Krista Belocura

Communication – process by which information is transferred or transmitted and understood

between two or more people

-constructed in sending and receiving message

-even silence is communicating something

Purposive Communication – intended and happens within the bounds of specific contexts:

-setting, environment, social relations and scenes (time, location, occasion)

-vital considerations in communication because they affect the process of sending and receiving
of messages

-communication, therefore, must be suitable to the specific setting, environment, scene, social
relations and culture

FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION

1. Social Interaction
2. Motivation
3. Information
4. Regulation
5. Emotional Expression

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

1. Interpersonal Communication
2. Intrapersonal Communication (Self-Reflection)
3. Intercultural Communication
4. Mass Communication
5. Public Communication

Communicative Competence – ability to communicate using:

1. Linguistics – ability to use appropriate words (morphology), grammar (syntax),

pronunciation (phonology), meanings (semantics) and meanings of utterances in specific
contexts (pragmatics)
2. Sociolinguistics – ability to communicate in a particular social context and the ability to
adjust to the communication style of the interlocutor (other member of the conversation)
3. Discourse – ability to link ideas across sentences or utterances and one’s competence to
demonstrate organized, cohesive and coherent ideas or thoughts
4. Strategic – ability to adapt to verbal and nonverbal language to compensate for
communication problems
5. Communication Norms – to keep the exchange of communication going
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C’s IN COMMUNICATION

1. Courtesy – usage of polite words and tone means one respects the receiver. Tact and
diplomacy are very important in communication.
2. Clarity – involves correct word usage, grammar, pronunciation, sentence construction
and delivery. Unclear messages often do not achieve their desired effect
3. Conciseness – lengthy messages can result in information overload and overwhelm
listeners or readers of messages. Saying what needs to be said in as few words as possible
is the goal especially for business purposes or actions
4. Concreteness – being specific and concrete
5. Completeness – messages should not leave out important details that a receiver expects.
Provides answer to who, what, where, when, why and how or other important details.

CRITICAL THINKING

Creating – Generating opinions, decisions, solutions

 Identifying the arguments

 Evaluating the supporting evidences
 Uncovering the underlying assumptions or premises of the arguments
 Assessing the reason or methods of persuasion used
 Identifying the flaws in the argument

Critical audiences judge content, clarity, consistency, appropriateness of tone and appeal,
credibility of source.

Determining if a content is reliable or not: location of the source, network, contextual updates,
age, reliability

ELEMENTS

1. Sender
2. Message
3. Medium
4. Barrier
5. Receiver
6. Feedback

ETHICS IN COMMUNICATION

1. Golden Rule – Treat others the way you want to be treated.

2. Platinum Rule – Treat others the way they wish to be treated.
3. Consider other people’s feelings.
4. Acknowledge sources of ideas and information
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5. Speak the truth

Communication effectiveness depends on the following:

1. Ability of the sender and receiver to encode and decode the message or information.
2. Extent to which both parties have the same codebooks
3. Shared mental models about the topic’s context
4. Sender’s experience at communicating the message

CHANNELS

1. Verbal
2. Nonverbal – emotional contagion: automatic process of catching or sharing another
person’s emotions by mimicking the person’s facial expressions and other nonverbal
behavior.

Choosing the best channel:

 Social Acceptance – how well the communication is approved and supported

 Media Richness – Medium’s data carrying capacity

BARRIERS OR NOISE

1. Gender Differences
2. Jargon
3. Ambiguities of Language
4. Information Overload
5. Language Differences

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

Nonverbal Differences across Cultures

-Silence varies from one culture to another. Japanese people denote silence for respect. One
study found that conversations are made of 30% silence.

-Communication and Globalization: worldwide integration of humanity; increasing economic,

political and cultural integration

Diversity – recognition and valuing of differences encompassing factors such as age, race,
ethnicity, ability, religion, education, marital status, sexual orientation and income

ICT – Digital technology erases territorial boundaries between countries therefore we become
multiculturalist
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Network Sociality – exchange of data

Ethnocentrism – see one’s own culture as superior

Cultural Relativism – acceptance of other cultural groups

Culture – system of knowledge, belief, values acquired and shared

Co-cultures – groups of persons who differ