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V32 V22
Y3 + Z3 + = Y2 + Z 2 + + he
2g 2g
BU BD 2

7-2
 J/0&42+0'!*,*4-&'J&27/$'
From 2 to BD:

From BD to BU:

From BU to 3:

J/0&42+0'V"*%'./&W-#&425'

7-3
 S*"4&,,'9I+*3/4'

Where: H3-2 = The drop in water surface from section 3 to 2

K = Yarnell’s pier shape coefficient
! = Ratio of velocity head to depth at section 2
" = Obstructed area of the piers divided by the total
unobstructed area
V2 = Velocity at cross section 2

S*"4&,,X5'G#&"'./&W-#&42D'Y'

Pier Shape Yarnell K Coefficient

Semi-circular nose and tail 0.90
Twin-cylinder piers with connecting diaphragm 0.95
Twin-cylinder piers without diaphragm 1.05
90 degree triangular nose and tail 1.05
Square nose and tail 1.25
Ten pile trestle bent 2.50

7-4
 B(T<'T=G;U'J&27/$'
Energy balance from section 1 to 4:

Where: Z = Bed invert elevations

Y = Water surface elevations
V = Average velocity
hf = Friction losses
he = Expansion losses from section 1 to 2

T=G;U':'./434+&$'
From Section 1 to 2:

10

7-5
 T=G;U':'./434+&$'
From section 2 to 3:
1.  Losses are based on friction only.
2.  Energy balance is done in 3 steps: from section 2 to
BD, BD to BU, and BU to 3.
3.  Friction losses are calculated using the geometric
mean friction slope time the flow weighted length.

11

T=G;U':'./434+&$'
From section 3 to 4:

1.  Energy losses are based on friction only.

2.  The effective flow length (Lav) is computed as
the average length of 20 equal conveyance
stream tubes.

12

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1/ 2
& , Z . 3 V32 )#
Q = Cd ABU $2 g ** Y3 - + ''!
% + 2 2 g ("
16

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.$'B/"'=,+#-&'b*2&'G"&55+"&'B,/A'
Coefficient of Discharge

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

Cd
0.3

0.2

0.1

1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8

Y3
Z
17

U"#H-&'G"&55+"&'B,/A'

Q = CA 2 gH
18

7-9
T&#"'B,/A'./01+2*3/45'

Q = CLH 3 / 2
19

T&#"'B,/A'=+80&"%&4-&'
Discharge Reduction for Submerged Flow

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100
Percent Submergence
20

7-10
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