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Chapter 6
Compression Members

6.2 EULER ELASTIC BUCKLING

Derivation of the Euler Buckling Load

For pure axial force,

no transverse loads

For the case with transverse load, the differential equation will be 4th order.

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6.3 BASIC COLUMN STRENGTH

Assumptions for an Ideal Column :

1. Material is homogenous (same stress-strain relation

for all fibers)
2. No initial or residual stresses
3. Column is straight and prismatic.
4. Load resultant acts through the centroid of section
prior to bending.
5. End conditions are ideal, e.g., pinned, fixed
6. Small deflection theory of ordinary bending is
applicable and shear effects are neglected.
7. Twisting or distortion of cross section does not occur.

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Inelastic Material effects

Including Residual Stresses
Fy

Out of Straightness

Experimental Data

KL/r

6.4* INELASTIC BUCKLING

Basic Tangent Modulus Theory

Engesser’s modification of
Euler’s theory

Pt π 2 Et
Fcr = =
A g (KL / r)2

Figure 6.4.1 Engesser original tangent modulus theory, 1989

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Inelastic Material Effects

Fy

ET= Tangent Modulus

(Fy-Fres)
E

e
Test Results from an Axially Loaded Stub Column 9

Inelastic Material Effects

π 2 ET
Fc = 2

Fy  KL 
 
 r 

π2E
Fe =
Fy-Fres Inelastic  KL 
2

 
 r 
Elastic

KL/r

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Double Modulus Theory

At the extreme unloaded fiber,
applying Hooke's Law the stresses becomes
∆dz
f2(max) = (unit strain)E = E
dz
and at the loaded fiber,
∆dzd1 Et
f2(max) =
d2 dz

Figure 6.4.2 Stress distribution in condition of unstable

∆dz
equilibrium (double modulus theory) = dθ
d2
Thus,
dθ
f2(max) = Ed2
dz
dθ
f1(max) = Et d1
dz

Double Modulus Theory

For small curvature, Force equilibrium requires,

∫ f1 dA1 = ∫
d1 d2
1 M dθ d 2 y f2 dA2
= = = 0 0
radius of curvature Er I dz dz 2
where E r = Engesser 's tangent modulus
which gives
d2y d2y
∫ ∫
d1 d2
The internal resisting moment for the Et y1dA1 + E y2 dA2
stress condition gives
dz 2 0
dz 2 0

∫ ∫
d1 d2
M = −Py = ( f1 )(y1 − δ )dA1 + ( f2 )(y2 + δ )dA2
0 0
It is seen the terms involving δ thus
and from the linear stress distribution, d2y d2y
∫ ∫
d1 d2
−Py = Et y12dA1 + E y 22 dA2
y d2y y dz 2 0
dz 2 0
f1 = f1(max) 1 = Et d1 2 1
d2y 
d1 dz d1 Et ∫ y12dA1 + E ∫ y 22 dA2  + Py = 0
d1 d2

y2 d2y y dz 2  0 0 
f2 = f2(max) = Ed2 2 2
d2 dz d2
Thus, Thus for the double modulus theory,
π2
y22 dA2 
d2y d2y
∫ ∫ ∫ y12 dA1 + E ∫
d1 d2 d1 d2
−Py = Et 2 (y1 )(y1 − δ )dA1 + E 2 (y2 )(y2 + δ )dA2 Pcr = Et
L  
0 0
dz dz 2 0 0

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6.5 RESIDUAL STRESSES

Residual stresses result in a reduction in the effective stiffness of

the cross section, but the ultimate squash load is unchanged.

Reduction in effective stiffness can influence onset of buckling.

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RESIDUAL STRESSES

With residual stresses, flange tips yield first at

P/A + residual stress = Fy
Gradually get yield of entire cross section.

Stiffness is reduced after 1st yield.

No Residual Stress
P=FyA

εyL0 ∆

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= Yielded
RESIDUAL STRESSES Steel

With residual stresses, flange tips yield first at

P/A + residual stress = Fy 1
Gradually get yield of entire cross section.

Stiffness is reduced after 1st yield.

No Residual Stress
P=FyA

P=(Fy-Fres)A
1

εyL0 ∆

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= Yielded
RESIDUAL STRESSES Steel

With residual stresses, flange tips yield first at

P/A + residual stress = Fy 1
Gradually get yield of entire cross section.

Stiffness is reduced after 1st yield.

No Residual Stress 2
P=FyA
2
P=(Fy-Fres)A
1

εyL0 ∆

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= Yielded
RESIDUAL STRESSES Steel

With residual stresses, flange tips yield first at

P/A + residual stress = Fy 1
Gradually get yield of entire cross section.

Stiffness is reduced after 1st yield.

No Residual Stress 2
P=FyA
3
2
P=(Fy-Fres)A
1
3

εyL0 ∆

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= Yielded
RESIDUAL STRESSES Steel

With residual stresses, flange tips yield first at

P/A + residual stress = Fy 1
Gradually get yield of entire cross section.

Stiffness is reduced after 1st yield.

No Residual Stress 2
P=FyA 4
3
2 Effects of Residual
P=(Fy-Fres)A Stress
1
3

εyL0 ∆

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6.6* Development of Column Strength Curves

Including Residual Stress
The bending moment contribution Denoting I e as the moment of inertia
from stress on one fiber is of the portion remaining elastic,
dM = (stress)(area)(moment arm) = (θ Et x)(dA)(x) E I
E' = ∫ x 2 dA = E Ie
I A(elastic part only)
which for the entire cross section becomes
M = ∫ θ Et x 2 dA = θ ∫ Et x 2 dA The stress at which the column may begin to bend is
A A
 x 2 dA 
 π 2 E ∫A 
From elementary bending theory, Pcr =  2  Ag = Fcr Ag
 (KL / r) I 
the radius of curvature is  
1 1 M M
R= →θ = = =
θ R equivalent EI E ' I
 π 2 E(I e / I) 
Thus, Pcr =  2  g
A = Fcr Ag
M  (KL / r) 
E'I =
θ
= ∫Ex t
2
dA
A
In order for this equation to become
1
E=
I
∫Ex t
2
dA useful, the relationship between Fcr
A and Ie must be established
Which may be called the effective modulus

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Development of Column Strength Curves Including Residual Stress

CASE A: Buckling About Weak Axis

A reasonable assumption will be that flanges become
fully plastic before the web yields
Let k= proportion of flange remaining elastic
k = 2x0 / b = Ae / A f
Therefore,
Ie t (2x0 )  12 
3 Figure 6.6.3 Portion of section that has yielded
E =E f  3  = Ek 3
I 12 tf b  Solving for k we get,
If web is neglected in computing I. EA A
k= t − w
Applying tangent mosulus definition, 2EA f 2A f

nominal incremental stress dP / A Ae E Therefore,

Et = = =
incremental elastic strain dP / Ae A
π 2 E  Et A A 
3
E π 2 Ek 3
Fcr = =  − w 
Et A = Ae E = (Aw + 2kA f )E (KL / r)2 (KL / r)  2EA f 2A f 
2

Example 6.6.1

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Development of Column Strength Curves Including Residual Stress

CASE B: Buckling About Strong Axis

Assuming the web is elastic, but neglecting its contribution toward
the moment of inertia gives approximately,
Ie 2A (d / 2)2
E ≈E e = Ek
I 2A f (d / 2)2
More exactly, for buckling WRT
If elastic web is included, strong axis (x-x)
I  2kA (d / 2)2 + t d 3 /12   2kA + A / 3 
E e = E f w
 = E f w

I  2A f (d / 2)2 + t w d 3 /12   2A f + Aw / 3 
π 2 E  Et A / E − 2Aw / 3 
Fcr =  
Using tangent modulus definition, (KL / r)2  2A f + Aw / 3 
EA
2kA f = t − Aw
E
which upon eliminating 2kA f gives
I e  Et A / E − 2Aw / 3 
E = E
I  2A f + Aw / 3 
Thus,
π 2 Ek
Fcr =
(KL / r)2

6.7* Structural Stability Research Council (SSRC) Strength

Curves)
Parabolic Equation Basis for ASD (1960-2004)
The SSRC parabolic curve is,
 F  KL 2 
Fcr = Fy 1− 2y  
 4π E  r  
The figure introduces λc which was used
as slenderness parameter in previous AISC LRFD.
The 2005 AISCLRFD replaces this with KL/r
Fy Fy KL Fy
λc = = =
Fcr (Euler) π 2E r π 2E
(KL / r)2
In terms of the slenderness parameter λc the SSRC
parabola becomes
Fcr λ2
= 1− c for λc ≤ 2
Fy 4

Note that λc = 2the parabola and the Euler hyperbola become

tangent to each other. Thus,
Fcr 1
= for λc > 2
Fy λc2

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Strength Equation - Basis for AISC LRFD and ASD (2005)

The nominal strength Pn of rolled shape compression members (AISC - E3)
is given by
Pn = F crAg
E
1. For KL/r ≤ 4.71 or Fe ≥ 0.44 Fy
Fy
[
Fcr = 0.658Fy / Fe Fy]
E
2. For KL/r > 4.71 or Fe < 0.44 Fy
Fy
Fcr = 0.887 Fe
where Fe is the elastic buckling stress
π 2E
Fe =
( KL / r )2

Figure 6.7.2

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6.8 LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN

Resistance factor = 0.90

Since Q = 1.0 for the overwhelming majority of rolled H-shaped sections

(W, S, and M shapes) , the development of the logic behind the use of Q
is reserved for Part II on plate buckling.

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6.9 Effective Length

The concept of effective length involves replacing
a given column with an equivalent pinned-end,
braced column.

K = effective length factor

L = column length between supports (inch)

The compression member’s effective length can

be defined as either (1) the distance between
two consecutive inflection points, or (2) the
distance between two consecutive points of zero
moment.

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Effective Length KL for Frames

• Braced Frame – lateral
stability is provided by
diagonal bracing, shear walls,
or equivalent means.

• Unbraced Frame – moment

resisting frames, lateral
stability depends upon the
bending stiffness of rigidly
connected beams and
columns.

• AISC-C2 Commentary
requires second-order (P-δ)
analysis for determining
effective lengths of columns in
frames. This is impractical for
ordinary design.

Effective Length Factor, K

The effective length factor (K) adjusts the Euler buckling

formula for different end conditions: F = π 2 E
e
(KL / r )2

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Alignment Charts
• Table C-C2.2 provides approximate values for the effective length
factor based on idealized boundary conditions. Alignment charts
evaluate the rigidity of the joints at each end of a column segment.
Column segments are defined by rigid connections with beams.
• The rotational restraint provided by beams at the end of a column
are a function of the rotational stiffnesses of the members rigidly
attached to the joint.

G joint = ∑ (Ec I c Lc ) ∑ (E I
g g Lg )

• GA = as defined by equation
• GB = 1.0 for a column rigidly attached
A to a properly designed footing
• GB = 10 for column “pinned” to a
supporting footing
B

For a very stiff beam

I g >> I c , G = 0 K = 0.5
For a very flexible beam
I c >> I g , G = ∞ K = ∞
Computation of G for Foundation Support:
• For column ends supported by, but not rigidly
connected to a footing or foundation, G is theoretically
infinity, but may be taken as 10 for practical design
• If the column end is rigidly attached to a properly
designed footing, G may be taken as 1.0

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Alignment Charts

For braced frames, K<=1.0 For moment frames, K>=1.0

Alignment Charts
• Alignment charts are based on assumptions of
idealized conditions which seldom exist in real
structures, as follows:

Note: when these assumptions are violated but the

alignment charts are still to be used, adjustments will have
to be made as discussed in the AISC Commentary p.242.

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Adjustment for Alignment Chart K

Factors for Inelastic Behavior
• When the alignment chart is used to
evaluate K there is an implicit
assumption that elastic buckling
controls.
• When the column is inelastic and the
beam is elastic, an adjustment must be
made in the restraint factor G for
evaluating K.

Et Fcr , inelastic
τa = =
E Fcr , elastic

Ginelastic =
∑ (E I / L )
t column
= Gelasticτ a
∑ (EI / L ) beam

Compressive Strength
• Sections E2 and
E3 address
compact and
noncompact
elements.
• Section E7
addresses
slender
elements.
• Sections E1, E4,
E5, E6 address
all elements.

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Compressive Strength

For LRFD : Pu ≤ φc Pn
For ASD : Pa ≤ Pn Ω c

• User Notes are not

part of the
specification.
• In addition, the word
preferably would not
be binding in a court
of law.
• Nevertheless, most
textbooks treat KL/r
<=200 as a
requirement.

Critical Column Stress Fcr vs KL/r

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• An examination of Equations E3-2

and E3-3 indicates that they are
functions of only KL/r, Fy, and E.

• AISC tabulated values for KL/r

<200 and the 5 most common
values of Fy for use in analysis
and design of compression
members.

• AISC uses available in the table

title to indicate it presents both
design stress and allowable stress
values in the same table.

• Green values are allowable critical

stresses for use in ASD load
combinations.

• Blue values are design critical

stresses for use with strength load
combinations.

• AISC tabulated available strengths

in axial compression for W-shapes
with Fy=50 ksi (ASTM A992).

• The tabulated values are given for

the effective length wrt the YY-
axis (KL)y.

• However, the effective length wrt

the XX-axis must be investigated.

• To determine the available

strength in axial compression, the
table should be entered at the
larger of (KL)y and (KL)y eq, where
(KL )y eq = (KL
r
)x
x
ry

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6.10 LRF DESIGN OF ROLLED SHAPES SUBJECT TO AXIAL COMPRESSION

(All examples assume compact section, where Q =1)

Ex. 6.10.1

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Ex. 6.10.2

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Ex. 6.10.3

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Ex. 6.10.3 cont…

Select for

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Ex. 6.10.4

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