BAS 102:

Engineering Mathematics (4)

Lecture 9: Complex Numbers and Functions

By
Dr. Abdelfattah Mustafa
Mathematics Department
Faculty of Science
Mansoura University

Definition of complex number

A complex number z is an ordered pair (x, y) of real numbers x and
y, written in the form

𝑧 = (𝑥, 𝑦) or 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, (𝑖 2 = −1)

x is called the real part and y the imaginary part of z, written
𝑥 = 𝑅𝑒(𝑧) , 𝑦 = 𝐼𝑚 (𝑧)
o Two complex numbers are equal if and only if their real parts

are equal and their imaginary parts are equal.

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 Let two complex numbers
𝑧1 = 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 and 𝑧2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2
then

o Addition is defined by

𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = (𝑥1 + 𝑥2 ) + 𝑖(𝑦1 + 𝑦2 )
o Subtraction is defined by

𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = (𝑥1 − 𝑥2 ) + 𝑖(𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )
o Multiplication is defined by

𝑧1 𝑧2 = (𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 ) + 𝑖(𝑥1 𝑦2 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 )

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o The quotient is defined by

𝑧1 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 𝑥2 − 𝑖𝑦2 𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑦1 𝑦2 + 𝑖 𝑥2 𝑦1 − 𝑥1 𝑦2

= = . =
𝑧2 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 𝑥2 − 𝑖𝑦2 𝑥22 + 𝑦22

Example: For 𝑧1 = 8 + 3𝑖 and 𝑧2 = 9 − 2𝑖 find

a) 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 , 𝑧1 − 𝑧2

𝑧
b) 𝑧1 𝑧2 , 1
𝑧2

Solution:
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 8 + 3𝑖 + 9 − 2𝑖 = 8 + 9 + 3 − 2 𝑖 = 17 + 𝑖
𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 8 + 3𝑖 − 9 − 2𝑖 = 8 − 9 + 3 + 2 𝑖 = −1 + 5𝑖

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 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 8 + 3𝑖 9 − 2𝑖 = 72 + 6 + −16 + 27 𝑖 = 78 + 11𝑖

𝑧1 8 + 3𝑖 9 + 2𝑖 72 − 6 + 16 + 27 𝑖 66 43
= = = + 𝑖
𝑧2 9 − 2𝑖 9 + 2𝑖 81 + 4 85 85

Complex Plane
o The xy-plane in which the complex
numbers are represented in this way is
called the complex plane.
o We choose two perpendicular coordinate
axes, the horizontal x-axis, called the
real axis, and the vertical y-axis, called
the imaginary axis.

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Addition and subtraction can now be visualized as illustrated in Figs. 320 and 321.

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 Complex Conjugate Numbers
The complex conjugate of a complex number 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 is defined by
𝑧 = 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦
For example:
𝑧 = 5 + 2𝑖 ⇒ 𝑧 = 5 − 2𝑖
Note that:
1. If 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 is a complex number, then

1 1
𝑅𝑒 𝑧 = 𝑧+𝑧 , 𝐼𝑚 𝑧 = (𝑧 − 𝑧)
2 2𝑖
𝑧𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

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2. Let 𝑧1 = 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 , 𝑧2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 , then

o 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 + 𝑧2

o 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 𝑧2

𝑧1 𝑧1
o =
𝑧2 𝑧2

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 Polar Form of Complex Numbers
o The usual polar coordinates r, 𝜃 defined by

𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃

o We see that then 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 takes

the so-called polar form

𝑧 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃

Where r is called the absolute value of z, 𝜃 is called the argument of z.

𝑦
𝑟 = |𝑧| = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2, tan 𝜃 =
𝑥

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Example: Find the polar form for 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑖.

Solution:

𝑟= 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 12 + 12 = 2

𝑦 1 𝜋
tan 𝜃 = = = 1 ⇒ 𝜃 = tan−1 1 =
𝑥 1 4
Then the polar form for z is
𝜋 𝜋
𝑧 = 2 cos + 𝑖 sin
4 4
Triangle Inequality:
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ≤ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2

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 For example, if 𝑧1 = 1 + 𝑖 and 𝑧2 = −2 + 3𝑖, then
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = −1 + 4𝑖
and

𝑧1 = 12 + 12 = 2 = 1.41421

𝑧2 = −2 2 + 32 = 13 = 3.60555

𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = −1 2 + 42 = 17 = 4.12311

Therefore
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 < 𝑧1 + 𝑧2

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Multiplication and Division in Polar Form

Let 𝑧1 = 𝑟1 (cos 𝜃1 + 𝑖 sin𝜃1 ) and 𝑧2 = 𝑟2 (cos 𝜃2 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)

o Multiplication

𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 cos 𝜃1 + 𝜃2 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃1 + 𝜃2
o Division

𝑧1 𝑟1
= cos 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃1 − 𝜃2
𝑧2 𝑟2
Note that:
𝐴𝑟𝑔 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝐴𝑟𝑔 𝑧1 + 𝐴𝑟𝑔 𝑧2 ,
𝐴𝑟𝑔 𝑧1 /𝑧2 = 𝐴𝑟𝑔 𝑧1 − 𝐴𝑟𝑔 𝑧2 ,

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 Integer Powers of z: De Moivre’s Formula:
Let 𝑧 = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃) then
𝑧 𝑛 = 𝑟 𝑛 (cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃)

By using De Moiver formula

cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 𝑛 = (cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃)

Roots:
If 𝑧 = 𝑤 𝑛 (𝑛 = 1,2, …) then to each value of 𝑤 there corresponds one value of 𝑧.
Each of these values is called an nth root of 𝑧, and we write
𝑤=𝑛𝑧
The principal value of 𝑤 is
𝑛
1 𝜃 + 2𝑘𝜋 𝜃 + 2𝑘𝜋
𝑧 = 𝑟 𝑛 cos + 𝑖 sin , 𝑘 = 0,1, ⋯ , 𝑛 − 1
𝑛 𝑛

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Example: find the nth roots of unity

Solution:
𝑧 = 1 = 1 + 0𝑖
The polar form:
𝑟 = 12 + 02 = 1
𝑦 0
tan 𝜃 = = = 0 ⇒ 𝐴𝑟𝑔 𝑧 = 0
𝑥 1
Then
1 = cos 0 + 𝑖 sin 0
The nth roots of unity:
𝑛 2𝑘𝜋 2𝑘𝜋
1 = cos + 𝑖 sin , 𝑘 = 0,1, … , 𝑛 − 1
𝑛 𝑛
Therefore the roots are: 1, 𝑤, 𝑤 2 , ⋯ 𝑤 𝑛−1

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 If n=3, the roots are
3 2𝑘𝜋 2𝑘𝜋
1 = cos + 𝑖 sin , 𝑘 = 0,1,2
3 3
o For 𝑘 = 0, first root is 1
o 𝐾 = 1, second root is
2𝜋 2𝜋 1 3
cos + 𝑖 sin =− +𝑖
3 3 2 2
o 𝐾 = 2, second root is
4𝜋 4𝜋 1 3
cos + 𝑖 sin =− −𝑖
3 3 2 2
Therefore
3 1 𝑖 3
1 = 1, − ±
2 2

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Delta University for Science and Technology
Faculty of Engineering
BAS 102: Engineering Mathematics (4)
Communication Engineering Department

SHEET 09

1-Write each complex number in the form

(a) (b)

(c) (d) ( )( )

2- Find the real and imaginary parts of the complex numbers:

(a) (b) ( ) (c) ( )

(d) (e) (f) ( ) ( )

3- If find from the equation ̅

4- Solve the equations:

(a) (b) ( ) ( )
(c) (d) ( ) ( )

5- Find the argument of .

6- Put the number in polar form and prove that ( ) .

( )

7- Calculate
(a) ( ) (b) ( √ ) (c) ( )
8-Find the expansion of in terms of the power of and .

Good Luck
Dr. A. Mustafa