
to control. Widely feeding within the working diameter, one feeding conveyor can be used for
the two positions Concrete Culvert Pipe Making Machine (Vertical Vibration Casting Type).
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Figure 6headFigure
pressing
6 machine
It is a movable gantry frame with automatic hydraulic pressing for left and right direction, also
up and down direction. It is used to form the pipe end joint, to make accurate and solid end joint.
It is full-automatic Vertical Vibration Casting Concrete Pipe Machinery.
3) Central Vibrator,
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speed, under heavy load. The fast speed we design is 4600 rpm the vibrating force, and
frequency is adjustable for different product. There is a unique design of the locking system, it is
very easy to disassemble and assemble the vibrator when change the inner mould for different
pipe specification. Our vibrator is with longer using life, and good performance, easy to
maintain, it is the critical part of the whole machine.
We choose the top quality hydraulic system in China, based on the advanced hydraulic control
technology, also equipped with displayer of oil temperature, oil level, alarm device, also the heat
radiation, and filter device. Because of the vibrator is running at very high speed, and under
heavy load, it will be easy to get hot. Then the cooling system is very important, which will
decide the whole vibrator life and working performance. Also with the oil temperature, oil
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pressure etc. alarm protection, these will guarantee the whole pipe machine running safe, and
stably.
We are capable to design the steel pipe mould according to client’ ASTM, BS, or any other
countries concrete pipe standards.
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7) Hoist tools
Figure10
Figure 10 hoist tools
The tools are special in design, used to transport the pipe mould, range for all diameters matched
with the machine.
Ourselves Control system is with programmable PLC system, automatic memory function, and
touch screen 10.5 inch. All the electric parts are Schneider, we also design the limited position
switches to protect the whole machine, besides, each operation between the machine running will
be locked in case of wrong operation. Our control system is the fruit of our over ten years of
efforts, very easy to learn, and use. Only one worker is enough to operate.
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9) Oil Pump
Concrete Pipes products made by Vertical Vibration Concrete Culvert Pipe Making
Machine
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Chapter Three
Concept 1 shows the model of machine having vibration base to give the vibration energy on the
freshly inserted concrete. Vibration table is equipped with motor which is able to change the
desired amplitudes, frequencies, and vibration during change in pipe size. Therefore, it is
important to keep the concrete mixture in constant proportion regardless of the pipe sizes.
Rotation is carried by the electric motors mounted at the top to provide more compaction and
shaping of concrete. Inner die system is movable in up down motion during shaping of pipe.
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Concept-2
The positioning of the pipe is vertical mount system where the vibration is given from the base
which is alike to the vibration as mentioned in concept 1. This machine is able to provide not
only vibration but also rotation. Outer die is fixed in the vibration table and inner die is movable
which can move by means of rotation of shaft coupled with electric motor mounted at the top. In
the inner die there are slots to couple the shaft with inner die so that when the shaft rotates the
torque is transmitted to the inner die. So the product is speculated to perform better than existing
products till now.
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Concept-3
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Concept-4
The vibration system for the concrete pipe making machine utilizes a precisely manufactured
inner core that contains spiral shaped screw to generate pressure in the concrete of the inner
mold. This setup consists of vibration table where preferably arranged electric vibrators are
mounted at the frame of table. Vibration table is designed in the way that different size of pipe
can be manufactured in the same table. To manufacture different sized pipe, only the changeable
part is the upper plate of vibration table. The outer die and spigot end is fixed on the table at the
first step then inner part is moved to its position and concrete is fed into the inner zone. Core
starts to move in upward direction by compacting concrete. The core part can be adjusted to slide
up and down from the small clearance hole at the center of table
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Concept-5
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Concepts
Selection weight Rating Weighted Rating Weighted Rating Weighted Rating Weighted Rating Weighted
score score score score score
criteria
Productivity 18% 2 3.6 5 9.0 5 9.0 3 5.4 3 5.4
variety
Safety 20% 4 4.0 4 8.0 4 8.0 4 8.0 4 8.0
Easy in 13% 3 2.6 4 5.2 3 3.9 3 3.9 5 6.5
manufacturing
Uniform density 16% 3 3.2 3 4.8 6 9.6 4 6.4 4 6.4
product
Easy of handling 13% 4 5.2 3 3.9 3 3.9 3 3.9 5 6.5
Durable product 20% 3 6.0 3 6.0 5 10.0 3 6.0 4 8.0
Total score 2.46 3.69 4.44 3.36 4.08
Rank 5 3 1 4 2
Continue No No Yes No No
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Chapter Four
4. Design Analysis
𝐾𝑁
= 24𝑚3 × 1.5m = 36kpa
36kpa = 18 + 14R
36−18
R= = 1.286m/h
14
36−14.37−3.14𝑅
d= 0.094
d = 187.149mm ≈188mm
𝑃𝐿 ∅
𝜆= = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (45 - 2 ), 20° ≤ ∅ ≤ 30° let take ∅ = 20°
𝑃𝑣
∅ = friction angle
𝑃𝑣 = vertical pressure
𝜆 = 0.49
𝐿𝑃 36𝑘𝑝𝑎
𝑃𝑣 =0.49 = 0.49
= 73.47kpa
𝐹𝑣 = 𝑃𝑣 × 𝐴𝑐
𝐴𝑐 = area of compaction
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0.8+0.92
Let us take 𝑓𝑐 = = 0.86
2
𝜌𝑐𝑏
𝑓𝑐 = = 0.86
𝜌𝑐𝑓
𝜌
𝑐𝑏 2400𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 𝛾𝑏𝑐
𝜌𝑐𝑓 = 0.86 =
0.86 𝛾𝑓
= 2790.7𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3
𝛾𝑓𝑐 = 27.907𝐾𝑁⁄𝑚3
V = volume of concrete
𝜋𝐷 2
But V = 4
× 1.4𝑚
𝜋
= 4 (𝐷2 - 𝑑2 ) ×1.4m
𝜋
( 0.752 - 0.62 )× 1.4m
4
= 0.2255𝑚3
𝐹𝑏𝑐 = 5.341KN
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𝐹𝑐 = force of compaction
𝐹𝑐 = 0.8695KN ≈ 870N
𝐹𝑐 870𝑁
𝑃𝑐 = = 0.159𝑀2 = 5.472Kpa
𝐴
The pressing head of hydraulic force 𝐹𝐻 must be greater than or equal to the compaction force of
the fresh wet concrete, 𝐹𝑐 or its pressure 𝑃𝑐 .
N.B; the force for reciprocating movement of the pressing head must be greater than the friction
force of the top surface of the concrete.
Assuming the coefficient of friction of the concrete, 𝜇𝑠 = 0.3, the friction force is given by;
𝐹𝑟 = 𝜇w = 𝜇𝐹𝑐
W = weight of compaction
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𝐹𝑎𝑝𝑝 = applied force on the head to overcome the rotational friction and to
accelerate it centrifugally.
𝑃𝑟ℎ = 𝐹𝑟ℎ × 𝑣ℎ
𝑣ℎ 2
𝐹𝑅 = 𝐹𝑎𝑝 - 𝐹𝑟 = ma = m × 𝑟ℎ
m = mass
𝐹𝑎𝑝 = 𝐹𝑟𝑒ℎ
An addition of resistance factor ranged from 10% − 15% the TTE (𝐹𝑎𝑝 ), accounts for the
frictional losses between joints, linkages and motor bearings must be assumed to ensure
acceptable motor performance.
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V 2
𝐹𝑅 = ma = m 𝑟h > 0
ℎ
𝐹𝑅 𝑟ℎ 𝐹𝑐
𝑉ℎ = √ , but m =
𝑚 𝑔
870𝑁
m = 9.81𝑚⁄𝑠2 = 88.685kg
80𝑁 ×0.375
𝑉ℎ = √ = 0.582𝑚⁄𝑠 ≈ 0.6𝑚⁄𝑠
88.685
𝑉ℎ
𝜔ℎ = =1.6𝑟𝑎𝑑⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐 where, 𝜔ℎ = head angular speed in rad/sec
𝑟ℎ
𝑟ℎ = head radius
2𝜋 𝑁ℎ
𝜔ℎ = where, 𝑁ℎ = speed of the pressing head in rpm
60
60 𝜔ℎ
𝑁ℎ = = 15.28rpm
2𝜋
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Assumptions
𝐿1 = 460mm 𝐿3 = 500mm
𝐿2 = 100mm 𝐿4 = 300mm
Where 𝐿1 = frame
𝐿2 = driver
𝐿3 = connecting rod
𝐿4 = driven
𝐿2 + 𝐿3 < 𝐿1 + 𝐿4
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If the sum of the length of the longest and shortest link is less than or equal to the sum of the
lengths of the other two links, then four bar mechanism will operate as crank – rocker.
The angle 𝛾 between links two and one in four is called transmission angle.
𝛾𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 45.46°
γmax = 85.4°
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𝛾 = (45.46°, 85.4°)
𝜃 = 180° − 2𝛼 = 54.8°
𝑇ℎ = TTE× 𝑆, S = r𝜃
TTE = 392.12
54.8°
𝑇ℎ = 392.12×0.375× 180° 𝜋 = 140.64Nm
Assume
𝜔𝐵 = 0.54rad/s
VB = ωB × r = 375mm×0.54rad/s
= 160mm/sec
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Z = 376.73mm
β = 48.685°
sin 𝛽×300
sin 𝛼1 = 376.73
𝛼1 = sin−1(0.6) = 36.87
sin 30×100
sin 𝛼2 = 376.75
50
𝛼2 = sin−1 (376.75) = 7.63°
𝑉𝐵 = 160mm/sec
𝑉𝐴 = 313mm/sec
𝑉𝐴
𝜔𝐴 = = 3.13rad/sec
𝑟
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𝜔𝐴 ×60
𝑁𝐴 = = 30rpm
2𝜋
𝐿1 ×𝑇ℎ 100×140.64𝑁𝑚
T= =
𝐿4 300
T = 46.6Nm
P = T×𝜔𝐴
𝑃
𝑃𝑚 = 𝜂 , where 𝑃𝑚 = power required from the motor
𝑚
143
= 0.95 = 150w = 0.2hp
N = 30rpm
Therefore, having power of 0.2hp=1/5 hp and 30 rpm a gear motor is selected from table 2
below.
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Material selection
𝜎𝑌 =250mpa 𝑇𝐶 = 125mpa
𝜎𝑡 = 400mpa E = 200Gpa
𝜎𝑐 = 407mpa
Assume
𝜎
w = 8t 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 4𝑐 = 100mpa
F.s = 4
𝐹 𝐹
𝜎𝑐 = 𝑤×𝑡 = 8𝑡 2
𝑇ℎ 140.64𝑁𝑚
F= =
𝐿3 300𝑚𝑚
F = 468.8N
𝐹 468.8
t = √8×𝜎 = √8×100×106
𝑎𝑙𝑙
t ≈ 2mm
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w ≈ 20mm
Both the link and pin are made of the same material. Force applied at the link is F= 468.8N.
𝜏𝑠 = 125mpa
125𝑚𝑝𝑎
𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙 = = 31.25mpa
4
𝐹 𝐹
𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑑4
4
4×𝐹
D=√ = 4.37mm
𝜋×31.25×106
d = 5mm
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𝑔
𝜌 =7.85 ⁄𝑐𝑚3
𝜎𝑦 = 207mpa
E = 210Gpa
Limitation point
Assuming F.s = 2
𝜎𝑦 207𝑚𝑝𝑎
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 = F.s = = 103.5mpa
2
𝜎𝑦
𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 2𝐹.𝑠 = 51.75mpa
From the equation of Hoop stress the thickness can be found as follow;
𝑃𝐷 𝑃𝑟
𝜎ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑝 = = where, 𝑃 = concrete lateral pressure
2𝑡 𝑡
t =die thickness
𝑃𝐷
𝜎ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑝 = ≤ 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙
2𝑡
𝑃𝐷 36×103 𝑝𝑎 ×0.75𝑚
t ≥ 2𝜎 = = 0.13mm
𝑎𝑙𝑙 2 ×103,5 × 106 𝑝𝑎
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g = gravity
𝜋 (𝐷 2 − 𝑑2 )ℎ
𝑉𝑐 = 4
= 1.84× 10−4 𝑚3
= 850kg → w = 850N
𝑚𝑐 = 𝑉𝑐 × 𝜌 = 83.5655kg
𝑤𝑐 = 𝑚𝑐 × g = 835.655N
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𝑚ℎ = 𝑉ℎ × 𝜌 = 1.446kg
𝑤ℎ = 14.45N
4.12. Design of the horizontal beam on which the outer die is mounted
Sketch of the beam
𝑤
𝜔𝑐 = 𝐷𝑐 where, 𝜔𝑐 = load distribution of the head on the cylinder
𝑐
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𝐷𝑐 = diameter of cylinder
835.655𝑁
= = 1.1054𝐾𝑁⁄𝑚
0.756𝑚
𝑤ℎ 14.45𝑁
𝜔ℎ = 𝐷 = (0.806−0.756)𝑚 = 289𝑁⁄𝑚 where, 𝐷ℎ = diameter of the head
ℎ− 𝐷𝑐
Reactions
𝐴𝑦 = 425N = 𝐹𝑦
Shear force
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 425N
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Material
E = 220Gpa
G = 140.25Gpa
𝜎𝑦 = 207mpa
𝜌 = 7.86𝑔⁄𝑐 3
𝜀 = 0.28
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Assumption
No of cylinders = 𝑛𝑐 = 2
Single acting 2 cylinders
Fixed – fixed boundary conditions
𝑉𝑝 = 0.5m/s 𝜇𝑐 = 0.3
𝑡𝑝 = 5mm 𝜇𝑝 = 0.1
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Limitation points
𝜎𝑦 207𝑚𝑝𝑎
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝑓.𝑠 = = 69mpa
3
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 69𝑚𝑝𝑎
𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙 = = = 34.5mpa
2 2
Points to be done
𝐿𝑟
𝑙𝑟 = = 0.975m,
2
𝑑𝑟 = rod diameter
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2𝜋3 𝐸𝑑4
k= 64𝑙𝑟 2
4 32𝑘𝑙𝑟 2 4 32×3000𝑁×(0.975)2
𝑑𝑟 = √ = √𝜋3 ×220×109𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
𝜋3 𝐸
𝑑𝑟 = 10.755mm,
So from the preferred standard table for cylinder bore and rod diameter, the suitable value for
the rod is, 𝑑𝑟 ≈ 20mm. And the corresponding piston diameter for 𝑑𝑟 = 20mm is 𝑑𝑝 = 40mm.
𝐿𝑟 𝑃𝑐𝑟
𝑙𝑟 = = 1.95m/2 = 0.975m Assuming ≥ 4, the critical load is given as follow.
2 𝑝𝑎
4𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼 4𝑊𝐿
𝑃𝑐𝑟 = ≥ , where 𝑃𝑐𝑟 = critical load
𝑙𝑟 2 𝑛𝑐
𝑊𝐿 = load weight
𝑊𝐿
𝑝𝑎 = actual load = = 500N
2
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𝜋𝑑𝑟 4 𝜋(20𝑚𝑚)2
𝐼𝑟 = = = 7.854× 104 𝑚𝑚4
64 64
𝜋2𝐸
𝜎𝑐𝑟 = 𝐿 ≥ 𝜎𝑐 , where 𝑟𝑔 = radius of gyration
( 𝑟 )2
𝑟𝑔
𝐼
𝑟𝑔 = √ 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐴 𝑅
𝜋𝑑2 𝜋(20𝑚𝑚)2
𝐴𝑅 = = = 314.16𝑚𝑚2
4 4
𝜋20𝑚𝑚4
= 𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 7853.982𝑚𝑚4
64
7853.982𝑚𝑚4
𝑟𝑔 = √ = 5mm
314.16𝑚𝑚2
𝑊𝐿 1000𝑁
𝜎𝑐 = 𝑛 = 2×314.16𝑚𝑚2 = 1.59mpa
𝑐 𝐴𝑅
Since 1.59mpa < 𝜎𝑐𝑟 = 14.31mpa and 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 69mpa, the rod is safe for compression stress.
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4.15. Calculating the total applied force on the piston of the cylinder
For 𝑑𝑟 = 20mm, 𝑑𝑝 = 40mm
𝐹𝑎𝑝𝑝 = total applied force on the piston to overcome the friction forces, weight and to move
the load with 0.5m/s
𝑊𝑃&𝑟 = 𝑊𝑃 +𝑊𝑟
𝜋(𝐷𝑝 2 − 𝑑𝑟 2 )𝜌𝑔×𝑡
𝑊𝑃 = = 72.67× 5× 10−3 𝑚
4
= 0.363N
= 47.24N
𝑊𝑇 = 𝑊1 + 𝑊𝑃&𝑟 × 2
𝐹𝑟 = 𝑊𝑇 × 𝜇𝐶 +𝑊𝑇 𝜇𝑃 = 𝑊𝑇 (𝜇𝐶 + 𝜇𝑃 )
= 438.9N
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𝑊𝑇1 ×𝑎 𝑉2− 𝑈2 𝑉2
𝐹𝑅 = , but a = = 2𝐿
𝑔 2𝑆 𝑟
(0.5𝑚/𝑠)2
= = 0.6641𝑚⁄𝑠 2
2×1.95𝑚
𝐹𝑅 = 7.16N
7.1562N +438.4N + 1095.2N = 1.54KN, but, since there are 2 number if cylinders, the force
applied for each cylinder is;
𝐹𝑎𝑝𝑝 𝐹𝑎𝑝𝑝
=
𝑐𝑦 𝑛𝑐
1.54𝐾𝑁
= 0.77KN = 770N
2
𝐹
𝐷 𝐹𝑎𝑝
P = 0.9𝐴 = 0.9𝐴
𝑝 𝑝 𝑛𝑐
𝐹𝑎𝑝 1.542𝐾𝑁
𝐹𝐷 = =
𝑛𝑐 2
= 770N
𝜋𝐷𝑝 2 𝜋(40𝑚𝑚)2
𝐴𝑝 = =
4 4
770𝑁
P = 0.9×1.256637×103 𝑚𝑚2 = 0.505mpa = 6.81bar < 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 69mpa
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= 427.886W
𝑃𝑇 = 𝑛𝑐 × 𝑃
2× 427.886W = 855.772W
We can calculate the thickness of the cylinder using Lame’s equations as follow;
𝑏
𝜎𝑟 = 𝑟 2 - a
𝑏
𝜎𝑐 = 𝑟 2 + a where 𝜎𝑟 = radial stress
𝑏
𝜎𝑐 (𝑟𝑖𝑛 ) = + a ≤ 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 , where, 𝜎𝑐 (𝑟𝑖𝑛 ) = circumferential stress at the inner radius of the
𝑟𝑖𝑛 2
cylinder.
𝑏
𝜎𝑐 (𝑟𝑖𝑛=20𝑚𝑚 ) = 202 + a ≤ 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙
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𝑏
= (20𝑚𝑚)2 + a = 69mpa
𝑏
= 400𝑚𝑚2 + a = 69mpa……………………. 1 and
𝑏
𝜎𝑟 (𝑟𝑖𝑛 ) = 𝑟 2
– a = P, where, 𝜎𝑟 = radial stress inside the cylinder at its inner radius
𝑖𝑛
𝑟𝑖𝑛 = 20mm
𝑏
𝜎𝑟 = 𝑟 2
–a=P
𝑖𝑛
𝑏
= (20𝑚𝑚)2 - a = 6.81bar
𝑏
= 400𝑚𝑚2 - a = 6.81bar……………………2
𝑏
= 400𝑚𝑚2 + a = 69𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 ……………………. 1
𝑏
= 400𝑚𝑚2 - a = 0.681𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 ……………………2
2𝑏
= 400𝑚𝑚2 = 69.681𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
2b = 69.681𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 × 400𝑚𝑚2
b = 13.94KN
𝑏
- a = 0.681𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
400𝑚𝑚2
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13.94𝐾𝑁
- a = 0.681𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
400𝑚𝑚2
13.94𝐾𝑁
a = 400𝑚𝑚2 - 0.681𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 = (34.85 – 0.681) mpa
a = 34.17𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
Now let us substitute the value of a and b into the Lame’s equations
𝑏
𝜎𝑐 = 𝑟 2 + a
13.94𝐾𝑁
𝜎𝑐 = + 34.17mpa and
𝑟2
𝑏
𝜎𝑟 = 𝑟 2 – a
13.94𝐾𝑁
𝜎𝑟 = – 34.17mpa
𝑟2
Note that the cylinder must be strong enough to absorve all the stress such that the stress at the
outer surface of the barrel must be zero.
𝑏
i.e. 𝜎𝑐 (𝑟𝑜 ) = – a = 0, where, 𝜎𝑐 (𝑟𝑜 ) = radial stress at the outer radius of the cylinder
𝑟𝑜 2
13.94𝐾𝑁
𝜎𝑐 (𝑟𝑜 ) = – 34.17mpa = 0
𝑟𝑜 2
13.94𝐾𝑁
= 34.17𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
𝑟𝑜 2
13.94𝐾𝑁
𝑟𝑜 = √34.17𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 = 20.25mm≈ 21mm
𝐷𝑜 = 2𝑟𝑜 = 2×21mm
𝐷𝑜 = 42mm
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𝐷𝑜 −𝐷𝑝 42−40
t= =
2 2
t = 1mm
But, since the cylinder is assumed to be thick cylinder for hydraulic purposes;
𝑟 𝑟
≤ 10, t ≥
𝑡 10
21
t≥ = t ≥ 2.1mm, let t = 3.5mm
10
So, 𝐷𝑜 = 𝐷𝑝 + 2t = 40 + 7mm
𝐷𝑜
𝐷𝑜 = 47mm and 𝑟𝑜 = 2
L=𝐿𝑟𝑜𝑑 +𝐿𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
= 1.95m + 2m = 3.95m
4𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝑐𝑟 = 𝐿2 ×𝑍
𝐿1 𝐿2 1 1 𝐿 2𝜋𝐿1
Z= + + (𝑙 - 𝑙 ) × 2𝜋 sin( )
𝑙1 𝑙2 2 1 𝐿
𝑃𝑐𝑟 𝜋𝑃𝐷 2
≥ 4, 𝑝𝑎 =
𝑝𝑎 4
𝜋𝑑𝑟 4 𝜋(𝐷𝑜 4 − 𝐷𝑝 4 )
𝐼𝑟 = And 𝐼𝑐 =
64 64
I = 𝐼𝑟 + 𝐼𝑐
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𝐿1 1.95𝑚
𝑙1 = = = 0.975m
2 2
𝐿2 2𝑚
𝑙2 = = = 1m
2 2
𝐿 𝐿2 1 1 𝐿 2𝜋𝐿1
Z = 𝑙1 + + (𝑙 - 𝑙 ) × 2𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛( )
1 𝑙2 2 1 𝐿
𝐿 𝐿 1 1 𝐿 2𝜋𝐿𝑟
= 𝑙 𝑟 + 𝑙 𝑐 + (𝑙 - 𝑙 ) × 2𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛(
𝑟 𝑐 𝑐 𝑟 𝐿
= 4 – 0.017 = 3.983
4𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝑐𝑟 = 𝐿2 ×𝑍
𝜋𝑑𝑟 4
𝐼𝑟 ≤ = 7.854× 103 𝑚𝑚4
64
𝜋(𝐷𝑜 4 − 𝐷𝑝 4 )
𝐼𝑐 = = 113.8671× 103 𝑚𝑚3
64
𝐼𝑐 > 𝐼𝑟 Which indicates that the cylinder has higher resistance to bending or buckling.
I = 𝐼𝑟 + 𝐼𝑐
4𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝑐𝑟 = ≥ 4𝑝𝑎
𝐿2 ×𝑍
𝑊𝑇 1.142𝐾𝑁
𝑊𝐿 = = = 571N
2 2
𝑃𝑐𝑟
𝑃𝑐𝑟 = 17KN > 571N, or ≥4
𝑝𝑎
17KN ≥ 4× 571𝑁
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𝜋
Whcy = 4 (472 − 402 )×2m× 7860 × 9.81
= 73.76N = 74N
𝜋
Woil = 𝑉𝑏 × 𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙 × 𝑔 = 4 (𝑑𝑝 2 )× 𝐿𝑠𝑏𝑜𝑥 𝜌𝑔
𝜋
= 4 × 402 × 1950 × 900 × 9.81
= 21.635N ≈22
2WBore = 192N
Given
𝑊𝐿 = 500N
Material
E = 200Gpa
𝜎𝑦 = 250mpa
𝜌 = 7850𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3
Assumptions
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L = 3.6m
F.s = 2.5
Fixed – free end for xy plane
X = 2 ≈ 2.1
Fixed – fixed end for xz plane
X = 0.5 ≈ 0.65
C – shape rectangular cross – section area
Required
𝑎
a, ratio of corresponding to the most efficient design against buckling
𝑏
Analysis
𝑎
a, ratio of analysis
𝑏
The most efficient design occurs when resistance to the buckling is equal in both planes
(xy and xz planes). And this occurs when the Cylinderness ratios (𝜆 ) are equal in both
planes.
Buckling in xy – plane
Assumptions is fixed – fixed end X= 2
𝐼𝑍
𝑟𝑧 2 = where 𝑟𝑧 = radius of gyration for xy – plane
𝐴
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1 𝑏 3𝑎 3
𝐼𝑍 = 12(b𝑎3 − 2 ( ) )
4
1 27b𝑎3
= 12(b𝑎3 − 128
1 101b𝑎3 101b𝑎3
= 12( )=
128 1536
101b𝑎3
𝐼𝑍 = 1536
𝑏 3𝑎
A = ba− 2 × 4
3𝑏𝑎 5𝑏𝑎
= ba − =
8 8
5ba
A 8
IZ 101ba3 5ba
rz 2 = = ÷
A 1536 8
101ba3 8 101𝑎2
= × 5ba =
1536 960
101
rz = a√960
K = end constant
K = 2 for fixed – fixed, but the recommended value for design is K = 2.1
2.1𝐿
λz = a 101
√
960
Buckling in xy – plane
Assumptions fixed – fixed end k = 0.5
Iy 5ba
ry = A , but A = 8
1 3 3a b 3
Iy = (ab − ( ) )
12 4 2
1 3ab3
= 12 (ab3 - )
32
29ab3
Iy = 384
Iy 29ab3 8
ry 2 = = × 5ba
A 384
29
ry = b√240
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K = 0.5 for the fixed – fixed end, but the recommended value for design is 0.65
KL
λy = ry
0.65L
λy = 29
b√
240
29 101
2.1√ 0.65√
240 960
=
a 𝑏
29
𝑎 2.1√
240
=
𝑏 101
0.65√
960
𝑎 0.73
= 0.211 = 3.46
𝑏
𝑎
= 3.46 is the most efficient design ratio against buckling for the vertical sliding
𝑏
Therefore we have to design the column based on the smaller moment of inertia which is
29ab3
Iy = .
384
6.317𝑚𝑚×103
λy = 𝑏
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𝑃𝑐𝑟 1.25𝐾𝑁
𝜎𝑐𝑟 = = 𝑏𝑎
𝐴 5
8
10×103
= , but a = 3.46b
5𝑏𝑎
10×103
𝜎𝑐𝑟 = 5×3.46𝑏×𝑏
578.035𝑁
𝜎𝑐𝑟 = ………………… 1
𝑏2
𝜋2 𝐸 𝜋2 𝐸
And 𝜎𝑐𝑟 = 2 = 𝐿
λ ( 𝑒 )2
𝑟
𝜋2 ×200×103 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
𝜎𝑐𝑟 = 6.317×103𝑚𝑚 2
( )
𝑏
578.035𝑁
𝜎𝑐𝑟 = = 0.049466𝑏 2 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚4
𝑏2
578.035𝑁
𝑏4 = = 4
49.466×10−3𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚
4
b = √11.6855 × 103 𝑚𝑚4
𝑏
= 10.397≈ 11mm for strength = 5.5mm
2
𝑏
But = 3.46
𝑎
= 35.97362≈ 36mm
3 3×52
And 4a = = 39mm
4
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Given Required
5𝑎𝑏
A= , a= 36mm and b= 11mm V=?
8
L = 3600mm m =?
𝜌 = 7.85𝑔⁄𝑐𝑚3 = 7850𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 w =?
Solution analysis
V = AL
5𝑎𝑏 5×36×11𝑚𝑚2
A= =A=
8 8
A = 247.5𝑚𝑚2
V = 247.5𝑚𝑚2 × 3600mm
m = 𝜌 × 𝑉 = 78508.91× 10−4 𝑚3
m = 6.99kg ≈ 7kg
w = mg = 7kg × 9.81𝑚⁄𝑠 2
w = 68.67N ≈ 69N
𝑊𝑇 = 2w = 138N
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Definition; the lower shaping ring is a metal used to support the concrete tube and the outer die
to internally shape the concrete tub. This internal shape of the tube makes easy the concrete tube
for interconnecting and joining with other consecutive tubes.
Material selection
Steel – milld
𝜌 = 7.86𝑔⁄𝑐𝑚3
E = 220Gpa
𝜎𝑦 = 207mpa
Given Assumption
𝐷𝑜 = 750mm t = 5mm
Design consideration
𝜎𝑦 207𝑚𝑝𝑎
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝐹.𝑠 = 2
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 103.5mpa
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Assuming when the metal ring is straightened and chanced to flat the following hollow circular
cylinder will be created by assuming uniform well thickness.
𝑑𝑖𝑛 = 600mm
= 1.057× 10−3 𝑚3
= 8.313kg
Wr = mg = 81.555N
Let us design the ring based on the weight of the concrete, then it will also safe for the outer die
weight.
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𝑊𝑐 4𝑊
𝜎𝑐 = = 𝜋(𝐷2 −𝑑2𝑐)𝑚𝑚2 ≤ 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝐴𝑐
4×5.2425×103 𝑁
= 32.963kpa
𝜋(7502 −6002 )𝑚𝑚2
𝜎𝑐 ≤ 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙
Definition; the lower horizontal beam is the structure used to carry the total load of the molded
concrete, pipe, the outer die with its supporting upper horizontal beam and its two sliding vertical
columns, the weight of the two hydraulic cylinders and the lower shaper ring metal when the
molded (formed) concrete is raised up from inner die for taking away purpose.
Given
Required
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Material selection
E = 200Gpa
𝜎𝑦 = 207mpa
𝜌 = 7.85𝑔⁄𝑐𝑚3
F.s = 2
Analysis
a, calculation of distributed and concentrated loads and total weight on the beam
𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑛 = mg =𝜌𝑉𝑔
= 5.43KN
𝑊𝑇 = 6.937KN
Concentrated loads
= 1.2872N
𝑊𝑇1
= 643.6N
2
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Distributed loads
𝑊𝑐𝑙𝑛
𝑊𝑐𝑙𝑛 = 69N and 𝜔𝑐𝑙𝑛 = 𝑎
69𝑁
𝜔𝑐𝑙𝑛 = 0.036 = 1.92KN/m
𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑛
𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑛 = 5.43KN and 𝜔𝑐𝑜𝑛 = 𝐷𝑖𝑛
5.43𝐾𝑁
= 750×10−3 𝑚 = 7.24KN/m
𝑊𝑟𝑛𝑔
𝑊𝑟𝑛𝑔 = 81.555N and 𝜔𝑟𝑛𝑔 =
𝐷𝑟𝑛𝑔
81.555N
= 763×10−3 𝑚 =106.881N/m
Support reactions
The two hydraulic cylinders are the supporting reactions of the beam.
i.e 𝑅𝐵 and 𝑅1 .
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𝑅𝐵 = 𝑅1 = 3.4685KN
𝑅𝐵 = 𝑅2 = 3.4685KN
Definition- the dimension of the lower beam will be safely designed based on the maximum
bending moment.
Analysis
Assume w = 3t
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𝑡𝑤 3 𝑤𝑡 3
𝐼𝑥𝑥 = and 𝐼𝑦𝑦 = , but 𝐼𝑦𝑦 < 𝐼𝑥𝑥 , because w > t.
12 12
So, we design the beam based the smaller resistance of moment inertia which is;
𝑤𝑡 3
𝐼𝑦𝑦 = 12
𝑀𝑦 𝑡
𝜎𝑏 = , but y = 2
𝐼
𝑡
𝑀 6𝑀𝑡
2
𝜎𝑏 = 𝑤𝑡3
= 3𝑡 4
12
2𝑀
𝜎𝑏 = ≤ 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑡3
2𝑀
𝑡3 ≥ 𝜎
𝑎𝑙𝑙
3 2×969.9𝑁𝑚
t ≥ √103.5×106 𝑁⁄𝑚2
w = 3t = 3×30mm = 90mm
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𝑊𝑏 = 𝑚 𝑇 g
𝑚 𝑇 = 𝜌 (𝑉1+𝑉2+𝑉3+2𝑉4)
𝑚 𝑇 = 𝜌(𝐴1 ℎ1 + 𝐴2 ℎ2 + 𝐴3 ℎ3 + 2𝐴𝐴 ℎ4 )
𝑚1 = 23.9222kg
𝜋𝑑𝑏 2 ℎ𝜌
𝑚3 = 𝐻 2 h𝜌− = 70.515kg
4
𝑚4 = 2×w×L×t×𝜌
= 2(90×30×232.5) × 𝜌 = 9.8557kg
𝑚 𝑇 = 110.5834kg
𝑊𝑏 = mg = 1.085KN
Definition; the lower hydraulic cylinders are the two cylinders which are used to support and lift
for the total load (weight) in the concrete pipe making machine. The working fluid of the
cylinders is oil.
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Givens
𝑊𝐿1 = 1KN
𝑊𝑐𝑦 = 287.2N
𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑛 = 5.43KN
𝑊𝑟𝑛𝑔 = 81.555N
𝑊𝑏 = 1.085KN
Assumptions
Number of cylinders, 𝑛𝑐 = 2
𝑛𝑟 = 6 = number of rollers
Material
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E = 220Gpa
G = 140.25Gpa
𝜎𝑦 = 250mpa
𝜌 = 7.86𝑔⁄𝑐 3
𝜀 = 0.28
Design considerations
𝜎𝑦
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝐹.𝑠 = 83.33mpa
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙 = = 41.67mpa
2
Analysis
Required; safe design of the following against buckling and other stresses.
a, 𝑊𝐿2 = 𝑊𝑇
b, 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑑 , 𝐷𝑝
c, P,Q and p
𝑛𝑐 = 2cylinders
𝑊𝐿 = 4.01KN/cy
𝑊𝐿 𝑊𝐿 8.022KN
= =
𝑐𝑦 𝑛𝑐 2
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𝑊𝐿
= 4.011KN
𝑐𝑦
𝐿𝑟𝑜𝑑 = 1.5m
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑊𝑐𝑟 = 𝑊𝐿 ×F.s = ≥ 𝑊𝐿
𝑙𝑒𝑞 2
𝑙𝑒𝑞 = k×L, K= 0.5 for fixed – fixed end, but the recommended value for design is k = 0.65.
𝑙𝑒𝑞 = 0.975m
𝜋𝑑𝑟 4
I= 64
𝜋2 𝐸𝐼
𝑊𝑐𝑟 = ≥𝑊𝐿
𝑙𝑒𝑞 2
𝜋2 𝐸𝜋𝑑𝑟 4
𝑊𝑐𝑟 =
64𝑙𝑒𝑞 2
64𝑙𝑒𝑞 2 ×𝑊𝑐𝑟
𝑑𝑟 4 = 𝜋 3 ×𝐸
4 2 3 2
64𝑙𝑒𝑞 ×𝑊𝑐𝑟 4 64×12.033×10 ×(0.975)
𝑑𝑟 = √ 𝜋3 ×𝐸 = √ 𝜋3 ×200×109 𝑁⁄𝑚2
𝑑𝑟 = 18.54mm, but the suitable value from preferred standard table is 20mm and the
corresponding piston diameter from the table is 40mm.
𝑑𝑟 = 20mm
𝐷𝑝 = 40mm
𝜋2 𝐸
𝜎𝑐𝑟 = 𝐿
( )2
𝑟
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𝐼
r = √ 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐴 𝑅
𝜋𝑑𝑟 4
= 𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 64
𝜋20𝑚𝑚4
= = 7853.982𝑚𝑚4
64
𝜋𝑑2 𝜋(20𝑚𝑚)2
𝐴𝑅 = = = 314.16𝑚𝑚2
4 4
7853.982𝑚𝑚4
r= √ = 5mm
314.16𝑚𝑚2
Cylinderness ratio
L 1500𝑚𝑚
λ= = = 300
r 5𝑚𝑚
𝜎𝑐𝑟 = 21.93mpa
𝑊𝐿 4.022KN
𝜎𝑐 = = 314.16𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑅
= 12.8mpa
12.8mpa < 21.93mpa and 83.33mpa, the rod is safe for compression stress.
FR = Fapp - Fr - Wf = ma
Fapp = FR + Wf +Fr
Wf ×a 𝑉2− 𝑈2 𝑉2
FR = , but a = = 2𝐿
g 2𝑆
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(0.5𝑚/𝑠)2
= = 0.08334𝑚⁄𝑠 2
2×1.5𝑚
𝜋
= ρg4 (𝐷𝑝 2 𝑡 + 𝑑𝑟 2 𝐿)
𝜋
= ρg 4 (402 × 10 + 202 × 1500𝑚𝑚3
= 37.4257N
Wf ×a 4.05KN×0.08334𝑚⁄𝑠2
FR = =
g 9.81𝑚⁄𝑠2
= 34.41N
Fr = 𝜇𝑟 × Wf +𝜇𝑝× Wf , 𝜇𝑟 = 𝜇𝑝 = 0.02
Fr = Wf (6𝜇𝑟 + 𝜇𝑝 )
Fr = Wf (7𝜇𝑝 ), since 𝜇𝑟 = 𝜇𝑝
= 7×0.02×4.05KN = 567N
Fapp = FR + Wf +Fr
𝐹𝑎𝑝𝑝
P= ≤ 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝐴𝑝
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𝜋𝐷𝑝 2 𝜋(40𝑚𝑚)2
𝐴𝑝 = =
4 4
4.651KN
P = 1.256637×103 𝑚𝑚2 = 3.7mpa
P ≤ 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙
3.7mpa ≤ 83.33mpa
= 2.325kw
We can calculate the thickness of the cylinder using Lame’s equations as follow;
𝑏
𝜎𝑟 = 𝑟 2 - a
𝑏
𝜎𝑐 = 𝑟 2 + a where 𝜎𝑟 = radial stress
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b
σc = r 2
+ a ≤ σall
in
b
σc = r 2 + a = 83.333mpa, but rin = piston diameter
in
b
+ a = 83.333mpa…………………..1
rp 2
𝑏
And 𝜎𝑟 = 𝑟 2 – a = p
𝑝
𝑏
– a = 3.7mpa…………………2
𝑟𝑝 2
𝑏
+ a = 83.333mpa
𝑟𝑝 2
𝑏
– a = 3.7mpa
𝑟𝑝 2
2𝑏
= 87.033mpa
𝑟𝑝 2
b = 87.033𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 × (20𝑚𝑚2 )
= 17.4066KN
𝑏
– a = 3.7mpa
𝑟𝑝 2
𝑏
a= −3.7mpa
𝑟𝑝 2
a = 39.816mpa
Now, let us substitute the value of a and b into the Lame’s equations;
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𝑏 17.4066KN
𝜎𝑐 = 𝑟 2 + a = +39.816mpa
𝑟2
𝑏 17.4066KN
𝜎𝑟 = 𝑟 2 – a = −39.816mpa
𝑟2
Note that cylinder must be strong enough to absorb all the stress such that the stress at the outer
surface of the barrel must be zero.
𝑏
–a=0
𝑟𝑜 2
𝑏 𝑏
= a, from this 𝑟𝑜 = √𝑎
𝑟𝑜 2
17.4066KN
𝑟𝑜 = √39.816mpa = 20.91mm ≈21mm
𝐷𝑜 = 2𝑟𝑜 = 42mm
But since the cylinder is assumed to be thick cylinder for hydraulic purposes,
𝑟 𝑟
≤ 10 from this t ≥10
𝑡
21𝑚𝑚
t≥ 10
t ≥ 2.1mm
Let t = 5mm
So, 𝐷𝑜 = 𝐷𝑜 +2t
40 + 10 = 50mm
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Wb = Wcy + Woil
𝜋
𝑉𝑐𝑦 = 4 (𝐷𝑜 2 − 𝐷𝑝 2 ) × 𝐿
𝜋
𝑉𝑐𝑦 = 4 (50𝑚𝑚2 − 40𝑚𝑚2 ) × 1.5𝑚
= 1.0603×10−3 𝑚3
𝜋
𝑉𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 4 ×𝐷𝑝 2 × 𝐿 = 1.885×10−3 𝑚3
𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 900𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3
= g×7860𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3×1.0603×10−3 𝑚3
Wcy = 98.4N
= g×900𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 ×1.885×10−3 𝑚3
Woil = 16.643N
Wb = 98.4N+16.643N
Wb = 98.4N
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= 135.825N ≈ 136N
Summary results
𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑑 = 20mm
𝐷𝑝 = 40mm, 𝑡𝑝 = 10mm
𝑊𝑐𝑟 = 3𝑊𝐿
p = 3.7mpa
P = 2.325kw
𝐿𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒 = 1.5m
= 3secs
4.011𝐾𝑁×1.5𝑚
𝑃𝐿 = = 2.055kw
3𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑠
𝑃
𝜂𝑐𝑦 = 𝑝 𝐿 ×100%
𝑐𝑦
2.055kw
𝜂𝑐𝑦 = 2.325kw ×100% = 86.26%
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Definition the vertical frame is the structure on which the total load of the concrete pipe making
machine slides. The vertical frames are two in number and are designed as rectangular columns.
Given
𝑊𝐿2 = 8.022KN
Assumptions
L = 3m
F.s = 2.5
Single acting 2 cylinders
Fixed – fixed boundary conditions
Materials
E = 220Gpa
𝜎𝑦 = 250mpa
𝜌 = 7.85𝑔⁄𝑐 3
Required
𝑊
a. ratio of corresponding to the most efficient design against buckling
𝑡
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b. design the most efficient cross – section for the column (vertical frame)
Design consideration
𝜎𝑦 250𝑚𝑝𝑎
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝐹.𝑠 = 2.5
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 100mpa
𝜎𝑦 250𝑚𝑝𝑎
𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 2𝐹.𝑠 = 5
𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 50mpa
Analysis
𝑊
a, ratio of design
𝑡
The most efficient design occurs when the resistance to the buckling is equal in both planes (xy
and xz – planes) and this occurs when the Cylinderness ration (λ) in both planes are equal.
Buckling in xy – plane
𝐼
𝑟𝑧 2 = 𝐴𝑍, 𝐼𝑍 for
1 𝑡 𝑊
𝐼𝑍 = 12(𝑡𝑤 3 −5 ( 5 )3
1 3𝑡𝑤 3
= 12(𝑡𝑤 3 − 625
1 622𝑡𝑤 3
= 12( )
625
311𝑡𝑤 3
𝐼𝑍 = 6×625
𝑤 𝑡
A = wt−3 ( 5 × 5)
22𝑤𝑡
A= 25
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311𝑡𝑤 3 22𝑤𝑡
𝑟𝑧 2 = ÷
6×625 25
311𝑡𝑤 3 25
= × 22𝑤𝑡
6×625
311𝑡𝑤 2
r = √6×25×22 =
311
r = w√3300
𝑙𝑒,𝑧
𝜆= = K×L
𝑟𝑧
K = 2 for fixed – free ends, but the recommended value for design is k = 2.1
2.1𝐿
𝜆𝑧 = 311
w√
3300
2.1𝐿
𝜆𝑧 = 311
w√
3300
Buckling in xy – plane
𝐼𝑦 22𝑤𝑡
𝑟𝑦 2 = ,A=
𝐴 25
311𝑤𝑡 3
𝐼𝑦 = 6×625
311
𝑟𝑦 = t√3300
2.1𝐿
𝜆𝑦 = 311
t√
3300
𝜆𝑧 = 𝜆𝑦
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2.1𝐿 2.1𝐿
311
= 311
w√ t√
3300 3300
2.1 2.1
= =
𝑤 𝑡
𝑤
= 1 that means w = t
𝑡
Since w = t, 𝐼𝑦 = 𝐼𝑧
𝑊𝐿×𝐹.𝑠 8.022𝐾𝑁×2.5
𝑃𝑐𝑟 = =
𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑙 2
= 10.0275KN
𝑃𝑐𝑟 25×10.25𝐾𝑁
𝜎𝑐𝑟 = =
𝐴 22𝑡 2
11.648𝐾𝑁
𝜎𝑐𝑟 = ………………….1
𝑡2
And also
𝜋2 𝐸
𝜎𝑐𝑟 = 𝜆2
2.1𝐿 2.1×3𝑚
𝜆= 311
= 0.307×𝑡 = 20.522m/t
t√
3300
𝜋2 𝐸
𝜎𝑐𝑟 = 20.522m 2
( )
𝑡
𝜋 2 ×200×109 𝑁⁄𝑚2 ×𝑡 2
𝜎𝑐𝑟 = 421.1525𝑚2
11.648𝐾𝑁
= 4.68695× 𝑡 2 × 109 𝑁⁄𝑚4
𝑡2
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4 11.648𝐾𝑁
t = √4.68695×109 𝑁⁄𝑚4
w = t = 5omm
𝑡 𝑤
= = 10mm
5 5
𝑡
Note that 5 = 10mm is the width of the metal roller which roller on the vertical frame. As a result
22𝑤𝑡
= ρg × 𝐿, 𝜌𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 8750𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3
25
𝜌𝑔×22𝑡 2 𝐿
𝑊𝑓𝑟 = ,t=w
25
𝜌𝑔×22(50𝑚𝑚)2 1.5𝑚𝑚
𝑊𝑓𝑟 = = 254.13N
25
Since we have two column frames, the total frame weight is;
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As well as researching the different types of suspension, many different sources of vibration
were found, Sources of vibration such as using a rotating shaft with an eccentricity or using
cams. Both options allow for adjustable vibration amplitudes. The rotation of an eccentric mass
was the most common source of vibration seen. This design is easy to fabricate, has minimal
wear, and can be relatively easy to adjust. Alternatively, cams will provide constant amplitude of
vibration, regardless of load (unlike a design using an eccentricity). However, cams will be
difficult to machine because according to the ASTM handbook for concrete vibration table
design, vibration amplitudes should range from 0.3 to 0.4 mm at a frequency of 3900±200 RPM.
Also, our low torque motor will be unable to lift the heavy loads required of it. Therefore, the
most viable source of vibration is the rotating eccentricity. Steel was almost exclusively used in
the construction of vibration tables. We feel that steel is the best option for our design as well,
due to its durability, relatively low cost, rigidity, and high availability. Steel is also a very
forgiving metal to weld, unlike aluminum, which usually requires a heat treatment process after
welding.
The forces generated by the rotating unbalances are transmitted directly to the table
without dependence upon a reactionary force against a heavy base or rigid ground
connection.
The cost of mechanical exciter is less compared to other exciters.
There are no leakage problems as in hydraulic exciters.
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Model of vibrator
FBD
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x (t) = xsin 𝜔𝑡
𝑥̈ = -𝜔2 x sin 𝜔𝑡
m𝜔 2 e
x= ……………………..2
(𝑘𝑒𝑞 − M𝜔2
M = 8.02KN+718N+416𝑁
Assumption
Impact force or centrifugal force due to the unbalance mass is 1.1 of the total mass.
𝑊𝑇 = total weight
𝑓𝑜 = 10KN
𝑓𝑜 = m𝜔2 e, where,
w = frequency of vibration
e = eccentricity,
Specification
Frequency = 3600±200rpm
𝑓𝑜 = m𝜔2 e, w = 3800rpm
2𝜋×3800
= 𝑟𝑎𝑑⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 398𝑟𝑎𝑑⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐
60
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m𝜔 2 e
x = (𝑘 , x = 0.4m
𝑒𝑞 − M𝜔2
m𝜔 2 e 𝜔
x=𝑘 2
, r=𝜔
𝑒𝑞 (1 − 𝑟 ) 𝑛
𝑘𝑒𝑞
𝜔𝑛 = √ 𝑀
m𝜔 2 e
x=𝑘 2)
, r = frequency ratio
𝑒𝑞 (1 − 𝑟
𝑘𝑒𝑞 1
𝜔𝑛 = √ 𝑀 = √𝑀 × √𝑘𝑒𝑞
𝜔𝑛 = 0.33× √𝑘𝑒𝑞
m𝜔 2 e
x= 𝜔 2
𝑘𝑒𝑞 (1 – ( ) )
𝜔𝑛
Substituting values of variables in the equations and the equivalent stiffness of the spring will be
obtained
1.6×3982 ×4cm
0.4×10−3mm = ω 2
keq (1 – ( ) )
ωn
1.6×3982 ×4cm
0.4×10−3mm = (ω2 )
keq (1 –
(0.33×√keq )2
1.6×3982 ×4cm
0.4×10−3mm = (3982)
keq (1 –
(0.33×√keq )2
10.13×106
k eq −145.46× 106 = 0.4
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Where
Material selection
𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 315mpa
G = 80Gpa
F = 2.258KN
Assumption
C = 5 = spring index
𝐹 2.258KN
𝛿 = 𝑘 = 42.696×106 𝑁⁄𝑚
𝛿 = 0.054mm, deflection of the spring due to impact load (centrifugal load of rotating unbalance
mass which is the amplitude of vibration.
x = 0.4m
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8𝐹𝐶
𝜏 = k×𝜋𝑑2 , but k = 𝑘𝑠 × 𝑘𝑐
K = wahils stress factor in order to consider the effect of both direct shear
as well as curvature of the wire.
4𝑐−1 0.615
k = 4𝑐−4 + 𝑐
k = 1.1875+0.123 = 1.3105
𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 315mpa
F = 2.288KN
𝑘×8𝑤𝑐 1.3105×8×2.288×103 ×5
d=√ =(√ )
𝜋𝜏 𝜋×315×106
d = 11mm
D = cd = 5×11 = 55mm
8𝑤𝑐 3 ×𝑛
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = , where n = number of coils.
𝐺×𝑑
n≈1
n′ = 3
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wd = 𝑤𝑐𝑦 + 𝑤ℎ𝑐
𝜋(𝑑𝑜 2 −𝑑𝑖𝑛 2 )
𝑤𝑐𝑦 =𝜌𝑔 ,𝜌𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 7850𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3
4
𝜋(6002 −5942
𝜌𝑔 = 693.273N
4
𝜋(𝐷𝑐ℎ 2 −𝑑𝑜 2 )𝑡
𝑤ℎ𝑐 = , 𝐷𝑐ℎ = diameter of cylinder head
4
= 12.95KN/m
𝑊𝑡(𝑥) = 12.95KN/m
𝑅𝐴𝑦 = 4.6206KN
𝑅𝑐𝑦 = 4.6206KN
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M.B.M
𝑤𝑡 3 𝑡𝑤 3
𝐼𝑥𝑥 = and 𝐼𝑦𝑦 =
𝑡2 𝑡
𝑤𝑡 3
So, considering 𝐼𝑥𝑥 =
𝑡2
𝑀𝑦 𝑡
𝜎𝑏 = ,y=
𝐼 2
𝑀𝑦
𝜎𝑏 = ≤ 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝐼
𝜎𝑦 207𝑚𝑝𝑎
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 = = = 82.8mpa
𝐹.𝑠 2.5
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𝑡
𝑀 6𝑀
2
𝜎𝑏 = 𝑤𝑡3
= ≤ 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑤𝑡 2
𝑡2
6𝑀
𝑡2 ≥
𝑤𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙
4932×103 𝑚𝑚2
t≥√ , t ≥ 9.39 ≈ 10mm
55890
𝑊𝑡 = b × 𝑤 × 𝑡 × 𝜌𝑔 − 𝑑𝑖𝑛 2 t× 𝜌𝑔
= 𝜌𝑔(𝐴1 − 𝐴2 )𝑡
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𝑊𝑠𝑝 = 𝑊𝑑 + 𝑊𝐿2 + 𝑊𝑧
= 2𝑅𝐴𝑦 + 𝑊𝑧
Reactions analysis
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐸 = 2×4.82KN−𝑤𝑚
𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐸 = 9.63KN + 500N
𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐸 = 10.13KN…………….1
∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0
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𝑅𝐸 = 5.07KN
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Given material
𝐹𝐶 = 870N steel
Assumptions
𝐿𝑟 = 500mm
F.s = 3
Fixed – fixed ends
Single acting spring returnable cylinder
𝑡𝑝 = 5mm
Required
dr , Dp
p = delivered to the load
P = delivered to the piston
Q, t cy and Do
ηcy
LT = Lc + Lstrock
Analysis
π2 EI
wcr = ≥ F. s × wapp
l2
3× 870N = 2610N
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l = KL, K = 0.5 for fixed – fixed end and k recomended for design is 0.65
l = 0.65L = 0.325m
πdr 2
I= 64
π2 EI π3 Edr 4
wcr = =
l2 64l2
4 64wcr l2 4 64×2610N×(0.325m)2
dr = √ =√
π3 E π3 ×220×109 N⁄m2
= 7.13mm, but the suitable value from the preferred standard table of rod and piston diameter is
20mm and the corresponding piston diameter is 40mm.
𝑤𝑝𝑟 = 𝑤𝑝 + 𝑤𝑟
𝜋𝜌𝑔(𝐷𝑝 2 𝑡+𝑑𝑟 2 𝐿)
= 4
πρoil g(Dp 2 L)
woil = 4
woil = 5.55N
wpr = wp + wr + wo
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FC = Fap − Fr + wpr
Fap = FC + Fr − wpr
𝐹𝑠𝑝
k= , 𝐹𝑠𝑝 = Fr = 266.445N
𝑥
266.45𝑁
k= = 532.89N/m
0.5𝑚
1.1183KN
P = 1.2566371×10−3 𝑚2 = 8.9bar
= 7.54× 10−4 m3
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𝑝𝑝 = PQ = 8.9bar×7.54× 10−4 𝑚3
= 671.06w
L
P = FC × t = FC × V
p
ηcy = p × 100%
p
522𝑤
= 671.06 × 100% = 77.79%
Dp p
σh = ≤ σall……………………….1
2t
𝐷𝑝
𝜎𝑟 = ≤ 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙 …………….2
4𝑡
Using equation 1
𝐷𝑝 𝑝 𝜎𝑦
t≥ , 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 = = 69mpa
2𝑡 𝐹.𝑠
40𝑚𝑚×8.9𝑏𝑎𝑟
t≥
2×69𝑚𝑝𝑎
𝑟
t ≥0.258, but ≤ 10
𝑡
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𝑟
t≥ for thick cylinder
10
20
t≥ =2
10
t ≥ 2, let t = 3mm
Material selection
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 2.8mpa
Stainless steel
Assumption
The concrete flows over the belt from the hopper create a rectangular shape of
accumulated concrete.
Width of belt 200mm
Height of accumulation 100mm
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Let’s calculate force required at the belt which is the belt pull (T)
T = g[(M +w)× 𝐿𝐻 × 𝐾1
M = 𝜌 × 𝑉, Where V = volume
w=𝜌×𝑉
Assumption
c = 700mm
w = 200mm
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t = 10mm
𝐷1 = 𝐷2 = 88mm
2
L = 2c + 𝜋(2D)
2(2×0.088)
L = 2× 0.7 + = 1.5m
𝜋
V = 1.5×0.2×0.01 = 3× 10−3 𝑚3
w = 𝜌 × 𝑉 = 1000×3× 10−3 𝑚3
T = g[(M +w)× 𝐿𝐻 × 𝐾1 , 𝐿𝐻 = c
T = 125.6N
𝐹 125.6𝑁
𝜎 = 𝐴 = 0.2×0.01 = 0.628mpa
𝜎 < 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙
V = 25m/min or V = 0.42m/sec
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𝜋𝐷𝑁
V= 60
𝑉×60 0.42××60
N= =
𝜋𝐷 𝜋0.088
= 91rpm
0.42𝑚
𝑝𝑏 = 125.6× = 52.75𝑤
𝑠𝑒𝑐
Motor selection
N = 91rpm
105
P = 1/7ℎ𝑝 = 746w = 0.142ℎ𝑝
∴ Form table 2 above gear motor MTGP parallel shaft gear motor selected.
Assumption
F.s = 4
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2𝜋𝑁
P = T𝜔, 𝜔 = 60
2×𝜋91
= = 9.53rad/sec
60
𝑝
T=𝜔
105𝑤
T = 9.53rad/sec = 11Nm
3 16𝑇 3 16×11
d = √𝜋𝜏 = √𝜋×34.5×106
𝑎𝑙𝑙
d = 15mm
ball bearing
Analysis
ω𝑅= Radial load
T 11Nm
wR = d/2 = 15mm/2
𝑤𝑅 = 1.466KN
𝐿
C = 𝑤𝑅 × (106 )1/𝐾
L = 60× 𝑁 × 𝐿𝐻
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𝟑 𝟗𝟗.𝟔𝟒𝟓×𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐫𝐞𝐯
C = 1.466× 𝟏𝟎𝟑 × √( )
𝟏𝟎𝟔
C = 6.8KN
bore = 15mm
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∴ w = 13mm
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Given
𝑤𝐿 = 500N
V = 0.5m/s
𝐿𝑠 = 1.95m = 76.772inch
Results
3
𝑑𝑟 = 20mm Q = 0.00062832𝑚 ⁄𝑠
𝐷𝑝 = 40mm 𝑝𝑝 = 427.886w
𝐷𝑜 = 47mm 𝑝𝐿 = 𝑊𝐿 × 𝑉 = 250w
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P = 6.81bar
Required
a. I and 𝐿𝑐
b. 𝑑𝑡 , 𝑑𝑜,𝑡
c. Vt
Solution
a. Standard inlet, I and closed length of the hydraulic cylinder, 𝑳𝒄 for the upper cylinders.
I = ¾ inch = 20mm
x1 = 7.5inch = 20mm
𝐿𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑘 −50
x2 = = 68mm
10
For I = 3/4inch = 20mm, 𝑑𝑡 = I = 20mm and 𝑑𝑜 = 26.67mm from the standard pipe table.
Qcy = Qt = Q
Ap × VP = At × Vt = 6.283× 10−4
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Ap 𝐷𝑃 2
Vt = VP = VP
At 𝑑𝑡 2
402
Vt = 202 × 0.5m/s = 2m/5
VP = 0.5m/s 𝐷𝑝 = 40mm
𝑤𝐿 = 4.01KN 𝐷𝑜 = 47mm
a. I and 𝐿𝑐 P = 3.7mpa
b. 𝑑𝑡 and 𝑑𝑜,𝑡 Q = 6.283× 10−4
c. Vt P = 2.325kw
Solution
a. Standard inlet, I and closed length, 𝑳𝒄 for the lower hydraulic cylinder
I = 3/4inch = 20mm
x1 = 5.75inch = 146.05mm
𝐿𝑐 −50
x2 = = 23mm
10
Qcy = Qt = Q
Ap × VP = At × Vt
Ap 𝐷𝑃 2
Vt = VP = VP
At 𝑑𝑡 2
402
Vt = 202 × 0.5m/s = 2m/5
P = 2.325KW
For 2 cylinder
P = 2×2.325 = 4.65KW
𝑤𝐿 = 870N 𝑑𝑟 = 20mm
𝐿𝑠 = 500mm 𝐷𝑝 = 40mm
VP = 0.6m/s 𝐷𝑜 = 47mm
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a. I and N p = 8.9bar
Solution
a. Standard inlet, I and closed length of the hydraulic cylinder for the pressing head.
I = ¾ inch = 20mm
b. standard pipe dimension for the pressing cylinder ( from the table)
𝑑𝑡 = 20mm
𝑑𝑜,𝑡 = 26.67mm
Qcy = Qt = Q
Ap × VP = At × Vt
Ap 𝐷𝑃 2
Vt = VP = VP
At 𝑑𝑡 2
402
Vt = 202 × 0.6m/s = 2.4m/5
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𝑄𝑇 = 40.21310−4 𝑚3 ⁄𝑠
= 174.628m
Pump – motor selection
Design results
𝑃𝑇 = 6.2Kw
𝑝𝑇 = 1.572mpa
𝑄𝑇 = 40.213× 10−3 𝑚3 ⁄𝑠
𝐻𝑇 = 171m
Required
Proper pump and motor selection for the design values
Solution
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Possible pumps results for the design flow rate, 𝑄𝑇 = 40.213× 10−3 𝑚3 ⁄𝑠 are;
Possible pumps which are common for both the design 𝐻𝑇 = 171m, and 𝑄𝑇 = 40.213×
10−3 𝑚3 ⁄𝑠 are;
Piston pumps
Screw pumps
𝑃𝑇 = 6.2kw = P1 + P2 + P3
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N.B:- the hydraulic cylinder in the sketch is in vertical stand in our design as the circuit shown
below;
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w = 2× 5.07𝐾𝑁= 10.14KN
Material
E = 200Gpa
𝜎𝑦 = 350 mpa
𝜌 = 7.879𝑔⁄𝑐𝑚3
𝜀 = 0.29
𝜎𝑧 = 420mpa
Assumptions
F.s = 3.5mm
n=4
removable fastening non- replated black finish
a) 𝑑𝑟, 𝑑𝑚 , 𝑑𝑜 ,p
b) 𝑇ightening torque
Solution
𝜎𝑦 350𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙= 𝐹.𝑠= =100Mpa
3.5
𝜎𝑦
𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙 =2 𝐹.𝑠=50mpa
4𝐾𝑁
𝜎𝑧 = ≤ 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑛𝜋𝑑𝑟 2
4×10140𝑁
𝑑𝑟 = √4×𝜋×1000
𝑑𝑟 = 6mm
a) But from standard table for 𝑑𝑟, =6mm,the correct values are:
𝑑𝑜 =8mm
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𝑝 = 1.25
𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑜 -p =8-1.25=6.75
𝑑𝑚 = 𝑑𝑜 -p/2
=8mm
𝑏)Tighening torque
𝑇 = 14.82 𝑁𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ. 𝑒𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛𝑒)
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CHAPTER FIVE
The concrete pipe making machine is designed to be easy, productive, efficient, reliable,
durable and flexible for making different size of concrete pipes with the following
extreme size intervals.
𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 188mm
𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 600mm
𝑡𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 75mm
𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1.5mm
Due to its vertical stand, the machine consumes small surface area and provides easy
product handling.
Since the machine is automatically operated, it will save time and lower consumption. So
it will produce 12 concrete pipes per hour (12pipes/hour) by consuming about 6.5kw
power. When we compare the productivity of this machine with the manually concrete
production we observed, which produces 6 pipes per day (6pipes/day), it is 48 times the
productivity of the manual production.
i.e. the machine productivity = 48 × manual productivity.
So, we conclude that the machine will solve the concrete pipes production requirements
with good quality, fast productivity and low power consumption.
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5.2. Recommendation
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References
1. Cecil Jensen & Jay D.Helsel, Engineering drawing and design, 5th edition, McGraw-Hill,
1996, New York.
2. Joseph Edward Shigley& Charles R.Mische, Mechanical Engineering design, 5th edition,
McGraw – Hill, 1989, New York.
3. Robert C.Juvinal& Kurt M.Marshek, Fundamentals of machine components design, 3rd
edition, John wiley, 1999, New York.
4. R.S. Khurmi& J K Gupta, A Text book of machine design, Eurasia, 2002, New Delhi.
5. http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/ansi-stainless-steel-pipes-d_247.htm
6. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-
ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 12, Issue 3 Ver. I (May. - Jun. 2015), PP 15-22
www.iosrjournals.org
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Assembly drawing
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