Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By
Anu Singla
Associate Professor
Department of Electrical
Engineering
Chitkara University
Punjab Campus
Safety Precautions in Handling Electrical
Appliances
Following safety precautions must be taken while working with electrical
installations or while handling electrical appliances:
Make sure that all metallic parts of the electrical equipment are effectively
earthed. Broken switches, plugs, etc., should be replaced immediately.
Use a ‘line tester’ to check whether a terminal is live. Still better is to use a
‘test lamp’, as the line tester can show a glow even with a small voltage.
Before replacing a broken switch, plug or blown fuse, always put off the main
supply.
Never use equipments and appliances with damaged or frayed lead wires.
Never insert bare wires in the holes of a socket, for taking a connection. Always
use a proper plug.
Use rubber- sole shoes while repairing/testing electrical equipments. If this is
not possible, use some dry-wooden support under your feet, so that your body
has no direct contact with earth.
Use rubber gloves while touching any terminal or while removing insulation
layer from a conductor.
Always use well insulated tools (such as screw- drivers, pliers, cutters, etc.).
Safety Precautions in Handling Electrical
Appliances contd..
Never touch two different terminals at the same time.
Be careful that your body does not touch the wall or any other metallic frame
having contact with earth.
While repairing an electrical appliance (such as table fan, iron, heater, geyser,
etc.), be sure that its plug has been taken out from the socket. Switching off may
not be sufficient, since leaky insulation can given serious shock.
Strictly follow all the precautions and instructions given on the ‘name plate’ of
the machine you are working.
In case of electric fire, use only ‘soda- acid’ fire – extinguished. Do not throw
water on live conductors or equipments. Best remedy is to first disconnect to the
electric supply and then throw sand on fire.
While working on an electric pole or tower, use safely – belt and a rubber
padded ladder.
It is preferable to work in the presence of an ‘assistant’, so that he can
immediately disconnect the supply whenever needed.
What is Earthing?
By earthing, we generally mean an electrical
connection to the general mass of earth, the latter
being a volume of soil/rock etc., whose dimensions
are very large in comparison to the electricity
system being considered.
An electrical equipment or appliance is said to be
earthed, if its outer frame and its other parts not
carrying any current are connected to the earth so
as to attain as nearly zero potential as possible.
Objectives of Good Earthing System
Bonding Cable
Grounding Cable
Grounding Bus
or Electrode
7
Proper grounding and bonding is used to address the dangers of static electricity.
In order for grounding to protect, all surfaces must be bonded together and grounded
to earth.
Static electricity is thereby released to earth as it is generated, preventing the
accumulation of dangerous charges that may ignite flammable / hazardous substances.
Earth Electrode
The earth electrode is the component of the
earthing system which is in direct contact with
the ground and thus provides a means of
releasing or collecting any earth leakage
currents.
The material should have good electrical
conductivity and should not corrode in a wide
range of soil conditions. Materials used include
copper, copper bonded mild steel rod,
galvanised steel, stainless steel and cast iron.
Earth Electrode
High Resistance
Surface Material
Conventional:
Salt,
Charcoal,
Water
Disadvantage: electrode corrosion.
Bentonite:
High moisture,
Swelling to High volume,
Moisture retains to long time,
No maintenance required.
Marconite:
Gypsum:
Electronic Equipment Earthing
The single point earthing (earth connection of all cabinets are
connected to the power system earth electrode at one point)
is used for earthing electronic equipment operating at low
frequencies, say up to 300 kHz. This method is effective in
preventing circulating earth currents which can produce
common mode noise.
For equipment operating at high frequencies, multiple-
point earthing system should be used. The signal common of
electronic equipment is tied to the metallic cabinet of the
equipment. Each cabinet is further connected to earth at the
nearest point. At times, a signal reference grid (SRG) is
installed beneath the area where cabinets are placed for
facilitating implementation of multiple –point earthing
system. SRG is a local closely meshed grid tied to main
earthing system.
Measuring the impedance of Earth
Electrode Systems
Measurement of the ohmic value of a buried
electrode is carried out for two reasons:-
• To check the value, following installation and prior to
connection to the equipment, against the design
specification.
• As part of routine maintenance, to confirm that the
value has not increased substantially from its design
or original measured value.
The most common method of measuring the earth
resistance is the “fall of potential” method (section
37.1 of IS 3043:1987).
Measurement of Earth Resistance
The measurement of earth resistance is done using three
terminal earth meggars or four terminal earth meggars.
Four Terminal: Four spikes are driven in straight line into the
ground at equal intervals. The two outer spikes are connected
to current terminals of earth meggar and the two inner spikes
to potential terminals of the meggar. Then the earth resistance
is measured by rotating the meggar till a steady value is
obtained.
Now, one terminal of the earth continuity tester is connected to an independent earth
(the one which is not used in the installation) and the other terminal to a metallic part of
the installation (say, the conduit or the main switch – board). The resistance as indicated
by the tester under these conditions should not be more than 1 . A high value of the
resistance measured is indicative of improper or poor earthing of the installation.
Colour coding of wires: