Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. Germ theory was given by Louis Pasteur. He is the Father of microbiology. He laid the principles of sterilization
and disinfection.
2. Principles of asepsis in surgery was introduced by Joseph Lister.
3. Robert Koch discovered the causative organism for tuberculosis and Cholera.
4. Prokaryotes have N acetyl muramic acid and N acetyl glucosamine in their cell wall. They lack nuclear membrane
and cytoplasmic organelles.
5. The cell wall of gram negative bacteria contains Lipopolysaccharide, periplasmic space and outer membrane.
6. The cell wall of gram positive contain teichoic acids.
7. Diaminopimelic acid is an aminoacid found only in peptidoglycan of the bacterial cell wall.
8. Endotoxins are Polysaccharide and lipid complex, heat stable and have low antigenicity.
9. Endotoxic activity of gram negative bacteria is present in lipid A part.
10. Limulus amebocyte lysate assay is positive in Gram negative bacteria.
11. Fever, leukopenia, DIC, hypotension and endotoxic shock is initiated by Cytokine release from immune cells.
12. Exotoxins are highly antigenic, polypeptides actively secreted by the bacteria.
13. The only exotoxin released only on lysis of the bacterium is botulinum toxin.
14. Sterols are present only in the cytoplasmic membrane of Mycoplasma.
15. The only bacterium lacking cell wall is Mycoplasma.
16. Darting motility is found in Vibrio and Campylobacter.
17. Stately motility is of Clostridium and Salmonella.
18. Dipicolinic acid present in Spore core is responsible for the resistance of spores to heat.
19. Bacillus and Clostridium are the only pathogenic bacteria that form spores.
20. Silver impregnation method of staining (Levaditi’s stain and Fontana stain) is used to demonstrate Spirochetes
21. Ashby modification of the Schaeffer Fulton stain (Malachite green with safranine as counterstain) is used
forstaining bacterial endospores.
22. Wayson stain is used for staining Yersinia pestis in specimens.
23. Metachromatic granules are stained by Albert stain, Neisser’s stain and Ponder’s stain
24. Correct sequence of bacterial growth curve is Lag Phase Log phase Stationery phaseDecline phase
25. There is exponential increase in the bacterial number during log phase.
26. Obligate anaerobes grow in absence of O2. Eg. Clostridium, Bacteroides, Actinomyces.
27. A facultative anaerobic is ordinarily an aerobe but can grow in absence of O2.Eg. Staphylococcus and
Streptococcus.
28. Campylobacter and Helicobacter are microaerophilic bacteria.
29. Capnophilic bacteria are Brucella abortus, Pneumococcus, Neisseria and hemophilus.
30. Optimum pH growth of bacteria is 7.2.
31. Vibrio grow in alkaline pH (8.28.4)
32. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is most commonly transmitted through conjugation (R plasmids).
33. R plasmids are made of Resistance transfer factor and r determinants.
34. Transmission of drug resistance was first observed in Shigella
35. The role of plasmids in conjugation was first described by Lederberg and Tatum in Esch. Coli
36. Transduction is gene transfer mechanism by a Bacteriophage . It is the most common mechanism of gene
transfer in bacteria.
37. Uptake by a recipient cell of soluble DNA released from a donor cells is defined as Transformation.
38. Transformation was first demonstrated on Pneumococcus by Griffith.
39. F factor integrates with bacterial chromosome to form HFr cells( high frequency recombination cells).
40. Viral genome integrated into the bacterial genomes are known as Prophage.
41. Packaging of chromosomal DNA into a virus produces Transducin phage.
42. In the extracellular medium, DNAdestroying enzymes would likely prevent transfer of DNA by natural
transformation.
43. Basal medium provides a source of carbon and nitrogen. Nutrient agar, Nutrient broth and peptone water are
basal medium.
44. Selective media is contains chemicals which prevents growth of unwanted organisms.
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23.Culture media containing egg or serum is typically sterilized by using inspissation (moist heat at 850C).
24.The essential parameters of steam sterilization are time, temperature, saturated steam and pressure.
25.If the bioburden is too high, the established sterilization parameters may not be adequate rendering the
sterilization process ineffective.
26.Browne's tube no. 1 is used for steam sterilization efficacy.
27.The best way to dispose of hospitalsoiled dressings, human pathological material and animal carcasses is
incineration.
28.Volume reduction of infectious hospital waste is 85%.
29.Best method of sterilization of disposable gloves and syringes is Gamma rays (ionizing radiation).
30.Use of gamma rays is called cold sterilization.
31.In gamma radiation, radioactive isotope commonly used is Cobalt 60
32.Membrane filtration is best to sterilize heat labile solutions.
33.Most commonly used filters are membrane filters.
34.Membrane filters are made of polyester, polycarbonate or cellulose esters.
35.Vaccines and serum are sterilized by filtration.
36.Concentration of Lysol used as disinfectant is 3%.
37.Concentration of phenol used as disinfectant is 5%.
38.Concentration of Cidex (Glutaraldehyde) used as disinfectant is 2%.
39.Cystoscopies and bronchoscopes are disinfected/sterilized by Cidex.
40.Heat labile instruments for use in surgical procedures can be best sterilized by ethylene oxide (ETO) gas.
41.Ethylene oxide is effective for sterilizing mattresses, sutures and plastic Petri plates
42.ETO sterilized products require 8 hours of aeration .
43.Ethylene Oxide is a highly toxic agent, which destroys microorganisms by the process of alkylation.
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44.Gas plasma sterilization uses hydrogen peroxide gas and radiofrequency emissions.
45.Gas plasma is not compatible with paper products.
46.Gas plasma efficacy is tested by spores of B. stearothermophilus.
47.Dettol is 4% chloroxylenol.
48.Savlon contains 3% Cetrimide + 0.3% chlorhexidine.
49.Quaternary ammonium compounds like Cetrimide are cationic surface active agents.
50.Soaps are anionic surface acting agents
51.Phenol coefficient indicates efficacy of a disinfectant.
52.Total/Plate count, Resazurin test and methylene blue reduction test done to detect bacterial contamination in raw
milk.
Immunity
1. Administration of a vaccine stimulates artificial active immunity.
2. Natural active immunity results following infection due to a pathogen
3. Passive natural immunity –transplacental transfer of antibodies to foetus
4. When transfer factor is given as treatment, it results in adoptive immunity
5. First barrier encountered by microorganisms for common exposed sites is Skin.
6. Lymph node consists of an outermost cortex and an inner medulla. The cortex is composed of an outer cortex of
B cells organized into lymphoid follicles, and deep, or paracortical, areas made up mainly of T cells and dendritic
cells.
7. SpleenT cell concentrate in the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS) of the white pulp. B cell localise in the
follicles around the PALS.
8. CRP is β 1 globulin synthesized in the liver. It is an acute phase reactant. It reacts with the somatic 'C'
carbohydrate antigen of Pneumococcus. The gene is located on the chromosome 1. Half life of CRP is 18 hours.
9. Normal concentration in healthy human serum is between 5 and 10 mg/L. CRP levels rise within two hours of the
onset of inflammation, up to a 50,000fold
10. Natural killer cells are part of innate immunity. The main function of the NK cells is to patrol the body looking for
cells that have lost the expression of MHC class I molecule. This is the major mechanism in protection from
virusinfected cells and cancerous cells. CD16 (Fc receptor for IgG antibody) is required for lysis of IgGcoated
target cells (antibodydependent, cellmediated cytotoxicity) by NK cells.
11. Proteins have the highest antigenicity and lipids have the least.
12. The main aim of an adjuvant is to increase antigenicity. More antibodies are produced when an adjuvant is
added.
13. Tdependent antigens are those that do not directly stimulate the production of antibody without the help of T
cells. Eg. Proteins.
14. Tindependent antigens are antigens which can directly stimulate the B cells to produce antibody without the
requirement for T cell help. Eg. Polysaccharides.
15. Structurally distinct or discreet areas on an antigen which are recognized by the T cells and the B cells and to
which immune response develops are called epitopes.
16. A discontinuous antigen Epitope is produced by amino acid residues on nonadjacent polypeptide sequences.
17. A linear Epitope is formed by amino acid sequences next to each other; they are recognized by both B or T cells.
18. Same/ closely related antigens are present in different biological species/ classes/ kingdoms are called
Heterophile antigens.
19. A protein or other substance that is present in only some members of a species is called isoantigens.
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20. Superantigens do not need processing by antigen presenting cells and cause activation of very large number of T
cells irrespective of their antigenic specificity (T cell mitogen).
21. Antibodies are secreted by plasma cells. Each antibody molecule consists of 2 identical heavy chains of 5073 kda
and 2 identical light chains of 25 kda each.
22. L chains2 varieties, kappa and lambda. H chains5 varieties; α, γ, µ, ε and δ.
23. Hchain type is class specific antigenic determinant of the antibody.
24. T/t of antibody with pepsin forms F(ab)2 and small peptides.
25. T/t of antibody with papain forms 2 Fab and 1 Fc fragments.
26. Antigen binding part of antibody (Idiotypic determinants) are located within hypervariable regions of heavy and
light chains (N terminus).
27. Different immunoglobulin chains are coded by different chromosomes. H chain is encoded on chromosome 14
and L chain genes on chromosome 2 (kappa) and 22 (lambda)
28. Most abundant immunoglobulin in serum is IgG1. IgE has least concentration in serum.
29. IgM is present as pentamer in the serum. It is also called Millionaire molecule. It has a valency of 510.
30. IgM and IgD act as B cell receptor on B cells.
31. IgA is the most abundant antibody in mucosal secretions.
32. The secretory component of IgA is formed by epithelial cells of lining mucosa not by the plasma cells.
33. Antisera are prepared in rabbits.
34. Antigen antibody precipitation is maximally seen in equivalence of antibody and antigen.
35. Weil felix, Paul Bunnel and Widal are tube agglutination reactions.
36. Coomb’s test is an Agglutination test.
37. Wasserman reaction is a complement fixation test.
38. Rose Waaler test is a passive agglutination test.
39. Eleks test is a gel precipitation test.
40. Schick test is a neutralization test.
41. Lancefield sero grouping is by ring precipitation.
42. VDRL is a slide precipitation test.
43. DNA is detected by Southern blot. RNA is detected by Northern blot. Protein is detected by Western blot.
44. Most complement proteins are enzymes.
45. Ag Ab complex activates the classical complement pathway IgM and IgG.
46. Patient with C5 through C9 complement deficiencies are most likely to be susceptible to meningococcal infection.
47. Centre of complement pathway is C3. All 3 pathways converge on C3.
48. C3 convertase in alternate complement pathway is C3bBb.
49. C5 convertase in alternate complement pathway is C3bBb3b.
50. C3 convertase in classical complement pathway is C4b2b.
51. C5 convertase in classical complement pathway is C4b2b3b.
52. Complements formed in liver are C3, C6 and C9.
53. LPS and Snake venom act by alternate pathway.
54. Most abundant in serum C3.
55. C5a and C3a are chemoattractant.
56. Membrane attack complex is C59.
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42. Most common organism causing otitis media, sinusitis and meningitis is Pneumococcus.
43. Most common organisms responsible for postsplenectomy infections are Streptococcus pneumoniae & H.
influenza.
44. Treatment of Pneumococcus is Penicillin.
Gram Positive Bacilli
1. All corynebacteria are resistant to potassium tellurite.
2. Diphtheroids are normal flora in conjunctiva and URT.
3. Metachromatic or volutin granules are seen in Corynebacterium.
4. Volutin granules are stained by Albert stain or Neisser stain or Ponder stain.
5. C.diphtheriae is also called Klebs Loeffler’s bacillus.
6. C. diphtheriae can be grown within 68 hrs on Loeffler's serum slope.
7. Diphtheria toxin is the most important virulence factor of C. diphtheria.
8. DT was discovered by Roux and Yersin.
9. DT is due to Lysogenic conversion of C. diphtheria by beta phage.
10. The diphtheria toxin production depends on concentration of iron. Level of iron determines toxin production.
11. The DT has affinity for myocardium, adrenals and nerve endings.
12. The mechanism of action of the exotoxin produced by C. diphtheriae can be characterized by inhibiting protein
synthesis via adenosine diphosphate (ADP) ribosylation of EF2.
13. Bull’s neck is characteristically seen in diphtheria.
14. Elek's gel precipitation test is done for diphtheria toxin.
15. Positive Schick's test indicates that person is ssusceptible to diphtheri
16. Prophylactic drug of choice for diphtheria is Erythromycin.
17. Ehrlich phenomenon is seen in C. diphtheria.
18. Erythrasma is caused by C. Minutissimum.
19. Bacillus are the most common commensal of culture media.
20. The bacteria used to check efficacy of autoclave is Bacillus stearothermophilus.
21. The only Bacillus species that is nonmotile and capsulated is B. Anthracis.
22. Medusa head appearance of the colonies are seen in Bacillus anthracis.
23. McFadden’s reaction is employed for the presumptive diagnosis of Anthrax it demonstrates the capsule.
24. Malignant pustule and Hide porter’s disease are terms for Anthrax ulcer.
25. Pulmonary anthrax is also called woolsorter’s disease.
26. Selective medium for B. Anthracis is PLET medium.
27. Anthrax toxin3 fractions; EF, LF and protective antigen.
28. Arcola’s thermoprecipitation test helps in confirming the laboratory diagnosis of Anthrax.
29. Anthrax vaccine developed in 1881 by Louis Pasteur.
30. Incubation period for B. Cereus emetic type food poisoning is 16 hrs.
31. Incubation period for B. Cereus diarrheal type food poisoning is 816 hrs
32. MYPA agar is used for selecting B. cereus.
33. Strict anaerobes.
34. Clostridium form bulging spores.
35. Nonmotile species C. perfringens and C. tetani VI.
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1. Neisseria meningitides appear as diplococci with adjacent sides flattened (half moon shaped).
2. Neisseria gonorrhoeae appear as diplococci with adjacent sides concave (bean shaped).
3. Neisseriae are present as a part of the normal flora in the URT. Eg. N.lactamica, N.flava, N.flavescens.
4. The two pathogenic Neisseria species, N. meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae, differ from the nonpathogenic
5. Neisseria species in that the pathogenic species grow well in enriched media.
6. Meningococci differ from gonococci in the presence of a polysaccharide capsule.
7. Transport medium Stuart’s and Amie’s.
8. Selective medium is ThayerMartin medium.
9. ThayerMartin medium contains vancomycin, Colistin and Nystatin.
10. The source of Neisseria meningitidis is the nasopharynx of asymptomatic human carriers.
11. There are 13 capsular subtypes of N. meningitidis.
12. Most common cause of human meningococcal diseasetypes A, B and C.
13. Meningitis with hemorrhagic rash is seen in N.meningitidis
14. Waterhouse friedrichsen syndrome (septicemia, severe shock and DIC) is caused by Neisseria meningitides.
15. Incubation period of gonorrhea is 2 8days.
16. The majority of infected females are asymptomatic in gonorrhea in contrast to men.
17. Most common site of asymptomatic gonococcal infection in women is endocervix
18. Least susceptible to gonococcal infection is testis.
19. Plasmid mediated Penicillin resistant is common in gonococcus.
20. Treatment of gonorrhoea is Ceftriaxone 250 mg I/M.
21. Moraxella catarrhalis is the causative agent of sinusitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia
Gram Negative Bacilli
1. Enterobacteriaceae is oxidase negative, catalase positive and nitrate reduction positive.
2. Nonmotile members of Enterobacteriaceae are Shigella, Klebsiella and Salmonella gallinarumpullorum.
3. On culture, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella produce pink/LF colonies on MacConkey's medium.
4. On culture, Shigella, Proteus and Salmonella produced pale / NLF colonies on MacConkey's medium.
5. Transmission of drug resistance was first observed in Shigella.
6. Shigella have plasmid mediated invasiveness, leading to bacillary dysentery.
7. The only Species of Shigella that produces exotoxin is Shigella dysenteriae.
8. Shiga toxin acts by inhibiting protein synthesis.
9. Infective dose of Shigella is 10100 bacilli.
10. For Shigella organism best specimen for culture is stool culture.
11. Diagnostic test for Shigella and ElEC is HeLa cell invasion and Sereny test.
12. Friedländer’s bacillus is Klebsiella pneumoniae.
13. The verotoxin producing E. coli belong to Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC).
14. E. coli O157 H7 belongs to EHEC.
15. Culture medium used for diagnosis of EHEC O157 H7 is Sorbitol MacConkey medium.
16. Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) is a common cause of diarrhea in children in developing countries and the most
common cause of traveler’s diarrhea.
17. Enterotoxigenic E. coli produce heat labile toxin and heat stable toxin.
18. In vitro test for enterotoxin production is rabbit ileal loop assay, cytotoxicity on Y1 adrenal tumor cell assay
and Chinese hamster assay.
19. In addition to ETEC another strain of E. coli that causes travelers diarrhea is EAEC
20. Persistent diarrhoea is due to EAEC.
21. Most common cause of bacterial diarrhea in infants is EPEC.
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commensal in URT of several animals, Eg. dogs/ cats. It causes wound infections of cat and dog bites.
59. Francisella tularensis is a gram negative bacillus which causes tularaemia/ Rabbit fever. Voles, rabbits, and
muskrats are reservoir hosts. Most common typeulceroglandular (6070%).
60. Bacteroides fragilis is an nonmotile, nonsporing anaerobic gram negative bacillus. It has a zwitterion ic
capsule. Its LPS has altered structure.
Gram Negative Spiral
1. 42°C (107.6°F) microaerophilic on Skirrow's medium are the special laboratory conditions needed to recover
Campylobacter jejuni
2. Urease production is an important distinguishing characteristic of H. pylori as compared to Campylobacter
species
3. C. jejuni causes a zoonotic food poisoning.
4. Poultry is the main source of infection.
5. IP is 27 days. Abdominal pain may initially mimic appendicitispseudoappendicitis.
6. Maximum urease is produced by H. pylori
7. H. pylori is transmitted via fecaloral route.
8. About 50% of world population affected. 8085% of population is infected in some developing countries.
9. Colonization’s of the gastric mucosa is asymptomatic
10. H. Pylori causes chronic atrophic gastritis, peptic ulcer, gastric adenocarcinoma and MALToma.
11. The most specific test for detection of H. pylori infection is culture of biopsy.
12. The most rapid test to detect H. pylori is the urease test or urea breath test
13. Dark ground microscopy, silver staining and negative staining is useful for Treponema Pallidum ,
14. Average incubation period of syphilis is 3 weeks (990 days).
15. Characteristic of primary chancre is painless punched out indurated ulcer.
16. The most infectious lesion in secondary syphilis are condyloma lata
17. Gummas, Tabes dorsalis and general paresis of the insane are the complications seen in tertiary syphilis.
18. Nontreponemal tests use cardiolipin antigen. Egg. Wasserman, Kahn and VDRL.
19. VDRL is a slide flocculation test.
20. FTAABS is the first serological test to be positive in syphilis.
21. Most sensitive test for syphilis is FTAABS.
22. FTA Abs is an indirect fluorescent antibody test.
23. Most specific test for syphilis is TPI and TPPA.
24. Biological false positive reaction are false positive nontreponemal tests. Eg. pregnancy, SLE, Infectious
mononucleosis.
25. Congenital syphilis can be best diagnosed by IgM FTAABS
26. Treatment of syphilis is benzathine Penicillin.
27. Yaws, pinta and endemic syphilis are called nonvenereal treponematosis.
28. Lymes disease is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi.
29. Reservoir for Lymes disease is rodents and the vector is hard tick.
30. Erythema Chronicum Migrans is feature of Lyme’s disease.
31. Bell’s palsy and arthritis are seen in chronic stage.
32. Kelly’s medium is used for Borrelia burgdorferi
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25. X factor (Hemin) and V factor (NAD) are required for the growth of Haemophilus Influenzae.
26. Satellitism is seen in H. influenzae.
27. Invasive infections (meningitis, pneumonia) are most commonly associated with encapsulated strains (Hib).
28. Third generation Cephalosporins are used for of H. Influenzae meningitis.
29. For prophylaxis of H. Influenzae meningitis, drug used is Rifampicin
30. 'School of fish' appearance under microscope is seen in chancroid caused by H. ducreyi.
31. H. aegyptius causes pink eye and Brazilian purpuric fever.
32. Mycoplasma needs cholesterol and other lipids for growth.
33. Mycoplasma lack cell wall and contain sterols in the cell membrane.
34. Diene s’s stain is used for Mycoplasma.
35. Colonies have fried egg or mulberry appearance.
36. Primary atypical pneumonia is caused by Mycoplasma. It can occur in healthy persons.
37. M. pneumoniae induced pneumonia may be rapidly identified by Cold agglutinin test and Streptococcus MG
test.
38. Erythromycin is the treatment for Mycoplasma lung infections.
39. Mycoplasma hominis can cause nongonococcal urethritis in humans.
40. Ureaplasma urealyticum is associated with nongonococcal urethritis in humans
41. Ureaplasma is naturally resistant to Cephalosporins
42. Legionella pneumophila is a motile gram negative bacillus.
43. It requires supplemental ingredients like iron and cysteine to grow in laboratory media.
44. BCYE medium is used to culture of L. pneumophila.
45. Reservoir for Legionella is aquatic environment. It can survive intracellularly in free living amebae.
46. Legionnaire’s disease due to L. pneumophila is an important cause of pneumonia in renal transplant
patients, DM, elderly and smokers.
47. Most commonly used test for diagnosis is antigen detection in urine by ELISA.
48. Pontiac fever is caused by L. Pneumophila.
Rickettsia, Bartonella & Chlamydia
1. Rickettsia are gram negative coccobacilli, obligate intracellular, form basophilic inclusion bodies that stain
with Castaneda or Giemsa stain.
2. Chlamydia psittaci forms LCL bodies inside cells.
3. Flea is a vector in endemic typhus (R. typhi).
4. Louse is the vector for epidemic typhus (R. prowazekii).
5. Neil Mooser reaction/tunica reaction is useful to differentiate between R. typhi and R. prowazekii
6. Tick is the vector in humans for Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Indian tick typhus and Boutonneuse fever.
7. Zoonotic tetrad is in Scrub typhus. It is transmitted by chiggers of Trombiculid mite.
8. Weil Felix reaction is based on Heterophile antigen. Agglutination with OXK is seen in Scrub typhus.
9. WeilFelix reaction is negative in rickettsial pox, trench fever and Q fever.
10. Coxiella burnetii exhibits phase variation and can survive Holder method.
11. Transmission of Q fever is inhalation of aerosol, ingestion of raw contaminated milk or percutaneous.
12. Bartonella are not obligate intracellular.
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13. Louse is the vector for trench fever caused by Bartonella quintana.
14. Cat scratch disease and Bacillary angiomatosis is caused by Bartonella henselae.
15. Verruga peruana and Oroya fever are caused by Bartonella bacilliformis
16. Ehrlichia is transmitted by the bite of a hard Ixodid tick.
17. Ehrlichia phagocytophila causes Human granulocytic Ehrlichiosis
18. E. chaffeensis causes Human monocytic Ehrlichiosis.
19. Chlamydia are obligate intracellular bacteria.
20. Basophilic inclusion bodies.
21. HeLa and McCoy cell culture and yolk sac of chick embryo useful for cultivation of Chlamydia.
22. Biphasic life cycle. Elementary body is metabolically inactive.
23. Genital chlamydiosis is the most common bacterial STD.
24. Chlamydia trachomatis D to K infections in the genitourinary tract can pass from mother to fetus causing
inclusion conjunctivitis and infant pneumonia.
25. The most sensitive method for detecting cervical Chlamydia trachomatis infection is PCR or nucleic acid probes.
26. Best for treating chlamydial infection is Tetracycline
27. DOC of Chlamydia in pregnancy is Amoxicillin
28. Lymphogranuloma venereum is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis L1, L2 and L3.
29. Chlamydia pneumoniae has only one serotype. Chronic infection can cause atherosclerosis.
Mycobacterium
1. The tubercle bacillus was discovered by Robert Koch.
2. National Institute of Tuberculosis is located at Bangalore.
3. TB day24th March.
4. ZN stain and Kinyoun stain are used for acid fast staining.
5. AuramineO and Rhodamine B are fluorescent dyes that bind to mycolic acids in their cell wall.
6. M. tuberculosis shows growth on solid media in 28 weeks.
7. Solid media with egg used for culture of TB bacilli is LJ medium and Dorset media.
8. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is niacin positive.
9. The best diagnostic procedure of M. tuberculosis infection is sputum culture.
10. Most common agent causing opportunistic infection in AIDS patient in tropical countries is Mycobacterium
tuberculosis.
11. MDRTB is resistance to both INH and Rifampicin.
12. Susceptibility tests are absolute concentration, resistance ratio and proportion methods MGIT, MODS and
PCR too.
13. Tuberculin test is a delayed hypersensitivity reaction.
14. Methods to assess prevalence of TB in a community are Tuberculin test and IFNγ release assays.
15. One Tuberculin unit contains 1 unit of PPDRT23.
16. RNTCP diagnosis is based on Sputum microscopy.
17. A scotochromogen forms pigmented colonies on solid media whether grown in dark or light. Eg. M.
scrofulaceum and M. szulgai.
18. M. gordonae is the tap water scotochromogen.
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8. Chronic hepatitis B is defined as having serum HBsAg for more than six months
9. IgM AntiHBc can be used to differentiate acute from chronic Hepatitis B infection
10. The precore mutants in hepatitis B have a notable absence of HBeAg.
Extrahepatic complications Polyarteritis nodosa, serum sickness and nephrotic syndrome.
11. HBV cannot be cultured
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16. Hepatitis C virus transmission to the foetus in pregnancy depends on levels of HCV RNA.
17. HDV is defective virus that requires its helper HBV to provide an envelope protein.
18. HBV vaccine provides immunity to HDV.
19. Hepatitis E virus, earlier a Calicivirus now classified in Herpesviridae.
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6. Dengue hemorrhagic fever is most often seen with type 2 (especially with a previous infection with type 1)
7. First human disease proved to have a viral etiology was Yellow fever.
8. Yellow fever is not reported in Asia.
9. Torres bodies are inclusion bodies of yellow fever virus.
10. Councilmann bodies are seen in liver biopsy.
11. Yellow fever reference centre in India is Central Research Institute, Kasauli
12. Kavasanur Forest Disease is caused by Flavivirus
13. KFD is transmitted by ticks.
16. The first recognized outbreak of Chikungunya disease occurred in 1952 in Tanzania
17. The major vector for Chikungunya virus in Asia is Aedes aegypti
18. Diagnosis of Chikungunya can be confirmed by Serological test Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome and Hemorrhagic
fever renal syndrome is caused by inhalation of rodent feces
madcow disease in cattle. These progressive neurologic diseases have long incubation periods.
Protozoa Pseudopod and flagellates
1. The infective form of Entamoeba histolytica is the quadrinucleate cyst
2. The trophozoite of E. histolytica extends ectoplasmic pseudopodia rapidly. The nuclear membrane is lined by
fine chromatin.
3. Amoebic chromatoidal bars seen in the cyst of E. histolytica are composed of Ribonucleoprotein.
4. Amebic liver abscess complicates amebic dysentery when trophozoites enter portal circulation.
5. Granulomatous amebic encephalitis is caused by Acanthamoeba and Balamuthia.
6. Acute primary amoebic meningoencephalitis is caused by Naegleria fowleri and is diagnosed by trophozoite
in CSF.
7. Lobopodia are present in trophozoites of Naeglaria.
8. Giardia lamblia is the only protozoan parasite found in the lumen of small intestine
9. Giardia lamblia infection by ingestion of quadrinucleate cyst.
10. Recurrent Giardiasis is associated with common variable immunodeficiency
11. The normal habitat of Giardia are duodenum and upper jejunum.
12. Giardia is the most common parasitic cause of steatorrhea.
13. Entero test is done for giardiasis.
14. The most common parasitic STD is Trichomoniasis.
15. Trichomonas has only one stage in its life cycle –Trophozoite.
16. Strawberry appearance of cervix is seen in Trichomoniasis.
17. The drug of choice in treating vaginal trichomoniasis is Metronidazole.
18. Vector for sleeping sickness is tsetse fly.
19. Winterbottom sign of sleeping sickness refers to posterior cervical lymphadenopathy.
20. Vector for Chaga’s disease is Reduviid bugs.
21. Romaña’s sign is seen in Chaga’s disease.
22. Nifurtimox or bamnidazole are used for treatment of Chagas’ disease.
23. Reservoir of Kala Azar in India is man only.
24. Vector for Kala azar is Phlebotomus argentipes.
25. Amastigote form of Leishmania donovani resides in cells of the reticuloendothelial system.
26. Stained smears from organ of kala azar patient will demonstrate amastigote form.
27. NNN medium is used for cultivation of Leishmania.
28. Best animal model for Leishmania donovani is Golden hamster
29. Most common cause of cutaneous leishmaniasis is Leishmania tropica.
30. Most common cause of disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis is L. Mexicana.
31. Most common cause of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is L.brasiliensis.
12. Banana shaped gametocytes in peripheral smear are seen in infection with Plasmodium falciparum.
13. Maurer’s dot are seen in infection with Plasmodium falciparum.
14. Schüffner’s dots' are seen in malaria by P. Vivax
18. Cerebral malaria most commonly attends infection with Plasmodium falciparum
19. In patient with P. Malariae malaria, the fever has periodicity of 72 hours.
22. Symptomatic Infection with Babesia is most commonly observed in patients without a spleen
23. Maltese cross is associated with Babesia microti.
24. Definitive host in Toxoplasma is cat.
26. Toxoplasmosis in fetus is best confirmed by IgM antibodies against Toxoplasma in fetus
27. Cryptosporidium, Isospora and Cyclospora cyst can be identified by Acid fast stain of stool.
28. Cryptosporidium is the M/C cause of diarrhea in HIV infected.
29. Autoinfection is seen in Cryptosporidium.
9. The egg of Hymenolepis nana parasites consists of polar filaments arising from either end of the embryophore.
10. The smallest tapeworm of man is H. nana. The longest tapeworm of man is D. latum.
11. Man is intermediate host for Echinococcus granulosus. Definitive host is dog.
12. Vital layer of Hydatid Cyst is germinal Layer/endocyst.
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14. Casoni test is an immediate hypersensitivity test for diagnosis of hydatid cyst.
15. Polycystic Echinococcosis is caused by Echinococcus vogeli
16. Alveolar Echinococcosis is caused by Echinococcus multilocularis
Helminths Nematodes
1. Prepatent period in filariasis is entry of parasite to detection of first microfilaria in blood
2. Commonest filarial agent in India is Wucheraria bancrofti
3. The third stage larva of W. bancrofti is spread to humans by bite of Culex, Aedes, Anopheles.
4. Microfilariae of W. bancrofti are sheathed, tailtip free of nuclei and have a nocturnal periodicity.
5. The third stage larva of Brugia malayi is mainly spread by Mansonia.
6. Microfilariae of Brugiai are smaller, sheathed, two nuclei in tail tip and have a nocturnal periodicity.
7. In the diagnosis of filariasis the blood sample is collected for identification of microfilaria is stored in EDTA.
8. Hetrazan test is used for detection of microfilaria in filariasis.
9. Involvement of genitals does not occur in filariasis due to Brugia.
10. 'Mayers Kouwenaar syndrome' is Occult filariasis
11. Diagnosis of occult filariasis can be made by detection of antibody in blood to larval antigen
12. Simulium/black fly is the vector for Onchocerca volvulus.
13. Unsheathed microfilaria of O. volvulus are non periodic and present in dermis.
14. Onchocerca volvulus causes river blindness and leopard skin.
15. Mango fly is the vector for Loa loa.
16. Loa loa shows sheathed microfilaria with terminal nuclei which show diurnal periodicity.
17. Calabar or fugitive swelling is seen in Loa loa.
18. Man is the definitive host of guinea worm.
19. Intermediate host for guinea worm is Cyclops.
20. Dracunculosis is acquired by ingestion of water containing Cyclops with larvae.
21. Nematode residing in Caecum and appendix is Trichiura and Enterobius vermicularis.
22. Rectal prolapse, coconut cake rectum and iron deficiency anemia is seen in trichuriasis.
23. Eggs of Trichiura are bile stained, unembryonated and barrel shaped with mucus plugs at the poles.
24. Pruritus ani is caused by Oxyuriasis/ Enterobiasis.
25. NIH swab is used to collect eggs from the perianal skin for enterobiasis.
26. Eggs of Enterobius are planoconvex, nonbile stained and embryonated.
27. Autoinfection via contaminated nails and hands can occur in enterobiasis,
28. Strongyloides stercoralis causes opportunistic infection in AIDS.
29. Free living sexual forms in soil are seen in Strongyloides
30. For Strongyloides stercoralis, infecting stage for man is filariform larva.
31. Infection with Strongyloides is acquired by penetration of skin by filariform larva that develop in soil from
rhabditiform larva.
32. S. stercoralis is ovoviviparous.
33. 'Larva currens' is caused by Strongyloides larva.
34. Diagnosis of strongyloidiasis is done by detection of rhabditiform larva in stool by Baermann funnel
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HelminthsTrematode
1. Trematode/Flukes are helminths with absent body cavity and incomplete alimentary canal.
2. All trematode are hermaphrodites except Schistosoma which have separate sexes.
3. Gynecophoral canal is seen in male worm of Schistosoma.
4. The intermediate host in the life cycle of Trematode is snail.
5. The 2nd intermediate hosts are fresh water fish/plants.
6. Infective form for humans is metacercaria except in schistosomus where it is cercariae.
7. Largest trematode infecting man is Fasciolopsis buski.
8. Natural habitat of Schistosoma japonicum is ssuperior mesenteric plexus.
9. Natural habitat of Schistosoma mansoni is inferior mesenteric plexus.
10. Natural habitat of Schistosoma hematobium is vesical plexus.
11. Fairley’s test is positive in Schistosomiasis.
16. Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder is associated with infection with Schistosoma haematobium.
17. Oriental liver fluke is Clonorchis sinensis.
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Mycology
1. ‘Perfect state’ of a fungus is when it forms perfect sexual spores.
2. Fungi without sexual cycle are classified as Fungi imperfecti/Deuteromycetes.
3. Mycelia are mesh of intertwined branching hyphae.
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51. Soil contaminated with bat or bird droppings is associated with Histoplasma capsulatum.
52. Penicillium marneffei produces a diffusible red pigment when grown on standard culture media.
11. T.pallidum is destroyed by storing blood for atleast 4 days in the refrigerator.
12. M.C mode of transmission of nosocomial infections is through the inadequately cleaned hands of hospital
personnel.
13. QA = QC + IQA +EQA
14. Hematogenous (descending UTI) is seen is S. aureus, S. typhi, candida & M.TB.
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