Children’s Illustrated

H ISTORY
ATLAS
 Contents
Authors Simon Adams, Peter Chrisp
Senior editor Lizzie Davey 4 How to use this book
Project art editor Hoa Luc 6 World people
Map illustrator Jeongeun Park
Cartography Ed Merritt 8 The ancient world
Illustrator Molly Lattin 10 Timeline of the ancient world
Editorial Abhijit Dutta, Satu Fox,
Roohi Sehgal, Kathleen Teece, Amina Youssef 12 The Stone Age
Design Yamini Panwar, Nehal Verma 14 Mesopotamia
US Senior editor Shannon Beatty 15 The Indus Valley
US Editor Liz Searcy
Picture researcher Sumita Khatwani 16 Ancient Egypt
Jacket coordinator Francesca Young 18 Ancient Greece
Jacket designer Suzena Sengupta 20 Ancient China
Managing editor Laura Gilbert
Managing art editor Diane Peyton Jones 22 Ancient Rome
Pre-production producer Dragana Puvacic 24 Religion
Producer Basia Ossowska
Design director Helen Senior 26 The Middle Ages
Publishing director Sarah Larter
28 Timeline of the Middle Ages
First American Edition, 2018
Published in the United States by DK Publishing 30 The Vikings
345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014
32 Ancient Japan
Copyright © 2018 Dorling Kindersley Limited
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Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited. 38 The Silk Road
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42 The age of discovery 82 Independent world
44 Timeline of the age of discovery 84 The Cold War
46 Aztec and Maya civilizations 86 The space age
47 The Inca Empire 88 The world today
48 Voyages of discovery
50 The Mughal Empire 90 Picture quiz
52 The Ottoman Empire 92 Glossary
54 The Renaissance 93 Index
56 The slave trade 96 Credits

58 The age of industry

60 Timeline of the age of industry
62 The American Revolution
63 The French Revolution
64 The Industrial Revolution Smithsonian
This trademark is owned by the Smithsonian Institution and is registered
66 The Civil War in the U.S Patent and Trademark Office.
Consultant Dr. F. Robert van der Linden, Curator of Air Transportation and
68 Imperial world Special Purpose Aircraft, Smithsonian’s National Air and Space Museum
Smithsonian Enterprises
Product Development Manager

70 The modern world Kealy Gordon

Licensing Manager

72 Timeline of the modern world

Ellen Nanney
Vice President, Consumer and Education Products
Brigid Ferraro
74 Inventions Senior Vice President, Consumer and Education Products
Carol LeBlanc
76 World War I Established in 1846, the Smithsonian Institution—the world’s largest
museum and research complex–includes 19 museums and galleries
78 New ideas and the National Zoological Park. The total number of objects, works
of art, and specimens in the Smithsonian’s collection is estimated
at 154 million. The Smithsonian is a renowned research center,
80 World War II dedicated to public education, national service, and scholarship in
the arts, sciences, and history.
How to use
A map is a drawing that gives an overall view of a
place. The maps in this book show parts of the world
at different times in history. The countries and

this book territories these maps show often look very different
from how these same places appear today.

Outside areas Dates Picture features Important cities

Around the edges of many of the On the map, dates are shown Pictures with text highlight Capital cities are marked
maps are other land areas. These in bold, to help you find your special features, including with red outlines. Other
are shown in a cream color. way around the page. buildings and battles. cities are outlined in blue.

Ancient Rome
Named after Emperor
Hadrian, work on this
wall began in 122 ce.
It marked the

SEA
northwest edge
More than 2,000 years ago, ancient Rome was one of the of the empire.
most powerful nations in the world. At first, Rome was ruled

RTH
by kings. It became a republic in 509 bce, which meant that Hadrian’s
Wall

NO
it was ruled by members of Roman society. In 27 bce Rome
became an empire, led by a ruler called an emperor. At its
Snapshots largest, in 117 ce, the Roman Empire was home to more
These images add extra The Appian Way
This leader of the leading out
information about than 65 million people. Arverni tribe led
an uprising
historical events, people, against Roman Roman roads
Punic Wars power in 52 bce. The Romans built many long, st
and places. Between 264 and146 bce, link the towns and cities of the e
The Romans built
Rome fought three wars this lighthouse in paved roads helped soldiers mo
against the city of Carthage, what is now Spain. around the empire.
in modern-day Tunisia. Rome
wanted control of the This was the most Vercingetorix
Mediterranean Sea. The important gold
wars, known as the Punic mine in the
Key Wars, ended in total
Roman Empire.
Pont du
The key gives Roman victory. Tower of
Hercules Gard
information about
the picture symbols Las Medulas
on the map. KEY (c.117 ce) Verona Arena
Empire border General Hannibal from Carthage
The edge of the
Roman Empire. The Romans built
aqueducts to transport
Grain water from one place Rome
Shipped to Rome from to another.
North Africa and Sicily.
Date TIC OCEAN
Some of the keys have Grapevines L AN Mount
Vines were planted across AT NEAN
SEA Vesuvius
a date to show the time the empire to grow grapes
TER
RA
period of the map. If to make into wine. DI
ME The city of Pom
the date includes “c.,” Timber N was destroyed
Forests were stripped of W the eruption o
it means “circa,” or wood all over the empire. volcano Moun
“around”—meaning the Roman baths
E Vesuvius in 79
Public bathing brought S
date isn’t exact. the Romans together.
Carthaginians
Theater at The Romans built this
Const
the ca
Djemila amphitheater in what in 330
Slaves The Carthaginians used is now Tunisia.
Many Romans owned war elephants to fight aroun
slaves. Some slaves had against the Roman Empire. defen
to build Roman roads. An important city
in Roman Libya.
Amphitheaters Julius Caesar
Open-air theaters One of ancient Rome’s most
entertained Romans
across the empire. well-known leaders, Julius Leptis Magna
Caesar conquered large amounts
Roman soldiers of land for Rome. The empire SCALE
The army kept the peace
Compass and defended the borders began with his great-nephew, 0 200 miles
The compass always against enemy invasion. Augustus, who made himself the
first emperor. 0 200 kilometers
points to north (N) on the
map and also shows the
direction of south (S),
east (E), and west (W). US_022_023_Ancient_Rome.indd All Pages

Picture symbols Scale

You will find picture symbols without text The scale indicates the size of the
4 on some of the maps. Look at the key to country and the distances between
find out what each symbol means. different points on the map.
 1756–1763 1770 1770 1771 1775–1783
Seven Years’ War James Cook Slave trade First modern factory US independence
At the end of this war, James Cook makes The slave trade reached Richard Arkwright builds the The United States approves
the British Empire grows. maps of the eastern its peak in the 18th water frame, a spinning the Declaration of

States at war
It takes land from the coast of Australia, century, with 80,000 machine that is powered by Independence on July 4,
French Empire in Canada, then claims Australia slaves brought from water wheels. His invention 1776, breaking free from
America, and India. for Britain. West Africa to America is quickly copied. Britain. The new nation is

The age
every year. made of 13 colonies.
James Cook

The five kingdoms each of industry

1790
Australian revolt
Native Australian people
called aborigines begin
1789–1799
French Revolution
People in Paris rebel.
They overthrow their king
1776
Steam engine
James Watt develops
the first of his many steam

battled to become the Starting around 1750, the world began to

change very quickly. People rose up against Aboriginal
to fight back against the
newly arrived British.
and queen.
Vive
FranceLa
!
engines and introduces
the term “horsepower” to
show how powerful
his engines are. Early steam engine

most powerful. They

warrior
their rulers, and many countries became
independent for the first time. The invention 1791–1804 1800–1815 1803 1811–1828 1821–1832
of steam power led to new ways of making Haitian revolution Napoleonic Wars Denmark bans Independent Greek War of
slavery Americas Independence

were eventually united

Slave workers on The French ruler,
things and getting around. This Industrial plantations in Haiti revolt, Napoleon, tries to Denmark is the first Several American Greece becomes independent,
led by Toussaint conquer other countries European country to countries fight wars winning its freedom from the
Revolution completely changed Louverture. Haiti becomes in Europe and fights Napoleon ban slavery. against their Spanish Ottoman Empire.
how people lived and worked. the first black-ruled state wars against other rulers, winning

into the huge empire

in the Americas. European nations. independence.

1856 1848 1839–1842 1831 1829 1822

of China.
Steel Communist Manifesto First Opium War First electrical Prize-winning Brazilian
Henry Bessemer invents a Karl Marx and Friedrich Britain starts a war motor steam engine independence
process to create steel that is Engels write and publish against China to force Michael Faraday, a George Stephenson Brazil wins its independence
strong enough to make The Communist Manifesto, China to trade. In 1842, British physicist and designs the Rocket, which from Portugal. Pedro I
railroads, skyscrapers, describing their radical new Britain wins the war and chemist, invents the first wins a competition to becomes the founder and
and machines. ideas about how money should takes Hong Kong. electric motor. power the Liverpool & first ruler of the empire
be divided between people. Manchester Railway. of Brazil.
Karl Marx Stephenson’s Rocket

1857–1858 1861–1865 1867 1868 1876 1876 1893

These mini-maps show you Indian Mutiny

India tries to become
independent from British
American Civil War
In the United States, North and
South go to war over slavery.
Canadian
independence
Canada becomes an
Meiji Restoration
Emperor Meiji takes
control of Japan and
Telephone invented
Alexander Graham Bell
invents the first telephone.
Internal combustion
engine invented
Nikolaus Otto invents the
Votes for women
New Zealand is the first
country to give women

where an area is in the world. rule but does not succeed. The North wins and slavery
is abolished.
independent country and
is no longer ruled by
Great Britain.
Emperor Meiji
modernizes how
the country is ruled. First telephone
People are able to talk over
long distances for the
first time.
combustion engine, which can
be used to power cars, trucks,
and motorcycles.
equal voting rights. The
next country to do so will
be Australia, in 1903.

1914 1913 1912 1904–1905 1903 1901

Outbreak of World War I Ottoman retreat Chinese Revolution Russo-Japanese War First airplane Australian
Archduke Franz Ferdinand is The Ottoman Empire Sun Yat-sen leads a Japan defeats Russia with The Wright brothers Australian independence
flag
shot, which triggers a series loses the First Balkan revolution in China, clever new tactics and weapons. successfully fly the first Australia becomes
of events leading to War, and most of its overthrowing the Manchu Japan is seen as a world power powered airplane. independent and is no
World War I. lands in Europe. dynasty, which had ruled for the first time. longer under British rule.
for 276 years.
Communism grew
in Russia after the The Wright
60 Russo-Japanese War brothers’ plane 61
Warship

US_060_061_Industry_timeline.indd All Pages 27/02/2018 14:44

This famous Timelines

amphitheater was built
in 80 ce to hold gladiator Each chapter starts with a timeline spread. The timelines
fights and other sports.
show you events in different parts of the world in the order
that they happened.
This impressive
theater was
used by the Theater of
leaders of Pompey Colosseum
Rome, who

t of Rome
made up the
ruling Senate. How years are numbered
Rome was
Each year is given a number to help people keep track of what happened
traight roads to said to have been (and happens) when. These numbers are called dates. Here are some things
founded by twins
empire. These who were raised
Romulus and
Remus
that are useful to know about historical dates.
ove quickly by a wolf.

This theater in ce and bce

Verona, Italy, A massive wall was
is still in built around Rome in You will see that some dates have “ce” or “bce” after them. ce means
use today. 271 ce, called the
Aurelian Wall.
“Common Era” and bce means “Before the Common Era.” ce is used for
dates after the year 1 bce, and bce for dates before 1 ce. In this book, if a
date doesn’t have ce or bce after it, it is ce.
BL
AC
Emperor Constantine K
the Great ordered this SE
column to be built A
in 330 ce. The years after 1 ce go from small to
big, so the number of each year is
one greater than the year before.
Column of
Constantinople Constantine 10,000 bce 1 bce 1 ce 2000 ce
mpeii
d by The years leading up to
of the
nt 1 bce go from big to small.
9 ce.
tantinople became
apital of the empire These warships traveled Centuries
0 ce. Walls were built all around the
Mediterranean Sea.
A century is a period of 100 years. Historians often talk about periods of
nd the city to help
nd it against attacks. time using centuries, for example, “the 18th century.” The years covered by
a century are the 100 leading up to it. So the 18th century covers the
Cleopatra ruled Egypt
Galley warship until 30 bce, when it was years 1700–1799. Here are some examples.
conquered by Rome. In 74 ce, a Jewish
revolt against Roman
Masada
hill fort
rule ended when all
the Jewish troops and
civilians in the Masada
Century Time covered Century Time covered
fort killed themselves.
14th century 1300–1399 CE 18th century 1700–1799 CE
Cleopatra 23 15th century 1400–1499 CE 19th century 1800–1899 CE
16th century 1500–1599 CE 20th century 1900–1999 CE
27/02/2018 14:43
17th century 1600–1699 CE 21st century 2000–2099 CE
Close-up map Page numbers
These maps show extra details of The color of the circle matches
interesting areas that would be too the chapter color and tells you 5
small to show on the main maps. which chapter you are in.
World people
Fire maker
Homo erectus (upright
man) was the first hominin
to leave Africa, 1.8 million
The human story began in Africa six million years ago, years ago. They were the
when apes began to walk upright on two legs. Over same height as we are,
but their faces were more
time, humanlike apes, called hominins, grew bigger apelike. They made stone
and more intelligent. Our species, Homo sapiens, axes and learned to
control fire.
appeared in Africa 200,000 years ago. Around
120,000 years ago, some of them left Africa to
spread all over the world. Homo erectus

Modern humans hunted

mammoths, a type of
woolly elephant.
In Europe, Neanderthals
lived alongside modern
humans, people who
looked like us. Modern humans
wore bead and
shell jewelry.
Woolly
mammoth

Early crafts
40,000 Homo erectus lived
years ago in warm areas of
southern Asia.
Bone hut
Neanderthal
100,000 90,000
years ago years ago

Home sapiens used Homo

mammoth bones to erectus
build huts.
Modern
humans
Some people left
Africa on foot, 70,000
120,000 looking for new years ago
years ago sources of food.

65,000
years ago

IAN OCEA
IND N
Australian
people
To reach Australia,
Cave painting people had to travel by
Modern humans in Europe, boat, but the journey
Asia, and Australia began to was a shorter one than
make art 35,000 years ago. They it is today because sea
levels were lower.
painted pictures of the animals
6 they hunted on the walls of caves.
 Close cousins
Our closest hominin relatives were KEY
the Neanderthals. Their brains were Early journeys
as big as ours, and they dressed in The first humans
fur clothes and buried their dead. traveled mostly
When they died out 39,000 years on foot.
ago, we became the only type of
human left in the world. Later journeys
Much later, humans
used boats to travel
around the Pacific.

neanderthalensis)
Neanderthal (Homo

16,000
years ago

During the Ice Age, Asia

and America were linked
by land. People may have
walked to America or
followed the coast by boat.

CIFIC OCEAN AT L A N
PA T IC
O
C
E

A
N
People used large
sailing canoes to
transport themselves,
animals, and food.

Polynesian an d s ta t u e
Isl 15,000
sailing canoe years ago
r
te
Eas

Ocean voyages
By 1300, people had
crossed the Pacific Ocean
to settle on the ocean’s
widely scattered islands,
such as Easter Island.

7
 2. Where were
Egyptian pharaohs of
the New Kingdom
buried?

1. What was
the world’s first
big town called?

You can find all

the answers and
3. What did Greek more quizzes on
soldiers hide inside to pages 90-91.
invade the city
of Troy?

4. Which river
ran through
ancient Egypt?
 7. Which people were
kept out by the Great
Wall of China?

8. Which volcano
destroyed the Roman
city of Pompeii?

N C I E N T
THE A
WORL60D
0 BCE—
CE
d 12,000
10,000 n A sia a ro u n
e ga n fa rm in g in wester n d fa rmlands.
ans b s aro u
Hum
o . T h e y se t tled in village towns and cities.
years ag e v illa g es grew into gle leaders
ally , th e s n de r s in
Eventu
c it ie s a n d la nds united u ncient Rome.
Over time, s , s u c h a s A ssyria and a
ire
to form emp

5. Which tribal
leader revolted
against the Romans
in 52 bce?

6. Which area’s name

means “the land
between two rivers”?
 35,000 years ago
First art
People in Europe and
Asia make the first works
of art—cave paintings
and carvings of animals
and people.

The ancient 5000 BCE

world
First metal tools
People in Europe and
western Asia begin to make
tools, such as axes, from
copper instead of stone.
For most of the past, people lived as hunter-gatherers.
They moved around, hunted animals, and gathered wild
plants. After the last Ice Age—a long period of cold
weather—ended about 11,500 years ago, people 4000 BCE
learned how to farm. Planting crops and raising animals World’s first city
Villages at Uruk in Sumer
meant people had to settle down in one place. The (southern Iraq) join
number of people grew, and villages became towns. together to create the
world’s first city.
Soon states and empires were also created.

2613–2503 BCE 2500 BCE

Great Pyramids built Indus cities
Egyptian pharaohs build huge The Indus, or Harappan, Bronze Age spear
pyramid tombs at Giza. people build cities in the
Indus Valley of northwest
India. They also grow
cotton for cloth.

2500 BCE c.2300 BCE

First recorded war
The first recorded war in
history is fought, between
the Sumerian cities of
Lagash and Umma.
Pyramids at Giza
First empire
King Sargon of Akkad
conquers Mesopotamia
and creates the world’s
first empire.

117 CE 221–210 CE
Terra-cotta army
Roman Empire China’s first
The Roman Empire reaches its emperor
largest size under Emperor China is united under
Trajan. It stretches from Spain the First Emperor. When
in the west to Iraq in the east. he dies, he is buried in a
tomb protected by a
terra-cotta (clay) army.

10
 14,000–9,000 years ago 13,000 BCE
The climate warms Pottery invented
The world gets warmer; sea levels The Jomon people of
rise; and forests spread. Many big Japan make the world’s
animals, such as mammoths, die out. oldest known pottery.
Woolly
mammoth
Jomon pot

6500 BCE 7000 BCE 10,000 BCE

Earliest silk making First cloth woven Farming begins
Silk begins to be spun in China. People in the Fertile In the Fertile Crescent,
Silk is a fine fabric made from the Crescent learn to weave stretching from Egypt to
cocoons of the silk moth. cloth from the fibers of a Iraq, people begin to plant
plant called flax. wheat and barley and raise
animals for meat and milk.
Silk worms

3300 BCE 3100 BCE

Writing invented Egypt united
Egyptians invent the world’s first Egypt becomes a single
writing system, hieroglyphs. kingdom under the rule of
a pharaoh, perhaps
called Narmer.

Egyptian hieroglyphs

3000 BCE 3000 BCE

Bronze Age begins South American
Mesopotamians mix tin and farming begins South
copper to make bronze, a harder Farming starts in the American
metal. Soon after, bronze is Andes mountains of South potatoes
also made in China. America, where people grow
crops including potatoes.

c.1200 BCE c.1200 BCE c.1000–500 BCE

Iron Age begins
The Bronze Age ends, and the
Iron Age begins when people
in Anatolia (modern Turkey)
start making iron.
King Sargon
First American
civilizations
The Olmecs of Mesoamerica
and the people of Chavin de
Huantar in Peru live in the first
American civilizations.
Farming spreads in Africa
Farming people move from Nigeria to
settle across much of Africa. They grow
yams, millet, and sorghum.
In 400 bce, they begin making iron tools.

334–323 BCE c.500–336 BCE

Alexander
the Great
After uniting Greece,
Alexander the Great of
Macedonia conquers an
empire stretching from
Egypt to India.
Ancient Greece
Greek civilization is at its peak.
The Greeks create beautiful art
and architecture and invent
science, philosophy, theater,
history writing, and politics.
 Settling down
Farming began in Asia
Stonehenge and then moved into
Farming people worked together to Europe. People settled
create huge monuments called megaliths, down in different places
meaning “great stones.” Some were tombs to and started a variety
bury the dead. Others, such as Stonehenge in of cultures.
Britain, were places for religious ceremonies.

Orkney
A
SE
H
T

R
O
N
Funnelbeaker
In 10,000 bce, Britain
Newgrange was connected to
Europe. Later, In Denmark and
around 6500 bce, Sweden, people
rising sea levels made pots with
AT flooded this area,
Early trade LA cutting Britain off.
funnel-shaped tops,
N called funnelbeakers.
After people settled down T Salisbury
as farmers, they began to I
make things to trade, such In central Europe,
C

people decorated
SE

as pots. The most prized

pots by scratching
objects for trading were
A

lines in the clay.

polished stone axes, which In southern Europe,
people started making Carnac people decorated pots
around 4000 bce. They Carnac with cockleshells.
were traded across stones Cardium is the Latin
name for a cockle.
long distances.
Linear
pottery
xe s
ta
lin

Cardium pottery
df
she
i
Pol

T
Y
R
R
H
N SE EN

The Stone Age

W A IA
N

S E
The earliest period of our history is called the Stone Age
because people used tools made from stone. They hunted
wild animals and gathered wild plants. Later, starting around SCALE
0 200 miles Malta
10,000 bce, people in East Asia began to plant crops and
keep animals. Farming then spread west across Europe. 0 200 kilometers
 Amber
scu w a r e p o t f r o m n o r th e r
lpture of a h Corded- n G e rm
o r any

se
Comb pottery

In Russia, people
decorated their
pots by dragging
combs across them.

This horse was carved

from amber, which is
fossilized tree resin.
Amber from the coast
of the Baltic Sea was
traded across Europe. Decorated objects
When farming
Stone Age people invented pots to
people entered cook and store food. In different
Europe from Asia parts of Europe, people decorated
around 6000 bce, N pots in different ways, making
they brought herds P IA
S A patterns with cords (strings), shells,
of cattle with them. A SE or combs. They also made art out
C
of materials such as amber.
Bull
The first farmers in Europe
lived in small villages,
which would usually KEY
have five to eight Fertile Crescent
wooden longhouses. An area with rich soil
for growing plants.

At Göbekli Tepe, Monoliths

people built a stone circle Stone structures called
Wooden for ceremonies around monoliths were built
A

longhouse 9000 bce. They used across Europe.

E

S massive carved stones.

A CK
BL

Jericho
Göbekli Tepe
Farming allowed people to settle
down in villages, which later grew into
towns. One of the oldest is Jericho, which
World’s first dates from 9600 bce. It was defended by
town a high stone wall.
Çatalhöyük
World’s oldest
temple

Çatalhöyük, founded Women

M

around 7500 bce, is harvesting

E

IT the world’s oldest Farmers harvested wheat

D

E large town. It was wheat with curved

R five-times bigger tools called sickles,
S R which had blades
EA AN than Jericho.
EA made of stone.
N Jericho

13
Mesopotamia
Writing
Mesopotamians invented one
of the first writing systems. It is called
cuneiform, which means “wedge shaped.”
Mesopotamia means “the land between the two rivers.” It was written by pushing a sharp reed into
It existed around the rivers Tigris and Euphrates in the a soft clay tablet. Cuneiform was used for
3,200 years across western Asia.
Middle East. It was here, around 3300 bce, that the world’s
first cities were built. Mesopotamian cities were ruled by
kings, who waged war with each other using trained armies.
The Mesopotamians invented bronze making and writing.

KEY (3300 bce) SCALE

0 100 miles
Goods coming into
Mesopotamia 0 100 kilometers
Assyrian
Timber These warriors were warrior
Wood was brought in the first fighters in Nineveh
from other countries. Mesopotamia to use Cuneiform wr
iron weapons. iting
Copper
This metal was used to
make tools and statues. Assur
Eu

Tin ASSYRIA PERSIA

ph

This metal was mixed at

es
r

with copper to make

bronze, a stronger
Ti g

metal.
ris

AKKAD
Armies went to
war in carts pulled
Code of laws by wild donkeys
King Hammurabi of Babylon The gateway to called onagers.
had a set of his laws carved Babylon, built
around 575 bce.
into stone. The king is shown Ishtar Gate
worshipping the god of justice Babylon Each city had its
at the top of the stone. War cart own special god,
N Umma Ziggurat worshipped in a tall
stepped temple
King Hammurabi
W E Uruk Lagash called a ziggurat.
SUMER
S Mesopotamian
farmers grew crops Ur
beside the rivers, Farming Persian boat
especially barley.
Trading boats made PERSIAN
of reeds sailed the
Persian Gulf. GULF
Between rivers
Mesopotamia stretched
along a fertile area
between the Tigris and
Shamash, god Euphrates, which made
of justice it a good place to farm.
14
Indus Valley
Indus seal
The people of the Indus
Valley invented a type of
writing with around 300
The land around the Indus River was the birthplace picture signs, which we
of another of the first civilizations. Beginning around still cannot understand.
It was used on carved
2600 bce, people here built carefully planned cities. stone seals, where the
This was the largest early civilization, bigger than signs appeared above
pictures of animals.
Egypt and Mesopotamia put together. There is no
evidence left of how the people of the Indus Valley
were ruled.

Ruins of
Mohenjo-Daro
The biggest Indus city was
Mohenjo-Daro. Every house had its
own water supply, toilet, and bath.

Harappa

s
du
In

Indus boat

Mohenjo-Daro Indus traders traveled

KEY (2600 bce)
by boat, taking goods
along the rivers.
THAR DESERT
Carnelian
Goods coming into
the Indus area
A red stone called
N
Silver carnelian was used Elephants were W
This metal was used to
make jewelry.
to make beads
for jewelry.
hunted for their E
ivory tusks.
S
Copper
This metal was used to Asian elephant
make pots and knives. Dholavira
SCALE
Lapis lazuli
This blue stone from 0 100 miles
Afghanistan was used
to make jewelry. Coastal people 0 100 kilometers
collected oysters Lothal
Tin to get the pearls
This metal was mixed sometimes River network
with copper to make found inside.
bronze. The Indus civilization
Pearls grew up around small
AR
Cotton growing AB rivers that flowed into
Cotton fibers were SE IAN the large Indus River,
woven into cloth. A which ended at the
Arabian Sea. 15
 Hieroglyphs
The Egyptians invented
Ancient Egypt hieroglyphs, the world’s first
writing system. Hieroglyphs
Around 3000 bce, the people who lived along the Nile were pictures that stood for
River created one of the world’s earliest civilizations, things and ideas. They were
carved in stone or written on
ancient Egypt. Kings known as pharaohs ruled Egypt a type of paper called papyrus.
for over 3,000 years. It was the most stable and
longest-lasting civilization in the ancient world.

ie rog ly p h s ca rved in stone

Fertile Nile H
Egypt lies along the Nile MED
ITER
River, which flows RANE KEY (3000 –
AN SEA
through the desert of
northeast Africa into the 1000 bce)
Mediterranean Sea. Egyptian border
The dotted line shows
the edge of Egypt.

Wheat
This was the main crop
grown along the Nile.
The Sphinx, a statue of a
lion with a human head, Mud houses
People lived in houses
guards the pyramids. made of mud bricks.
Sphinx at Giza
Giza
Memphis SCALE
0 250 miles
Pyramids of Giza
From 2650 to 1800 bce, 0 250 kilometers
pharaohs were buried in huge stone
tombs called pyramids. The Great Plowing
Farmers grew wheat
Pyramid is the only survivor of the and other crops next
seven wonders of the ancient world. to the river.

Egyptian boats sailed

south using the wind,
which usually blows
from north to south.
Sailing south The current carried
them north again. LOWER EGYPT
 Nil
eR
N Egyptian ships sailed

ive
r across the Red Sea,
bringing back
W E perfume from Merchant ship
southern Arabia.
Temple of Hathor,
S the goddess of joy
and motherhood.
Dendera
RE

Temple of Hathor
D

Valley of the Kings

SE

Thebes
A

Tutankhamun
During the period called the New Valley of the Kings
Kingdom, between 1550 and 1069 bce, Temple built by Queen
pharaohs were buried in underground Hatshepsut, who ruled
tombs in the Valley of the Kings. The as pharaoh. Edfu
pharaoh Tutankhamun’s tomb is the
only one that has been found with all its
treasure still inside. Temple of Horus,
the god of kingship.
Temple of Horus

UPPER EGYPT
S e kh m e t , g o d d e s

Mas
k
s o f wa r

of Tu
Pharaoh Ramses II’s
sser
a

temple to himself,

ta n
carved out of the rock.
keN
La

kh a m
un

Ramses statues Egyptian gods

The Egyptians worshipped
Abu Simbel hundreds of gods, who were
shown as different animals.
This statue is of Sekhmet, the
lion-headed goddess of war.

17
 A Many cities
KEY D
R
IA Ancient Greece was
City-states T a collection of city-states.
ATHENS
Individual Greek cities
IC
ruled themselves and S The Greeks traveled and
E founded cities all over
had their own armies. A
the Mediterranean.
Merchant routes
Greek merchants sailed
the seas, carrying goods
such as olive oil.
Sea battles
SCALE
Warships were rowed 0 50 miles
into battle, using
battering rams to
sink enemy ships. 0 50 kilometers
NAPLES
Greek games
Athletic contests were
held in religious centers, PAESTUM
such as Olympia.

Far and wide

The Greeks founded settlements all
around the Mediterranean and the N
Black Sea. The best surviving Greek
temples are not in Greece but in Italy. W E
This one is in Sicily.
S

IONIA
N SE
A

The Olympic Games

The Greeks invented athletic competitions.
SYRACUSE The most famous was held at Olympia
during a festival in honor of Zeus, king
of the gods. Athletes came from all over
c.420
Temple of Segesta, built
bce the Greek world.

Ancient Greece
The ancient Greeks were some of the most creative people
in history. They invented theater, sports, politics, science, and
the writing of history. Their beautiful art and architecture
is still copied today. Ancient Greek civilization was at its
height between 500 and 300 bce.
Olympics
Wrestling in the Greek
 Theater at Epidaurus
Plays were staged in open-air A
SE
theaters in ancient Greece. The theater Ma CK
at Epidaurus seated 14,000 spectators. ri t s a A
BL

THRACE

The Persians tried

and failed to
conquer Greece in
the 400s bce.

Trojan horse
MOUNT According to legend,
O LY M P U S the city of Troy was
captured and destroyed
by Greeks hiding inside Persian warrior
a wooden horse.

MACEDONIA

PERSIAN EMPIRE
A

G
E

E
DELPHI A
THEBES N
SE
GREECE A
ATHENS

The agora was the

EPIDAURUS marketplace where
pottery and other
goods were sold.
OLYMPIA Athens was
protected by
SPARTA a strong wall
Spartan with many gates.
warrior
The Spartans
were the most
feared warriors
in Greece. The Parthenon is a
Agora marble temple dedicated
to Athena, the goddess
of wisdom and crafts.
E AN It is still standing today.
AN
RR
I TE EA Parthenon
ED S CRETE
M Assembly
a lls
Crete was a base
Ci ty w
for pirates, who
attacked and robbed
merchant ships. The assembly was where
Pirate ship Athenian citizens met to
make big decisions about
the city. People voted
using clay discs. 19
Ancient China Kingdoms at war
The many warring states
each battled to become
the most powerful. They
Beginning in 475 bce, China was divided into several were eventually united
kingdoms, which were always at war with each other. This into the huge empire
era, called the Warring States period, ended in 221 bce, of China.
when the king of Qin conquered all his rivals. He ruled as
China’s First Emperor. Qin, pronounced “Chin,” gave its name
to all of China.

First Emperor of China

Ying Zheng, known as the
First Emperor, ruled China
harshly from 221–210 bce.
He forced everybody in the
country to work for him.
People had to build roads,
canals, a great wall, and a The First Emperor built
huge tomb for him. a road 500 miles (800
km) long, from
N Xianyang to Mongolia.

W E
S The Straight
The First Emperor
Road

Terra-cotta army
In 210 bce, the First
Emperor was buried
s beneath a human-made Xianyang
er
di mountain. Nearby,
ol

an army of more
Terra-cotta s

than 7,000 life-size

terra-cotta (clay) Epang palace
warriors was QIN
also buried. The capital of China
was the city of Xianyang.
The First Emperor built
a palace here.

Chariot
Government officials
traveled around in
horse-drawn chariots.

20
XIONGNU

The Great Wall protected YA N

China from raids by a
group of northern tribes
called the Xiongnu.

Northern warrior

A surviving section of
In 262 bce, Qin and
the wall
Zhao armies fought a
great battle at
Changping. Qin won. The Great Wall of China
The warring states had built walls to
Battle of protect themselves from each other.
Changping The First Emperor had these walls
knocked down and built a
ZHAO continuous one in the north. This
A was the Great Wall of China.
QI SE
W co i n s
Foxtail millet O in ese
Ch
LL
YE
r

WEI By the Yellow River,

ive

R farmers grew a type

w

of grain called
o
Ye l l

foxtail millet.

By the Yangtze River,

HAN farmers grew rice.
Southern Chinese Coins
people ate rice as
part of every meal. The First Emperor introduced new
standard coins. They were round
with a hole in the middle, so they
CHU could be strung together. The hole
stood for the earth, thought to be
square, beneath the circle of the sky.
Planting rice

KEY (c.221 bce)

Great Wall
r

Ya n i The Great Wall

ve

gtze R stretched across the

north of China.
State borders
These are the borders
that divided the
SCALE warring states.
0 125 miles Empire border
This line shows the
edge of the empire.
0 125 kilometers 21
Ancient Rome
Named after Emperor
Hadrian, work on this
wall began in 122 ce.
It marked the

SEA
northwest edge
More than 2,000 years ago, ancient Rome was one of the of the empire.
most powerful nations in the world. At first, Rome was ruled

RTH
by kings. It became a republic in 509 bce, which meant that Hadrian’s
Wall

NO
it was ruled by members of Roman society. In 27 bce Rome
became an empire, led by a ruler called an emperor. At its
largest, in 117 ce, the Roman Empire was home to more
This leader of the
than 65 million people. Arverni tribe led
an uprising
against Roman
Punic Wars power in 52 bce.
Between 264 and146 bce,
The Romans built
Rome fought three wars this lighthouse in
against the city of Carthage, what is now Spain.
in modern-day Tunisia. Rome
wanted control of the This was the most Vercingetorix
Mediterranean Sea. The important gold
wars, known as the Punic mine in the
Roman Empire.
Wars, ended in total Pont du
Tower of
Roman victory. Hercules Gard

Las Medulas
KEY (c.117 ce)
Empire border General Hannibal from Carthage
The edge of the
Roman Empire. The Romans built
aqueducts to transport
Grain water from one place
Shipped to Rome from to another.
North Africa and Sicily.
N TIC OCEAN
Grapevines LA
Vines were planted across AT EAN SE
A
the empire to grow grapes AN
to make into wine. IT ERR
D
ME
Timber N
Forests were stripped of
wood all over the empire.
W
Roman baths
E
Public bathing brought S Carthaginians
the Romans together.
Slaves The Carthaginians used
Many Romans owned war elephants to fight
slaves. Some slaves had against the Roman Empire.
to build Roman roads.
Amphitheaters Julius Caesar
Open-air theaters One of ancient Rome’s most
entertained Romans
across the empire. well-known leaders, Julius
Caesar conquered large amounts
Roman soldiers of land for Rome. The empire
The army kept the peace
and defended the borders began with his great-nephew,
against enemy invasion. Augustus, who made himself the
first emperor.
 This famous
amphitheater was built
in 80 ce to hold gladiator
fights and other sports.

This impressive
theater was
used by the Theater of
leaders of Pompey Colosseum
Rome, who
The Appian Way made up the
leading out of R ruling Senate.
ome
Roman roads Rome was
The Romans built many long, straight roads to said to have been
founded by twins Romulus and
link the towns and cities of the empire. These who were raised Remus
paved roads helped soldiers move quickly by a wolf.
around the empire.

This theater in
Verona, Italy, A massive wall was
is still in built around Rome in
use today. 271 ce, called the
Aurelian Wall.

BL
AC
Verona Arena Emperor Constantine K
the Great ordered this SE
column to be built A
in 330 ce.

Rome

Column of
Constantinople Constantine
Mount
Vesuvius

The city of Pompeii

was destroyed by
the eruption of the
volcano Mount
Vesuvius in 79 ce.
Constantinople became
Theater at The Romans built this the capital of the empire These warships traveled
Djemila amphitheater in what in 330 ce. Walls were built all around the
is now Tunisia. around the city to help Mediterranean Sea.
defend it against attacks.
An important city
in Roman Libya. Cleopatra ruled Egypt
Galley warship until 30 bce, when it was
conquered by Rome. In 74 ce, a Jewish
Leptis Magna revolt against Roman
Masada rule ended when all
hill fort the Jewish troops and
SCALE civilians in the Masada
0 200 miles fort killed themselves.

0 200 kilometers
Cleopatra 23
 Judaism Islam
The faith of the Jewish people, Muslims worship a single God,
called Judaism, was the first called Allah. Every year, millions
religion that worshipped one God. of Muslims travel to their holy
Jews believe that God chose them city of Mecca in a special journey
as a special holy people and gave called the Hajj.
them a set of laws to follow.

gue
Torah reading in a synago

Christianity began
in Jerusalem, Sikhism comes
where Jesus died. from northern
The Cross Christianity India, where Guru
Nanak was born.
Jerusalem Sikhism
Nankana Sahib
Judaism
Christianity Lumbini
Christians believe in Judaism began in Hinduism
ancient Israel, the
one God but also Jewish homeland. Mecca
worship Jesus Christ Hinduism began Buddhism
as the Son of God. in ancient India.
Jesus was a Jew Mecca, where the
Islam Its sacred texts,
who died 2,000 the Vedas, were
prophet Muhammad written down
years ago, when was born around around 1200 bce.
he was nailed to 570 ce, is the holiest
a cross. city in Islam.

Buddhism began
in northeast India,
where the Buddha
was born in 563 bce.

INDIAN OC sk
s ma
EA ou
N
i
lig
African re

World religions
A religion is a set of beliefs about how to live a good Smaller religions
life and what happens after death. In the past, there Alongside the major religions,
there are still many smaller
were hundreds of different religions. Then, people began ones. In some parts of
to follow larger, organized religions. Today, most people Africa, people believe in
powerful spirits. They try
belong to only a few world religions. to get the help of the
spirits by dancing while
wearing masks.
 Sikhism
Sikhism was founded 500 years
ago by an Indian teacher called
Guru Nanak. He taught that
there is one God, who can be
worshipped anywhere, and
that all humans are equal.

e of th e Hin d u god Ganesh

Statu
Guru Nanak,
founder of Sik
hism Hinduism
Hinduism, the ancient religion of
India, is practiced in many different
ways. Hindus worship hundreds of
Shinto gods. One of the most popular is
Buddhism Shinto is an Ganesh, who has an elephant’s head.
ASIA ancient Japanese
religion. Its
followers worship
gods and spirits of
the natural world.
KEY
Islam
A crescent moon and star.

Taoism Buddhism
Taoism is an ancient A wheel with eight
Chinese religion that spokes.
began in the fourth
century bce. Its Taoism
followers try to live in This symbol shows two
balance with nature. opposites in balance.

N Christianity
EA
OC The cross on which
Jesus died.
IC
IF
Shinto
C
PA

A torii, or sacred
gateway.

Judaism
The star of David, who
was a Jewish king.

Sikhism
A khanda (set of swords).

Hinduism
A symbol for “om,” a
sacred sound.
World of faiths
The world’s major
religions all began Buddhism
in Asia and the Middle Buddhism was founded in northeast India
East, then spread 2,500 years ago by a teacher called the
to the rest of the world. Buddha (left). Unlike other religions, it is
not based on a belief in gods. The goal of
Buddhism is to find true wisdom. 25
1. Which religion did
Indian monks spread
to China along the
Silk Road?

3. Which country
has the world’s oldest
royal family?

2. Which desert
did traders have to
cross to reach Mali?

4. Where did Leif

Erikson sail in
1000 ce?
 8. Which disease
killed up to two-
thirds of all
Europeans?

7. On which
continent would you
find totem poles?

I D D L E
THE M You can find all
the answers and

AGES
more quizzes on
pages 90-91.

n as the
600–1450 m
c
600–1450 ween ancient
e is k n o w
e r io d f r o
The p s e it lies bet
Middle Ag e s , b e c a u
kin g d o m s appeared
d m o d e r n h istory. New important, and
an n was very
E u r o p e . R e li g io
g s, s u ch a s temples
in
ifi c e n t r e li g ious buildin nd the world.
magn , w e r e built arou
d r als
and cathe 6. Who conquered
the biggest continuous
land empire in
history?

5. When did
the Hundred Years’
War begin?

The Middle
Ages
Many new kingdoms and empires arose during
the Middle Ages. After the fall of the Roman
Empire, several kingdoms appeared in Europe
sharing a strong belief in Christianity. A new
world religion also emerged during
the Middle Ages: Islam.
1066
Norman Conquest
The Normans, under William
the Conqueror, conquer
England. To control their
English subjects, they later
build many castles.
1095–1099
First Crusade
The First Crusade is a holy
war fought by European
armies against the Muslims
who rule the Holy Land. The
crusaders capture Jerusalem,
and start Christian kingdoms.
1440–1473
Benin Empire
founded
Reign of Oba (king)
Ewuare the Great,
founder of the Benin
Empire of West Africa.
Queen Mother
28 of Benin
250–950
Maya civilization
The Maya civilization,
a collection of competing
cities in Mesoamerica,
is at its height.
Maya writing
carved on bone
711–721 700
Muslim Spain
A North African Muslim army
invades and conquers Spain.
First American towns
The first towns are built in
North America, in the eastern
The Muslims then move into woodlands, by people known
France but are defeated at the as the Mound Builders.
Battle of Poitiers in 732.
762
Baghdad
Caliph al-Mansur founds
Baghdad as a new capital
of the Islamic Empire,
beginning the “Golden
Age” of Islam.
William the
Conqueror
leading
his men
1200–1350 1206–1294
Mali Empire Mongol conquests
Growth of the Mali Empire, The Mongols of East Asia conquer
which conquers Ghana. The an empire stretching from eastern
capital, Timbuktu, is famed for Europe to the Pacific Ocean. It is
its wealth and the learning of the biggest continuous land
its Islamic scholars. empire in history.
1420–1446
Dome of Florence
The Italian architect Filippo
Brunelleschi builds the dome
of the cathedral in Florence.
Dome of
Florence
Cathedral
 c.500–600 622–632 618–907
First West African Birth of Islam Tang dynasty
State In Arabia, Muhammad, Under the Tang dynasty, the
Rise of the Kingdom of Ghana, the founder of Islam, Chinese conquer a great empire,
the first known state in West unites the previously including much of Central Asia.
Africa. Its wealth comes from divided Arab tribes Chang’an, the capital, is the
gold, traded across the Sahara under his rule. world’s biggest city.
with North Africa.

668 632–690
Korea unified Arab conquests
King Munmu of Silla The Arabs conquer the Tang dynasty,
Flag of unites Korea, which was Persian Empire and model of a
Korea North Africa. polo player
previously divided into
separate kingdoms.

789 800
First Viking raid Viking axe Carolingian Empire
The Vikings stage their and shield Pope Leo III crowns the Frankish
first attack on Britain, (French) king, Charlemagne, as
beginning more than emperor. Charlemagne unites
a century of raiding. much of western Europe in his
Carolingian Empire.

1050 1000 10th century

Printing invented Vikings reach Arabic numerals
Printing, with moveable clay America Arabic numerals (1,2,3, etc.)
type, is invented in China. Earlier Leif Erikson, a Viking are first used in Europe.
Chinese books were printed using explorer, sails to North Invented in India, they are
carved wooden blocks. America, which he Statue of named after the Arabs who
calls Vinland. Leif Erikson introduced them to Europe.
in Norway

c.1270 1280 1289

First paper Polynesians settle First eyeglasses
People in Italy begin New Zealand Eyeglasses are invented
to make paper, at first Polynesian sailors discover in Italy and are used to
from rags. Paper is much and settle New Zealand. help with reading.
cheaper than parchment, Maori man from After centuries of travel, it is
which is made from New Zealand the last place the Polynesians
animal skin. discover in the Pacific Ocean.

1347–1352 1337 1315–1317

Black Death Hundred Years’ Great Famine
A terrible plague called the Black War begins Cold, wet weather across
Death spreads from Asia across Beginning of the northern Europe causes the
Europe. It kills between a third Hundred Years’ War, Great Famine. Crops fail, and at
and two-thirds of the population. a series of wars between least a tenth of the population
England and France starves to death.
Rat fleas spread that went on for over
the Black Death a hundred years.
across Europe.
29
The Vikings
From the 8th to the 11th centuries ce, the Vikings set off
from Scandinavia to attack, trade, and settle in new lands.
They sailed along the rivers of Russia to the Black Sea, and
out into the North Sea and North Atlantic. They settled in
the Faroe Islands, Iceland, and Greenland and became the
first Europeans to reach America. In Britain, they conquered se in Iceland
an area that the English called the Danelaw. A rebuilt longhou

Longhouse
A typical Viking home was a ICELAND
GREENLAND longhouse. It had one big shared
room with a fire in the middle for
KEY (890–1050) warmth, cooking, and light. People
Viking homelands slept on benches around the sides.
The areas in Scandinavia Animals lived in a separate area
the Vikings came from. at one end of the house.
Gains abroad Eric the Red
The areas that were taken
by the Vikings. Eric the Red founded
the first Viking settlement
Viking voyages in Greenland in 985 ce.
The Vikings went on many
voyages in their longships.
Battles and raids
N
The Vikings fought other
people across Europe. W E
Settlements
Places where the Vikings S
settled down and
had families. AT
LA
N
TI
Leif Erikson sailed C
to North America O
around 1000 ce. He CE
named the place
AN
he found Vinland.
Leif Erikson
ip
Sh

VINLAND Longships
erg

Voyages were made in

eb

SCALE double-ended oak ships, with

Os
The

0 500 miles single square sails. Ships were

so important to the Vikings
that rulers were buried in
0 500 kilometers
them. This beautiful ship was
found in a grave in Norway.
Across the sea
The Vikings sailed all
around Europe and the
Mediterranean, across
Russia, the North Sea,
and the North Atlantic.
30
 Silver neckl
S i l ve ace
Lindisfarne Jewelry rb
a
The first Viking attacks, shown The Vikings loved jewelry,

ng
le
carved into this stone, were raids especially silver arm rings,
on monasteries on Britain’s coast, which were worn by both
such as Lindisfarne and Iona. men and women.

Sol
sil

id
ve r
bangle

Go
ld
ring

Combs made from

deer antlers are A silver hammer was
found in many the sign of Thor,
Viking areas. god of thunder.

Crafts
SCANDINAVIA

EA
RUSSIA

C S
Orkney

LT I
SCOTLAND Vikings sailed down

BA
Russia’s rivers, lifting and
dragging their ships over
Lindisfarne the land between rivers.
Iona Carrying a ship

IRELAND DANELAW Vikings sold furs,

ivory, and slaves Dn
iep
to Muslim Arabs, er
Rh

who paid with silver.

ine

X
WESSE
English kingdoms,
including Wessex, Silver
tried to hold back
the Vikings.
CK
A EA

L
S
B
Constantinople
BY
ZA
NTI
NE EMPIRE

a xe
Viking
Viki
n

Viking warriors
g he

Blacksmiths made metal helmets

lme

to protect the heads of Viking

t

warriors. Vikings fought using

swords, spears, and battle-axes.
31
 Coastal kingdoms
Korea is an area of
land that sticks out
Bulguksa Temple from Asia into the Pacific
The kingdom of Silla started Ocean. It traded a lot
following the Buddhist religion in with nearby China.
527 ce. The Bulguksa Temple was
built in Gyeongju, the royal capital,
in 751–774 ce. Bulguksa means
“temple of the land
of Buddha.” KEY (500 ce)
Goods leaving
the empire
Bulguksa Temple Goguryeo sold
Goguryeo
luxuries such as Gold
fur, gold, and The kingdom that
silver to China. Korea is named after.

Silla crown Baekje

Furs Known for its statues
In the Silla capital, Gyeongju, and jewelry.
kings were buried in tombs
covered with mounds of Gaya
rocks. The tombs contained A small group
rich treasures, such as gold of independent cities.
crowns decorated with antler
or tree shapes. Silver Silla
The most powerful
Korean kingdom.
N
W E
S Goguryeo men hunted
deer on horseback
using bows.

Pyongyang
Hunter on SEA
horseback OF
EA JA
O W S P
LL
YE

A
N
Baekje sculptors
made smiling statues
of the Buddha.

Ancient Korea
Buddha Gyeongju
statues
Tomb of Kings of Gaya
King Suro were buried
beneath big
By the first century bce, there were three competing kingdoms Gwangju
mounds of earth.

in Korea. Goguryeo was a large kingdom in the north; Baekje

was in the southwest; and Silla was in the southeast. There
SCALE
was also a group of independent cities in the south called 0 100 miles
Gaya. Silla conquered the other kingdoms in 668 ce, but
modern Korea took its name from the kingdom of Goguryeo. 0 100 kilometers
Ancient Japan
Between the fourth and sixth centuries ce, Japan’s The native people
many small territories were united into one country of Hokkaido are
called the Ainu.
under an emperor. Japan’s emperors said they were
descended from the goddess of the sun. Japan used
Chinese writing and began to follow Buddhism, which d o
k ai
mixed with the local religion of Shinto. k

o
Ainu

H
people PA

C
IF
God-like emperor

IC
Japan has the world’s oldest N

OC
royal family. It has reigned for E
at least 1,500 years and

EAN
continues up to the present W
day. The emperors were S
thought to be like gods, so only
they could rule the country.
Samurai warriors
wore elaborate
PA N suits of armor.
JA
F Samurai
O armor
The Todai-ji Temple
A
SE

Emperor Kanmu (ruled 781-806 in Nara has a 49 ft

ce) (15 m) tall statue h u The Japanese
of the Buddha.
o ns traditional religion,
Shinto, is based
H on the worship of
Island state spirits called kami.
Japan lies off the east Shinto shrine
coast of Asia. It is made Kinkaku-ji is a famous Edo
up of four main islands: Buddhist temple
Honshu, Hokkaido, built in 1397.
Mount Fuji Mount Fuji is a
Shikoku, and Kyushu. holy mountain,
Kyoto worshipped as
Todai-ji buddha a Shinto spirit.
Nara
SCALE Kinkaku-ji
0 50 miles Himeji

0 50 kilometers o ku
ik
h
S
K
y
u

Himeji castle
sh

Wealthy Japanese noblemen

u

lived in castles, where they

had their own followings of
warriors called samurai. This
castle in Himeji was originally
built in the 1330s. 33
 The Athabascan RT
people of the FO
U
A
subarctic lived in E SEA
big log cabins. B

Log cabin

Inuit

Athabascan
The Inuit lived in igloos,
homes made from blocks Igloo
of snow, which were cozy
Inuit hunter carrying a kayak in winter.
In the northwestern
forests, people carved
Inuit totem poles decorated
The Inuit, the people of the icy with spirit beings
and animals. Chipewyan
Arctic, lived by catching fish and
PA C
hunting seals, whales, and IFI Totem The plains were home
walruses. The Inuit chased these C pole to huge herds of
O
animals in light sealskin boats C Blackfoot
buffalo. When the
Spanish brought horses
called kayaks.
E

to the Americas, people

A
N

began to hunt buffalo

on horseback.

For ceremonies, the Chinook

Homes Salish people wore
People in different areas had headdresses with Salish
different kinds of homes. bird faces. Hunting buffalo
This photograph, taken in
1876, shows a Paiute village
in the Great Basin area.
These huts, made from sticks,
are called wickiups. Paiute
Crow

Shoshone Cheyenne

Wickiup shelter

Indigenous people Wickiups were made

from sticks. They were
easy to build quickly.

of North America
Before Europeans settled in North America, it was home to Comanche
hundreds of groups of indigenous (native) people. North America Apache
can be divided into ten different regions, called cultural areas. In
N
each area, people shared similar ways of life. In some places, they
farmed, while in others they lived by hunting. W E
S
 Varied landscape KEY (1500)
North America has many
BA Indigenous peoples
FF different habitats, with Some of the groups
IN
snow in the north and who lived across
B
grasslands in the center. North America.

A
Native peoples lived in

Y
Arctic
all these areas. This is the coldest
region, where no
trees grow.
SCALE
Subarctic
0 500 miles Trees grew in the
subarctic, but it was
0 500 kilometers still cold and snowy.

Plains
This region was home to
HU flat, treeless grasslands.
DS
ON In the cold subarctic,
snowshoes helped Eastern woodlands
These areas had
B

people cross the soft

A

winter snow. thick forests.

Y

Southwest
Snowshoes The hottest, driest
region.
AN
Cree CE Southeast
O A hot, wet region with
TI C forests and swamps.
Mi’kmaq
N

Great Basin
LA

The Great Basin had

Iroquois mountains, river valleys,
Ojibwa
AT

Huron and open plains.

Northwest coast
A forested region with
mild, wet weather.
In the eastern woodlands,
farmers grew squashes
Miami Farmers and corn. Plateau
Sioux An area surrounded by
high mountain ranges.
Huron hair Huron warriors shaved
their heads, leaving hair California
at the top and back. Home to grasslands,
wooded hills, and
river valleys.

War bonnets
Cherokee
Shawnee Apache women
The Apache lived in the hot,
Choctaw dry Southwest. An Apache
woman or girl would spend
her time gathering wild
plants for food, including
On the plains, warriors Seminole prickly pears, roots, and
Natchez wore war bonnets made
from eagle feathers. seeds. This Apache girl was
photographed in 1905.

35
Apache girl
 Timbuktu
The city of Timbuktu in West
African empires Africa was famous for being
rich. Gold was mined from
Since around 100 ce, powerful kingdoms have risen and local goldfields and traded for
fallen in the land south of the huge Sahara Desert in other goods. Timbuktu was
also a center of learning.
Africa. These kingdoms struggled to gain land and There were three mosques
control of trade routes. Trading made rulers rich, where people could study.
Sankore Madrassa Mosque
especially through selling gold, ivory, and slaves. In was built in the 14th century.
addition to rich monarchs, there were many ordinary
farmers in the forests and grasslands below the Sahara. Sankore Madrassa M
osque

Islam
North African traders crossed the Sahara Desert on camels African powers
to trade with Mali. They brought their religion, Islam, The great African
with them. In the ninth century, the people of Mali empires and kingdoms
became Muslims. The Great Mosque of Djenné is were to the south of
the largest mud-brick building in the world. the Sahara Desert,
which stretches across
North Africa.
Merchants crossed the
Sahara on camels,
A INS carrying dates and
NT other goods to trade. SCALE
OU
M
AS 0 500 miles
L
AT S A H A R A D E S
E R 0 500 kilometers
T
Nile R i ver

Merchant and
camels
Gold
Timbuktu
The Kanem-Bornu
Nige r Gao Empire had a big army,
R ive r with riders and horses
Djenné who both wore armor.
Benin was the capital Gold was dug
city of a rich kingdom. out of the Ethiopian Christians
Metalworkers here made ground in Mali. Horseman made churches by Church of Bet
beautiful brass or bronze Benin city carving them out of Abba Libanos
sculptures of their rulers. Benin bronze rocky hillsides.
 CONGO
BASIN
African craft
KEY (c.1400) N workers were skilled
AT L A N T I
C O at making iron tools
Trade routes CE W E to trade. Crafts
AN

Mali Empire S
This empire lasted from
Great Zimbabwe
1230 to 1670. These mysterious stone ruins are part of
Great Zimbabwe. This city is said to have
Kingdom of Zimbabwe been home to 18,000 people in the 11th
This kingdom lasted
from 1220 to 1450. to 15th centuries. Great Zimbabwe grew
rich from trading in iron, copper, salt,
Kingdom of Benin gold, and ivory (elephant tusk).
This kingdom lasted
from 1180 to 1897.
Bunyoro-Kitara
Empire
This empire lasted from
the 1500s to 1894.
Ethiopian Empire
G
R

This empire lasted from

1137 to 1974. E
B
S
E N
Kingdom of Kongo
N

This kingdom lasted AK

DR
EA

from 1390 to 1974.

C
O

Kanem-Bornu Empire
King Ezana’s Stela

This empire lasted from N

the 800s to 1900. IA
D
Farming IN
Farmers grew
vegetables, such as yams,
or grains, such as millet.

Aksum
The earliest African kingdom was
King of Kongo Aksum in Ethiopia, which lasted
In the 1480s, West African kings from around 100 ce to 940 ce.
began trading with Europeans, Aksum’s riches came from
such as the Portuguese. The kings trading goods by sea with Egypt
of Kongo became Christians and and Arabia. Early kings of Aksum
even took Portuguese names. built tall stone grave markers,
This picture shows King Alvaro called stelae. King Ezana had this
meeting Dutch visitors. one put up in the fourth century.

King Alvaro of Kongo in 1642

37
 The Silk Road East to west
The Silk Road began in
China. It stretched
through the mountains
The trade route that allowed merchants to travel from and deserts of central
east to west from Asia to Europe was known as the Silk Asia to the eastern
Road. This road was first set up around 200 BCE and lasted Mediterranean Sea.
until sea routes across the Indian Ocean replaced it in the
1500s CE. In addition to goods for trading, new ideas,
religions, and inventions traveled along the Silk Road.
Horses were used
to pull carts where
the roads were
Marco Polo good enough.
In 1271 the young
Italian Marco Polo
traveled along the
Silk Road to China
with his father and BLAC
uncle, who were both Horses and carts K S
EA
merchants. He wrote
a best-selling account
of his travels when he
returned home 24
years later.
Roman ME
merchant ship DIT
ER
Marco Polo S E AR A N E A N

Transporting goods by
Caravanserais sea was quicker and
cheaper, but also
Merchants traveling along the more dangerous.
Silk Road stopped off in
caravanserais, or inns. Here
they could eat and sleep and KEY (220 CE )
let their animals rest.
Main trade route
This was the path that most

RE
travelers and merchants

D S
followed on their journeys
between east and west.
are

EA
n glassw

Gold Jade
A historic caravanserai
in Lebanon Silver Porcelain
ma

Glassware Paper
Ro

West to east
Europe sent glassware, silver, gold, and Cotton Gunpowder
cotton east to China. Horses from the
Grapes Tea
Ferghana Valley in central Asia were
much valued in China and traveled Figs Sugar
along the Silk Road to get there.
Walnuts Spices
Gr
e Ferghana Silk
ek

horses
Salt
s i l v e r co i
n
East to west
China sent silk, porcelain, jade,
tea, and spices west along the Silk
Road toward Europe. Among the
many inventions that traveled
west were paper and gunpowder.

Ch
ine
se p
SCALE orcela ilk
in i n e se s g
C h o th i n
0 500 miles cl
Ch
0 500 kilometers ine
se t
e a l e av
es

Missionaries traveled to
Asia in 781 CE to spread
the Christian religion.
CA
SP

Christian
IAN

missionaries
SEA

Buddhist monks
spread their religion
from India to China in
the first century CE.

Camel trains

Buddhist monks

Trains (groups) of
two-humped camels
transported travelers
and goods along
the Silk Road.
A
R
A

Huge fleets of ships

B
IA

called junks sailed

across the Indian Ocean.
N

Arab dhow
SE

These traditional Arab N

A

sailing ships carried

goods across the Indian W
Ocean and into the E
IN
Persian Gulf.
S O D
CE IA Chinese junk
AN N
39
The Middle Ages
During the Middle Ages, Europe was made up of many
kingdoms. This was a period when noblemen lived in
castles and fought in wars, riding into battle as knights on
horseback. The Christian Church was rich and powerful,
building great cathedrals across Europe.
Notre Dame, F
rance, founded
in 1163
Cathedrals around Europe
The biggest buildings in medieval Europe
were cathedrals. These were big churches where SCOTLAND
archbishops based their power. Some cathedrals
held the body parts of saints, called relics.
People traveled on long journeys, called I R E L A N D
pilgrimages, to visit these relics.
ENGLAND

Joan of Arc Canterbury Cathedral

From 1337 to 1453, England contained the bones of
the saint Thomas Becket. Canterbury
and France fought a war, later Cathedral
called the Hundred Years’ War.
Joan of Arc, a peasant girl,
Stained glass image of Joan of Arc helped lead the French to victory.
France and England
fought for over 100
European castles years in this war,
Kings and nobles built hundreds of from 1337–1453. 100 Years’ War
AN
castles across Europe. They used them T I C OCE
as bases to fight wars against each L AN FRANCE
other and to rule over the local people. AT

Avignon
N
W
PORTUGAL ARAGON
E
S CASTILE

Ca
st i n
le G

EMIRATE OF
H o e rm

GRANADA
he an
nz y
oll
e rn
 SCALE Power struggles
0 200 miles
The countries of
medieval Europe fought
over land but shared a
0 200 kilometers
strong belief in the
Christian religion.

N O RWAY

Bergen
15th century
SWEDEN The Teutonic Knights
Peasants farming, late
were a brotherhood
of Christian warriors. Peasants in the Middle Ages
Teutonic Most people lived as poor peasants, farming
Hanseatic Knight the land for the rich. Many were serfs, who
ship were not free. They worked for a lord in
The Hanseatic League exchange for land to grow their own food on.
was a group of trading
towns in Germany,
Poland, and Scandinavia
that controlled sea trade. In the 13th century,
the Mongols from
KEY (c.1400)
Bremen Asia conquered VENICE City-states
Charles IV was the a huge empire. Some powerful cities
head of the Holy became tiny countries
Roman Empire in their own right.
from 1346–1378.
POLAND Borders
These lines show the
Emperor borders between
Charles IV Mongol countries.
warrior
H O LY KHANATE
ROMAN OF THE Cogs
EMPIRE GOLDEN Merchant ships called
HORDE cogs carried the Black
Death to Europe’s
ports
HUNGARY
VENICE Black Death
The plague spread in
A
GENOA BLACK SE these regions, carried
by rat fleas.
BYZANTINE
FLORENCE EMPIRE

OTTOMAN
Rome SERBIA EMPIRE

SICILY
Black Death
MED In the 1340s, the Black Death, a
ITER deadly disease carried by rat fleas,
RANE
AN SEA arrived in Europe. It spread quickly
across the whole continent and killed
Black Death burial 41
between a third and two-thirds of scene, 1349
Europe’s population.
 1. Which South
American empire
made its leaders into
mummies?

2. Who built India’s

Jama Masjid?

3. What was
Istanbul called before
the Ottomans
renamed it?

4. What was the

name of Vasco da
Gama’s ship?
 You can find all
the answers and
more quizzes on
pages 90-91.

8. How many slaves

did Europeans capture
and take across the
Atlantic?

7. Which
Mesoamerican king
was buried wearing
a jade mask?

TH E A G E
C O V E R Y
OF DIS
1450–1750 Europeans began to explo reat
re
he 1450s,
In t ered the g
hey conqu
w o r ld b y s h ip . T
n d c a p t u r e d African
the e Americas a arose,
t io n s o f t h n t ifi c id e a s
civiliza s s lav es. New scie .
s e ll a
people to e d a r o u n d the world
is h
and art flour

6. Where is the
highest gateway in
the world?

5. What is the
name of the pyramid
at the center of
Chichen Itza?
 1452
Portuguese
enslave Africans
The Portuguese begin to use
African slave labor in their
sugar plantations in Madeira.

1497–1498

The age Portuguese

reach India
The Portuguese

of discovery
explorer Vasco da
Gama sails to India
and back.

In the 1450s, big changes began that would bring the Middle
Ages to an end. European ships set off on voyages of exploration
around the world. There were scientific discoveries and new ideas,
which were shared across the continent in printed books. Europeans
became the most powerful people in the world, yet they were
Vasco da
divided because of religious differences. Gama’s ship

1525 1520–1566 1519–1522

The Incas used
llamas to carry Inca Empire Suleiman the World voyage
things for them. The Inca Empire of Magnificent Ferdinand Magellan leads a
Peru is at its height. Reign of Suleiman the Spanish expedition in the first
Magnificent, the most crossing of the Pacific. One of
famous Ottoman sultan. his ships sails on to make the
first voyage around the world.

1529 1532 1534

Siege of Vienna
Suleiman the Magnificent lays
siege to Vienna, capital of
Austria, but is not able to
capture the city. The Ottoman
advance into Europe is stopped.
Conquest of Church of
the Incas England founded
Spaniards, led by In England King Henry VIII
Francisco Pizarro, argues with the Pope and
conquer the South declares himself head of
American Inca Empire. the new Church of England.

King Henry VIII

1631–1648 1619
Taj Mahal African slaves in
The Mughal emperor North America
Shah Jahan builds the Taj Mahal The first African slaves are
Taj Mahal, in memory brought to North America
of his favorite wife, by the English.
Mumtaz Mahal.

44
 1453 1455 1488
Ottomans capture First European Portuguese sail
Constantinople printed book around Africa
Ottoman Turks capture Johannes Gutenberg, inventor of the The Portuguese explorer
Constantinople, rename it printing press, creates the first Bartolomeu Dias sails around the
Istanbul, and make it printed book in Europe. The southern tip of Africa, which he
their capital. A book printed invention spreads, and by 1500, 20 names the “Cape of Good Hope.”
by Gutenberg million books have been printed. Europeans can now sail to India.

1497 1493 1492

English reach Spanish found Columbus reaches
Newfoundland Hispaniola the Americas
John Cabot, an Italian, Columbus founds the first The Italian Christopher Columbus
leads an English voyage European settlement in the Christopher sails from Spain across the
to Newfoundland in Americas, La Isabela on Columbus Atlantic and reaches the
North America. Hispaniola in the Caribbean. Americas, which Europeans did
not know about before.

1500 1501–1504 1510

Portuguese Michelangelo’s Transatlantic
reach Brazil David slave trade
Pedro Cabral leads a fleet In Florence, the Italian The Spanish take
from Portugal to India, artist Michelangelo 50 African slaves
reaching Brazil on the way, carves his famous to Hispaniola, beginning
which he claims for Portugal. sculpture of David. the transatlantic
slave trade.

1519–1521 1517 1516–1517

Spaniards conquer The church divides Rise of the
the Aztecs In Germany, Martin Luther Ottoman Empire
A group of Spaniards led by challenges the teachings of Ottoman Turks conquer
Hernan Cortes conquers the the church, leading to a later Arabia, Syria, and Egypt.
Aztec Empire of Mexico. split between Protestants
and Catholics.

1534–1542 1543
French Copernicus says
reach Canada the earth moves
The French explorer around the sun
Jacques Cartier makes Polish astronomer Nicolas
three voyages to Canada, Copernicus argues that
which he claims for France. the earth goes around the
Earth moving
around the Sun sun rather than the other
way around.
1609–1616 1607 1588
Queen Elizabeth I
Blue Mosque English settle in Spanish Armada of England
The Ottoman sultan, North America defeated
Ahmed I, builds the Blue The English found During a war with Protestant
Mosque in Istanbul. Jamestown in Virginia, England, Catholic Spain
beginning their settlement sends an armada (fleet of
of North America. ships) to invade England,
but it is defeated.
Aztec and Maya
civilizations
Mesoamerica (meaning “middle America”) was home to the
Maya. They lived in many cities ruled by kings who fought
each other. Their civilization was at its height between 300
and 900 ce. Later, in the 16th century, the Aztecs of Mexico Carved Maya writing
conquered a great empire. Both peoples built cities with
tall, pyramid-shaped temples. Writing
The Maya were the only American
people to invent a complete writing
N system, with signs standing for sounds
and ideas. Maya writing was carved onto
W E monuments and written in books made
of fig tree bark.
S GULF O
F M
Tlacopan EX Chichen Itza

IC
Aztec warriors wore

O
colorful costumes,
Tenochtitlan Tetzcoco dressing as eagles The Olmecs, an earlier
and jaguars. civilization, carved huge El Castillo
Cholula stone heads starting A stepped pyramid,
around 900 bce. El Castillo, is at the
center of the Maya
At their Great Temple Great Temple city of Chichen Itza,
in Tenochtitlan, the at Tenochtitlan built around 600 ce.
Aztecs killed prisoners
as sacrifices (offerings) Palenque
to the gods. Aztec warrior Olmec heads Tikal
Yaxchilan
KEY Bonompak
Aztec Empire
The greatest extent
of the Aztec Empire. Tehuantepec

Maya region
The area under Copan
the influence of Maya kings were seen
Maya cities. as living gods. King Pacal
of Palenque was buried Maya king
Goods coming in beneath a pyramid-shaped
Conquered people temple, wearing a jade mask.
had to send gifts
to their Aztec rulers.
Between continents PA C I F I C O
Cocoa The Aztecs and Maya CE
Cocoa beans were AN
used to make a hot lived in Mesoamerica,
chocolate drink. which lies between North SCALE
and South America. 0 100 miles
Feathers “Meso” means “middle.”
Colorful feathers were
of great value. 0 100 kilometers
 Ruins of Machu Picchu
The town of Machu Picchu was built
1.6 miles (2.7 km) above sea level,
The Incas conquered
the Chimu people high in the Andes Mountains.
in the 1470s. The
Chimu were skilled
at working in gold.

Chimu
gold

Chan Chan

lpa
Emperor Atahua Nazca people
made huge
drawings in Machu Picchu
Inca walls used huge
Inca emperor the desert. blocks carved into
Emperors, called Sapa Incas, Nazca Cuzco different shapes, which
carvings fit tightly together.
were said to be descended from
the sun god. They were seen as Nazca
Cuzco walls L ake
living gods. When Inca emperors Ti t i c a c a
died, their bodies were preserved
as mummies.

PA C I F I C O C E
AN

Terraces
The Incas solved
the problem of
growing food on
steep mountainsides
by building flat, raised
strips of earth called
terraces. They grew
potatoes, quinoa,
and other crops.
Inca terraces
Llamas were kept
for wool, meat,
dung (which was
burned as fuel), Llamas
and to carry loads.
N
The Inca improved
old roads and W E
built new ones
to make a network
24,800 miles
S
(39,900 km) long.

Inca Empire
SCALE
0 250 miles

0 250 kilometers
The 16th-century Inca Empire, in the high Andes
Mountains of Peru, was the biggest and best High empire
organized empire in America. The emperor was at the The Inca Empire ran for
2,500 miles (4,000 km)
top of Inca society. Under him were thousands down the west coast of
of officials, then millions of ordinary people who South America. Much
of it was high up in the
worked as farmers, soldiers, and builders. Andes mountain range.
47
Voyages of AR
CT

discovery
IC
O

C
EA
N
In the 15th century, an age of discovery began, with
explorers setting off on long sea journeys. The earliest John Cabot, like
voyages were made by the Chinese in the early 1400s. John Cabot sailed
the Matthew to
Columbus, hoped
to get to Asia by
Later, European explorers searching for a new sea route North America. sailing west in 1497.
to Asia found America instead.
ENGLAND

KEY
Zheng He’s seven
voyages, 1405–1433. John Cabot
The Matthew
Christopher Columbus’s
voyage, 1492. Hoping to reach Asia,
S PA I N
Columbus sailed the Santa
Vasco da Gama’s Maria to the Caribbean.
PORTUGAL
voyage, 1497–1498.

John Cabot’s voyage,

1497.
NORTH
Ferdinand Magellan’s AMERICA The Santa
voyage, 1519–1521. Maria

AT L A
NTI
C O
CE
AN
Mapping the world
This map shows what Europeans
thought the world looked like in
1491. Europe is on the left and
-century map Asia is on the right. There is no
1 5 th SOUTH
America because Europeans
had not discovered it yet. AMERICA

São Gabriel
Vasco da Gama sailed
to India and back in
the São Gabriel.
PA C
IFI

SO
UT
C O

HER
N OC
EAN
CE

48
AN
 In 1497, Vasco da
Gama sailed from
Portugal to India.

Christopher
Columbus sailed Death of Magellan
from Spain to the Ferdinand Magellan led
Caribbean in 1492. In 1519, Ferdinand the first ever crossing
Magellan sailed of the Pacific Ocean.
from Spain to
the Pacific. When he reached
Mactan Island in April
1521, he was killed in a
battle with local people. Magellan being attack
Vasco da
Gama
ed
Christopher Ferdinand
Columbus Magellan

Zheng He was a
Chinese admiral who
led seven voyages to

N
A
explore south Asia
and east Africa. CE
OTTOMAN O
I C
EMPIRE Zheng He C IF
PA
PERSIAN MING
EMPIRE EMPIRE
MUGHAL
EMPIRE THE PHILIPPINES
ARABIA
Magellan’s death in the
Philippines didn’t stop his
crew from continuing their
voyage of discovery.
THE
SPICE
AFRICA ISLANDS

Zheng He sailed
with fleets of Chinese
huge ships junk ship
called junks.

A N
O CE
N
IN DIA

tmeg
Nu
The Victoria
The spice routes
The Victoria was the One of the main aims of European
only one of Magellan’s
five ships to complete explorers was to find new spices.
the voyage. These included pepper from India C l o ve s
Blac er
pepp

and nutmeg and cloves from the

k

Spice Islands. They could

be sold for great sums of
money back in Europe.
49
 Mughal founder
Babur had conquered and lost lands
The Mughal in central Asia before he successfully
founded the Mughal Empire. He
wrote a book about his life called
the Baburnama, which described
Empire his military conquests.
In the 1520s, a ruler from central Asia called Babur
invaded India. His empire made scientific breakthroughs,
including new stargazing technology. The Mughals ruled
most of India before it was taken over by Britain in 1857. Babur in a scene fr
om the Baburnama

Mountain to ocean
Over the centuries, the
Mughal Empire grew
from a small kingdom to
Kabul an empire reaching all the
way from the Himalayas
to the Indian Ocean.

Lahore SCALE
0 200 miles
Emperor Shah Jahan
built one of the 0 200 kilometers
biggest mosques in H
India from 1644–1656. IM
Jama Masjid AL
AY
AS
s Delhi
In du

Buland Darwaza Fatehpur Sikri

This is the highest
gateway in the world. Agra
It was built as an
entrance to a Mughal Jaipur Patna
Gang
palace in 1601. e
s

Dacca
Benares

Calcutta
 N
Surat INDIA W E
Dhow Bombay S
Taj Mahal
Arab and Indian traders The Taj Mahal—which means “crown
crossed the seas in ships
called dhows, which had of the palace”—was built by Mughal emperor
large triangular sails. Shah Jahan (1628–1658) to hold the tomb of
his favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal. Mughal
buildings often had onion-shaped domes.
KEY (c.1700)
Akbar’s empire
Akbar (1556–1605) Goa
made Babur’s empire
bigger by conquering
many lands.

ARA
Southern conquests

B I
Southern India

A
was conquered by Madras

N
Emperor Aurangzeb
between the 1650s
and 1680s.

SE
A
Mughal armies
Mughal warriors fought
ric
e

battles to gain land or

defend the empire. Calicut Pondicherry
Turm

Mughal war elephant BA

Elephants were used in Y OF
Mughal battles. BENGAL
Portuguese ship Cochin

The Portuguese Europeans in India Cin

nam
were the first In 1498, Portuguese explorer on
Europeans to sail
to India. Other Vasco da Gama sailed to
Europeans followed. CEYLON India, which was little known
in Europe. The spices he
brought back encouraged
many more Europeans to Ginge
Rise and fall travel to India. r
The empire reached its largest size
under the sixth Mughal emperor,
Aurangzeb (1658–1707). He took damom
over many lands and ruled over Car
160 million people. These lands
were lost after his death.

51
ung man
Aurangzeb as a yo
The Ottoman
Empire Belgrade
Between 1300 and 1699, the Ottoman Turks conquered
a vast empire, which stretched from North Africa to the
Indian Ocean. At the empire’s height, more than 35 million
people lived under Ottoman rulers, called sultans.

TYR
RH
N E
SE NIA
KEY (c.1566) A N
W E
Goods coming
into the empire S Tunis
Furs
Luxurious furs were
bought from icy Russia.
Algiers TUNISIA Ottoman galley
Slaves
Slaves did many jobs, ALGERIA Ottoman warships, called
from paperwork to galleys, were rowed by
guarding the sultan. prisoners, who were
chained to benches.
Spices Tripoli
Used to flavor food.
Incense
Burning incense
released perfume. Istanbul TRIPOLI
In 1453, the Ottomans conquered
Silk Constantinople. It was renamed
Raw silk was made
into fine cloth. Istanbul, which means “in the city.”
Istanbul’s Blue Mosque was built Empire founder
by Sultan Ahmed between The word “Ottoman” comes from the name of
1609 and 1616. the first ruler, Osman I. He founded a small
state in northern Anatolia in the early 1300s.

sq ue
Mo
e
u
Bl
The

Osman I, ruled 1299–1324

 Suleiman the Magnificent
The most famous Ottoman ruler was
Suleiman the Magnificent. He ruled
from 1520 to 1566.
HUNGARY He fought battles but
also wrote laws to
Janissary warriors keep the peace.
were Christian boys
Bucharest taken as slaves,
converted to Islam,
and trained to BLA
Janissary CK
be soldiers. SE
Sofia A
Istanbul

ANATOLIA
Plate
Izmir
GREECE

Ottoman craft SYRIA

CRETE workers made C Y P R U S
ceramics decorated
with flowers.
Damascus Baghdad
MEDITERRANEAN SEA

Jerusalem

Cairo
P
E
R
Bedouins with camels S
IA
Woman Traveling Arabs, called N
wearing veil Bedouins, crossed the G
The women of the desert with their camels
U
LF
Ottoman Empire carrying goods to sell.
covered their heads
or faces with veils.

EGYPT
RE
D

Mecca
SE
A

Coastal empire
The Ottoman Empire
stretched along the
coasts of Europe, SCALE
North Africa, and the 0 250 miles
Middle East. It included
many cultures. 0 250 kilometers 53
The Renaissance KEY
(1430–1530)
Beginning in the 1400s, there were big advances in art and Borders
The borders that
science in Europe. Artists were inspired by ancient Greek separated countries.
and Roman works of art, which had been rediscovered. Printing press
The printing press was
That is why this period is called the Renaissance, meaning used to print books,
which spread ideas
“rebirth.” New ideas were spread quickly thanks to the quickly. Presses were
SCOTLAND set up in many cities.
invention of the printing press in Germany.

Erasmus was a
famous Renaissance
writer and thinker.
In England,
composers wrote
music for the lute, a Lute Erasmus
stringed instrument.
ENGLAND
Antwerp
London
The church divides
Ghent
In 1517 Martin Luther, a German
priest, challenged many of the
teachings of the Catholic Church.
Martin Luther de As a result, Luther’s followers
fending founded new Protestant churches. Paris
his ideas in 1521

AT
te r New view of Earth L
th e cen The church taught that Earth A
N
at TI FRANCE
th was the center of the universe.
ar C
But in the early 1500s, the O
E

C
i th

Polish astronomer Nicolas E

ew

A
Copernicus argued that N
ers

Earth and the other

univ

planets moved The astrolabe was used

around the sun. by Portuguese explorers
Model

to find their way at sea.

In the 1400s,
Portuguese ships
set off to explore
the coast of Africa. Astrolabe Madrid

S PA I N
Lisbon

54 Portuguese
ship PORTUGAL
 N O RWAY
Stockholm N
W E
S
SWEDEN

A
SE Jan van Eyck
C
L TI Northern Renaissance
DENMARK A artists, like Jan van Eyck
B
from the Netherlands,
Copenhagen
painted in a new, lifelike
style. This portrait of a
married couple skillfully
uses light to make things
look realistic. Arnolfini portrait, 1434
H O LY Dürer was
ROMAN an influential
Wittenberg German painter
EMPIRE and printmaker. Michelangelo’s David
Ancient Greek sculpture inspired
the Italian artist Michelangelo to
Dürer create beautiful new works of art.
Mainz In the early 1500s, he carved a
famous statue of David, a hero
from the Bible.
Nuremberg
Worms
HUNGARY

Venice in Italy was

the most important
trading port in Europe.

Venice
Genoa
Trading ship
Florence

In 1436, Filippo
Brunelleschi built a
huge dome for Florence
Florence Cathedral, inspired
Cathedral by an ancient
Roman dome. OTTOMAN
Rome
Pope’s EMPIRE
The Catholic Church, hat Naples
headed by the Pope
in Rome, began to Connected continent
lose its great power I TA LY Much of Europe is close
in the Renaissance.
to the sea and linked
SCALE by rivers. This meant
0 200 miles new ideas could spread
either by water or land.
0 200 kilometers 55
MEDIT
ERRANEAN SEA
 Slave ship N
The voyage across the Atlantic was
called the Middle Passage. Slaves were W E
kept chained below deck, crammed
together so the ship could carry as many S
people as possible.

U N I T E D S TAT E S
OF AMERICA

Ships sailed to the

United States with
African slaves to
be sold in markets.
Slaves picking Slaves were forced
cotton to pick cotton
without being paid.
Slaves Ships sailed from the
CUBA Caribbean to Europe
MEXICO with sugar and rum.
JAMAICA
HAITI
Slave market
In the Americas, slaves were Sugar and rum
sold at public auctions in port
towns. They could be bought
and sold again by many
different owners.
SURINAME

Slaves worked in gold,

silver, and diamond
mines in Brazil.

The slave trade PERU Gold mines

Slaves are people treated as property and forced to do Diamond

work. Slavery was carried out on a huge scale after mines Silver
mines
Europeans settled in the Americas. From the 16th to the BRAZIL
19th centuries, Europeans took 12 million African slaves
across the Atlantic. In North America, slaves worked on
big farms called plantations.

Ships sailed from North
America to Britain with
crops picked by slaves in
the plantations.
KEY (c.1740)
Trade route
Slaves and goods were
moved on these routes.
Cotton
Goods such as tobacco
and cotton were taken Fibers of cotton can be
B R I TA I N woven into cloth.
to ports in Britain to be
processed in factories.
Bristol Tobacco
Dried tobacco leaves
for smoking.

Cotton Cocoa
The cocoa bean is used
to make chocolate.
Ships sailed from
Europe to Africa
with factory-made Lisbon Coffee
M Coffee beans are used
goods such as textiles S PA I N ED to make the hot drink.
and guns, which were IT
traded for slaves. Seville ER
R Sugar
PORTUGAL S EA N E A Sugar was shipped in
A N
shapes called loaves.

Textiles Ships
Sailing ships carried
AT L A N T people and goods
IC Arab traders captured across the Atlantic.
OC
E Captured slaves slaves to sell in North
African countries,
A

such as Egypt.
N

MALI
Ending slavery
SENEGAL AFRICA Abolitionists like Sojourner
Ships carried African Truth, a former slave, were
slaves to the sugar people who campaigned to
plantations of Suriname. BENIN
SL end slavery. Britain banned
CO AV the selling of slaves in 1807,
AS E
T but slavery continued in
Ships sailed from the Americas until the
Brazil to Europe
with coffee beans. late 19th century.
Coffee
Slaves in
West African rulers Africa
raided other areas for
slaves, who they sold KONGO
to Europeans.

The Portuguese
shipped slaves from
West Africa to Brazil.
Triangle trade
The slave trade was
carried out across the
SCALE Atlantic in a triangle
0 1000 miles between the continents
of Europe, Africa,
0 1000 kilometers and the Americas. Sojourner Truth 57
 4. Who delivered the
Gettysburg Address?

1. What was the

last battle of the
American Revolution?

3. When was the

Declaration of
Independence passed?

2. Who invented the

spinning jenny?
 5. What did people
throw into Boston You can find all
Harbor in anger at the answers and
British taxes? more quizzes on
pages 90–91.

6. In which British
county was the first
moving steam
engine built?

TH E A G E
U S T R Y
OF IND n changing
1750–1914 ns be ga
d 1 7 5 0 , n ew inventio d peo ple to
aro un e ry le
Starting . N ew machin
h e wa y h u m a n s liv e d
th and o th er goods. In
t s , making clo ericas, people rose up
in fa cto rie
work d ia and the Am ht against slavery,
ch a s In
places su a n ru le . P eople foug
p e
against Euro ined new rights.
ga
and women

8. Which country
gained independence
from Britain in 1901? 7. Which French
prison was attacked
by a mob on
July 14, 1789?

The age
of industry
Starting around 1750, the world began to
change very quickly. People rose up against
their rulers, and many countries became
independent for the first time. The invention
of steam power led to new ways of making
things and getting around. This Industrial
Revolution completely changed
how people lived and worked.
1856
Steel
Henry Bessemer invents a
process to create steel that is
strong enough to make
railroads, skyscrapers,
and machines.
1857–1858
Indian Mutiny
India tries to become
independent from British
rule but does not succeed.
1914
Outbreak of World War I
Archduke Franz Ferdinand is
shot, which triggers a series
of events leading to
World War I.
60
Karl Marx
1861–1865
American Civil War
In the United States, North and
South go to war over slavery.
The North wins and slavery
is abolished.
Warship
1756–1763
Seven Years’ War
At the end of this war,
the British Empire grows.
It takes land from the
French Empire in Canada, then claims Australia
America, and India.
Aboriginal
warrior
1791–1804
Haitian revolution
Slave workers on
plantations in Haiti revolt,
led by Toussaint
Louverture. Haiti becomes
the first black-ruled state
in the Americas.
1848
Communist Manifesto
Karl Marx and Friedrich
Engels write and publish
The Communist Manifesto,
describing their radical new
ideas about how money should
be divided between people.
1867
Canadian
independence
Canada becomes an
independent country and
is no longer ruled by
Great Britain.
Emperor Meiji
1913
Ottoman retreat
The Ottoman Empire
loses the First Balkan
War, and most of its
lands in Europe.
1770
James Cook
James Cook makes
maps of the eastern
coast of Australia,
for Britain.
1790
James Cook
Australian revolt
Native Australian people
called aborigines begin
to fight back against the
newly arrived British.
1800–1815
Napoleonic Wars
The French ruler,
Napoleon, tries to
conquer other countries
in Europe and fights
wars against other
European nations.
1839–1842
First Opium War
Britain starts a war
against China to force
China to trade. In 1842,
Britain wins the war and
takes Hong Kong.
1868
Meiji Restoration
Emperor Meiji takes
control of Japan and
modernizes how
the country is ruled.
1912
Chinese Revolution
Sun Yat-sen leads a
revolution in China,
overthrowing the Manchu
dynasty, which had ruled
for 276 years.
 1770 1771 1775–1783
Slave trade First modern factory US independence
The slave trade reached Richard Arkwright builds the The United States approves
its peak in the 18th water frame, a spinning the Declaration of
century, with 80,000 machine that is powered by Independence on July 4,
slaves brought from water wheels. His invention 1776, breaking free from
West Africa to America is quickly copied. Britain. The new nation is
every year. made of 13 colonies.

1789–1799 1776
French Revolution Steam engine
People in Paris rebel. James Watt develops
They overthrow their king the first of his many steam
and queen. engines and introduces
Vive the term “horsepower” to
Franc La show how powerful
e! his engines are. Early steam engine

1803 1811–1828 1821–1832

Denmark bans Independent Greek War of
slavery Americas Independence
Denmark is the first Several American Greece becomes independent,
European country to countries fight wars winning its freedom from the
Napoleon ban slavery. against their Spanish Ottoman Empire.
rulers, winning
independence.

1831 1829 1822

First electrical Prize-winning Brazilian
motor steam engine independence
Michael Faraday, a George Stephenson Brazil wins its independence
British physicist and designs the Rocket, which from Portugal. Pedro I
chemist, invents the first wins a competition to becomes the founder and
electric motor. power the Liverpool & first ruler of the empire
Manchester Railway. of Brazil.
Stephenson’s Rocket

1876 1876 1893

Telephone invented
Alexander Graham Bell
invents the first telephone.
People are able to talk over
First telephone long distances for the
first time.
Internal combustion
engine invented
Nikolaus Otto invents the
combustion engine, which can
be used to power cars, trucks,
and motorcycles.
Votes for women
New Zealand is the first
country to give women
equal voting rights. The
next country to do so will
be Australia, in 1903.

1904–1905 1903 1901

Russo-Japanese War First airplane Australian
Japan defeats Russia with The Wright brothers Australian independence
flag
clever new tactics and weapons. successfully fly the first Australia becomes
Japan is seen as a world power powered airplane. independent and is no
for the first time. longer under British rule.

Communism grew
in Russia after the The Wright
Russo-Japanese War brothers’ plane 61
American Revolution
Before the United States was a country, there were 13
British colonies in America. In 1775, they rose up against At midnight on April
the British because they wanted to rule themselves. This 18, 1775, Paul Revere
rode out to warn
type of change in government is called a revolution. The people that British
troops were coming.
colonies fought many battles with the British. In 1783, MASSACHUSETTS

peace was made, and the United States of America NEW

ecame an independent country. HAMPSHIRE

The colonists won two Midnight Boston Tea

American war battles at Saratoga, ride Party
gaining them support Saratoga
The fighting took place from the French, Dutch, October 17,
along the East Coast and Spanish. 1777
Boston
of North America. MASSACHUSETTS
Most of the battles NEW YORK In anger at British
were clustered in the taxes on tea sold in
America, colonists
same areas. RHODE
threw tea into
ISLAND
Boston Harbor on
CONNETICUT
December 16, 1773.
SCALE New York
Approved on July 4,
P E N N S Y LVA N I A
0 100 miles 1776, this document AT
rejected British rule. LA
0 100 kilometers Philadelphia Declaration of

N
MARYLAND
Independence

T
NEW JERSEY

IC
The British were On December 25, 1776,

OC
defeated at the Washington’s army
battle of Yorktown. VIRGINIA Delaware crossed the Delaware to
river crossing surprise and defeat British

EAN
They surrendered,
ending the war. troops at Trenton.
DELAWARE

Yorktown
October 19,
1781
Yorktown KEY
Important battles
New flag Key fights between
On June 14, 1777, the the Americans
Americans flew a new flag. and the British.
NORTH
The 13 stars and 13 stripes CAROLINA
represented the 13
colonies. Since then, a SOUTH
new star has been added CAROLINA
for each new state.
There are now 50.
Camden George Washington
January 16, 1781 A former farmer,
Washington (1732–1799)
N became leader of the American
GEORGIA army in 1775. After the war, he
W E Charleston June 28, helped set up the new US
1776 government and became the
S first US president in 1789.

62 George Washington,
in 1795
 European revolution
Palace of Versailles France is in Europe. At KEY
Louis XVI lived in splendor in the the time of the France before
revolution, it was the revolution
huge Palace of Versailles, near
Paris. In October 1789, thousands surrounded by Areas taken over by
of starving women marched from countries still ruled revolutionary France
Paris to Versailles because bread by kings and queens.
prices were too high. Main sites of the
revolution
People overthrew their
The French army leaders across France.
H invaded Belgium in
L IS 1792, to fight an
G EL Guillotine sites
EN NN attack from Austria,
A Prussia, and Britain. A machine called the
CH French army guillotine was used to
behead many enemies
of the revolution.
Paris
Strasbourg
Versailles SCALE
Execution of 0 200 miles
Louis XVI
On September 21, 0 200 kilometers
1792, Louis XVI was
Fall of overthrown. He was A three-colored flag
the Bastille guillotined (beheaded) On February 15, 1794,
Nantes On July 14, 1789, a on January 21, 1793.
Parisian mob attacked France adopted a three-
the Bastille prison, which colored flag called the
General Charette led
was a symbol of the “tricolore.” The colors are
government’s power. sometimes said to stand for
thousands of people in
the Vendée region liberty (freedom), equality
against the revolution (being treated the same), and
in 1793. General Charette fraternity (brotherhood).

Bordeaux

N
W E
S Marseille

French
Revolution
s
rte, in the 1800
Napoleon Bonapa

Napoleon Bonaparte
In 1799, a brilliant French army general
called Napoleon (1769–1821) overthrew
the new government. He crowned himself
emperor of France in 1804. Napoleon
conquered most of Europe, before being
defeated by Britain and Prussia in 1815.
In 1789, many people in France were starving. They rose up
against their king, Louis XVI, and his government. In 1792,
the French people set up a republic, which meant they could
choose how France was ruled. King Louis and thousands of
his supporters were killed.
 Industrial towns
New towns sprang up
The Industrial across Britain, housing
thousands of workers.
Many houses were built
back-to-back, with no
Revolution outside space. Diseases
spread quickly in the
Britain changed a lot in the 18th century. New machines were cramped streets, and living
invented, and modern factories opened for the first time, conditions were very bad.
making cloth and other goods in huge amounts. People
moved from the countryside to perform factory work in smoky Newcastle upon Tyne,
1877
new towns. This period was called the Industrial Revolution.

N
Glasgow Edinburgh W E

C
lyd
e
S
Watt’s steam engine

In 1765, James Watt

developed a new steam
engine in Glasgow. It was
as powerful as the first
steam engine but used
less fuel.
Newcastle
Ty n e The world’s first
steam-powered passenger
railroad was built across Cotton-factory workers
County Durham in 1823.

John Kay invented

s

a new cloth-machine
Factories
ee

KEY (c.1760) T Factories were built to contain new

part called a flying Stockton and
Textile factories shuttle in 1733. machines. Many of the factories made
New factories in Darlington
Lancashire and Yorkshire It made weaving Railway cloth. People who used to make cloth
made cloth. cloth much faster. in their own homes now worked
long hours inside busy, noisy
Shipbuilding This new loom, or
Huge ships were built cloth-weaving machine, factories instead.
to take factory goods sped up the making of Flying shuttle
around the world. cloth. It was invented by
James Hargreaves in 1764.
Coal mines Leeds
Miners dug up coal
to power the new Britain’s first major canal Spinning jenny
factories. opened in 1761. It carried coal
from Lancashire to power The Bridgewater
factories in Manchester. Canal
Manchester
Liverpool
re nt
 Me
rsey

Stoke-on-Trent
British revolution SCALE
The Industrial Revolution People called Luddites
attacked the machines 0 50 miles
began in Great Britain. that now did their jobs
Luddites
Later, it spread to between 1811 and 1813. 0
Ironbridge 50 kilometers
Europe, the United
States, and across
the world.
Birmingham

O use

Sev
at
e

ern
Wy e Gr

London
Isambard Kingdom Brunel
T

ha
launched this huge new mes
steam-powered ship in Bristol
Bristol in 1837. It was designed to get
SS Great Western to the United States very fast.

Richard Trevithick built

Iron bridge the first moving steam
engine in Cornwall
The world’s first cast-iron bridge in 1804.
opened in 1781. The impressive First moving
structure crosses the River Severn steam engine
in Shropshire, in an industrial area
now known as Ironbridge. In 1712, Thomas
First steam engine Newcomen built the
first steam engine. It
pumped water out L
N NE
of mines. S H CHA
ENG L I
Cotton-spinning frame

Child labor New inventions

Children as young as four worked in
the new factories and coal mines.
Their work was often dangerous,
and many were killed. Laws were
passed from the 1830s onward to
limit the hours and ages at which
children were allowed to work.
rker
A child textile-factory wo
There were many new inventions in the
Industrial Revolution. New machines
and high-powered steam engines made
it faster to create products, such as
cotton and wool cloth, iron
tools, machines,
and pottery.

65
The Civil War
In 1861, a war broke out in the United States that split the
country in two. Eleven states feared that the government
would free African-American slaves, workers who were
owned by other people and not paid. These states left, or
seceded from, the United States to form the Confederacy.
The states that remained loyal to the United States were
known as the Union. The two sides fought for four years.
Abraham Lincoln in 1860

The Confederate flag President Lincoln ILLI

When the 11 Southern states left the Abraham Lincoln was elected
Union and set up the Confederacy, they president of the United States in
created their own flag. The 13 stars November 1860. He spoke out
stood for the Confederate states and KANSAS against slavery, causing 11 southern
the states that supported them. states to leave the Union. Lincoln led
the Union to victory in 1865.

MISSOURI
KEY (1861)
Union states The Confederate fl
Twenty-three states ag
remained in the Union.
Confederate states
Eleven slave-owning
N
states left the Union to
join the Confederacy. W E OKLAHOMA
Slave-owning
Union states S
Some states stayed
in the Union but
allowed slavery. ARKANSAS
MISSIS
Other territories TEXAS
These territories did
not get involved in After a long battle,
the war. the Confederate fort of
Cotton fields Vicksburg surrendered
Slaves grew cotton on July 4, 1863. Its
on plantations in SCALE surrender cut the
the South. 250 miles Confederacy in two. Siege of
0 Vicksburg
Union ships
These blocked other 0 250 kilometers
ships from getting into
and out of the South.
This made it hard to Divided country
buy and sell things in LOUISIANA
the Confederacy. The Civil War was fought
between the Southern
Conflicts Confederate and the
Places where the
Union and Confederate Northern Union states of
armies fought. the United States. GULF OF ME
66 XI
CO
 NEW YORK
M
IC MICHIGAN
LA IGAN
H The Gettysburg
KE Address
In his speech on November NEW
19, 1863, President Lincoln
called the Civil War a JERSEY
struggle for all people to be
treated the same way.
On April 14, 1865,
P E N N S Y LVA N I A
Lincoln was shot by
slavery-supporter John
OHIO Assassination of Wilkes Booth. He died
President Lincoln the next day.

Washington DC
INDIANA
MARYLAND
The first major battle
of the war was fought
First Battle of on July 21, 1861.
INOIS WEST Bull Run Union troops failed to
seize an important
VIRGINIA Richmond railroad junction.

Union troops won the

KENTUCKY Confederate towns
VIRGINIA Siege of of Richmond and
Petersburg Petersburg between
June 9, 1864 and
General Lee General Robert E. Lee March 25, 1865.
TENNESSEE surrendered on behalf
Union troops won this NORTH of the Confederates,
big battle on April 7, ending the war on
CAROLINA April 9, 1865.
1862. An important
Confederate general,
Albert Johnson, died
in the fight. The war was started
by a Confederate
attack on Fort Sumter
Battle of in Charleston,
Shiloh South Carolina, SOUTH
April 12, 1863. CAROLINA
ALABAMA
Capture of G E O R G I A NTIC O
SSIPPI Atlanta AT L A CE
Fort Sumter, AN
Charleston
Union general
William Sherman
seized Atlanta, an General Sherman’s March to the Sea
important railroad Union army destroyed
hub, on September buildings on its way
2, 1864. His troops to the coast between The Emancipation
set parts of the city November 15 and
on fire. December 21, 1864.
Proclamation
On January 1,
1863, President Lincoln
FLORIDA ordered all slaves in the
Confederacy to be freed.
In 1865, the 13th
Amendment to the US
Constitution freed every
slave in the Union.
Newly free
d slaves 67
 GREENLAND

ARCTIC OCEA
N
ICELAND
DENMARK

CANADA THE
NETHERLANDS
NEWFOUNDLAND BELGIUM
AND LABRADOR

The first underwater

cable, used to send
UNITED STATES
telegraph messages, UK

World fairs OF AMERICA was laid under the GERMANY

Atlantic Ocean in 1866. FRANCE AUSTRO-
Imperial countries held big HUNGARIAN
international exhibitions. PORTUGAL
SPAIN
EMPIRE

These allowed each country

to show off its great empire, BRITISH Cable-laying ITALY

along with its peoples and HONDURAS ships TUNIS

products, to the rest of the world. PUERTO RICO OTTOMAN
EMPIRE
ALGERIA
RIO DE ORO
BRITISH
GUIANA
GAMBIA EGYPT
DUTCH GUIANA FRENCH
ANGLO-
FRENCH GUIANA PORTUGESE WEST AFRICA
EGYPTIAN
GUINEA SUDAN
SIERRA NIGERIA
LEONE

GOLD KAMERUN
COAST
TOGO FRENCH
CONGO BELGIAN
RIO CONGO
MUNI
AT

ANGOLA
LA

GERMAN
T
N

SOUTHWEST
IC AFRICA
Paris, 1900
Exposition Universelle,
O
CE
AN
CAPE
COLONY

The imperial
PORTUGESE
EAST AFRICA

world SOU
THERN OCEAN

By 1900, most of the world was controlled by a few

European nations. The part of the world ruled by each
nation was called its empire. Europeans called the
foreign countries they ruled their colonies.
 KEY (1900)
The Scramble for Africa Ottoman
Between 1884 and 1885, the Empire
European nations met in Berlin,
British
Germany, to divide up Africa between Empire
themselves. By 1900, all but two
African countries—Liberia and French
Empire
Ethiopia—were European colonies.
Danish
Empire
British soldiers in fron
t of Spanish
the Sphinx in Egypt, 18 Empire
82
A railroad that connected Portuguese
the two ends of the huge Empire
Russian Empire was built
between 1891 Dutch
and 1916. RUSSIAN EMPIRE Empire
German
Trans-Siberian Empire
Railroad Russian
Empire
Japanese
Empire
PERSIAN QING E MPIRE
EMPIRE Italian
JAPAN Empire
American
OMAN
INDIA
Hong Kong Empire
ERITREA The British Empire gained
Hong Kong in 1842 and Austro-Hungarian
BRITISH
turned the island into a Empire
SOMALILAND major business hub.
ITALIAN N Belgian
SOMALILAND FRENCH PHILLIPPINE
EA Empire
OC
INDOCHINA ISLANDS
BRITISH
EAST Persian
FIC
MALAYA BRITISH
AFRICA I Empire
GERMAN IN NORTH
BORNEO PA C
EAST D SUMATRA
BORNEO Qing
AFRICA IA
N
NEW GUINEA Empire
JAVA
MADAGASCAR Independent
O

nations
C
E

Que
A

en PAPUA Goldfields
N

Vic
t or People rushed to newly
AUSTRALIAN discovered goldfields.
ia

COLONIES
Steamships
These ships carried
emigrants to the United
States and Canada.
The British Empire They were also used
for trading with
From 1837 to 1901, Queen NEW ZEALAND
the colonies.
Victoria ruled the British Empire.
By 1900, the empire ruled over 412
million people—almost a quarter of
the world’s population at the time.

69
 2. When was
the TV invented?

1. Who did Allied

forces try to force out
of World War I
at Gallipoli?

3. When did World

War II begin?

4. In which
country was the first
personal computer
invented?
 6. When did the
Berlin Wall fall?

7. What is
the world’s newest
nation?

O D E R N
THE M
WORLD s e e n some
1914–now r ld h a s
9 1 4 a n d t o day, the wo le have
Between 1 t wars in history. Peop ring about
e d e a d li e s m e n t s t o b
of th g h t t h eir govern fo r the first
d t o fi s p a c e
continue
a n s h a ve a lso been to ology.
change. Hum ted amazing new techn
en
time and inv

You can find all

the answers and
more quizzes on
pages 90-91.

5. Which country was

Mussolini leader of ?
 1914–1918 1917
World War I Russia in revolt
A war that begins in Russia gets rid of
Europe in 1914 is fought its tsar (king) and
around the world for becomes the first
four years. More than communist country,
18 million people aiming for everyone
are killed. Gas mask used to be equal.
in WWI

The modern 1939–1945

World War II
1936–1939
Spanish Civil War

world
The biggest war in human The Spanish Army led
history breaks out in Europe by General Franco fights
in 1939 and soon spreads against the elected
around the world. More than government, winning power
60 million people are killed. over the whole of Spain
The world today has been shaped by two in 1939.
world wars, huge political changes, and
amazing new inventions. People have
fought to create many different types of
government. The population continues
to grow, and exciting new technology is still WWII fighter
being developed. plane

1957 1957 1953

Ghana gains
independence
The Gold Coast becomes the
first black, British-ruled colony in
Africa to gain independence,
becoming the country of Ghana.
EEC founded Everest is conquered
Six European nations form the New Zealander Edmund
Flag of European Economic Community Hillary and Tenzing Norgay
Ghana (EEC), making it easier for them from Nepal become the first
to trade (buy and sell) goods people to climb Everest, the
with each other. world’s highest mountain.

1957 1961 1962 1964–1975

Sputnik 1 flies
around the world
The USSR launches the
first satellite made by
humans into space. It takes
96.2 minutes to orbit
(travel around) Earth.
JFK becomes Cuban missile crisis Vietnam War
US president The United States and the The United States fights
At 43, John F. Kennedy USSR almost go to war after with South Vietnam against
becomes the youngest the USSR places nuclear communist North Vietnam.
president in US history. He John F. Kennedy on missiles on the island of In 1975, North Vietnam
is shot dead in 1963. a half-dollar coin Cuba, close to the wins control of all Vietnam.
United States.

2016 2012 2002 2001

Britain votes to
leave the EU
A member of the
EU since 1973, Britain
votes to leave the group.
World population The Euro 9/11
above 7 billion Twelve members of a Islamic terrorist group
The total population of the group of countries in al-Qaeda flies two planes
EU Flag world rises above 7 billion Europe called the European into the Twin Towers in
for the first time. Union (EU) begin using the New York City. Almost
same money—the Euro. 3,000 people are killed.

72 Euro bill
and coins
 1925 1928 1929
Black-and-white Penicillin Great Depression
TV developed Scottish scientist Alexander There is an economic
Scottish engineer John Fleming discovers a new slump from 1929–1939,
Logie Baird makes the medicine called penicillin. It which means people
first working black-and- is used to cure infections and around the world lose
white TV. Color TV saves many lives. their jobs and don’t have
follows in 1928. enough money.
Early TV

1933 1932
Nazis come to power Roosevelt elected
Adolf Hitler’s Nazi Party US president
comes to power in Germany. Franklin Roosevelt wins the
The Nazis soon ban all other presidency and promises to
political parties—only the create more jobs so that
Nazi badge Nazi Party is allowed to exist. people can earn money.
President Roosevelt

1946 1947
First electronic India and Pakistan
computer become independent
ENIAC, the world’s Flag of The British give up rule in India. Flag of
India Pakistan
first electronic computer, is India and Pakistan become
built in the United States. It independent. Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
is nicknamed “Great Brain.” and Burma (Myanmar) become
independent in 1948.

1950–1953 1949 1948

Korean War China becomes Israel is founded
A war breaks out in Korea communist A new state for Jews is created
as North Korea seeks to After a lengthy civil war, the in the Middle East. Fighting
take over South Korea. Communist Party led by with the Palestinians who
The United States fights Chairman Mao Zedong already lived in the area turns
alongside South Korea. takes power in China. into a war between Israel and
Tank used in neighboring countries.
Korean war

1969 1973 1982

Moon landing First PC designed CDs introduced
American astronaut The world’s first personal Technology companies
Neil Armstrong becomes computer (PC) is designed and Philips and Sony produce
the first person to walk developed by IBM in California. the first compact disc
CDs
on the moon. It is much smaller than (CD), to store data such
earlier computers. as music.

1994 1991 1989

Apartheid ends
South Africa ends its policy
of apartheid, which treated
white and black people
differently. Nelson Mandela
becomes the new president.
Statue of Nelson Mandela
celebrating freedom
USSR breaks up
The Cold War between
anti-communist and
communist countries ends
when the communist USSR
collapses. New states are
created, including Russia.
Berlin Wall falls
As communism ends in
Eastern Europe, the Berlin
Wall dividing West Berlin and
communist East Berlin is
pulled down. The city is
reunited after 44 years apart.
73
Inventions
The 20th century was a period of great technological
change. The world’s first airplane, first rocket, and
first satellite were all in the sky by 1957. Toward the
beginning of the 21st century, computers and cell phones
transformed the world. Today, new inventions
continue to improve human life.

Martin Cooper
developed the
NORTH world’s first cell
phone in 1973.
AMERICA It was about the
size of a brick.
First handheld
cell phone ENIAC, the world’s
The world’s first First personal first electronic
personal computer computer First electronic computer, was built
was designed and computer in Pennsylvania
developed by IBM in in 1946.
California in 1973. First integrated
circuit (microchip)
In 1958, Jack Kilby
created a tiny electronic
circuit called a microchip.
UNIVAC, an early computer This changed the way
technology was powered.

The computer revolution

The first computers, created in
the 1940s, were huge machines SOUTH
PA

that worked slowly. Today’s AMERICA

C
O

computers are small, fast, and can

IF

Taking to the skies

C
E

IC

do many different things. Modern

A

Orville Wright was the first person

N

computers have changed the to make a powered flight, above

way we work, live, learn, and North Carolina in 1903. Thanks to

AN
entertain ourselves. the development of powerful gas
engines, he flew 120 feet (37 m) in

CE
12 seconds on board the Flyer.

O
C
TI
N

The W
LA

r ight F
ly e r
T
A

74
 The V2 rocket
was developed in
Philips in the Germany in 1942. It
Netherlands and was used to bomb
Sony in Japan cities during WWII.
together developed
the CD in 1982.

First In 1957, Sputnik I

First became the first
compact rocket
disc (CD) human-made object to
EUROPE travel around Earth.

First human-
made satellite
ASIA

Sony
Walkman
In 1942, Jacques
Cousteau of France The Sony Walkman,
developed the developed by Sony
scuba, letting him in Japan in 1978,
breathe underwater. was the world’s
First airmail first portable
service
music player.
AFRICA

A plane first carried

mail by air in India
in 1911. It delivered
more than 6,000
Frank Whittle letters its first flight.
designed the first
jet engine in 1927.
Alexander Fleming
discovered penicillin
in 1928, an antibiotic AUSTRALIA
medicine that kills germs.

First jet engine
WARWICKSHIRE
Black-and-white
television was
developed by John First television
Logie Baird in 1925.
In 1959, the world’s
first vehicle that could
hover above the ground
and sea was launched.
First
antibiotic New communications
The world’s first telephone voice message
London was sent by Alexander Graham Bell in
1876. Today’s cell phones are able to
send text messages, stream videos, take
photographs, and connect to the internet.
B e l l ’ s e a r ly t e l e p h o n e
First
hovercraft
75
World War I N O RWAY
In June 1914, a war began in Europe that grew to
Germany and Britain
become the First World War. The Central Powers, led by fight to a draw at SW
the war’s biggest
Germany, fought the Allies—Britain, France, Russia, and, naval battle in 1916.
eventually, the United States. Millions of soldiers were
killed in deadly battles on land and at sea. The Allies
won the war in November 1918. GREAT Jutland DENMARK
B R I TA I N

German zeppelins NETHERLANDS

(airships) dropped
bombs on cities
in Britain. London GERMANY
Ypres, 1915 Pilots fought
Passchendaele, 1917 “dogfights”
BELGIUM high above the
battlefields.
N The Somme, 1916
W Paris
Marne,
E 1914 Verdun,
1916 Dogfights
S LUXEMBOURG
Caporetto,
S W I T Z E R L A N D 1917

Franz Ferdinand in FRANCE

1914
I TA LY Isonzo,
War begins S PA I N 1915–1917
Austria-Hungary declared PORTUGAL
war on Serbia after a Serb
shot an Austrian prince,
Franz Ferdinand, in June 1914.
Rome
European countries joined the
two sides, and war broke out
across Europe in August 1914.

A N
C OCE
AT L A N T I

MOROCCO

Western front TUNISIA

The fighting in western Europe turned
WESTERN into a stalemate, which meant neither
SAHARA
side could win. Both sides dug trenches
ALGERIA to defend the ground they had gained.
76 Soldiers lived in these muddy trenches L I B YA
while being fired on by the enemy.
 Women at war
SCALE Women weren’t allowed
0 250 miles to fight in the war, but
they still carried out
0 250 kilometers important jobs. They
worked on farms to grow
crops and in factories to
EDEN
make explosives and bullets
Two revolutions in for the troops.
Russia in 1917
Revolutions in overthrew the
tsar (ruler). Moscow
St. Petersburg

Russia launched deadly

attacks against German
KEY
and Austro-Hungarian Central Powers
forces on the eastern front Countries in central
in 1916. Europe joined together.

Tannenberg, Allies
1914 Britain, France, and
Russia teamed up
as allies.
Neutrals
Brusilov Countries not in the war
offensive were called neutral.
RUSSIA
Battle sites
Soldiers fought each
AUSTRIA- other across Europe.
HUNGARY

MONTENEGRO

ROMANIA
BLACK
SEA
SERBIA BULGARIA

Constantinople
The Allied leaders in
June 1919
ALBANIA THE OTTOMAN
Gallipoli Allied forces EMPIRE War ends
tried to force the In late 1918, most of the Central Powers
Ottoman Empire had stopped fighting. Germany fought
GREECE out of the war in on with exhausted troops in western
1915 at Gallipoli. Europe. A ceasefire ended the war on
November 11, 1918, and a peace
agreement was signed in June 1919.
M
ED
IT Europe at war
ER In 1916, the Arabs rose
RAN Jerusalem Most of the fighting in
EAN in revolt against their
SEA Ottoman rulers, with World War I happened
help from the British. in Europe, though
many other countries
were affected. America
joined the Allies in 1917.
EGYPT Arab Revolt 77
 KEY
Communism
Communists believe
that everything should
be shared equally.
Many communist
states have appeared
since 1945.

The fascist Nazi Party

ruled Germany from
1933 to 1945, when
they lost World War II.

The Spanish Civil War

was a conflict between Eastern
Nazi flag
Europe
supporters of the fascist GERMANY (various)
General Franco
(1892–1975) and
believers in democracy. It
lasted from 1936 to 1939.
UNITED STATES Spanish SPAIN
OF AMERICA Civil War Mussolini
ITALY

People in the United States Benito Mussolini (1883–1945)

People began
Anti-nuclear Ballot box choose their own government was the fascist leader of Italy
movement by casting ballots. This is from 1922 to 1943. He made
protesting against called democracy. it illegal to oppose his rule.
governments using
deadly nuclear weapons N
in the 1960s. Cuba C EA
AT L A N T I C O

Fascism
Fascists believe in obedience to a
PA C I F I powerful leader. The Nazi Party in
C OC Germany was a fascist party led by
EA
N Adolf Hitler (1899–1945). The
Nazis believed that Germans were
better than all other people.

New ideas
People have often come up with new ideas about society,
especially during the early 20th century. Communists believe
in rule by a single party, while democrats think that people
should have the right to choose their own leaders. Fascists
want all-powerful leaders, called dictators. Many people
have fought to change the way they are governed.
Adolf Hitler at a Nazi
event in 1927
 Vladimir Lenin
(1870–1924) seized
power during the Russian
Revolution of 1917 and
set up the world’s first
communist state.

Joseph Stalin Russia

(1878–1953) became
leader of communist
Russia after 1924 and Karl Marx in 1875
ruled until his death. Vladimir
Lenin
Stalinism Karl Marx
Karl Marx (1818–1883) was
UNION OF SOVIET Mongolia a German political thinker. He
SOCIALIST REPUBLICS thought that people could develop
North a society in which wealth is
Korea owned by the whole community
rather than by individuals. This is
China called communism.
Mao
More than 70 million
Chinese people died from
INDIA famine or execution during
Laos
Vietnam Mao Zedong’s rule.

Cambodia

IN
OC DIAN
EA
N
Green politicians want to
protect the environment.
The first Green Party was
formed in Australia in 1972.

Green politics
Nonviolence
In India, Mahatma Gandhi
(1869–1948) wanted to free
the country from British rule.
He sought to achieve this
change through peaceful
activities, such as refusing to
buy British goods. Gandhi’s
work helped force the British
out of India in 1947.
Communism in China
The Chinese Communist Party’s Mao
Zedong (1893–1976) won power in
1949 after a war with other political
groups in China. He believed in
revolution and got rid of his political
opponents. Mao’s sayings were
collected in the Little Red Book.

79
World War II
Europe and the
Far East
The fighting mainly took
place in Europe and the
In 1939, a war broke out in Europe that spread across the Far East, although many
other parts of the world
world. Bombs were dropped on cities by planes, and were also involved.
millions of soldiers were killed in battle. Both Germany,
led by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party, and Japan
conquered huge empires. They were defeated in 1945 by
a group of countries called the Allies.

German U-boats
(submarines)
attacked Allied
ships in the Atlantic.
Leningrad
In 1940, N O RWAY 1941–1944
Britain’s Royal
Air Force beat In June 1941,
German planes SWEDEN the Axis powers
GREAT almost knocked Barbarossa
in a battle in
the sky. B R I TA I N Russia out of
the war with
a huge attack.

Battle of
Britain GERMANY
AN

Kursk,
Spitfire Blitzkrieg western
CE

Russia
German refugee children in 1938 British and
POLAND
O

FRANCE American planes

Germany took
IC

regularly bombed
German cities. Poland by surprise
T

Children at war with a “blitzkrieg,”

N
A

Anti-Jewish laws forced Jewish L or lightning war.

T German leader Russia won the
A Hitler took over I T A L Y
children in Germany to escape biggest ever tank
to other countries, becoming France in 1940. battle against
refugees. Other children Germany at Kursk
between July and
left their homes in cities to S PA I N August 1943.
escape bombing.
Monte Cassino,
Italy, 1944 TURKEY

D-day
The largest ever invasion from Jews in Germany
the sea took place on June 6, 1944. were forced to N ME
American, British, and Canadian troops wear yellow stars DITE
crossed the English Channel and landed bearing the word
W E RRANEAN SEA
“Jude”— El Alamein,
on the French coast to free France from German for Jew. Egypt, 1942
German rule. S

The Holocaust
The Nazis killed Jewish people just
because they were Jewish. During the
Holocaust, Jews were sent to camps to
80 be killed. More than six million died.
 KEY (1942) SCALE
0 1000 miles
Axis countries
Germany, Italy, and SOVIET UNION
Japan formed a group 0 1000 kilometers
in 1940.
The Allies
Britain, France,
Russia, and the United
States teamed up.
Neutrals
Some countries didn’t
fight on either side.
J A PA N
Battle sites
Brave fighting America dropped The Japanese
took place on the world’s first attack on Pearl
distant battlefields. atomic bomb on Harbor in
Hiroshima, Japan, December 1941
in 1945. brought America
Hiroshima into the war.
CHINA The Japanese suffered
German troops Okinawa, a major defeat at the
1945 hands of the US Navy Midway
surrounded the city Iwo Jima,
of Stalingrad from at Midway in 1942. Pearl
1945 Harbor
1942 to 1943 but

PA C I F I C O C E A N
were defeated by
the Russians.
America won
against Japan
Leyte Gulf, in the largest
Philippines WWII naval
Stalingrad battle in 1944.

Guadalcanal
1942–1943 N
SCALE Coral Sea,
W E
0 500 miles 1942
S
0 500 kilometers

Pearl Harbor
On December 7, 1941, Japanese
planes bombed US Navy ships based
at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The attack
took the United States by surprise
and led it to join the war on
the Allies’ side.

The cost of war

World War II was the deadliest
war in human history. More than
38 million civilians and 22
million troops lost their lives.
Another 25 million people were
Soldiers’ graves in Fr
ance killed by disease and lack of food.
81
Independent
world GREENLAND
In 1945, most of the world’s nations were colonies, which
ARCTIC OC
meant they were ruled by other countries. Since then, most
colonies have become independent. Some countries gained
their freedom peacefully, while others had to fight for it.
There are now 195 independent nations in the world. NETHERLANDS

BELGIUM

ALASKA

ENGLAND

AN FRANCE
CE
KEY (1945) O SPAIN

C
BELIZE Country name,

TI
UNITED STATES PORTUGAL
1981 with date of OF AMERICA

N
independence

LA
MOROCCO
Britain and 1956

AT
ALGERIA
colonies 1962
WESTERN SAHARA
France and 1976
colonies BELIZE BAHAMAS MAURITANIA
1981 1973 1960 SENEGAL MALI
1960 1960
Denmark and CAPE VERDE
colonies JAMAICA 1975 THE GAMBIA
1962 1965 N
1
Spain and
PA

GUINEA-BISSAU
colonies 1974 GUINEA
C

1958
IF

Portugal and C SIERRA LEONE

I

colonies O 1961
GUYANA
CE 1966 FRENCH COTE D’IVOIRE
The Netherlands AN SURINAME
GUIANA 1960
1975
and colonies 1975 BURKINA FASO
1960
GHANA
Norway and 1957
colonies
TOGO
1960
Belgium and ande la
colonies Nelson M BENIN
1960
Japan and
colonies EQUATORIAL
GUINEA
1968
Italy and
colonies CAMEROON
1960
The United States
and colonies
South Africa
Australia and South African laws used to keep
colonies
white and black people separate in a
Independent system called apartheid. Black people
nations were treated as less important. Nelson
Mandela led people against these laws.
82 Apartheid finally ended in 1991.
 Vietnam
Vietnam became independent from France
in 1954 but was divided into Northern and
Southern halves with different governments.
A war led the country to be united
under the North’s leadership
in 1976.

CEAN NORWAY Colonies today

Britain, New Zealand, the United
States, Norway, the Netherlands,
France, Denmark, and Australia
still have colonies. Most of these
are small islands or areas with very
The French colony of French Pol few people. Around seven million
ynesia
people live in colonies today.
DENMARK

NORTH KOREA
ITALY 1945
CYPRUS SOUTH KOREA
1960 1945 JAPAN
SYRIA
TUNISIA 1946 PAKISTAN BANGLADESH
LEBANON 1947 1947
1956
1943 JORDAN
1946 KUWAIT
PA C I
LIBYA
CENTRAL 1961 MYANMAR FIC
1951
AFRICAN QATAR INDIA 1948 TAIWAN OC
REPUBLIC 1971 UAE 1947 1945 EA
1960 1971 LAOS N
1953
OMAN
NIGER YEMEN VIETNAM
SUDAN
1960 1967 1954 PHILIPPINES
CHAD 1956 ERITREA
1960 DJIBOUTI 1967 1946
NIGERIA 1977 SRI LANKA CAMBODIA
SOUTH WEST PAPUA
1960 1948 1953 BRUNEI 1962
SUDAN SOMALIA 1984
MALAYA
1956 1960 1957 PAPUA
CONGO UGANDA
1960 KENYA 1962 1975
1963 RWANDA MALAYSIA
BURUNDI 1962 1963
INDONESIA
TANZANIA 1962 1949
1961 IN
MALAWI DI EAST TIMOR
ANGOLA 1964 AN 1975 FIJI
1975 MOZAMBIQUE O 1970
1964 CE
A
N
AUSTRALIA SOLOMON ISLANDS
1978
MADAGASCAR
1960
SWAZILAND
1968
LESOTHO
GABON
1960 1966
ZIMBABWE
BOTSWANA
1966
1980
India gains independence
DEMOCRATIC In 1947, Britain decided to
REPUBLIC OF
CONGO give up its Indian empire. The
1960
land was split into two new
ZAMBIA countries, India and Pakistan.
1980
Jawaharlal Nehru (pictured) was
SOUTH the first Indian prime minister.
ERN OCEAN
83
The Cold War The Space Race
America and the
After World War II, two superpowers had different ideas USSR raced each
about how to run the world. The communist USSR wanted other to get into
space. The United
everybody to be equal. The capitalist United States thought it States won when
was more important for people to be free. There was a Cold Neil Armstrong
became the first
War, with America and the USSR taking opposite sides in person on the
struggles around the world between 1947 and 1991. moon in 1969.

ARCTIC OCEAN The North Atlantic Treaty

Organization (NATO)
was an alliance led by
Radar stations along the United States, set up
the Distance Early in 1949.
Warning (DEW) line NATO flag
would warn of a DEW line
USSR bomber attack.

NORTH AMERICA AT
KEY LA
NATO

N
Countries that were

T
IC
part of NATO—
a capitalist group led In 1959 US President

OC
by the United States. Eisenhower and the
USSR’s Secretary

EAN
Warsaw Pact Intercontinental
ballistic missiles Khrushchev met to try
Communist countries Eisenhower and to reduce the tension.
that were part of the Intercontinental Khrushchev meet
Warsaw Pact— missiles could carry
an agreement with
the USSR. nuclear warheads to America and the USSR
destroy cities thousands almost went to war when
Non-NATO and of miles away. the USSR placed nuclear
Warsaw Pact weapons in Cuba in 1962.
Countries that did Cuban Missile
not take part in the Crisis
Cold War. The United States
funded rebels fighting Nicaraguan
Conflicts PA the radical government Revolution
Foreign civil wars where of Nicaragua between
the United States and 1978 and 1979.
C
IF

the USSR supported

different sides.
IC
OC

Uprisings The hydrogen bomb

Revolts against
EAN

governments in The first nuclear bomb was

communist countries created during World War II. This
in Europe. atomic bomb was the most
Spies powerful weapon in history.
Places where During the Cold War, both sides
spies operated. developed an even more
destructive nuclear bomb, called First hydrog
84 en bomb te
the hydrogen bomb. st, 1952
 The divided city
After World War II, the German capital
Berlin From 1948 to of Berlin was divided in two. The
blockade 1949, the USSR Western half was controlled by the
tried to block food United States, Britain, and In 1955 the Warsaw Pact
from getting into France, while the USSR had the was set up as a military
West Berlin. Supplies alliance between the USSR
were dropped in Eastern half. The city became and six communist countries
by planes. the center of the Cold War. in Eastern Europe.
EAST
l i n wa l l

The USSR’s first

BERLIN intercontinental missile
was launched in 1957.
B er

WEST
BERLIN

Warsaw Pact

In 1961 East Berlin built a wall

around the West to prevent R-7
Semyorka The USSR tested
Easterners from escaping there. its first nuclear
ASIA bomb in 1949.

First Lightning
In 1961, Yuri Gagarin from
the USSR became the first
man in space.

Yuri Gagarin
China became a
communist state in 1949
under Mao Zedong. An attempt by
The Iron communist North
Curtain Korea to take over
Korean War South Korea was
EUROPE stopped by
Chinese American-led
USSR and US soldiers Civil War troops between
helped different sides 1950 and 1953.
The two sides of the Afghan War
Cold War faced in Afghanistan between
each other across 1979 and 1989. Between 1964 and 1975,
an “Iron Curtain” US troops failed to help
dividing Europe. South Vietnam beat
Vietnam War Communist North Vietnam.

AFRICA

The end of the Cold War

In 1989, communist governments
The United States and in Europe began to lose control.
the USSR supported The Berlin Wall was pulled down
opposing sides in this in this year, and Germany was
war between 1975 united in 1990. The USSR
and 2002. Angolan War itself collapsed in 1991.
The Cold War was over.
Close enemies
The United States and the
USSR faced each other
across the Arctic Circle. At
their closest, the countries
were separated by only The fall of the Berli
2.4 miles (3.8 km). n Wall
85
 The space age
The first human-made object left Earth in 1957—a tiny
spacecraft called Sputnik. The Space Age had begun! A
human flew in space for the first time in 1961, and people
first walked on the moon in 1969. People have continued to
explore space, finding out more and more about what exists
e
beyond our world. Landing on the surfac
of a comet

The Rosetta mission

On November 12, 2014, a spacecraft landed
on a comet for the first time. Unfortunately,
it landed in the shadow of a cliff and could
not recharge its batteries, which were
powered by the sun. After two days, its
power ran out, and it went silent.

Man on the moon In 1959, the Luna

On July 20, 1969, American Neil 2 became the first
spacecraft to
Armstrong became the first person to reach the moon.
walk on the moon. Along with Buzz The first-ever satellite
was launched into space
Aldrin, he spent about 150 minutes by Russia on October 4,
walking around and collecting Luna 2 1957. It was 23 in
rock samples. (58 cm) wide.
Sputnik 1
er

pit
Ju
Venus
r th
The sun

Ea

rcury Mars
Me

Salyut 1
Mariner 10
Viking 2
Venera 9 The first space station
was launched into space Pioneer 10
The Mariner 10 In 1975, Venera 9 The American Viking 2
traveled from Venus by the Russians on spent 1,316 days on the
sent photographs of April 19, 1971. It stayed
to Mercury between the surface of Venus surface of Mars, from
1974 and 1975. there for 175 days. 1976 to 1980. Pioneer 10 became
to Earth.
the first spacecraft
to leave the solar
system, in 1983.

86
 International Space Station
Launched in 1998, the International
Space Station is the largest human-
made body orbiting (circling) Earth. It is
used for experiments in space and can
test computer systems and equipment
needed for missions to Mars.

e Sta onal
tion
S p a c t e rn a t i
A satellite abov
e Earth

In
The
Satellites
Sputnik I was the first satellite sent
into space, in 1957. Today, satellites
are used to transmit signals for TV
programs and telephone calls. They
also gather data about weather and
locations for digital maps.

The American Galileo

became the first craft to
fly all the way around
Jupiter, in 1995.

Cassini was launched in

Galileo 1997 and spent 13 years
Cassini circling Saturn. It burned
up in 2017.
n
r
tu
Sa

us
an e
tun
Ur

ep
N

Our solar system

Our solar system is made up of the eight planets The American Voyager 2 Voyager 2
that circle our sun. The image above shows them was the first space
closer together than they really are. probe to visit outer
planets Uranus and
Neptune, in 1986 and
1989, respectively.
87
The world today ARC
Slightly fewer than eight billion people are alive in 2018,
living in 195 countries. That number is expected to grow to
11.2 billion by the year 2100. China is the world’s
most populous nation, with around 8,800 Chinese GREENLAND
(DENMARK)

babies born every day.

ICELAND
ALASKA
(UNITED STATES)

CANADA

NORTH AMERICA

ALGERIA
UNITED STATES
MOROCCO
WESTERN SAHARA
(DISPUTED)
BAHAMAS
HAITI MAURITANIA
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
PUERTO RICO SENEGAL
MEXICO CUBA ST KITTS & NEVIS
HAWAII BELIZE ANTIGUA & BARBUDA CAPE
(UNITED STATES) DOMINICA VERDE
GUATEMALA ST LUCIA

Uniting the world EL SALVADOR

HONDURAS JAMAICA
GRENADA
BARBADOS
ST VINCENT & THE GAMBIA MALI
NICARAGUA THE GRENADINES GUINEA-BISSAU
The United Nations (UN), set COSTA RICA TRINIDAD GUINEA
VENEZUELA
up in 1945, is an organization PANAMA
& TOBAGO BURKINA FASO
that works to keep peace GALÁPAGOS
ISLANDS
COLOMBIA FRENCH
GUIANA SIERRA LEONE
around the world. Almost (ECUADOR) ECUADOR GUYANA LIBERIA
PA
every country today is a CI SURINAME CÔTE D’IVOIRE

member of the UN. FIC SOUTH GHANA

OC TOGO
EAN AMERICA BENIN
PERU
CAMEROON
BRAZIL
EQUATORIAL GUINEA
BOLIVIA
SÃO TOMÉ
World cities CHILE
PARAGUAY & PRÍNCIPE

In 2009, for the first time in GABON

history, more people lived

in towns and cities than
in the countryside.
URUGUAY
CE AN
ARGENTINA
N T I C O
This trend is likely to A TLA
continue as the world’s
population grows. FALKLAND ISLANDS
(UNITED KINGDOM)

World’s newest nation

New nations are still forming. The

w Yo r k City world’s newest nation is South Sudan,

88 Ne which broke away from Sudan in 2011
after a long fight for independence.
 KEY (2018)
BELGIUM ESTONIA
Countries NETHERLANDS
These colors LUXEMBOURG
CTIC OCEAN show the DENMARK
LATVIA

territories of LITHUANIA
different countries.
IRELAND BELARUS
SVALBARD UNITED
KINGDOM POLAND
(NORWAY) GERMANY
CZECH
REPUBLIC MOLDOVA
SLOVAKIA
LIECHTENSTEIN
AUSTRIA HUNGARY
ROMANIA
FRANCE SAN
NORWAY PORTUGAL CROATIA SERBIA
MARINO KOSOVO
SWITZERLAND
SLOVENIA
BULGARIA
ANDORRA
ITALY
SWEDEN MONACO
MACEDONIA
FINLAND RUSSIAN FEDERATION SPAIN GREECE
VATICAN CITY
ALBANIA
MALTA MONTENEGRO
BOSNIA &
HERZEGOVINA

UKRAINE
KAZAKHSTAN ASIA
GEORGIA
UZBEKISTAN
EUROPE MONGOLIA
TURKMENISTAN NORTH
ARMENIA KOREA
KYRGYZSTAN
TURKEY
TAJIKISTAN
CYPRUS CHINA
SYRIA JAPAN
TUNISIA AZERBAIJAN
LEBANON
ISRAEL IRAQ IRAN BANGLADESH
NEPAL
KUWAIT BHUTAN
SOUTH
AFRICA JORDAN QATAR KOREA
LAOS
LIBYA EGYPT BAHRAIN
OMAN TAIWAN
SAUDI INDIA
ARABIA MYANMAR
NIGER SUDAN (BURMA) VIETNAM
CHAD PALAU
YEMEN U.A.E. PAKISTAN THAILAND
PHILIPPINES MARSHALL
NIGERIA AFGHANISTAN CAMBODIA ISLANDS
SOUTH ERITREA SRI
ETHIOPIA BRUNEI MICRONESIA
SUDAN DJIBOUTI LANKA
UGANDA MALAYSIA NAURU
CENTRAL
SOMALIA AFRICAN SINGAPORE
DEMOCRATIC KENYA KIRIBATI
REPUBLIC RWANDA REPUBLIC
OF THE BURUNDI MALDIVES INDONESIA PAPUA SOLOMON
CONGO TANZANIA MALAWI NEW ISLANDS TUVALU
SEYCHELLES GUINEA
CONGO
INDIAN OCEAN
COMOROS EAST TIMOR SAMOA
ANGOLA ZAMBIA
VANUATU FIJI
MADAGASCAR NEW
NAMIBIA MAURITIUS
CALEDONIA TONGA
AUSTRALIA
MOZAMBIQUE
SOUTH
AUSTRALASIA
AFRICA SWAZILAND
& OCEANIA
BOTSWANA ZIMBABWE

LESOTHO
NEW
ZEALAND

SOU
TH
ER
Disappearing islands N
O
Not many of the 1,156 islands that CE
make up the Marshall Islands rise more A
N
than 7 ft (2 m) above sea level. Some are
in danger of disappearing due to rising
sea levels caused by global warming.
The Marshall Island 89
s
A N TA R C T I C A
Atlas picture quiz
This country got its
This civilization was name from Qin, one

2
ruled by pharaohs. of its states.

1 3

The Olympic Games were

created by the people in
this civilization.

10 e the civiliz
at 4
am i
N

on
Here are some
of the civilizations that
appear in this atlas.
Can you name them?
This empire was Look at the clues to This empire was
founded by Osman I. home to more than
help you. The answers
are on page 91. 65 million people.

9 5
This empire was created These kingdoms and
in the 1520s. city-states became
one country.

The rulers of these kingdoms

8 6
grew wealthy by trading
gold, ivory, and slaves.

This empire was Divine emperors

located in South America. ruled this country.
90
 Answers: Page 8–9 The ancient world: 1. Jericho, 2. Valley of the Kings, 3. A wooden horse, 4. Nile, 5. Vercingetorix, 6. Mesopotamia, 7. The Xiongnu, 8. Mount Vesuvius. Page 26–27 The Middle Ages:
1. Buddhism, 2. Sahara, 3. Japan, 4. North America, 5. 1337, 6. The Mongols, 7. North America, 8. Black Death. Page 42–43 The age of discovery: 1. Inca Empire, 2. Emperor Shah Jahan, 3. Constantinople, 4. Sāo
91
Gabriel, 5. El Castillo, 6. India, 7. Pacal of Palenque, 8. 12 million. Page 58 – 59 The age of industry: 1. Yorktown, 2. James Hargreaves, 3. July 4, 1776, 4. Abraham Lincoln, 5. Tea, 6. Cornwall, 7. Bastille, 8. Australia.
Page 70–71 The modern world: 1. Ottoman Empire, 2. 1926, 3. 1939, 4. US, 5. Italy, 6. 1989, 7. South Sudan. Page 90 Name the civilization: 1. Egyptian (pages 16–17), 2. Greek (pages 18–19), 3. Chinese (pages
20–21), 4. Roman (pages 22–23), 5. Korean (pages 32–33), 6. Japanese (pages 32–33), 7. African (pages 36–37), 8. Inca (pages 46–47), 9. Mughal (pages 50–51), 10. Ottoman (page 52–53). Page 91 Find the fact: 1.
Around six million years ago (page 6), 2. China (page 11), 3. Stonehenge (page 12), 4. Hieroglyphs (page 16), 5. The Spartans (page 19), 6. A terra-cotta army (page 20), 7. To hold gladiator fights and other sports (page 23),
8. The Vikings (page 30), 9. Japan (page 33), 10. The Inuit (page 34), 11. Rat fleas (page 41), 12. 1492 (page 45), 13. Machu Picchu (page 47), 14. The Mughal emperor, Shah Jahan, built it in memory of his favorite wife
(page 51), 15. Michelangelo (page 55), 16. 12 million (page 56), 17. July 4, 1776 (page 61), 18. It abolished slavery in the United States (page 67), 19. The first telephone (page 75), 20. A yellow star with the word “Jude”
written on it (page 80), 21. Nelson Mandela (page 82), 22. The hydrogen bomb (page 84), 23. Neil Armstrong (page 86).
US develop? South Africa?
on the moon? weapon did the apartheid in to wear?
first person to walk War, what nuclear movement against Jewish people forced
23. Who was the 22. During the Cold 21. Who led the War II, what were
20. During World
independence? Amendment do? Graham Bell invent?
across the Atlantic? did America declare the 13th
slaves were taken 19. What did Alexander
17. On what date 18. What did
16. How many African
Renaissance artist? the Americas?
was carved by which did the Incas build? Columbus reach
sculpture of David Taj Mahal built? town in the Andes did Christopher
15. The famous 14. Why was the 13. What famous 12. In what year
reach America?
first Europeans to
8. Who were the
Black Death?
oldest royal family? the Arctic? spread of the
has the world’s native people of 11. What caused the
9. Which country 10. Who are the
used for?
the Colosseum
7. What was
Egyptians?
tomb protected by? in ancient Greece? by the ancient
First Emperor’s most feared warriors system was used
6. What was the 5. Who were the 4. What writing
of this page.
correct at the bottom
You can check if you are
somewhere in this book.
these questions appear
Stone Age?
All of the answers to during the
walk upright? making? built in Britain
apes begin to invented silk monument was
1. When did 2. Which country 3. What famous
t Fin
d the fac
Glossary
agriculture
Growing crops and raising
livestock for food
ally
Country that supports another
country and might agree to
trade deals or to fight
alongside it in a war
ancient
Very old
army
Organized group of soldiers
artifact
Human-made object, generally
of historic or cultural interest,
such as a painting or a vase
astronaut
Someone who is trained to
travel and work in a spacecraft
bce
Before Common Era, or all the
years before year 1
beliefs
Set of views that people hold
about the world, life, and
the afterlife
Buddhist
Member of a religion called
Buddhism, which follows the
teachings of the Buddha, who
lived in India about 2,500
years ago
capitalism
Political or economic system
where individuals own
property and companies,
instead of the government
owning them
ce
Common Era, or all the years
after year 1
92
Christian
Someone who follows the
religious teachings of Jesus
Christ, who lived in the Middle
East 2,000 years ago
civilization
Society where people have
built a complex city or country
colony
Area of land or island
belonging to a
different country
conquer
Act of one country taking over
another country
culture
Way of life and beliefs of the
people of a region or country
democracy
System of government
where people outside the
government have a say in
how the country is run,
usually by voting
dictator
Ruler with total power
emperor
Ruler of an empire
empire
Large area with different
peoples, ruled by a king/
queen or emperor/emperess
government
Group of people who run
a country
Hindu
Member of the Indian religion
Hinduism. Hindus worship
many gods and believe that
when people die they are
born again
holy
Something or somewhere
sacred to a religion
independence
Freedom from outside control,
such as when a country or
area is no longer ruled by
another country
Jew
Follower of the religion
Judaism. Jews worship one
God and their holy books
are the Hebrew Bible (Old
Testament) and the Talmud
Muslim
Someone whose religion
is Islam. Muslims believe
in one God, and they
follow the teachings of the
Prophet Muhammad
native
Person linked to a place by
birth, or who is descended
from the original inhabitants
of an area
Nazi
Member, or follower, of the
Nazi Party (National Socialists)
in Germany, led by Adolf Hitler
peasant
A poor person whose way of
life is dependent on farming
persecution
Bad treatment of people
because of their beliefs
Renaissance
A focus on art and learning in
Europe that began in the 15th
century, linked to a renewed
interest in the ancient cultures
of Greece and Rome
revolution
Sudden change that happens
when a government or ruling
power is overthrown, often
quickly and by force
slave
Person who is forced to work
for or serve another person or
family. Slaves are considered
the property of their owners
and forced to obey them
society
Organized group of people
with a shared culture
spy
Person who gathers
information in secret. In war,
each side uses spies to find out
the other’s secrets
technology
Using scientific knowledge to
create machinery and devices,
such as computers
territory
Area of land that belongs to a
particular country or state
trade route
Route traveled by merchants
carrying goods from one
country to another
traditional
When something has been
done in the same way for a
long time
tribe
Group of people who share
the same culture and history. It
usually refers to people who
live together in traditional
communities, far from cities
and towns
Index
9/11 72 Austria-Hungary 68, 76–77 carnelian 15 Delaware River 62
Axis Powers 80–81 Carolingian Empire 29 democracy 78
A Aztec civilization 45, 46 Carthaginians 22 Denmark 12, 61
abolitionists 57 Cartier, Jacques 45 Dias, Bartolomeu 45
Abu Simbel 17 B Caspian Sea 39 disease 29, 41, 64, 81
Afghanistan 85 Babur, Emperor 50 castles Dürer, Albrecht 55
Africa Babylon 14 Europe 40
early man 6 Baekje Kingdom 32 Japan 33 E
empires 36–37 Baghdad 28 Çatalhöyük 13 Easter Island 29, 72
exploration of 45, 49, 54 Baird, John Logie 73, 75 cathedrals 40 EEC (European Economic Community) 72
farming 11 Baltic Sea 13 Catholic Church 45, 54, 55 Egypt 45, 53, 69
Ottoman Empire 52–53 Bastille, fall of the 63 cave paintings 6, 10 ancient 10, 11, 16–17, 23
Romans 22–23 Becket, Thomas 40 CDs 73, 74 Eisenhower, Dwight D. 84
Scramble for Africa 69 Bedouins 53 cell phones 74 El Alamein, Battle of 80
slave trade 44, 45, 56–57, 61 Belgium 63, 76 Central Powers 76–77 El Castillo (Chichen Itza) 46
age of discovery 42–57 Bell, Alexander Graham 61, 75 Chang’an 29 electric motors 61
age of industry 58–69 Benin Empire 28, 36 Changping, Battle of 21 elephants 15, 22, 50–51
Ahmed I, Sultan 45 Berlin 69, 73, 85 Charette, General 63 Elizabeth I, Queen 45
Ainu people 33 Berlin Wall 73, 85 Charles IV, Emperor 41 Emancipation Proclamation 67
airmail 75 Bessemer, Henry 60 Chavin de Huantar 11 Engels, Friedrich 60
Akbar, Emperor 51 Black Death 29, 41 Chichen Itza 46 England see Britain
Akkad 10, 14 Black Sea 18, 19, 30 child labor 65 Epidaurus 19
Aksum 37 blitzkrieg 80 Chimú people 47 Erasmus 54
Aldrin, Buzz 86 Blue Mosque (Istanbul) 45, 52 China Eric the Red 30
Alexander the Great 11 Bonaparte, Napoleon 60, 63 ancient 10, 20–21, 29 Ethiopia 36, 69
Allied Powers 76–77, 80–81 Booth, John Wilkes 67 Chinese Civil War 85 EU (European Union) 72
Alvaro, King of Kongo 37 Boston Tea Party 62 Chinese Revolution 60 Euphrates River 14
amphitheaters 22, 23 Brazil 45, 56–57 communism 73, 79, 85 the Euro 72
ancient history 8–23 independence 61 Opium Wars 60 Europe
Andes 47 Bridgewater Canal 64 population 88 imperial world 68–69
Angola 85 Britain Silk Road 38, 39 Middle Ages 40–41
antibiotics 75 Battle of Britain 80 Christianity 24, 36, 37, 39, 40 Renaissance 54–55
Apache 35 British Empire 60, 69 church, division of 44, 45, 54 Roman Empire 22–23
apartheid 73, 82 Church of England 44 cities Stone Age 12–13
Appian Way 23 explorers and settlers 45, 48 first 14 Vikings 30–31
aqueducts 22 Industrial Revolution 64–65 Greek city-states 18 World War I 76–77
Arab conquests 29 Middle Ages 40 Cleopatra, Queen 23 World War II 80–81
Arab Revolt 77 Norman Conquest 28 climate change 11, 89 Ewuare the Great 28
Arab traders 57 Renaissance 54 coal mining 64–65 Exposition Universelle 68
Arabian Sea 15, 39 Romans 22 Cold War 73, 84–85 Ezana, King of Axum 37
Arctic 34 slave trade 57 colonies 82–83
Arkwright, Richard 61 Spanish Armada 45 Colosseum (Rome) 23
Columbus, Christopher 45, 48, 49
F
Armstrong, Neil 84, 86 Stone Age 12 factories 64–65
art Vikings 29, 31 communism 60, 72, 73, 78, 79, 84–85 Faraday, Michael 61
cave paintings 6, 10 votes to leave EU 72 computers 73, 74 farming
Renaissance 54–55 World War II 80 Confederates 66–67 ancient 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 21
Asia Bronze Age 10–11 Constantine the Great 23 Incas 47
Silk Road 38–39 Brunel, Isambard Kingdom 65 Constantinople 23, 45, 52 medieval Europe 41
voyages of discovery 48–49 Brunelleschi, Filippo 28, 55 Cook, James 60 North America 35
world religions 24–25 Buddhism 24, 25, 32, 33, 39 Cooper, Martin 74 United States 56
Assyria 14 Buland Darwaza (Fatehpur Sikri) 50 Copernicus, Nicolas 45, 54 fascism 78
astrolabes 54 Bulguksa Temple (Gyeongju) 32 Cortes, Hernan 45 Fleming, Alexander 73, 75
Atahualpa, Emperor 47 Bull Run, First Battle of 67 cotton 56, 57, 64 flight 61, 74
Athens 19 Cousteau, Jacques 75 Florence 28, 45, 55
Atlanta, capture of 67 C Crete 19
the Crusades 28
flying shuttle 64
Atlantic Ocean 30, 45, 56–57, 68 Cabot, John 45, 48 Fort Sumter, attack on 67
atomic bomb 81 Cabral, Pedro 45 Cuban Missile Crisis 72, 84 France
Augustus, Emperor 22 Caesar, Julius 22 cuneiform writing 14 colonies 45, 60, 68–69, 83
Aurangzeb, Emperor 51
Australia 6, 60
camels 36, 39, 53
Canada 45, 60 D French Revolution 61, 63
Middle Ages 40
Green politics 79 canals 64 D-day 80 Romans 22
independence 61 Canterbury 40 da Gama, Vasco 44, 48, 49, 51 World War I 76
revolt 60 Caribbean 45, 48, 49, 56 David (Michelangelo) 45, 55 World War II 80, 81
93
Franco, General Francisco 78 Hundred Years’ War 29, 40 Khrushchev, Nikita 84 monoliths 12–13
Franz Ferdinand, Prince hunter-gatherers 10 Kilby, Jack 74 moon landings 73, 84, 86
60, 76 hydrogen bomb 84 Kongo 37 Mughal Empire 44, 50–51
Fuji, Mount 33 Korea Muhammad, the Prophet 24, 29
I ancient 29, 32 mummies 47
G IBM 73, 74 Korean War 73, 85 Mumtaz Mahal 44, 51
Gagarin, Yuri 85 Ice Age 7, 10 Kursk, Battle of 80 Munmu of Silla 29
Gallipoli 77 Iceland 30 Kyoto 33 Muslim conquests 28
Gandhi, Mahatma 79 imperialism 68–69, 90 Lebanon 38 Mussolini, Benito 78
Gaya 32 Inca Empire 44, 47 Lee, General Robert E. 67
Germany independence movements 82–83 Leif Erikson 29, 30 N
Cold War 85 India Lenin, Vladimir 79 Nanak, Guru 24, 25
Middle Ages 40–41 exploration of 44, 49 Leyte Gulf, Battle of 81 Napoleonic Wars 60
Nazi Party 73, 78 independence 73, 79, 83 Liberia 69 Nara 33
Renaissance 54–55 Indian Mutiny 60 Libya 23 NATO 84
World War I 76–77 Indus Valley civilization 10, 15 Lincoln, Abraham 66, 67 Nazca people 47
World War II 80 Mughal Empire 44, 50–51 Lindisfarne 31 Nazi Party 73, 78, 80
Ghana Indian Ocean 38, 39 llamas 44, 47 Neanderthals 6, 7
independence 72 Indus Valley 10, 15 Louis XVI, King 63 Nehru, Jawaharlal 83
Kingdom of 28, 29 Industrial Revolution 64–65 Luddites 65 Neptune 87
Glasgow 64 internal combustion engines 61 lutes 54 Netherlands 55
global warming 89 International Space Station 87 Luther, Martin 45, 54 New York City 72, 88
Göbekli Tepe 13 Inuit 34 New Zealand 61
gods and goddesses inventions M Newcastle upon Tyne 64
Aztec, Maya, and Inca 46–47 Industrial Revolution 60–61 Macedonia 11, 19 Newcomen, Thomas 65
Egyptian 17 modern 74–75 Machu Picchu 47 Newfoundland 45
Viking 31 Iron Age 11 Magellan, Ferdinand 44, 49 Nicaragua 84
see also religions Iron Curtain 85 Mali Empire 28, 36 Nigeria 11
Goguryeo Kingdom 32 Ironbridge 65 mammoths 6, 11 Nile River 16–17
Great Depression 73 Ishtar Gate (Babylon) 14 Manchester 64 nonviolence movement 79
Great Famine 29 Islam 24, 29, 36 Mandela, Nelson 73, 82 Norman Conquest 28
Great Wall of China 21 Golden Age 28 Mao Zedong 73, 79, 85 North America
SS Great Western 65 Israel 73 maps, 15th century 48 exploration of 45, 48
Great Zimbabwe 37 Istanbul 45, 52 Mars 86 indigenous people 34–35
Greece Italy Marshall Islands 89 Mound Builders 28
ancient 11, 18–19 fascism 78 Marx, Karl 60, 79 slave trade 44, 45, 56–57, 61
Greek War of Independence 61 Renaissance 55 Masada 23 Vikings 29, 30
Greenland 30 Romans 22–23 Maya civilization 28, 46 see also Canada; United States
Gutenberg, Johannes 44 Mecca 24 Norway 29, 30
Gyeongju 32 JKL Mediterranean Sea 18–19, 22–23, Notre Dame (Paris) 40
Jama Masjid (Delhi) 50 30, 38, 41 nuclear weapons 78, 84–85
H Jamestown 45 megaliths 12
Hadrian’s Wall 22 Janissaries 53 Meiji Restoration 60 OP
Haitian revolution 60 Japan 60, 61 Mercury 86 Olmecs 11, 46
Hammurabi, King 14 ancient 33 Mesoamerica 46 Olympic Games 19
Hannibal 22 World War II 80, 81 Mesopotamia 10, 14 Opium War, First 60
Hanseatic League 41 Jericho 13 Mexico 45, 46 Osman I, Sultan 52
Hargreaves, James 64 Jerusalem 24, 28 Michelangelo 45, 55 Otto, Nikolaus 61
Hatshepsut, Queen 17 Jesus Christ 24 microchips 74 Ottoman Empire 44, 45, 52–53, 60, 69, 77
Henry VIII, King 44 jet engines 75 Middle Ages 26–41 Pacal, King 46
hieroglyphs 11, 16 jewelry 6, 15, 31 Middle East Pacific Ocean 7, 49
Himeji castle 33 Jewish Revolt 23 Mesopotamian civilization 14 Paiute 34
Hinduism 24, 25 Jews 23, 24, 80 Ottoman Empire 52–53 Pakistan 73, 83
Hiroshima 81 Joan of Arc 40 world religions 24–25 Palenque 46
Hispaniola 45 Johnson, General Albert 67 Midway, Battle of 81 paper 29
Hitler, Adolf 73, 78, 80 Judaism 24 migrations 6–7 Paris 40, 61, 63, 68
Holocaust 80 Jupiter 86 missionaries 39 Parthenon (Athens) 19
Holy Roman Empire 41 Jutland, Battle of 76 Modern World 70–89 Pearl Harbor 81
Homo erectus 6 Kanem-Bomu Empire 36 Mohenjo-Daro 15 pearls 15
Homo sapiens 6 Kanmu, Emperor 33 monasteries 31 Pedro I, Emperor 61
Hong Kong 60, 69 Kay, John 64 Mongol conquests 28, 41 penicillin 73, 75
hovercraft 75 Kennedy, John F. 72 Mongolia 20, 21 Persian Empire 19, 29

94
Persian Gulf 14
Peru 47
Segesta 18
Serbia 76 T V
Petersburg, Siege of 67 serfs 41 Taj Mahal (Agra) 44, 51 V2 rocket 75
pharaohs 16 Seven Years’ War 60 Tang Dynasty 29 Valley of the Kings 17
Philippines 49, 81 Severn River 65 Taoism 25 van Eyck, Jan 55
Philips 73, 75 Shah Jahan, Emperor 44, 50, 51 telegraphs 68 Venice 55
pilgrimages 40 Sherman, General William 67 telephones 61, 75 Venus 86
pirates 19 Shiloh, Battle of 67 television 73, 75 Vercingetorix 22
Pizarro, Francisco 44 Shinto 25, 33 temples Verona 23
plantations 56, 57 shipbuilding 64–65 Aztec and Maya 46 Versailles, Palace of 63
Poland 41, 81 ships Egyptian 17 Vesuvius, Mount 23
Polo, Marco 38 ancient Greek 18–19 Greek 18, 19 Vicksburg, Battle of 66
Polynesian voyages 7, 29 Arab dhows 39, 51 Japanese 33 Victoria, Queen 69
Pompeii 23 cable-laying 68 Korean 32 Vienna, Siege of 44
Popes 44, 55 Chinese junks 39, 49 Mesopotamian 14 Vietnam
population 72, 88 Egyptian 16, 17 Tenochtitlan 46 independence 83
Portugal Hanseatic 41 terraces 47 Vietnam War 72, 85
slavery 45, 57 Inuit kayaks 34 Terra-cotta army 10, 20 Vikings 29, 30–31
voyages of discovery 37, 44, 48–49, Ottoman galleys 52 Teutonic Knights 41 Vinland 29, 30
51, 54 Polynesian sailing canoes 7 textiles 11, 61, 64–65 voyages of discovery 44–45, 489
theaters, Greek 18
pottery 11, 12, 13
printing 29, 44, 54
Roman 23, 38
slave 56–57 Tigris River 14 W
Protestantism 45, 54 Viking longships 30–31 Timbuktu 28, 36 Warring States period 20, 21
Punic Wars 22 voyages of discovery 48–49, 54 totem poles 34 warriors
Pyramids of Giza 10, 16 Sicily 18 towns, early 13, 28 Aztec 46
Sikhism 24, 25 trade Huron 35
R Silk Road 38–39 early 12, 13, 14, 15, 18
Middle Ages 31, 32, 36–37, 41
Mongol 41
railroads 61, 64 Silla Kingdom 32 Mughal 50–51, 51
Ramses II, Pharaoh 17 slavery 22, 44, 45, 56–57, 60, 61, 66–67 Ottoman Empire 52–53 Plains 35
Red Sea 38 snowshoes 35 Silk Road 38–39 Samurai 33
religions 24–25 solar system 45, 54, 86–87 slaves 44, 45, 56–57 Viking 31
Renaissance 54–55 Sony 73, 75 spice 49, 51 Xiongnu 21
Revere, Paul 62 South Africa 73, 82 triangular 57 Warsaw Pact 84, 85
Rocket 61 South America 11, 47, 56, 61 Trans-Siberian Railroad 69 Washington, George 62
Roman Empire 10, 22–23 South Sudan 88 trench warfare 76 Watt, James 61, 64
Rome space age 86–87 Trenton, Battle of 62 Wessex 31
ancient 22–23 Space Race 84, 85 Trevithick, Richard 65 Whittle, Frank 75
Catholic Church 55 Spain tribal religions 24 William the Conqueror 28
Romulus and Remus 23 Muslim conquests 28 Troy 19 women
Roosevelt, Franklin 73 Romans 22 Truth, Sojourner 57 votes for 61
Rosetta spacecraft 86 Spanish Armada 45 Tunisia 23 World War I 77
Russia Spanish Civil War 72, 78 Tutankhamun 17 world fairs 68
World War I 60, 76–77
Russian Empire 69
Russian Revolution 72, 77
voyages of discovery 44, 45, 48–49
Sparta 19 U World War II 72, 75, 80–81
Stone Age 13 Sphinx 16, 69 Union states 66–67 Wright Brothers 61, 74
Vikings 30, 31 spice trade 49, 51 United Kingdom see Britain writing 11, 14, 15, 46
spinning jenny 64 United Nations 88
World War I 77
see also USSR Sputnik 1 72, 75, 86, 87 United States XYZ
Russo-Japanese War 61 Stalin, Joseph 79 Civil War 60, 66–67 Xianyang 20
Stalingrad, Battle of 81 Cold War 84–85 Yangtze River 21
S steam engines 61, 64, 65
steel 60
Declaration of Independence 61, 62
Revolution 61, 62
Yellow River 21
Sahara Desert 29, 36 Ying Zheng, Emperor 10, 20
Salish people 34 Stephenson, George 61 space exploration 86–87 Yorktown, Battle of 62
Sankore Madrassa mosque (Timbuktu) 36 Stockton and Darlington Railway 64 World War II 81 Zheng He 49
Sapa Inca 47 Stone Age 6, 12–13 Uranus 87 ziggurats 14
Saratoga, Battles of 62 Stonehenge (Britain) 12 Uruk 10, 14
Sargon, King 10–11 Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan 44, 53 USSR
satellites 74, 75, 86, 87 Sumer 10 Cold War 84–85
Saturn 87 Sun Yat-sen 60 collapse of 73
scuba diving 75 Suriname 57 foundation of 79
sea levels, rising 12, 89 Sweden 12 space exploration 86–87
seals, stone 15 World War II 80–81
see also Russia
95
Credits
Dorling Kindersley would like to thank the following
people for their assistance in the preparation of this
book: Caroline Hunt for proofreading and Helen Peters
for the index.
Picture Credits:
The publisher would also like to thank the following for
their kind permission to reproduce their photographs:
(Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; c-center; f-far; l-left;
r-right; t-top)
6 Dorling Kindersley: Dave King/National Museum of
Wales (bl). Science Photo Library: S. ENTRESSANGLE/E.
DAYNES (tr). 7 Alamy Stock Photo: Image Gap (bc).
Neanderthal Museum: (tl). 10 Alamy Stock Photo: ping
han (br). Dreamstime.com: Blossfeldia (clb). 10-11
Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler/The Combined
Military Services Museum (CMSM) (c). 11 Alamy Stock
Photo: INTERFOTO (clb). Dreamstime.com: Christian
Delbert/Babar760 (br); Carlos1967 (cla); Jeanne Coppens
/Moramora (cra); Keith Wheatley/Kwheatley (c). Getty
Images: De Agostini Picture Library (tc). iStockphoto.com:
Aleksandr_Vorobev (crb). 12 Alamy Stock Photo:
PRISMA ARCHIVO (clb). 13 Alamy Stock Photo: Robert
Hoetink (br). Getty Images: DEA PICTURE LIBRARY (tc);
DEA/G. DAGLI ORTI (tr). 14 Alamy Stock Photo:
MuseoPics - Paul Williams (bl). Dorling Kindersley: Gary
Ombler/The University of Aberdeen (cr). 15 Alamy Stock
Photo: JTB MEDIA CREATION, Inc. (cl); robertharding (tr).
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Diegophoto (cla). 17 Dorling Kindersley: Alistair
Duncan/Cairo Museum (br); Gary Ombler/The University
of Aberdeen (tr). 18 Alamy Stock Photo: Science History
Images (br). Dreamstime.com: Gigavisual (clb). 19
Dreamstime.com: Sofia Katsikadi/Sofiakat17 (tl). 20
Alamy Stock Photo: World History Archive (cl).
Dreamstime.com: Steve Allen/Mrallen (bl). 21 Dorling
Kindersley: Gary Ombler / University of Pennsylvania
Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology (cr/ coins.
Dreamstime.com: Silvershot55 (tr). 22 Alamy Stock
Photo: A. Astes (bc); Adam Eastland (c). 24 123RF.com:
taigi (cl). Dorling Kindersley: Ray Moller/Powell-Cotton
Museum, Kent. (br). Dreamstime.com: Ahmad Faizal
Yahya/Afby71 (tr). Getty Images: Godong (tl). 25 Alamy
Stock Photo: Art Directors & TRIP (tl). Dreamstime.com:
Woraphon Banchobdi/Pat138241 (bc). iStockphoto.com:
aluxum (tr). 28 Dorling Kindersley: Dave King/
University Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology,
Cambridge (tr). Getty Images: DEA / G. DAGLI ORTI (c).
29 Alamy Stock Photo: Ian Bottle (c). Dorling
Kindersley: Dave King/Durham University Oriental
Museum (cra); Gary Ombler/Vikings of Middle England
(ca/shield & axe). Getty Images: GraphicaArtis (clb). 30
Alamy Stock Photo: Rami Aapasuo (tr). 30-31
Dreamstime.com: Lucian Milasan/Miluxian (bc). 31
Dorling Kindersley: Peter Anderson/Universitets
Oldsaksamling, Oslo (br/helmet); Gary Ombler/Vikings of
Middle England (tr); Gary Ombler/Canterbury City
Council, Museums and Galleries (tr/ring); Dave King/
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96
Collector (cl). 32 Alamy Stock Photo: JeongHyeon Noh Belgium (cb). Dreamstime.com: Gail Benson/
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Alamy Stock Photo: Gavin Hellier (bc); Ian Nellist (cla). Photo: Universal Images Group North America LLC (cb).
37 Alamy Stock Photo: Chris Howes/Wild Places Getty Images: Henry Guttmann (cl). 77 Getty Images:
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Historical Picture Archive (cr). 38 Alamy Stock Photo: Getty Images: Hulton Archive/Stringer (br). 79 Getty
Granger Historical Picture Archive (bc); North Wind Images: Bettmann (tr); Central Press/Stringer (bl). 80
Picture Archives (cl); imageBROKER (cb). Dorling Alamy Stock Photo: World History Archive (bl). Dorling
Kindersley: Gary Ombler/Canterbury City Council, Kindersley: Andy Crawford/Imperial War Museum,
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Dave King / Durham University Oriental Museum (tc). 40 Imperial War Museum, London (bc). Getty Images: Fred
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Dreamstime.com: Songquan Deng (bl). Getty Images:
Photo: World History Archive (tl). Dorling Kindersley:
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Hoa Luc (tr); Hoa Luc (cl). 48 Alamy Stock Photo:
Photo: Greg Vaughn (bc)
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(tl). 52 Getty Images: Heritage Images (br). 53 Alamy
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(br). 60 Alamy Stock Photo: World History Archive (crb).
Getty Images: Hulton Archive/Stringer (ca). 60-61
Alamy Stock Photo: Arco Images GmbH (c/napolean).
61 Dorling Kindersley: Dave King/The Science
Museum, London (cra); Gary Ombler/National Railway
Museum, York/Science Museum Group (c); Clive Streeter/
The Science Museum, London (clb). 62 123RF.com:
Rolando Da Jose/annika09 (br). 63 Dreamstime.com:
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com: whitemay (br). 66 Alamy Stock Photo: US
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(br). 68 Alamy Stock Photo: World History Archive (cl). 69
Dreamstime.com: Chrisp543 (bl). Getty Images: Pascal
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Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler/John Pearce (tc).
Dreamstime.com: Anusorn62 (cb). 73 Dorling
Kindersley: Ellen Howdon/Glasgow Museums/Glasgow
City Council (Museums) (tl); Gary Ombler/Royal Museum
of the Armed Forces and of Military History, Brussels,