1.

By adding the magnesium in cast iron, the shape of graphite flakes can be modified into
nodules, which increases its ductility, strength and fluidity.
2. Hypo eutectoid steel is 0.02 to0.83 % of C.
3. Chromium increases the corrosion resistance of steel.
4. Cast iron is a brittle material so its torsional strength or the shear strength is low and
hence it cannot be used for transmitting power.
5. Zirconium alloys are used as cladding of fuel rods in nuclear reactors particularly in
water reactors zirconium has very low absorption cross-section of thermal neutrons;
high hardness, ductility and corrosion resistance.
6. Melting point of lead with 62% tin and 38% lead is 183*C.
7. Time temperature transformations cannot be studied using the phase diagrams.
8. Eutectic reaction is reversible.
9. Chromium and molybdenum are ferrite stabilizer and hence they shift lower critical
temperature to higher side.
10. Nickel, copper and Manganese are austenite stabilizers and these shifts lower critical
temperature to lower side.
11. Interstitial free steels are used for making car bodies due to their high malleability.
12. Invar popularly known as F2Ni36 contains 36% nickel and 64% iron. It is single phase
alloy having low coefficient of thermal expansion. Invar is used in making precision
instruments, clocks, seismic creep gauges, valves in motors, antimagnetic watches etc.,
13. Babbitt is a bulk bearing material which is tin based or lead based. Composition of
babbitt includes Tin(Sn), Copper(Cu), Antimony(Sb) and lead (Pb). It offers an
unsurpassed combination of conformability, compatibility and the embeddability.
14. Aluminum bronze which contains 5 to 10 % aluminum is also called imitation gold
because of its color is similar to 22 carat gold. It Is used in maintaining artificial jeweler.
15. Lead is widely used in the batteries.
16. Admiralty brass is used In the condenser tubes.
17. Generally non-ferrous alloys are hardened by the precipitation or age hardening.
18. Nodular iron consists of carbon in rosette form.
19. Season based cracking occurs in the copper-based alloy which is brass.
20. Crystal structure factor is the most relevant factor in the solubility of two metals.
Relative size factor is the second most important factor.
21. Increase of ferrite phase in the steel increases ductility.
 Properties of Materials
1. Strength – The ability of a material that can resist the mechanical load.
2. Hardness – The resistance offered by the material against the mechanical deformation.
3. Fracture Toughness – The ability of the material that can absorb the energy at the time
of failure.
4. Ductility – ability of the material that can undergo plastic deformation before the
failure.
5. Stiffness – Ability of the material that can sustain the mechanical deformation under
stress.
6. Brittleness – Ability of a material that can resist mechanical load without plastic
deformation.
7. Creep - Time vs strain behaviour of a material under constant mechanical load.
8. Fatigue – Time vs strain behaviour of a material under oscillating load.
9. Resilience – It is the maximum energy that can be absorbed without creating
permanent deformation.

Test for properties measurement

Brittleness Test – Izod and Charpy Test.

Hardness measurement – Brinell test – Through cone

Rockwell test – Through sphere

Scratch test-

Knoop test – It is used for the highly sensitive material.

1. To evaluate the fracture toughness basically two types of tests has been developed that
is tension impacts and bending impacts.
2. Hardenability is measured by the jominy hardenability test.
3. Vickers hardness test of a given material depends on applied load but independent of
the size of diamond indenter. This test will use a pyramid shaped diamond tool with an
angle of 136 * between opposite phase.
4. Cleavage fracture is a form of the brittle fracture. The fracture is transgrannular. For the
elastic fracture the fracture is along the grains.
5. Shore scleroscope test is used to measure hardness of the lathe bed.
6. Resilience is a property that is useful in case of shock loading.
 NanoMaterials
1. Any materials for which the physical dimension or the grain size is less than 100nm is
called the nanomaterials.
2. Because of the fine grain structure, the surface area of the nano-materials is very high
but the chances of corrosion are also very high in nano-materials.
3. Two methods of manufacturing nano materials are the top down approach (when the
materials are broken) and the bottom up approach (when the materials are combined).
4.