comprehensive treatise on upama

alankara in Sanskrit literature

sanskrit alankara - upama alankara (उपमम and पपरर्णोपमम) (simily and complete
simily)
today i am trying to start a new string of blogs for those who are interested in Sanskrit
literature and all other Indo-aryan languages. I started reading a very old book on the
online Digital Library of India. It is known as "Alankaramanihaara". I thought I should
bring this knowledge in Digital domain and that too in English language for those
whosoever is interested in this language. I may be too simplistic in my approach towards
the language and may offend some of the Pandits, but my aim is to sensitize people
towards this gem of language and not to make them fumble in the grammar.....

"Alankaara" in Sanskrit means literally "that which adorns - ornaments". Thus they are
the ornaments of the poetry. They are rough equivalents of English figure of speeches like
metaphor, pun etc, but they are far more developed and more widely used. There maybe
not even a single sentence in Sanskrit works which doesn't have an Alankaara. Whereas it
is a luxury in English poetry.

I am starting the thread with the most ubiqitous of the Alankaras in Sanskrit literature -
"Upamaa" (उपमम).
The characteristic of the Upama alankaara is as follows:
उदतद म भमतत समम्यशश्रीरुभययोयर्यत सयोपमम|
(When the beauty of equality between the thing equated and the thing equated to pleases
the hearts of connoisseurs, it is known as "Upamaa", उपमम)
this is the definition of Kuvalayaananda.

Let's discuss the conditions mentioned in the definition.

the "Pleases the hearts of connoisseurs" clause has been inserted to prevent the term from
encompassing somethings such as समगरस्समगरयोपम:(the sea is like sea) from falling in the
category of upamaa. it is not enticing to compate sea with sea and it doesnt evoke any
pleasurable feeling.

let's see another definition

वमक्यस्यमरर्थोपस्कमरकक यत्समदृश्यक चमरु सयोपमम|
the beautiful similarity which is enhancing the meaning of hte sentence is know as
Upamaa.
This is the definition given by Pandit Jagannatha in his work "Rasagangaadhara".

let us not get into the differences between these two heavyweights. They were at
loggerheads. all we need to know is that upamaa is equivalent to english "simily".

Now let us go forward from the definition. there are two kinds of upamaa basically,
known as पदरर्थोपमम (complete upamaa) and ललप्तयोपमम (elided upamaa).

पदरमर्य ललप्ततेत्यलङ्कमरजज्ञैस्सम द्ववधयोददितम|

उपममनक चयोपमतेयक धमर्थो वमचकममत्यदि:|
चतलष्टयमलपमत्तक चतेत्सम दह पदरर्थोपमम मतम||
(the specialists of alankaara science say that there are two types of upamaa -पदरर्थोपमम
(complete upamaa) and ललप्तयोपमम (elided upamaa). If the upamaa has all of the following
four elements, it is a पर
द र्थोपमम otherwise it is a लप्ल तयोपमम - उपमतेय, उपममन, धमर्य, वमचक)

let us understand these four ingredients which are necessary for a पदरर्थोपमम -
1. उपमतेय - it is the thing which is to be compared
2. उपममन - it is the thing to which the उपमतेय is compared
3. धमर्य - it is the characteristic which is common in both the abovementioned things
4. वमचक - it is the grammatical word which denotes equality

upamaa alankaara - part II (ललप्ततोपमम) (elided simily)

वरयर्थोपममनययोधर्यमर्थोपममवमचकययोरवप|
एकद्ववत्र्यनलपमदिमनते भवतेल्लप्ल तयोपमम'ष्टधम||

Here the author describes the second type of upamaa - लप्ल तयोपमम.
There are total eight types of ललप्तयोपमम possible with elision of उपमतेय,उपममन, धमर्य or वमचक
individually and conjointly.
The author describes the eight types in subsequent lines.

वमचकयमर्यत धमर्यस्य धमर्यवमचकययोस्तरम|

वरयर्यवमचकययोलर्थोपते तत्तल्ललप्तम: खलदपमम:||
उपममनस्य लयोपते तल तल्ललप्तम पञ्चमश्री स्मत
म म|
पयोक्तम षष्ठठ वमचकयोपममनललप्ततेतत कयोववदिज्ञै :||
धमर्थोपममनललप्तमन्यम लयोपते धरयोपममनययो:|
अष्टमश्री धमर्थोपममनवमचकमनमक ववलयोपनते||

These are the total eight types of ललप्तयोपमम.

They have been further classified in two parts namely उपममनलयोपरदहत (without elision of
उपममन) and उपममनलयोपसदहत (with elision of उपममन)

A. उपममनलयोपरदहत
1. वमचकललप्तम (elision of वमचक)
2. धमर्यलप्ल तम (elision of धमर्य)
3. धमर्यवमचकललप्तम (elision of धमर्य and वमचक)
4. उपमतेयवमचकललप्तम (elision of उपमतेय,धमर्य and वमचक)
B. उपममनलयोपसदहत
5. उपममनललप्तम (elision of उपममन)
6. वमचकयोपममनललप्तम (elision of उपममन and वमचक)
7. धमर्थोपममनललप्तम (elision of उपममन and धमर्य)
8. धमर्थोपममनवमचकलप्ल तम (elision of उपममन, धमर्य and वमचक)

upamaa alankaara - part III (वमचकललप्ततोपमम - upamaa with

elision of वमचक)
In this upamaa there is elision of वमचक.
It means that you have to import the वमचक to get the full meaning of the sentence.

Most common वमचक used in sanskrit is "इव". The English translation of this word would be
"like" or "such as" or "as if". In all sense it shows "simily".

Now let's take an example.

चनन्दिररुचचरतनटमलक सलन्दिरतरवमवषर्यकमम्बलदिववनश्रीलक |
मन्दिरधरमदहचगररपततकन्दिरधमममस्तल नमम हृददि धमम ||

Here चनन्दिर - moon, रुचचर - beutiful, तनटमल -forehead

अम्बलदि- cloud, ववनश्रीलक - blue.

Here the meaning is

चनन्दिर इव रुचचरक (as beautiful as the moon)
and
वमवषर्यकमम्बलदिममव ववनश्रीलक (as blue as the yearly monsoon clouds).

But there is no mention of the word इव in the couplet.

Thus the word इव has been elided and has to be imported to understand the meaning of hte
sentence. Therefore this is an example of वमचकललप्तयोपमम.

upamaa alankaara part IV - (ललप्ततोपमम -धमर्मललप्तम)(elision of

धमर्म)
शरददिन्दिस
ल दृशवदिनक स्फलरददिनन्दिरमदहचगररीन्द्रकमतसदिनम म|
कलन्दिसम
ल योपमरदिनक बन्म दिक महसमक धन
ल योतल भयकदिनम म ||
Here there is elision of धमर्य in both शरददिन्दिस
ल दृशवदिनक and कलन्दिसम
ल योपमरदिनक. Here the words
शरददिन्दि ल and कलन्दिसलम are उपममन, सदृश and उपम are वमचक: and वदिनक and रदिनक are उपममन. Here
the धमर्य (common quality) is conspicuous by absence.

Therefore this is an example of धमर्यललप्तम.

upamaa alankaara - part V (ललप्ततोपमम - धमर्मवमचकललप्तम)(simily

with elision of धमर्म and वमचक both)
चन्दिनचगररकन्दिरचरसलन्दिरतरगन्धवमहशमबन्तश्री|
मभन्तममपमङ्गरते खम सन्तमपक दिन्दिशदकचगररनतेतल:||

May the line of the अपमङ्ग (a sectarial mark on the forehead or the outer corner of the eye of a
woman)which is (like) beautiful offspring of the wind wandering in the groves of sandal-
mountain, remove the pains of those who are leading to the दिन्दिशदक - a kind of hell full of
serpants.

Here there is no explicit mention of the quality which is same between

चन्दिनचगररकन्दिरचरसलन्दिरतरगन्धवमहशमब and अपमङ्गरते खम which is the quality of giving pleasure
(आनन्दिदिमतयतम).

Also there is no mention of the वमचक (the propositions used for showing equality such as इव,
सनन्नभक, तनभ, उपम etc)

Thus there is simily, but without धमर्य or वमचक. Therefore it is known as धमर्यवमचकललप्तम
alankaara.

upamaa alankaara part VI (उपममेयवमचकललप्तम)(ललप्ततोपमम with

elision of उपममेय and वमचक)
मतल नमनसममवप दिरद ते स्वकमतववहमरते 'लमप
ल तनषत्समरते |
परमपदिरीयतत ववभवज्ञै: परमते न रमतेत फणरचगरर कयो वम||

frankly speaking i don't get the meaning of this shloka properly. It goes in very much
grammatical detail that is beyond my comprehension.

I would cite the explanation as it is written in the text. Maybe some Pundit may clarify
whatever is written.
उपतनषत्समरत्वतेनमध्यवमसतते शश्रीतनवमसते स्वकमतववहमरते सतत -
ममयमवश्री परममनन्दिक त्यक्त्वम वज्ञैकलरठमलत्तमम म|
स्वमममपलष्करररश्रीतश्रीरते रमयम सह मयोदितते ||
इत्यलक्तपकमरते र स्वनस्मनन्वरहममरते सतश्रीत्यरर्य:| परमपदिरीयतश्रीत्यत वमचकयोपमतेयलयोप:
आत्ममनममत्यलपमतेयस्ययोपममवमचकतेन सहमनलपमदिमनमत म| नच -- 'उपममनमदिमचमरते ' इत्यलपममनमदिमचमरमरर क्यचयो
ववधमनत्परमपदिममवमचरतश्रीत्यरमर्यवगमते s प्यमत्ममनमममत्यस्य करक तनरर्यय: अन्यस्यमवप तत्सम्भवमददितत वमच्यम म|
परमपदिमनलरूपमचररस्य ववभवकररकत्वरूपववशतेषरसममरयरन स्वककीयत्वमवगतते:| अयक च लयोप ऐनच्च्छिक:,
स्वमत्ममनक परमपदिरीयतश्रीत्यलपमतेययोपमदिमनस्यमवप सम्भवमत म||

This is the jargon used to explain this thing.

But for me it is enough to know that there exists something known as उपमतेयवमचकललप्तम as
anyhow i am not going to be able to find out that such an alankaara is there in the sentence.:)

upamaa alankaara part VII (उपममनललप्तम and वमचकतोपममनललप्तम)(

ललप्ततोपमम upamaa with elision of ऊपममन or वमचक and ऊपममन)
द्ववरदिसममलसगमनक सरल चगररगलरुधज्ञैयम
र्य णखलभयशमनक|
हररमश्रीडते ररपलदिमनक द्ववरसनचगररसदिनममनन्दिरमकमनम म||

here the द्ववरदिसममलसगमनक is an example of उपममनललप्तम. here there is actually no उपममन (The
one who is moving with such a leisurely walk as an elephant - without actually referring who
the person in question is).
The second pada सलरचगररगलरुधज्ञैयम
र्य म is an example of वमचकयोपममनललप्तम - here there are no ऊपममन
or वमचक (the person who is like suragiri in terms of dhairyam).

upamaa alankaara part VIII (धमर्णोपममनललप्तम and

धमर्णोपममनवमचकललप्तम ललप्ततोपमम)( ललप्ततोपमम with elision of धमर्म and
उपममन; or धमर्म, उपममन and वमचक)
जलतनचधतनभगमम्भश्रीयर कलयते हृददि कल्पकमगमरदिमयर्यम म|
तनलतयतशतेषमहमयर जलचधसलतमचचत्तहमरर सरन्दियर्यम म||

here जलतनचधतनभगमम्भश्रीयर is example of धमर्थोपममनललप्तम and कल्पकमगमरदिमयर्यम म is example of

धमर्थोपममनवमचकललप्तम .

upamaa part IX (ancient classification of upamaa)

पमचमक मतते ववभगयो'स्यम उपममयम: पपञ्च्यतते|
पर
द मर्य लप्ल ततेतत भतेदितेन म द्ववववधम सम तययो: पन
ल :||
शरत्यमरर्थीतत द्ववधम पदरमर्य वमक्यगम च सममसगम|
तवद्धितस्रतेतत च ततेधम तते द्वते स्यमतमक पर
म क्पर
म कम ||

There are two types of upamaa alankaara namely पदरर्थोपमम and ललप्तयोपमम.
शरतश्री and आरर्थी are two major types of पदरर्थोपमम upamaa alankaara.
both of them can be one of the following types, वमक्यगम, सममसगम or तवद्धितस्रम.
thus there are total six types of upamaa.
The definitions for all of this would follow.

upamaa alankaara - part X (definition of शश्रौतत and आरर

upamaa)
यरतेववमददिशब्दिमनमक समकमत्समदृश्यवमचचनमम म |
उपमदिमनते भवतेच्छरतश्रीत्यमहलश्च्छिमस्तववचकरम:||
यते धममर्यव्यवधमनतेन समदृश्यपततपमदिकम: |
सदृङ्तनभमददिशब्दिमनमक ततेषमममरर्थी पययोगत:||

the upamA which has explicit comparator (समकमत म समदृश्यवमचचन म)like यरम,इव etc. are known as
"शरतश्री". and the upamaa which has comparators like सदृश म,तनभ etc. which draw their strength
from proximity to the धमर्य (धममर्यव्यवधमन) are known as "आरर्थी".

यरम दिते वस्य पलरूष : - शरतश्री

चन्द्रसदृशक मख
ल म म - आरर्थी

upamaa alankaara - part XI (types of शश्रौतत upamaa)

गगनक यरम फरश्रीश्वरनगपततहृदियक ववनश्रीलमलज्ज्वलतत |
तमरमवमलररव हमरमवमलरमद्रमर्यवच्च करस्तलभते शयोभम (करस्तलभस्य शश्री:)||

here there are three kinds of upamaa alankaara which are types of shrauti upamaa ( शरतश्री
upamaa alankaara) within a single verse namely
1. वमक्यगम ( गगनक यरम फरश्रीश्वरनगपततहृदियक ववनश्रीलमलज्ज्वलतत)
2. सममसगम (तमरमवमलररव हमरमवमल:)
3. तवद्धितस्रम (आद्रमर्यवच्च करस्तलभते शयोभम)

here "yathaa", "iva" and "vat" show that these are शरतश्री upamaa.
upamaa alankaara - part XII (types of आरर upamaa)
शशधरबबम्बतेन समयो ववशदितयम कलन्दिबन्म दिसङ्कमश: |
धवलसरयोरुहवदियक पववलसतत करयोदिरते हरते श्शङ्ख: ||

this verse encompasses three types of आरर्थी upamaa namely

वमक्यगम (शशधरबबम्बतेन समयो)
सममसगम (कलन्दिबन्म दिसङ्कमश:)
तवद्धितस्रम (धवलसरयोरुहवत म).

upamaa alankaara - part XIII (ancient classification of

लप्ल तयोपमम)
बतववधम स्यमदिते कललप्तम द्ववललप्तम तल चतलववर्यधम|
एकरुपम बतललप्ततेतत ललप्तम समममन्यतयो ष्टधम ||
धमर्यस्यमरयोपममनस्य वमचकस्य ववलयोपनते|
बतववधम स्यमदिते कलप्ल तम द्ववलप्ल तम तल चतलववर्यधम ||
धमर्यवमचकययोलर्थोपते तरम धमर्थोपममनययो: |
वरयर्यवमचकययोस्तद्वद्वमचकवरयर्यययोरवप||
बतललप्तम त्वतेकधम धमर्यवमचकमवरयर्यलयोपत:|

This is a slightly different classification of ललप्तयोपमम

1.एकलप्ल तम(total 3 types - धमर्यलप्ल तम, उपममनलप्ल तम, वमचकलप्ल तम)
2.द्ववलप्ल तम (total 4 types - धमर्यवमचकलप्ल तम, धमर्थोपममनलप्ल तम, उपमतेयवमचकलप्ल तम, वमचकयोपममनलप्ल तम)
3.बतललप्तम (only one type - धमर्यवमचकयोपममनललप्तम)
In toto, there are 8 types of ललप्तयोपमम)

upamaa alankaara - part XIV (example of different kinds

of luptopamaa)
त्वक तनचधररव तव सदृशयो नज्ञैव ववभलजल
र्य दिनश्रीलजलजमक |
तव सरशश्रील्यमतलल्यक ममतश्रीयमस नतजनतेs नब्धगमम्भश्रीयर्य: ||

This verse shows seven types of luptopamaa in a single couplet. Let's see how it works

1.धमर्यललप्तम (त्वक तनचधररव - here there is no mention of धमर्य like भयोग्यत्व )

2.उपममनललप्तम ( तव सदृशयो नज्ञैव ववभल: - is shows that there is nobody with whom you can be
compared. therefore there is no उपममन)
3.वमचकलप्ल तम (जलदिनश्रील - here there is no mention of any वमचक like इव)
4.धमर्यवमचकललप्तम (जलजमक - जलजते इव अककरश्री यस्य. there is no mention of any वमचक like इव or
any धमर्य like पसन्नतम)
5.धमर्थोपममनललप्तम (तव सरशश्रील्यमतलल्यक. there is no mention of धमर्य like लयोकयोत्तरत्व and because it is
अतलल्यक, उपममन is also ruled out)
6.उपमतेयवमचकललप्तम (ममतश्रीयमस - ममतममवमत्ममनममचरमस. there is no mention of any उपमतेय because
it is the self only and there is no mention of any वमचक)
7.धमर्यवमचकयोपममनललप्तम (अनब्धगमम्भश्रीयर्य: - अब्धतेगमर्यम्भश्रीयमर्य मव गमम्भश्रीयम
र्य म. there is no धमर्य, वमचक or
उपममन)

the eighth type is not covered in this verse.

upamaa alankaara - part XV (types of धमर्यललप्तम)

क्रमतेर धमर्यललप्तमदिते ववर्यभमगयोs र पदिश्यर्यतते|
पदरमर्यवद्धिमर्यललप्तमs वप शरत्यमरर्थीतत द्ववधम भवतेत म ||
तत शरतश्री तवद्धितते तल न स्यमदिन्वयहमनत: |
( I will show you the types of all upamaas like धमर्यललप्तम etc. one by one.
Just like पदरर्थोपमम, धमर्यललप्तम is also divided in शरतश्री and आरर्थी as well as वमक्य सममस and तवद्धितगम
but there is no form such as शरतश्री तवद्धितगम -i.e. there are only 5 forms possible)
Let's see them one by one.

1. शरतश्री धमर्यललप्तम वमक्यगम

जलदियो यरम तरम त्वक नमककन इह कतेककनयो यरज्ञैव तरम|
जलचधयर्यरम तरम त्वक नरम ननल सररज्झरम यरज्ञैव तरम||
(Here there is use of यरम and there is no mention of धमर्य, therefore it is शरतश्री धमर्यललप्तम. And the
upamaa is conveyed by वमक्य. Therefore it is शरतश्री धमर्यललप्तम वमक्यगम alankaara.

2 शरतश्री धमर्यललप्तम सममसगम

चचन्तममणरधरर्थीभतम त रन्तमरक भलवव जगनन्नयन्तमरम म|
चचन्तममणरममव मनलजमस्त्वमक तमवत्सकचशतम हरते सवर||
(चचन्तममणरममव is example of शरतश्री धमर्यललप्तम सममसगम. because इव denotes शरतश्री, there is no
mention of धमर्य like अभश्रीनप्सतदिमतत्म वम म therefore धमर्यलप्ल तम and चचन्तममणर is a सममस therefore
सममसगम)

3,4,5. आरर्थी धमर्यललप्तम वमक्यसममसतवद्धितगम

वष
म मशखररमशखरधररश्री सदृशश्री रमरश्रीमरतेमरलर्य मरमतत:|
मग
म मदिततलकतनकमश: पलष्करररश्री दिपर्यरश्रीकल्पम||

वमक्य - सदृशश्री रमरश्रीमरते:

सममस - मग
म मदिततलकतनकमश:
तवद्धित - पलष्करररश्री दिपर्यरश्रीकल्पम

चचतमश्रीममकसमकमर has also mentioned that the reduplication of words sometimes have धमर्यललप्तम in
them. for its example eh gives the following example.

आभमतत मधलरमधलरक स्वगमर्यददिफलक न जमतल तन्मधलरम म |

फरधरधरमधरधलरकधरक भजत तज्जनमनश्चरक मधलरम म ||
here the word which has द्ववभमर्यव is मधलर. It means that the thing which was not मधलर earlier
became मधलर now. Thus here the word मधलर has been equated with the meaning मधलर.
therefore it has to be धमर्यलप्ल तम.

But according to the author of रसगङ्गमधर, it is not proper. According to him, in this kind of
usages there is usually also elision of वमचक also. Therefore it deserves to be placed in
धमर्यवमचकललप्तम. If it is placed in धमर्यललप्तम category, the classification in एकललप्तम, द्ववललप्तम and
बतललप्तम would be superfluous. (those who qualify for द्ववललप्तम and बतललप्तम would automatically
qualify for एकललप्तम)

upamaa alankaara - part XVI (types of ललप्तयोपममनम

alankaara)
लप्ल तयोपममनम द्ववववघम वमक्यगम च सममसगम|

1.ललप्तयोपममनम वमक्यगम

ववचचतते तनणखलतेs वप जगत्यलचचतक शश्रीवतेङ्कटमदद्ररम सदृशम म |

नदनक नयोपलभतेत स्रमनक जमतयोs र जमयममनयो वम ||

Here it is said that a place equivalent to शश्रीवतेङ्कटमदद्र is impossible to be found by anybody who
has been born or who is going to be born. This sentence itself denies any possibility of an
उपममन being appended. Therefore it is ललप्तयोपममनम वमक्यगम.

2. ललप्तयोपममनम सममसगम

नमस्तश्रीह वस्तल धन्यक कस्तदररीसदृशममतत वयक ववद: |

भलजगचगररीशस्य मलखक बतजगनत्तलकस्य ततलककतक ह्यनयम ||
Here it is ललप्तयोपममनम because any possibility of equivalence has been negated explicitly and
सममसगम because of कस्तदररीसदृशम म.

upamaa alankaara - part XVII (types of वमचकललप्तम)

वमददिललप्तम सममसते स्यमत्कममर्यधमरक्यचयो: क्यङङ |
कमर्यकतर्थोरम
र्य मल ल च णरनर नक्ववप च तवद्धितते|
एवक नवपकमरज्ञै षम जतेयम वमचकलयोवपनश्री||

There are nine types of वमचकललप्तम

1. वमददिललप्तम उपममनवमचकवमयरतेवमददिललप्तम - absence of उपममनवमचक words such as वम, यरम, इव etc.
2. कमर्यक्यचच - according to the grammatical rule सममसते 'उपममनमदिमचमरते '
3. अचधकररक्यचच - according to the grammatical rule 'अचधकररमच्च'
4. कतक्
र्यम यङङ - according to the rule 'कतल:र्य क्यङ्सलयोपश्च इतत'
5. कमर्यरमलमल - according to the rule'उपममनते कमर्यणर च'
6. कतर
र्यम मलमल - according to the rule "चमत म"
7. णरनर - according to rule 'कतर्ययलपममनते'
8. नक्ववप - according to rule 'सवर्यपमततपददिकतेभ्य: नक्वब्वम वक्तव्य:'
9. तवद्धितते

The page in the book dealing with वमददिलप्ल तम is missing. Therefore I would start with the second
onwards only.

2. कमर्यक्यचच -
इन्द्ररीयनन्त दृशस्तते स्पश
म नन्त यमन्स्तमनन्वशयो भश
म क ववभवज्ञै:|
चन्द्ररीयनन्त ददिशस्तते यश:पकमशम ववशमलववशददिम्नम||
here इन्द्ररीयनन्त and चन्द्ररीयनन्त means इन्द्रममवमचरतत and चन्द्रममवमचरतत respectively. this is the
example of कमर्यक्यचच वमचकललप्तम.

3. अचधकररक्यचच -
जलधर जननगह
म रीयतत जलजते कतेलरीगह
म रीयतत मनयोजते |
सरधश्रीयतत वतेङ्कटपततववशङ्कटयोरस्रलते मलते कमलम ||
here जलचध and जननगह
म has common धमर्य namely मनयोज. Similarly जलज and कतेलरीगह
म has
common धमर्य namely मनयोज. उरस्रल and सरध has common धमर्य namely अमल. जलधर ,जलजते and
वतेङ्कटपततववशङ्कटयोरस्रलते are example of अचधकररक्यचच, Therefore it is example of
अचधकररक्यचच वमचकलप्ल तम.
4.कतक्
र्यम यङङ -
भगवन्भवच्चररतक भवतप्तमनमक ववधदयतते ननरमम म |
अदिसश्रीयरसजमनमक तदिसश्रीम मधदयतते रसजमनमम म ||
ववधदयतते and मधदयतते means ववधल or मधल इव आचरतत. Here it is derived from कतक्
र्य म यङङ. Therefore it
is example of कतक्
र्यम यङङ वमचकलप्ल तम.

5.कमर्यरममल ल and 6. कतर

र्य म ममल ल-
गभर्यतनधमयकतनदिधद्गभर भलवनमन्यनन्यशररमतन |
जननश्रीरककरकमस घननश्रीरदिनश्रील नश्रीरजमक त्वम म ||
गभमर्यतनव तनदिधददित्यरर गभर्यतनधमयम म is example of कमर्यरमलमल whereas जननश्रीव रकसश्रीत्यरर जनतनरकम म is
an example of कतर
र्य म मलमल.

7. णरनर -
मदिमधरल द्ववपगममश्री कममश्री कस्यमनम्चदिम्बचल धववभत
द र|
मदिकलहक समलमपश्री कयोपश्रीहमपश्रीनदियोनश्शयक दित्तमम म||

द्ववपगममश्री - द्ववप इव गच्च्छितत

हक समलमपश्री - हक स इव आलपतत
"कतर्ययलप
र्य ममनते" rule makes it णरनर वमचकललप्तम.

8. नक्ववप -
अमलबमलतत हररनश्रीलतत घनजमलतत सन्ततक तममलतत च|
नश्रीलम तव रुचचममलम नश्रीलमचलमरमलववहृततलयोलमत्मनम म||
अमलबमलतत - अमलबमल इव आचरतत. here नश्रीलत्वक is the समधमरर धमर्य. thus it is example of नक्ववप
वमचकललप्तम.

9. तवद्धितते -
वतेङ्कटपततपदिपङ्कजककङ्करतमयमक न जमतल यस्य रुचच:|
दिवल वर्यषयतेष्वतेव सदिम ववर्यतत नरयो शलचच: खरकलटरी स:||

खरकलटरी - खरतनवमसकलद्रतमस्रमनववशतेष:,
खरकलटरीव पलरुष - 'इवते पततकमतर' gives कन म suffix which is elided by the rule 'ललम्मनलष्यते' which directs
elisin for मनलष्यमरर. Therefore खरकलटरी actually means खरकलटरीव परु
ल ष:. therefore it is example of
तवद्धित वमचकललप्तम.
upamaa alankaara - part XVIII (types of धमर्यवमचकललप्तम)
धमर्यवमचकललप्तम तल वणरर्यतम नक्वप्सममसययो:|

धमर्यवमचकललप्तम is of two types - नक्वप म and सममस.

e.g.
हृदियते तव मम लमसश्रीत्तदिपमङ्गममलस्तल परमममलमसश्रीत म|
त्वक वपतरमस ममतरमस भमतरमस च दिते वपलङ्गव नतमनमम म||

meanings अममलमसश्रीत म - ममलम इव आचररीत म / ममलमतलल्य अभदत म.

वपतरमस ममतरमस भमतरमस - वपतम ममतम भमतम इव आचरमस
these all are examples of नक्वप म धमर्यवमचकललप्तम.

दिते वपलङ्गव - दिते व पलङ्गव इव इतत. It is an example of सममस धमर्यवमचकललप्तम

According to some other grammarians the following are also possible :

कमर्यक्यच म
अचधकररक्यच म
तवद्धित
Its examples would be mostly the same as mentioned in the previous thread on वमचकललप्तम but
without the mention of धमर्य.

upamaa alankaara - part XIX (types of धमर्थोपममनललप्तम)

धमर्थोपममनलप्ल तम तल वमक्यते वत्म तर च तवद्धितते|
(There are three types of Dharmopamanalupta namely vakya, samasa and taddhita) they are
described below.

वमक्यते धमर्थोपममनलप्ल तम
यतेन सममन: कश्चन ममनवलयोकते क्वमs वप न लल
ल योकते|
ततेन मयमs वप दियमब्दिते शश्रीतनलय पमरयर्यसतेs पवगर्यमहयो||
Here there is no match. And there is no mention of common धमर्य. Therefore it is धमर्थोपममनललप्तम.

सममसते धमर्थोपममनललप्तम
क्वमवप सलदिशर्यनसदृशयो नमदिमशर्य न दृश्यतते न च द्रष्टम|
यतेन परम वनममलरी मममलमशरस्तत्सम
ल ममलवदिलमवश्रीत म||
Here सलदिशर्यनसदृशयो describes the samaasa and there is no match of सलदिशर्यन. There is no mention
of धमर्य. Therefore it is an example of सममसते धमर्थोपममनललप्तम

तवद्धितते धमर्थोपममनलप्ल तम
मलचलकलन्दिस्य गलहमयमक यददिह मलकलन्दिते न मतेलनक यदिवप|
वरलमभयोs स्यममलष्ममन्मन्यतेs न्धकवतर्यककीयमतेदितददितत||
अन्धकवतर्यककीयम म is the example of तवद्धितते धमर्थोपममनललप्तम because there is no mention of
Common धमर्य and no उपममन. This may be example of धमर्थोपममनवमचकललप्तम also as there is no
वमचक mentioned.

upamaa alankaara - part XX (type of वमचकयोपमतेयललप्तम)

क्वचचल्ललप्तम वमचकयोपमतेयमभ्यममवप सकमतम|

e.g.
शश्रीवमसश्रीयतत सवर्थोप्यमवमसक पमप्य तस्य वष
म शज्ञैलते|
अतसश्रीसलमसमतद्रचल चकमतसश्रीममतश्रीतकममलमम कममम म||

शश्रीवमसश्रीयतत - आत्ममनक शश्रीतनवमसममव आचरतत.

Here self is acting like Shrinivas. Therefore there is no उपमतेय and there is no वमचक. Thus, this
becomes the example of वमचकयोपमतेयलप्ल तम.

upamaa alankaara - part XXI (types of वमचकयोपममनललप्तम)

क्वचचत्सममस एव स्यमद्वमचकमवरयर्यलयोवपनश्री|
There is one type of वमचकयोपममनललप्तम - सममस.

e.g
रहमस व्रजसलन्दियमर्यस्सममगमयो यश्च यस्तदिप
ल भयोग:|
लयोलम्बमम्बलरुहरीयक तददिदिक शररते यदृ
र्य च्च्छिययोपनतम म||

लयोलम्बमम्बलरुहरीयक is example of वमचकयोपममनललप्तम because there are no उपममन corresponding to

the आगमनम म of लयोलम्ब and ववकसनम म of अम्बलरुह. As well as there are no वमचक.

upamaa alankaara - part XXII (types of धमर्यवमचकयोपममनललप्तम)

यम धमर्यवमचकमवरयर्यललप्तम सम स्यमत्सममसगम|
(धमर्यवमचकयोपममनललप्तम is of सममसगम nature).

e.g.
घनववद्यलल्लमवरयक ववनतसलरमसलरनरमवमलशररयम म|
ववलसतल ककमवप वरते रयक वष
म चगररपततहृदियधमम तमरुरयम म||

in घनववद्यलल्लमवरयक there is elision of three things namely धमर्य, वमचक and उपममन.
ववद्यलल्लमवरयक- ववद्यलतयो लमवरयममव लमवरयक यस्य इतत.

upamaa alankaara - part XXIII ( special upamaa - ममलयोपमम)

एवमष्टववधम ललप्तम: पमचमक ररीत्यम तनरूवपतम:|
Thus we have completed the eight types of luptopamaa according to the ancient scholars.
Now let's have a look at some of extraordinary types of upamaa alankaara.

ममलयोपमम
एकस्यज्ञैवयोपमतेयस्य यद्यनतेकयोपममनतम |
तदिम ममलयोपमममतेतमममहल: कतेचचद्ववचकरम: ||
(When there are many उपममन for a single उपमतेय, it is known as ममलयोपमम).

upamaa alankaara - part XXIV ( examples of ममलयोपमम)

रुद्रट and कमव्यमलककमर give the definition of ममलयोपमम as follows:
ममलयोपमतेतत सतेयक यतज्ञैकक वस्त्वनतेकसमममन्यम म उपमश्रीयतेतमनतेकज्ञैरुपममनज्ञैरतेकसमममन्यज्ञै:

example:
व्यमलरीशतत कमलरीशतत कमशतत रमकमशमशपकमशतत च|
कनकनगतेशनखमभम कपदरर्य तत गमङ्गपदरतत च||

व्यमलरीश - shesha
कमलरीश - shiva

ममलयोपमम is of two types :

1. धमर्मैक्य
2. धमर्यभतेदि

Examples of धमर्मैक्य ममलयोपमम are as follows.

a. तनकष इव कनकरते खम ववद्रम
ल लततकतेव ववलसतत समलद्रते|
अञ्जनचगररपततहृदियते ककञ्जल्कमशखतेव कलवलयते कमलम||

b. रमज्यचशयतेव रमजम पमज्यतमपततभयतेव कववरमज: |

कलसलमसमद्
म ध्यतेव मधलममर्यधवभक्त्यम ववरमजतते मनलज: ||

c. पमतररव पदलक्ष्मश्रीश्शश्रीतज्ययोतत:कलतेव मसतपकते |

समयममव कलवलयशश्री: पमयश्शश्रीशमचशतते ववभमतत शश्री: ||

d. मधम
ल मसश्रीव दहममनश्री ववधम
ल मसश्रीवमस्तमतेतत तमपवद्धिर्य: |
शरदिरीव च जलदिमभम वरदि तवमलयोकनते दिरल रतववततत:||

e धमन्यतेषल पललमकम इव पतगतेषल पतङ्चगकम इव शश्रीमन म|

मशकम इव ककीटते षल च वमशकम नष
म ल तते त्वयश्रीश यते ववमलखम:||
The last one is also an example of स्तबकयोपमम. The meaning of स्तबकयोपमम is given by Dandin
as follows: "अनतेकस्यमरर्ययलग्मस्य समदृश्यक स्तबकयोपमम|".

2. Examples of धमर्यभतेदि ममलयोपमम are as follows.

जलचधवदिततगम्भश्रीरम जलरुहदिलवनन्नतमन्तसलकलममरम: |
कल्पमगमवदिदि
ल मरम: कल्पन्तमक नरशलभमय हररदिमरम: ||
in the examples a,b,c,d,e they could be सममसगम,वमक्यगम or तवद्धितगम but here it is only तवद्धितगम.

upamaa alankaara - part XXV (types of upamaa

alankaara as per Bharat)
According to Bharata there are four types of upamaa alankaara:
एकस्यज्ञैकतेन सम कमयमर्यs नतेकतेनमप्यरवम पलन:|
अनतेकस्य तरज्ञैकतेन बहदनमक बहलमभस्सह ||
These are four types of उपमम alankaara.

1. one compared with one

2. many things compared with one.
3. one thing compared with many and
4. many things compared with many things.

1.example of the first type (एकस्यज्ञैकतेन)

गगनक यरम फरश्रीश्वरनगपततहृदियम म|
2. example of the second type (अनतेकतेन एकस्य)
श्यतेनबदहर्यरभमसमनमक तलल्यमक इतत यम भवतेत म|
एकस्य बहलमभस्समम्यमदिप
ल मम सम पककीततर्यतम ||
Here the eyes of somebody (One) is compared with the eyes of hawk,peacock and vulture.
Therefore it is example of second type.

N.B. दिरडश्री and कमव्यमदिशर्य call this type of उपमम as बहदपमम. example according to them is
चन्दिनयोदिकचन्द्रमकशलचन्द्रकमन्तमददिशश्रीतल:|
स्पशर्यस्तवतेत्यततशयक बयोधयन्तश्री बहदपमम ||

3. Example of the third type ( एकतेन अनतेकतेषमम म)

चन्द्रवत्सम्पकमशन्तते ज्ययोततभमर्यजयो द्ववजयोत्तमम:|
एकतेन सम त्वनतेकतेषममलपमम सकपककीततर्यतम ||
Here one thing चन्द्र has been compared to many द्ववजयोत्तमम:|

4.Example of the fourth type (अनतेकतेन अनतेकतेषमम म)

धमन्यतेषल पललमकम इव पतगतेषल पतङ्चगकम इव शश्रीमन म|
मशकम इव ककीटते षल च वमशकम नष
म ल तते त्वयश्रीश यते ववमख
ल म:||
Here there are multiple upamaana and upameya.

upamaa alankaara - part XXVI (Dandin's list of words

describing simily)
This is a special quotation from दिरडश्री which gives a very long list of all the usages in Sanskrit
which may be used to denote equality

इववद्वमयरमशब्दिमस्सममनतनभसनन्नभम:|
तलल्यसककमशनश्रीकमशपकमशपततरुपकम:||
पततपकपततद्वन्द्ववपत्यनश्रीकववरयोचधन:|
सदृक्सदृशसकवमददिसजमतश्रीयमनलवमददिन:||
पततबबम्बपततच्च्छिन्दिसरुपसमसनम्मतम:|
सलकरसदृकमभसपकयोपममतयोपमम:||
कल्पदिते शश्रीयदिते श्यमददि पख्यपतततनधश्री अवप|
सवरर्यतलमलतर शब्दिर यते वम(चम)S न्यदनमरर्यवमचकम:||
सममसश्च बहलव्रश्रीदहश्शशमङ्कवदिनमददिषल|
स्पधर्यतते जयतत द्वतेनष्ट द्रह्ल यतत पततगजर्यतत||
आक्रयोशत्यवजमनमतत कदिरर्ययतत तनन्दितत|
ववडम्बयतत सकरुन्धते हसतश्रीष्यर्यत्यसदयतत||
तस्य पल(मल)ष्रमतत सरभमग्यक तस्य कमनन्तक ववललम्पतत|
ततेन समधर ववगह्
म रमतत तललमक ततेनमचधरयोहतत||
तत्पदिव्यमक पदिक धत्तते तस्य ककमक ववगमहतते|
बन्धलश्चयोरस्सलहृद्वमददिसतश्रीरयर्यसहचमररर:|
तमन्वतेत्यनलबध्नमतत तच्च्छिठलक तनन्नषतेधतत||
तस्य वम नलकरयोतश्रीतत शब्दिमस्समधम्यर्यबयोधकम:|
उपममयममममते पयोक्तम: कवश्रीनमक बलवद्धिसरख्यदिम:||

The following are the list of words used in the upamaa alankaara to suggest equality of simily:
1. इव
2. वत म
3.वम
4.यरम
5.सममन
6.तनभ
7. सनन्नभ
8. तलल्य
9.सककमश
10.नश्रीकमश
11.पकमश
12.पततरुपक
13.पततपक
14.पततद्वन्द्ववन म
15.पत्यनश्रीक
16.ववरयोचधन म
17.सदृकम
18.सदृश
19.सकवमददिन म
20.सजमतश्रीय
21.अनलवमददिन म
22.पततबबम्ब
23.पततच्च्छिन्दि
24.सरुप
25.सम
26.सनम्मत
27.सलकर
28.सदृक
29.आभ
30.सपक
31.उपममत
32.उपम
33.कल्प
34.दिते शश्रीय
35.दिते श्य
36.पख्य
37.पतततनचध
38.सवरर्य
39.तलमलत
40.अन्यदनमरर्यवमचक
41.सममस बहलवश्रीदह शशमङ्कवदिनमददि
42.स्पधर्यतते
43.जयतत
44.द्वतेनष्ट
45.द्रह्ल यतत
46.पततगजर्यतत
47.आक्रयोशतत
48.अवजमनमतत
49.कदिरर्ययतत
50.तनन्दितत
51.ववडम्बयतत
52.सकरुन्धते
53.हसतत
54.इष्यर्यतत
55.असय
द तत
56.तस्य सरभमग्यक मलष्रमतत
57.तस्य कमनन्तक ववललम्पतत
58.ततेन समधर ववगह्
म रमतत.
59.तललमक ततेन अचधरयोहतत
60.तत्पदिव्यमक पदिक धत्तते
61.तस्य ककमक ववगमहतते
62.बन्धल
63.चयोर
64.सलहृत म
65.वमददिन म
66.सतश्रीरयर्य
67.सहचमररन म
68.तम म अन्वतेतत
69.तम म अनलबध्नमतत
70.तत म शश्रीलम म
71.तम म तनषतेधतत and
72.तस्य अनलकरयोतत.

upamaa alankaara - part XXVII (रशनयोपमम)

Definition:
पदवप
र्य दवर्थोपमतेयस्य भवतेद्यद्यलत्तरयोत्तरम म|
उपममनत्वमतेषयोक्तम कववभश्री रशनयोपमम||

There are two types of रशनयोपमम - धमर्मैक्य and धमर्यभतेदि.

Example of धमर्यभतेदि रशनयोपमम :

हृदियममव हमरर वदिनक वदिनममवमननदिदिमतय तव वचनम म|
वचनममव लमलतवरर नयनक नयनशत
ल श्रीन्द्रमशखररमरते ||
Here there are different धमर्य - हमरर ,लमलतवरर and आनन्दिदिमतय. Therefore it is example of धमर्यभतेदि
रशनयोपमम.

Example of धमर्मैक्य रशनयोपमम:

ऐश्वयर्यममव स्रज्ञैयर स्रज्ञैयमर्य मवरदिमयर्यमदहचगररसलरद्रयो:|
औदिमयर्यममवमवमयर शरयर शरयर्यममव हन्त गमम्भश्रीयम
र्य म||
Here there is only one धमर्य - अवमयर्य. Therefore it is example of धमर्मैक्य रशनयोपमम.

upamaa alankaara - part XXVIII (types of upamaa just

like rupaka alankaara)
Just like rupaka alankaara, upamaa is also of eight types:

1. कतेवलतनरवयवम
2.ममलमरुपतनरवयवम
3.समस्तवस्तलववषयसमवयवम
4.एकदिते शवववततर्यसमवयवम
5.कतेवलनश्लष्टपरम्पररतम
6.ममलमरुपनश्श्लष्टपरम्पररतम
7.कतेवलशलद्धिपरम्पररतम
8.ममलमरुपशलद्धिपरम्पररतम

1. कतेवलतनरवयवम -
कतेवलत्वक - not being part of ममलम
तनरवयवत्वक - उपममन्तरतनरपतेकत्वक, indifference to any other upamaa.

example:
वमगरमर्यववव सकपक्
म तर वमगरर्यपततपत्तयते।
जगतत वपतरर वन्दिते पमवर्यतश्रीपरमतेश्वरर॥
Here उपममन are वमकम and अरर्य whereas उपमतेय are पमवर्यतश्री and परमतेश्वर. समधमररधमर्य is सम्पक्
म तर -
inseparability.

2.ममलमरुपतनरवयवम -
ममलमरुप - has elements of ममलयोपमम
तनरवयवत्वक - उपममन्तरतनरपतेकत्वक, indifference to any other upamaa.

example:
अमलबमलतत हररनश्रीलतत घनजमलतत सन्ततक तममलतत च|
नश्रीलम तव रुचचममलम नश्रीलमचलमरमलववहृततलयोलमत्मनम म||

3.समस्तवस्तलववषयसमवयवम -
समस्तवस्तलववषयत्वक - अवयववनयोs वयवमनमक चयोपममनमनमक शब्दिज्ञै रतेवते सममस्त्यतेन उपमदिमनमत म समस्तवस्तलववषयतम|
here the avayavas are depicted fully by the words only. therefore it is known as
समस्तवस्तलववषयत्वक.
समवयवम - अवयवयोपममनतनष्पमद्यममनत्वमत म समवयवतम |

example:
यमनल महृदिममव हृदियक कमलममवमवज्ञैमम करस्तलभममलनष्मन म|
ङडरडश्रीरम इव हमरम: कलरडमलमशखररीमरडन तवज्ञैतते ||
This is also an example of अनतेकतेवशब्दिम वमक्यमरर्थोपमम according to दिरडश्री

वमक्यमररनज्ञैव वमक्यमरर्य: कयोs वप यद्यलपमश्रीयतते|

एकमनतेकतेवशब्दित्वमत्सम वमक्यमरर्थोपमम द्ववधम||
(If somebody compares meaning of a sentence with meaning of another sentences - there are
two possible types - 1. with one इव and 2. with multiple इव.)
Here there are multiple इव. Therefore it is अनतेकतेवशब्दिम वमक्यमरर्थोपमम.

4.एकदिते शवववततर्यसमवयवम|
एकदिते शवववततर्यनश्री - अवयवमवयववनयो एकदिते शते ववशतेषतेर वमच्यतयम वतर्यतते| (when avayava and avayavi are
ate the same place, it is called एकदिते शवववततर्यनश्री.
example:
ननल भवदिमदहतगभमर्य पकमतत: पमसत
द नमर हक सश्रीव|
कयोशममव ब्रह्ममरडक शश्रीश ततयोs जतन ववधमतक म मदिम्ब:||
this shloka is a paraphrasing of the famous shloka of Geeta which runs as follows:
मम ययोतनमर्यहद्ब्रह्म तनस्मन म गभर दिधमम्यहम म|
सम्बवस्सवर्यभदतमनमक ततयो भवतत भमरत||
सवर्यययोतनषल करन्ततेय मत
द य
र्य स्सम्भवनन्त यम:|
तमसमक ब्रह्म महद्ययोतनरहक बश्रीजपदि: वपतम||

5.कतेवलनश्लष्टपरम्पररतम
आददित्यमभ्यलदियस्य पत्यदष इव पकमशभम
द मनम म|
ववदिधमनयो घनधममम शश्रीममनमभमतत शतेषचगररधममम||
Here आददित्य may mean sun as well as the Gods.
अभ्यलदिय may mean the act of rising as well as wealth.

Thus, there has been comparision of increment of God's wealth with the rising of sun. Here,
the same words have dual meaning (श्लतेष). Therefore it is known as कतेवलनश्लष्टपरम्पररतम.

6.ममलमरुपनश्श्लष्टपरम्पररतम

सत्त्वस्य दहममलय इव रजसस्त्वक पमवष

म तेरयजलदि इव|
तमसयो महसमक तनचधररव कमलतेकर भममस कनकमशखररीन्दियो||
Here सत्त्व - सत्त्वगलर or मग
म मददिजन्तव:
दहममलय इव - दहममदद्र is सवर्यसत्त्वपयोषरकर (giving nourishment to all the living creatures). The
same way भगवमन म is स्वमचशतमनमक सत्त्वगलरपयोषरकर (gives सत्त्वगलर to all its followers)
रजस: - रजयोगलरस्य or पमकसयो: (of dust)
पमवष
म तेरयजलदि इव तनवमर्यपक:.
तमस: - तमयोगलरस्य or ततममरस्य
तनचध - treasure or तनश्शतेषतनवतर्यक.

Thus there is श्लतेष as well as ममलम. Therefore it is an example of ममलमरुपनश्श्लष्टपरम्पररतम.

7.कतेवलशलद्धिपरम्पररतम -
अदहपततचगररपततहृदियते पहमसतलमसतममसतमम्बलजमत इव|
अमलसकहततररव ववलसतत तललसश्रीदिलसम्भत
म म ममलम||

Here the simily between तललसश्रीदिलममलम and अमलसकहतत automatically gives effect to the simily of
भगवद्वकस्रल and इन्दिरीवर.
therefore it is an example of कतेवलशलद्धिपरम्पररतम.

8.ममलमरुपशलद्धिपरम्पररतम -
पलङ्गवमस गवन्तश्रीनमक पलरम करते रवमस करररयन्तश्रीनमम म|
नन्दिव्रजसलदितश्रीनमक चन्दिनमस मलकलन्दि वल्लयन्तश्रीनमम म||
Here it is simily which is as follows:
कमष्र गयोवपकम
पङ्
ल गव - गमव
करते रल - करररश्री
चन्दिन - वल्लयन्तश्री

Therefore it is an example of ममलमरुपशलद्धिपरम्पररतम.

upamaa alankaara - part XXIX ( usage of उपमतेय) उपमयतम

आनलकदल्यते पमततकदल्यते
उपमयतम of उपमतेय are of two types: आनलकदल्यते and पमततकदल्यते

आनलकदल्यते
Example:
नयगहनस्य परश्रीनतत परववद्यमजलतनधतेमर
र्य श्रीनतत च|
कमतमततददिववषद्ववततते: कमष्र ऋभक
ल श्रीरतत त्वतय परत:||

पमततकदल्यते
example:
जलदिमयतते सदिम खलल तनदिमघदिमवमनग्नदिमहतते महतते|
द्ववपदिमक कललमय ववपदिमक पदि
म मकलवरचगररमदिमवलतेन्द्रयोs यम म||
Here the words जलदि and तनदिमघदिमवमनग्न; and द्ववपदिमक ववपत म and पदि
म मकलवरचगररमदिमवलतेन्द्रयो (शश्रीतनवमस)
are contrary but still convey the meaning. This is the use of उपमतेय as पमततकदल्यते .

example of ममलमरुप पमततकदल्यते:

सत
ल मममरमस महतमक सपकमशखरररतमक सरल द्ववषतमम म|
पदषमरमस दहमतमममह रमजमनमस तमसतमक च शररते त्वम म||

here for दहमतमक (those behaving like snow) the god behaves like sun (पदषम इव आचरतते) तमसतमक
(for those behaving like the darkness) the god behaves like moon (रमजम इव चन्द्र इव आचरतते).
3. आनलकदल्यपमततकदल्यममश
example
सत्त्वस्य दहममलय इव रजसस्त्वक पमवष
म तेरयजलदि इव|
तमसयो महसमक तनचधररव कमलतेकर भममस कनकमशखररीन्दियो||
Here, as described above, सत्त्वस्य दहममलय इव is आनलकदल्य usage whereas रजसस्त्वक
पमवष
म तेरयजलदि इव is पमततकदल्य usage. Thus the whole upamaa becomes आनलकदल्यपमततकदल्यममश.

upamaa alankaara - part XXX (classification of upamaa

on basis of धमर्य)
In upamaa alankaara the धमर्य is of following types.

1.अनलगममश्री
2.बबम्बपततबबम्बभमव
3.वस्तलपततवस्तलभमवतेन म करनम्भतक बबम्बपततबबम्बभमव
4.शलद्धिवस्तलपततवस्तलभमव
5.असन्नलपचररत
6.शब्दिमत्मक (श्लतेषमत्मक)
8.सममसमन्तरमशयरमल
द क
9.यरमसम्भवक ममशर.

1.अनलगममश्री
e.g.
ज्ययोत्स्नमचन्द्रमसमववव वष
म चगररकमलतरकसर महममहसर|
सत
ल रर जगतमक वपतरर बलद्धिर तनदिधश्रीय तनत्यसम्बद्धिर ||
Here तनत्यसम्बद्धिर clarifies the common धमर्य of ज्ययोत्स्नमचन्द्रमम and शश्री+शश्रीतनवमस. Therefore it is
example of अनलगममश्री.

2.बबम्बपततबबम्बभमव
कमलमभज
ल यलगलमनञ्चतपररत: परररम्भमदत
ल क ककमवप|
कनकशलमकमवलतयमरकततनभमस्तल मनमस मम वस्तल||
Here there is there is exact correlation (बबम्बपततबबम्बभमव) between कमलमभलजयलगल and
कनकशलमकम.

definition of बबम्बपततबबम्बभमव
"वस्तलतयो मभन्नययोधर्यमय
र्य यो: परस्परसमदृश्यमदिमभन्नतयम ध्यवमसतययोद्र्यववरुपमदिमनक बबम्बपततबबम्बभमव:"

3.वस्तलपततवस्तलभमवतेन म करनम्भतक बबम्बपततबबम्बभमव

There are three subtypes of this category
A. ववशतेषरममतययो:
B. ववशतेष्यममतययो:
C. तद्यलगलययो:
Let's see their examples one by one.

A. ववशतेषरममतययो:
उपररचरन्मधलकरकललकमलतनभक वष
म भशज्ञैलमशखरशमशन म |
उपररष्टमच्चलदिलकक वदिनक तव ववश्वसम्पदिमक सदिनम म||
Here उपररचर and उपररष्ट mean the same thing but they are shown by two different words.
Therefore there is वस्तलपततवस्तलभमव. But this वस्तलपततवस्तलभमव brings about the बबम्बपततबबम्बभमव
between मधलकरकलल and अलक which both are ववशतेषर.

B. ववशतेष्यममतययो:
नस्मतरुचचमसणम रतमधरक फरधरधररश्रीधरमचधनतेतलन:र्य |
दिग्ल धयोदिचधमलग्धयोममर्यनस्नग्धक ववद्रम
ल ममवमवलतेदढ मन:||
Here मसणम रत and नस्नग्धक mean the same thing but shown by different words. Therefore there
is वस्तलपततवस्तलभमव but this brings about बबम्बपततबबम्बभमव between नस्मतरुचच and
दिग्ल धयोदिचधमलग्धयोममर्य which both are ववशतेष्य.

C. तद्यलगलययो:
मशमशरतरसमललरुचचरम शमशशतेखरमकलटवमदहनश्रीवज्ञैषम|
शश्रीतलतरकरुरमरसमधरल म दहधरल क धरमदद्रनमरवधद:||
Here there is वस्तलपततवस्तलभमव between मशमशरतरत्व and शश्रीतलतरत्व (which both are ववशतेषर) as
well as between रुचचरत्व and मधलरत्व (which both are ववशतेष्य). Together these two pairs give
बबम्बपततबबम्बभमव between समलल and करुरम.

4.शलद्धिवस्तलपततवस्तलभमव -
ववमलते ववलयोचनते तव ववशदिशरद्ववकमसतमम्बलजमयतते|
मग
म रमजमह्वयववलसन्नगरमजमधश्रीश्वरस्य जमयतेतते||
Here ववशदि and ववमल mean one and the same thing, therefore it is वस्तलपततवस्तलभमव. But unlike
in the abovementioned three examples, this वस्तलपततवस्तलभमव doesn't lead to बबम्बपततबबम्बभमव
between ववलयोचनते and शरद्ववकमसतमम्बलज. Therefore it is an example of शलद्धिवस्तलपततवस्तलभमव .

5.असन्नलपचररत -
द्रदल हरस्मरहरमलखसलरमदहममनयोs प्यहह तमवकमदहनम्न|
जलजववलयोचन जलधर कललमचलम इव ककलममभमज्जनन्त||
Here मज्जनक is a मदतद्र
र्य व्यधमर्य but even then it is used for mahiman (मदहमसल उपचररत:). Therefore
it is an example of असन्नलपचररत.

6.शब्दिमत्मक (श्लतेषमत्मक)
तनजववभवमदहमगमयकमयदरववभमडलदिमत्तघनततेजम:|
वषमर्यसमय इवमयक तषमर्यञ्शमयतत रममसखयो जगतमम म||
Here there is a श्लतेष and comparision between वषमर्यसमय and रममसखयो.
For भगवमन म the meanings are as follows - मयल- ककन्नर. रववभमट- सदयर्य इव भमजममन: (the one who
shines like Sun) उदिमत्तक - शतेष्ठक . घनक - समन्द्रक . ततेजयो यस्य भगवमन म. तषमर्य - आशम (desire). The splendid
god removes worldly desires

For वषमर्यसमय, the meanings are as follows: मयदरम:- peacock तज्ञै: ववभमट - भमनजष्रल (adorned by
peacock) उदिमत्तक - an acute or sharp tone घनमनमक - of clouds ततेजयो - shine यनस्मन म. तषमर्य - उदिन्यम
(thirst) the rainy season removes thirst.

8.सममसमन्तरमशयरमदलक
ममकसलशङ्खसदि
ल शर्यनहक समवतमर्य सनममभनमलरीकम|
शममतमममतबवदिमलनम यमन
ल मलहररीव तव तनलश्शररते ||

शङ्खसलदिशर्यनर हक सवतर इव शङ्खसलदिशर्यनहक समवतर यस्यमक सम. or शङ्खसलदिशर्यनर इव हक समवतर इतत|

भव: दिमलनम:(fire) इव or दिमलनम: भवसदृश:|
therefore the drarma follows from the ववश्लतेषर of the सममस. Therefore this is an example of
सममसमन्तरमशयरमल
द क.

9.यरमसम्भवक ममशर:
A. combination of अनलगमममत्व and बबम्बपततबबम्बभमवमपन्नधमर्य

अवप सलमन:कललजमतम: खतेटमस्त्वन्मदहमसम्पदिनमभजम|

अवप सलमन:कललजमतम: ककीटम इव दिरल तस्त्यमज्यम:||
सलमनस म - ववद्वमन म (learned) or पलष्प(flower)
खतेट - bad fellow
ककीट - insect.
This has a usage of यमक अलङ्कमर where the words सलमन:कललजमतम: have been used two times
an. It brings about equality between the खतेट and ककीट. Therefore it is an example of
बबम्बपततबबम्ब. it also brings about the sadharanadharma as त्यमज्यत्वक. Therefore it is an
example of अनलगमममत्व also.

B.combination of अनलगमममत्व and वस्तलपततवस्तलभमवकरनम्भतबबम्बपततबबम्बभमव -

उपसप्म यतते जनज्ञैरभ्यलददितस्त्वज्जमनभजनवज्ञैरमग्यज्ञै:|
पमदिप इव परममत्मन्पसन
द फलपल्लवज्ञैस्समलल्लमसत:||

अभ्यलददित and समल्

ल लमसत are example of वस्तलपततवस्तलभमव which brings about बबम्बपततबबम्बभमव
between जमनभजनवज्ञैरमग्यज्ञै: and पसदनफलपल्लवज्ञै:. This also brings about the common dharma i.e.
उपसपर्यर. Thus it is an example of अनलगमममत्व also.

There can be similarly combination of अनलगमममत्व and pure बबम्बपततबबम्बभमव also.

C. combination of अनलगमममत्व and श्लतेष

नरमसकहचगररवरयो यक मशरसम सलकलममभपदरवर्य वधलबबम्बम म|
उदियमदद्रररव दिधमन: पदिदिमत्यमनन्दिमणखललयोकमनमम म||
सक
ल लममभपर
द वर्य वधबल बम्बम म is the word which has श्लतेष.
सलकलम means सकलकलमपररपदरम
र्य म i.e. भगवमन म or the phases of moon
ववधलबबम्बम म - means either शश्रीतनवमसस्य अचमर्य (God's worship) or चन्द्रबबम्ब (the image of the
moon). Thus there is श्लतेष.
आनन्दिपदित्वम म is the common dharma. therefore it is an example of अनलगमममत्व also.

D. combination of श्लतेष and वस्तलपततवस्तलभमवकरनम्भतबबम्बपततबबम्बभमव

वज्ञैशद्यक नज्ञैतत नरयो ववद्यमक सकमशककतयोs प्यसरल शश्रील:|
शमरयोनल्लणखतयोs प्यच्यलत ममलनपकमततयर्यरतेङ्गमल:||
Here the वस्तलपततवस्तलभमवकरनम्भतबबम्बपततबबम्बभमव is clear. असलरशश्रील and ममलनपकमतत denote
वस्तलपततवस्तलभमव and ववद्यमसकमशककतत्व and शमरयोनल्लणखतत्व denote बबम्बपततबबम्बभमव.

The श्लतेष is in वज्ञैशद्यक - it may mean proficiency as well as fairness. the proficiency goes with
ववद्यमसकमशककतत्व and the fairness/whiteness goes with शमरयोनल्लणखतत्व.

E. combination of श्लतेष and बबम्बपततबबम्बभमव

पतेकमवत इव समकमत्परमस्य ब्रह्मरयो वष
म चगररीन्दियो:|
ववद्यतेव शश्रीहृर्यद्यम चतेतयोहृत्पद्यमलज्ज्वलयतश्रीयम म||
चतेतयोहृत म (for the verse) - मनयोहर
(for शश्री - च इत हृत म - breast
पद्य (for the verse) - a shloka
(fpr शश्री) - related to leg.
Therefore there is श्लतेष. and पतेकमवत and समकमत्परमस्य bring forward the बबम्बपततबबम्बभमव.

F. combination of कतेवलबबम्बपततबबम्बभमव, वस्तलपततवस्तलभमवकरनम्भतबबम्बपततभमव, श्लतेष and

अनलगमममतम

भवन इवमणखलभलवनते सलदिरीनप्ततनधयस्सलककीततर्यशतेवधय:|

दिरीपम इवममभरूपमश्शश्रीपररबढ
म सकचरनन्त भवदिरीयम:||

अमभरूपम:- मनयोहरम: (beautiful) or ववद्वमकस: (wise men) Therefore it is श्लतेष

भवन and भलवन have pure बबम्बपततबबम्बभमव.
तनचध and शतेवचध have वस्तलपततवस्तलभमव which give the words दिरीनप्त and ककीततर्य
वस्तलपततवस्तलकरनम्भतबबम्बपततबबम्बभमव.
सकचरनन्त - अनलगमममत्वम म.

G. combination of अनलगमममत्व, श्लतेष, उपचररत and बबम्बपततबबम्बभमव.

जगतत समन्तमत्पचरतक पववततसमरस्वतयोददितक तनयतम म|
अमत
म ममव त्वच्चररतक सलरम इव नरम: वपबनन्त मलरवज्ञैररन म||

समरस्वतक सरस्वत: आगतक (which has come from सरस्वत)

पववततसमरस्वतयोददितक - पवतततम म च समरस्वतयोददितक or पवतततमतन यमतन समरस्वतमतन सरस्वततववभतद तभत

द मतन
शमस्तमणर
उददित - risen or उदिरीररत (said)

thus, समन्तमत्पचरतत्वक is अनलगममश्री

पववततसमरस्वतयोददित is श्लतेष,
अमत
म and चररत are बबम्बपततबबम्बभमव
वपबनन्त is उपचररत समधमररधमर्य.
Posted by dhaval patel at 5:28 AM No comments:
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Labels: alankara, composite, upamaa
Sunday, August 8, 2010
upamaa alankaara - part XXX
(classification of upamaa on basis of धमर्य)
In upamaa alankaara the धमर्य is of following types.

1.अनलगममश्री
2.बबम्बपततबबम्बभमव
3.वस्तलपततवस्तलभमवतेन म करनम्भतक बबम्बपततबबम्बभमव
4.शलद्धिवस्तलपततवस्तलभमव
5.असन्नलपचररत
6.शब्दिमत्मक (श्लतेषमत्मक)
8.सममसमन्तरमशयरमदलक
9.यरमसम्भवक ममशर.

1.अनग ल ममश्री
e.g.
ज्ययोत्स्नमचन्द्रमसमववव वष
म चगररकमलतरकसर महममहसर|
सलतरर जगतमक वपतरर बलद्धिर तनदिधश्रीय तनत्यसम्बद्धिर ||
Here तनत्यसम्बद्धिर clarifies the common धमर्य of ज्ययोत्स्नमचन्द्रमम and शश्री+शश्रीतनवमस. Therefore it
is example of अनलगममश्री.

2.बबम्बपततबबम्बभमव
कमलमभलजयलगलमनञ्चतपररत: परररम्भमदत
ल क ककमवप|
कनकशलमकमवलतयमरकततनभमस्तल मनमस मम वस्तल||
Here there is there is exact correlation (बबम्बपततबबम्बभमव) between कमलमभलजयलगल and
कनकशलमकम.

definition of बबम्बपततबबम्बभमव
"वस्तलतयो मभन्नययोधर्यमय
र्य यो: परस्परसमदृश्यमदिमभन्नतयम ध्यवमसतययोद्र्यववरुपमदिमनक बबम्बपततबबम्बभमव:"

3.वस्तलपततवस्तलभमवतेन म करनम्भतक बबम्बपततबबम्बभमव

There are three subtypes of this category
A. ववशतेषरममतययो:
B. ववशतेष्यममतययो:
C. तद्यगल लययो:
Let's see their examples one by one.
A. ववशतेषरममतययो:
उपररचरन्मधलकरकललकमलतनभक वष
म भशज्ञैलमशखरशमशन म |
उपररष्टमच्चलदिलकक वदिनक तव ववश्वसम्पदिमक सदिनम म||
Here उपररचर and उपररष्ट mean the same thing but they are shown by two different words.
Therefore there is वस्तलपततवस्तलभमव. But this वस्तलपततवस्तलभमव brings about the
बबम्बपततबबम्बभमव between मधलकरकलल and अलक which both are ववशतेषर.

B. ववशतेष्यममतययो:
नस्मतरुचचमसणम रतमधरक फरधरधररश्रीधरमचधनतेतलनर्य:|
दिग्ल धयोदिचधमलग्धयोममर्यनस्नग्धक ववद्रम
ल ममवमवलतेदढ मन:||
Here मसणम रत and नस्नग्धक mean the same thing but shown by different words. Therefore
there is वस्तलपततवस्तलभमव but this brings about बबम्बपततबबम्बभमव between नस्मतरुचच and
दिग्ल धयोदिचधमलग्धयोममर्य which both are ववशतेष्य.

C. तद्यलगलययो:
मशमशरतरसमललरुचचरम शमशशतेखरमकलटवमदहनश्रीवज्ञैषम|
शश्रीतलतरकरुरमरसमधलरम दहधलरकधरमदद्रनमरवधद:||
Here there is वस्तलपततवस्तलभमव between मशमशरतरत्व and शश्रीतलतरत्व (which both are ववशतेषर)
as well as between रुचचरत्व and मधलरत्व (which both are ववशतेष्य). Together these two pairs
give बबम्बपततबबम्बभमव between समलल and करुरम.

4.शलद्धिवस्तलपततवस्तलभमव -
ववमलते ववलयोचनते तव ववशदिशरद्ववकमसतमम्बज
ल मयतते|
मग
म रमजमह्वयववलसन्नगरमजमधश्रीश्वरस्य जमयतेतते||
Here ववशदि and ववमल mean one and the same thing, therefore it is वस्तलपततवस्तलभमव. But
unlike in the abovementioned three examples, this वस्तलपततवस्तलभमव doesn't lead to
बबम्बपततबबम्बभमव between ववलयोचनते and शरद्ववकमसतमम्बलज. Therefore it is an example of
शलद्धिवस्तलपततवस्तलभमव .

5.असन्नलपचररत -
द्रदल हरस्मरहरमलखसलरमदहममनयोs प्यहह तमवकमदहनम्न|
जलजववलयोचन जलधर कललमचलम इव ककलममभमज्जनन्त||
Here मज्जनक is a मदतद्र
र्य व्यधमर्य but even then it is used for mahiman (मदहमसल उपचररत:).
Therefore it is an example of असन्नलपचररत.

6.शब्दिमत्मक (श्लतेषमत्मक)
तनजववभवमदहमगमयकमयदरववभमडलदिमत्तघनततेजम:|
वषमर्यसमय इवमयक तषमर्यञ्शमयतत रममसखयो जगतमम म||
Here there is a श्लतेष and comparision between वषमर्यसमय and रममसखयो.
For भगवमन म the meanings are as follows - मयल- ककन्नर. रववभमट- सदयर्य इव भमजममन: (the one
who shines like Sun) उदिमत्तक - शतेष्ठक . घनक - समन्द्रक . ततेजयो यस्य भगवमन म. तषमर्य - आशम (desire). The
splendid god removes worldly desires

For वषमर्यसमय, the meanings are as follows: मयदरम:- peacock तज्ञै: ववभमट - भमनजष्रल (adorned by
peacock) उदिमत्तक - an acute or sharp tone घनमनमक - of clouds ततेजयो - shine यनस्मन म. तषमर्य - उदिन्यम
(thirst) the rainy season removes thirst.

8.सममसमन्तरमशयरमदलक
ममकसलशङ्खसलदिशर्यनहक समवतमर्य सनममभनमलरीकम|
शममतमममतबवदिमलनम यमलनमलहररीव तव तनश्ल शररते ||

शङ्खसलदिशर्यनर हक सवतर इव शङ्खसलदिशर्यनहक समवतर यस्यमक सम. or शङ्खसलदिशर्यनर इव हक समवतर इतत|

भव: दिमलनम:(fire) इव or दिमलनम: भवसदृश:|
therefore the drarma follows from the ववश्लतेषर of the सममस. Therefore this is an example
of सममसमन्तरमशयरमदलक.

9.यरमसम्भवक ममशर:
A. combination of अनलगमममत्व and बबम्बपततबबम्बभमवमपन्नधमर्य

अवप सलमन:कललजमतम: खतेटमस्त्वन्मदहमसम्पदिनमभजम|

अवप सलमन:कललजमतम: ककीटम इव दिरल तस्त्यमज्यम:||

सलमनस म - ववद्वमन म (learned) or पलष्प(flower)

खतेट - bad fellow
ककीट - insect.
This has a usage of यमक अलङ्कमर where the words सलमन:कललजमतम: have been used two
times an. It brings about equality between the खतेट and ककीट. Therefore it is an example of
बबम्बपततबबम्ब. it also brings about the sadharanadharma as त्यमज्यत्वक. Therefore it is an
example of अनलगमममत्व also.

B.combination of अनग
ल मममत्व and वस्तलपततवस्तलभमवकरनम्भतबबम्बपततबबम्बभमव -
उपसप्म यतते जनज्ञैरभ्यलददितस्त्वज्जमनभजनवज्ञैरमग्यज्ञै:|
पमदिप इव परममत्मन्पसदनफलपल्लवज्ञैस्समलल्लमसत:||

अभ्यलददित and समलल्लमसत are example of वस्तलपततवस्तलभमव which brings about

बबम्बपततबबम्बभमव between जमनभजनवज्ञैरमग्यज्ञै: and पसदनफलपल्लवज्ञै:. This also brings about the
common dharma i.e. उपसपर्यर. Thus it is an example of अनग
ल मममत्व also.

There can be similarly combination of अनलगमममत्व and pure बबम्बपततबबम्बभमव also.

C. combination of अनलगमममत्व and श्लतेष

नरमसकहचगररवरयो यक मशरसम सलकलममभपदरवर्य वधलबबम्बम म|
उदियमदद्रररव दिधमन: पदिदिमत्यमनन्दिमणखललयोकमनमम म||
सक
ल लममभपर
द वर्य वधलबबम्बम म is the word which has श्लतेष.
सलकलम means सकलकलमपररपदरम
र्य म i.e. भगवमन म or the phases of moon
ववधबल बम्बम म - means either शश्रीतनवमसस्य अचमर्य (God's worship) or चन्द्रबबम्ब (the image of the
moon). Thus there is श्लतेष.
आनन्दिपदित्वम म is the common dharma. therefore it is an example of अनलगमममत्व also.

D. combination of श्लतेष and वस्तलपततवस्तलभमवकरनम्भतबबम्बपततबबम्बभमव

वज्ञैशद्यक नज्ञैतत नरयो ववद्यमक सकमशककतयोs प्यसलरशश्रील:|
शमरयोनल्लणखतयोs प्यच्यत
ल ममलनपकमततयर्यरतेङ्गमल:||
Here the वस्तलपततवस्तलभमवकरनम्भतबबम्बपततबबम्बभमव is clear. असलरशश्रील and ममलनपकमतत
denote वस्तलपततवस्तलभमव and ववद्यमसकमशककतत्व and शमरयोनल्लणखतत्व denote बबम्बपततबबम्बभमव.

The श्लतेष is in वज्ञैशद्यक - it may mean proficiency as well as fairness. the proficiency goes
with ववद्यमसकमशककतत्व and the fairness/whiteness goes with शमरयोनल्लणखतत्व.

E. combination of श्लतेष and बबम्बपततबबम्बभमव

पतेकमवत इव समकमत्परमस्य ब्रह्मरयो वष
म चगररीन्दियो:|
ववद्यतेव शश्रीहृर्यद्यम चतेतयोहृत्पद्यमलज्ज्वलयतश्रीयम म||
चतेतयोहृत म (for the verse) - मनयोहर
(for शश्री - च इत हृत म - breast
पद्य (for the verse) - a shloka
(fpr शश्री) - related to leg.
Therefore there is श्लतेष. and पतेकमवत and समकमत्परमस्य bring forward the बबम्बपततबबम्बभमव.

F. combination of कतेवलबबम्बपततबबम्बभमव, वस्तलपततवस्तलभमवकरनम्भतबबम्बपततभमव, श्लतेष and

अनलगमममतम

भवन इवमणखलभलवनते सलदिरीनप्ततनधयस्सलककीततर्यशतेवधय:|

दिरीपम इवममभरूपमश्शश्रीपररबढ
म सकचरनन्त भवदिरीयम:||

अमभरूपम:- मनयोहरम: (beautiful) or ववद्वमकस: (wise men) Therefore it is श्लतेष

भवन and भव
ल न have pure बबम्बपततबबम्बभमव.
तनचध and शतेवचध have वस्तलपततवस्तलभमव which give the words दिरीनप्त and ककीततर्य
वस्तलपततवस्तलकरनम्भतबबम्बपततबबम्बभमव.
सकचरनन्त - अनलगमममत्वम म.

G. combination of अनलगमममत्व, श्लतेष, उपचररत and बबम्बपततबबम्बभमव.

जगतत समन्तमत्पचरतक पववततसमरस्वतयोददितक तनयतम म|
अमत
म ममव त्वच्चररतक सलरम इव नरम: वपबनन्त मलरवज्ञैररन म||

समरस्वतक सरस्वत: आगतक (which has come from सरस्वत)

पववततसमरस्वतयोददितक - पवतततम म च समरस्वतयोददितक or पवतततमतन यमतन समरस्वतमतन

सरस्वततववभदततभदतमतन शमस्तमणर
उददित - risen or उदिरीररत (said)

thus, समन्तमत्पचरतत्वक is अनलगममश्री

पववततसमरस्वतयोददित is श्लतेष,
अमत
म and चररत are बबम्बपततबबम्बभमव
वपबनन्त is उपचररत समधमररधमर्य.