Professional Documents
Culture Documents
K.C. Allen
N. DeMinco
J.R. Hoffman
Y. Lo
P,. B. Papazian
May 1994
CONTENTS
PAGE
FIGURES . . . . . iv
TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . · . 1
1. INTRODUCTION..... . . . . · . 1
3. MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE • • 7
6. CONCLUSIONS . . .. . 33
iii
FIGURES
PAGE
iv
FIGURES (Cont'd)
PAGE
Figure 17. Cumulative distribution for all data in Radio
Building with just one wall between the
transmitter and receiver . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Figure A-1. Penetration loss for Radio Building path RB1D . . A-1
Figure A-2. Penetration loss for Radio Building path RB1E . . A-2
Figure A-3. Penetration loss for Radio Building path RB2B . . A-3
Figure A-4. Penetration loss for Radio Building path RB2C . . A-4
Figure A-5. Penetration loss for Radio Building path RB3B . . A-5
Figure A-6. Penetration loss for Radio Building path RB3C . . A-6
Figure A-7. Penetration loss for Radio Building path RB4C . . A-7
Figure A-S. Penetration loss for Radio Building path RB4D . . A-8
Figure A-9. Penetration loss for Radio Building path RB5A . . A-9
v
FIGURES (Cont'd)
vi
FIGURES (Cont'd)
vii
FIGURES (Cont'd)
viii
TABLES
PAGE
Table 1. Mean and Standard Deviation For Radio Building
Penetration Loss Path Data . . . • • . • . • . 21
ix
BUILDING PENETRATION LOSS MEASUREMENTS
AT 900 MHZ, 11.4 GHZ, AND 28.8 GHZ
1. INTRODUCTION
2
Figure 1. ITS millimeter-wave measurement van (receiver).
3
This was not the case for the omnidirectional antennas. The
omnidirectional antenna used at 900 MHz provided near equal
response to the direct signal and all mUltipath signals arriving at
the receiver, and therefore the destructive interference phenomenon
was more likely to produce signal cancellation with deeper nulls
than that attained at the higher frequencies with the horn
antennas. The omnidirectional antenna vectorially adds all of the
mUltipath return signals from all directions.
The outputs from the receiver antennas at 11.4 and 28.8 GHz were
first converted down in frequency and then passed through separate
logarithmic amplifiers. The output of each of the logarithmic
amplifiers was a DC voltage proportional to the logarithm of the RF
input power. This DC voltage was then sampled using an analog-to-
digital (A/D) converter and the samples were stored in data files
by a data acquisition program on the computer. The noise figure of
the receiver system for the 11.4- and 28. 8-GHz measurement was
approximately 7 dB.
The output signal from the 900-MHz receiver antenna was applied
directly to the spectrum analyzer input. The amplitude of the
signal at 900-MHz was measured by the spectrum analyzer and sent to
the data logging computer via the IEEE 488 BUS. The spectrum
analyzer had a noise figure of approximately 20 dB at 900 MHz.
4
The signals at all three frequencies were sampled at sufficent
intervals (1 sample/s) to characterize the data'even though they
were not sampled every half wavelength at the two upper frequencies
(11.4 and 28.8 GHz). The linear distance between nulls and peaks
for the sampled waveform created by constructive and destructive
interference does not repeat every hal f wavelength. It is a
function of the signal frequency, distance between the transmitter
and receiver, transmitter antenna height, and receiver antenna
height. If the receiver or transmitter moves horizontally, as was
the case in the measurements performed here, the distance between
two consecutive minima or maxima is given by
Radio Building:
5
Figure 3. Wing 4 of the Radio Building with ITS millimeter-wave
measurement van.
6
offices cover approximately 6 m2 • Figure 4 is a view of the west
side of Wing 4 showing these windows. All offices in Wing 4 have
these windows, and as a result the building may be relatively
transparent to the electromagnetic energy from the signal sources
when the van was positioned on the side of the building. The
office doors are of wood construction with approximately 2.3 m2 of
area. The rooms are filled with conventional metal office
furniture including desks, file cabinets, tables, and chairs.
Private Residence:
3. MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE
For the first set of Radio Building measurements, the signal was
radiated from the ~art antennas inside the building and received by
the van antennas located 17.1 m from the loading dock end of Wing
4, in the driveway. Figure 7 contains a floor plan of Wing 4 of
the Radio Building with the paths traversed during the measurements
indicated by arrows.
7
Figure 5. Private residence.
8
RADIO BLDG.
t
Receiver at side
WING 4
RB10
=
RB12 RB14
==
-
RM3467
... RB9
RB7
ftB 11 ~ ~
RM3453
~B13
RM3447
~ ..I RM3443
RB1
RB1
........ A ~,... ,~ ~
~
1.0 I
~
RB4 RB2
I
f--
,.--
RB17
RB5
~B18 RB3
RB19 -
~ -
f--
r-
-
I
rr- RB16
I
L-
-
-I I
l-
Receiver at end
......-- North
--~
For the second set of Radio Building measurements, the signal was
radiated from the cart antennas inside the building and received at
the van antennas located outside the West side of the building on
the sidewalk between Wing 4 and Wing 6 of the Radio Building.
Figure 7 also contains the measurement paths for the new position
of the van at the West side of the Radio Building. The van and the
cart were located opposite each other along the length of the
building wing. For a portion of the measurements, the cart was
moved into some of the offices and labs on both sides of the
hallway. The position of the van along the length of either wing
was such that it was directly opposite of the cart. This alignment
was easily performed by viewing the van through the windows of the
closest office.
For this building, the van was located in the street appproximately
19.5 m from the closest outside wall. The cart was moved through
several rooms along a straight line parallel to the street and data
were recorded with the van stationary. The distance to the cart
from the van was also determined for each data measurement group.
The floor plan of the house was convenient for making two such runs
and covering most of the length of the house. Figure 8 contains
the floor plan with paths traversed during the measurements
indicated by arrows. The arrows indicate the direction of the
paths traversed during the measurements. The first path passed
through the kitchen area and family room in the rear half of the
house. The second path passed through the front half of the house
through the dining room and living room.
For this building structure, the van was located in the parking
lot of the Department of Commerce Radio Building between Wings 3
and 5, adjacent to the storeroom and approximately 17.1 m from the
door. Figure 9 contains the floor plan of the storeroom with the
measurement paths indicated by arrows. The points of the arrows
indicate the endpoints of the paths traversed. The source cart was
moved up and down all of the aisles inside the storeroom to provide
a matrix of data with the variation of electromagnetic energy at
three frequencies in two coordinates.
10
WOOD FRAME HOUSE
WITH BRICK VENEER
~: North
I ~
[J
II/\. -
....
.... D
HL1
L
~ _0
ODD 0
............. [
[~~ l---f
I
I I I / ,r
I
"
o I I 0 l
'\
A?' .
O~
HL2
......- I
I D
1
01 I
~Hecelver
Figure 8. Floor plan of single level wood-frame house.
WITH
r"\1t\.1~ I I I I
OFFICE
• • • REGISTER
OFFICE I I I I?922SISI'J IXXXXX?1
Toward Receiver
~
DOORS I r SHELVES I lr7~ I ~ I I I
DOOR
I i
SRR8
OFFICE
1 11111 1111[1 1 I
I
~
t\) II
SHELVES
I
I •
SHELVES
•
I
• lO000OOI • KXXXXXl • b<XXXXXI • I'X'X)(')()()(]
• I
OFFICE
I
..
't' North
METAL
DOOR
I I ~ I ~ I ~ I ~ I ~ I ~ I I
OFFICE
LOADING
AREA
SRR1 SRR2 SRR3 SRR4 SRR5 SRR6 SRR?
The data taken during the collection path runs for any of the
building structures were processed to remove the free-space loss
from the measurements. This was done by putting coordinates on the
layout of each structure to locate all positions on the path in an
13
x-y coordinate system with reference to the van location. The
radial distance from the van could then be determined for each
particular data point from the geometry. The free-space signal
level for each particular data point is then corrected for free-
space loss by using the measured free-space calibration signal
level at a reference distance and adding the value necessary to
correct to the radial distance between the van and the particular
data point. This value in decibels is 20*10g(R/Ro), where Ro is
the reference distance at which the free-space calibration was
taken, and R is the actual radial distance of the particular data
point under consideration. The measured signal level at the
particular data point is then subtracted from the free-space signal
level to obtain the attenuation through the structure.
Figures 10, 11, and 12 are examples of this process for each of the
three frequencies: 900 MHz, 11.4 GHz, and 28.8 GHz. Each figure
demonstrates what has been done to the data files. The raw data,
free-space correction factor, and final penetration attenuation are
shown in each figure. The position on the horizontal axis is the
distance in meters traversed along the path.
The penetration attenuation for all paths in the three building
structures at the three frequencies was then plotted for analytical
purposes. The data were also examined statistically. This is
discussed in the next section.
5. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
14
10
0 .. ~ ··J;.i'·· .•.
: :
"" .
:
-20
---..
...... ,. ··I'Hl1
~. . i" ~i 1 . --.-...
CD -30 .;. ... ~ . .. . ~... ~J. ..: . .. ';J.' .-. . .1 !.. ·,·1:· , .fk
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: : . : : . Ii: i
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:::> -40 ..................... : ~...... -_ ~ .
..J
-60
-70
-80
-90
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
POSITION(m)
--+-RAVV DATA
900 MHz -CALIBRATION
RBLD.1D ··~··ATTENUATION
15
o .----------------~----,
-10
-20
-..
(() ~ ~
;
""0
........... -30 : .
w
:::>
....J
-40
~
-50
-60
-70
a 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
POSITION(m)
~RAW DATA
11.4 GHz -CALIBRATION
RBLD.1D ·····ATTENUATION
16
10
-10 ...............................................................
----
co -20
---w
'"0
:::::> -30 : : : : : : :
...J
~ -40
-60
-70
a 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
POSITION(m)
~RAW DATA
28.8 GHz -CALIBRATION
RBLD.1D ··..··ATTENUATION
17
-10
o ....................i.. ,_ ~ . _ .
-
en
"'0
-.....
10 ......, 'T' ·k····
f: '*~
J!lM i~ !t14&
...,
I
l.. 1/'
Z rf"'.::! t.M
o- 20
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~
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Z 30 ~ .
~ 40
50 ··················~·················
··
. ···t···
.
.
· ..
60
o 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
POSITION(m)
18
0
\i
5
-. 10
co
"'C
"'-!'
Z 15
o-
~
::::>
20
z
w 25
~ 30 ·················l······ ····r····························· ".. "".~""".".""." "!""".,," ." ""-:""""."",, .
35 ~ ·····t································ ~ j ······t·· , , .
40
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
POSITION(m)
'-0··28.8 GHz
Figure 14. Penetration loss versus distance at three frequencies
for a typical run in the storeroom bUllding with metal
siding.
19
-10
-5
....- 0
en
"'0
"'--"
z 5
0
-
~
:::>
10
z
w 15
t-
~
20 ..•...............••..• ..~
30
a 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
POSITION(m)
·-0··28.8 GHz
Figure 15. Penetration loss versus distance at three frequencies
for a typical run in the private residence.
20
Table 1. Mean and Standard Deviation of attenuation (dB) for Radio
Building Penetration Loss Path Data
RB1D 15.3 8.2 16.0 2.8 39.6 6.2 main hall,van at end
RB1E 15.9 7.7 17.2 3.0 39.5 5.6 main hall,van at end
RB2B 29.2 5.3 33.9 4.0 52.5 1.5 Rm3430lab,van at end
RB2C 29.0 5.3 34.1 3.8 53.0 1.5 Rm3430lab,van at end
RB3B 28.0 4.6 35.6 2.7 53.5 1.3 Rm3430lab,van at end
RB3C 28.4 4.4 35.1 2.9 53.4 1.4 Rm3430lab,van at end
RB4C 29.4 5.5 31.1 3.4 53.8 3.5 Rm3454lab,van at end
RB4D 29.7 5.9 32.2 3.6 52.6 3.9 Rm3454lab,van at end
RB5A 27.9 5.4 37.6 1.9 54.6 2.2 Rm3454lab,van at end
RB5B 28.3 3.5 37.6 2.3 53.3 2.7 Rm3454lab,van at end
RB6A 20.0 3.9 32.1 1.6 42.7 2.5 Rm34530fc,van at end
RB6B 19.6 5.0 30.7 2.3 41.9 4.1 Rm34530fc,van at end
RB7A 20.9 5.7 31. 3 1.2 42.1 3.5 Rm34530fc,van at end
RB7B 21.2 5.0 31. 6 1.8 41.5 2.4 Rm34530fc,van at end
RB8A 9.4 6.1 5.9 2.3 4.1 0.8 Rm3467ofc,van on sdw
RB8B 8.7 6.6 5.7 2.5 3.9 0.8 Rm3467ofc,van on sdw
RB9A 11.1 6.2 3.8 2.3 3.3 1.2 Rm3467ofc,van on sdw
RB9B 10.0 5.9 3.1 1.3 3.2 1.1 Rm3467ofc,van on sdw
RB10A 5.5 4.5 3.8 2.0 6.0 2.3 Rm34530fc,van on sdw
RB10B 8.1 7.3 2.9 1.5 4.9 1.5 Rm34530fc,van on sdw
RB11A 11.2 5.6 2.9 1.9 4.3 1.1 Rm34530fc,van on sdw
RB11B 9.3 6.2 2.3 1.8 4.2 1.0 Rm34530fc,van on sdw
RB12A 9.9 5.8 4.6 2.4 6.6 2.6 Rm3447ofc,van on sdw
RB12B 9.6 6.5 4.7 3.6 6.5 2.8 Rm3447ofc,van on sdw
RB13A 11. 3 5.3 4.3 2.1 5.0 1.4 Rm3447ofc,van on sdw
RB13B 7.8 6.1 3.5 2.0 4.7 1.3 Rm3447ofc,van on sdw
RB14A 7.3 5.0 3.0 1.9 6.4 2.0 Rm34430fc,van on sdw
RB14B 8.4 4.5 3.1 2.0 6.2 1.3 Rm34430fc,van on sdw
RB15A 11. 3 5.6 5.2 2.9 8.8 3.8 Rm34430fc,van on sdw
RB15B 11. 0 6.4 5.2 3.3 7.4 3.5 Rm34430fc,van on sdw
RB16A 17.7 4.9 18.9 3.6 26.8 4.0 Rm3454lab,van on sdw
RB16B 17.4 5.2 17.4 2.8 26.1 3.2 Rm3454lab,van on sdw
RB17A 20.4 6.5 16.2 2.5 21.9 3.1 Rm3454lab,van on sdw
RB17B 19.2 4.8 16.3 2.5 21.3 3.4 Rm3454lab,van on sdw
RB18A 21.3 7.5 31.3 3.0 43.3 4.1 Rm3430lab,van on sdw
RB18B 21.1 6.6 30.7 2.2 43.1 3.2 Rm3430lab,van on sdw
RB19A 16.3 5.0 29.8 1.9 41.7 2.9 Rm3430lab,van on sdw
RB19B 15.4 4.9 30.5 2.4 41.8 2.1 Rm3430lab,van on sdw
21
Table 2. ·Mean and Standard Deviation of attenuation for Private
Residence Penetration Loss Path Data
HL1B 6.9 6.6 14.1 3.9 14.8 6.4 rear path, two walls
HL1C 6.3 6.5 13.3 4.0 14.1 6.6 rear path, two walls
HL2A 2.7 4.6 9.7 2.9 8.6 4.8 front path, one wall
HL2B 3.6 6.1 9.8 3.9 8.6 4.4 front path, one wall
SRR1A 17.6 5.6 17.1 3.6 16.1 6.4 side aisle path
SRR1B 17.3 5.1 17.1 3.1 17.6 6.4 side aisle path
SRR2A 21.3 5.4 20.5 3.6 17.5 4.2 side aisle path
SRR2B 21.6 6.0 20.8 3.5 17.6 4.8 side aisle path
SRR3A 23.7 5.6 16.5 5.7 16.9 4.6 side aisle path
SRR3B 24.3 5.9 16.6 5.6 17.8 4.5 side aisle path
SRR4A 25.1 5.3 17.0 5.4 18.4 4.2 side aisle path
SRR4B 24.8 5.0 16.4 5.5 17.7 4.8 side aisle path
SRR5A 27.7 5.7 17.7 5.2 19.5 4.4 side aisle path
SRR5B 26.6 4.4 17.1 5.3 19.5 4.4 side aisle path
SRR6A 26.1 6.6 17.4 6.7 20.1 2.9 side aisle path
SRR6B 27.4 5.8 17.5 5.9 20.1 3.1 side aisle path
SRR7A 24.9 5.6 17.2 5.5 18.7 3.6 side aisle path
SRR7B 25.8 6.5 16.5 6.2 18.6 3.3 side aisle path
SRR8A 21.7 6.1 4.3 2.7 13.2 2.7 main aisle path
SRR8B 22.5 6.7 4.3 2.7 13.0 4.4 main aisle path
22
Table 4. Mean and Standard Deviation of attenuation for Building
Penetration Loss for a Variety of Combinations of Data
Paths
All Data In Radio 17.7 9.3 19.8 11. 5 34.1 17.4 ALLRB
Building Combined
All Data In Radio 9.4 6.1 4.1 2.6 5.6 2.7 RBOFF2
Building with Only
One Wall Between
XMTR And RCVR
All Data In Radio 18.9 6.4 26.0 7.0 36.2 9.5 RBLAB2
Building with 2 Or
3 Walls Between
XMTR And RCVR
All Data In Radio 28.8 5.1 34.4 3.8 53.3 2.4 RBLAB1
Building With More
Than 3 Walls
Between XMTR And
RCVR
All Data In Private 5.4 6.4 12.3 4.3 12.4 6.6 ALLHL
Residence Combined
All Data In Private 3.2 5.4 9.7 3.5 8.6 4.6 HLFRNT
Residence With
One Wall Between
XMTR And RCVR
All Data In Private 6.6 6.6 13.7 4.0 14.5 6.6 HLREAR
Residence with
Two Walls Between
XMTR And RCVR
23
each of these tables are also used to identify the paths in Figures
7, 8, and 9. Two runs are shown for each path. The letter suffix
on the end of the path name separately identifies each of these
path runs.
Cumulative distribution functions of certain files or combinations
of files representing certain communications scenarios were
performed to look at the statistics of the particular situation.
24
CUM. DIST. CURVE
ALLRB
1 ........... , : ~.. ... ;
0.1
>-
I-
-
...J
-(l)
«
(l)
o0:: j......................•.
c..
0.01
-900 MHz
······11.4 GHz
"","""28.8 GHz
0.001
-10 o 10 20 30 40 50 60
ATTENUATION (dB)
25
CUM. DIST. CURVE
RBOFF2
1
0.1
r:-'
-
aJ
~
aJ ~
.i ;:
i: 1 ~ ;
.
o0::: : : : :
0.
0.01 11]1:11
...........................}
900 MHz .
~·~ ..·..·i·········· ····+·······..··..····· .. ······f··················
::::::::::::::::::::::::::L::::::::::::::::::::::::::fF:I:::::::::::::::F::::::::::::::::":::::T::::::::: -
; , , : , .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .a:;
...........................i
1
:
i.. .t
~ •
: I : : :
~
i
;
~
i
1
.
:. . . . . . 11 4 GH Z
...........................:~ ~i§
: : -;-~ ~
-;- . •••••••
1 1 ! ; 1 ;
:: :.:::
: .. " ' , c . :
···························t·····························t'····i······t···········t·····················
······r·········· :
11111111111
28 8 GH Z
•
0.001
~
;
.
;
.; ,
i
.;
i 1
: '1
1
.1
-10 o 10 20 30 40 50 60
ATTENUATION (dB)
26
CUM. DIST. CURVE
RBLAB2
1
-/II-'~"='::"~~~::~':~:::::::::::::::;;:::'~;'J~I
;TT;\T\;<,
0.1
r:
-
~:::::::::::::::::::::::::~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::t::::::::::::::::::::::::::::+::::::::::::::::··::·:::::::t::::::\::::::::::::::::::::j:::::::::::::::\::::::::::1:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
-l
-co
«
ro
-fllr\!'j\!
J ,\ ) \1 .
or.r::
0..
_ t
:
i
.
!
: : \: \
0.01
=:i900MH;L:!\IJ\
······11.4 GHZ::I-Y['tl
""""'" 28.8 GHz I \I I\
0.001
-10 o 10 20 30 40 50 60
ATTENUATION (dB)
27
CUM. DIST. CURVE
RBLAB1
1 _
...........................~
~...
:~:::: .. _ ~
~ _, ,__ , ~... .
':........
'l'''''., , ..:
;-;.
_ , _, : ,_
.~ .. ..
'.~'.~,_,;:
...
.
:j!i[ir'····\~ir\
_ ; ··;······..··········..········t················.. ··········t····
0.1
>-
J- ......... .
-
(
. ..... ~.
-co
-J .......... (.
«
co
o0:: : : : .
... (.
\
a.
0.01 ..::::::::::::::::.::::.. :.~.:. :::.::.::::.:::..:.:.:::: ~:::.:.::::::::::: ::::.:::.:.t:.:::::::::::::::::::::::::: !:.::::::::.:.:.::::::::::.::: ~ i::: :::::.::::.::::::; :::::::: I::::::.
0.001
-10 o 10 20 30 40 50 60
ATTENUATION (dB)
28
CUM. DIST. CURVE
ALLHL
1
0.1
>-
I- ..•.•.••.•..•.. ~ ........•...•.••..
-
-l
co
~
co
oa::
0.
0.01
0.001
-10 a 10 20 30 40 50 60
ATTENUATION (dB)
29
CUM. DIST. CURVE
HLFRNT
1
>- 0.1
I-
---'
D:l
«OJ ...........................; : . ...............:.::::..1:::::.:::::::::.:::::::.:....
occ
. .
c.
0.01
: :
0.001
-10 o 10 20 30 40 50 60
ATTENUATION (dB)
30
CUM. DIST. CURVE
HLREAR
1
~:I:::~?';:~';~f~~,,,\[J ~~~~~~
..........................j ; \ \ ..1 1 .
. : \ l : ,"","",28.8 GHz
0.1 _
. : : : : : : : : : : : : :[: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : ~: : : : : : : : : : \: :\~: : : : : : : : : : : t: : : : : : : .",: :-: """'!-~
~ ~ ····.. ··~·T·· .. ~· ..· ······ ·~· ..·· ..········..··.. .
- - - --,.-----!
........................... , ) \ ..: '::;, : ( . ... ~ .
•••• , •••••••••••••••••••••• ~ •••• _ ••••••••• • t •• ••••••••••• ~ •••••• ,. •••••• ••••••• • ••• , ;••••••• . ' ; ••••••••••••••• , ••• 1 , ~.
-rrt\J" . : . : ' : .
31
CUM. DIST. CURVE
ALLSRR
1
:?':·:':""::~'~:'~~~i~r~,,-:::~·.··.\···.·. · · · ·,. . · . .· ·. . ·. · i ....··· ...... ·· .... ·.... ·· ·,··· .. ·· .. ·........ ·.. ·1
0.1
-:I~\"
: ! \ \
.\:.i;)·.....··....·····..·..·· ,····· · · ·.. i · ·...... ·· 1
-J[1\\:\\: , ,. . . . . .
- ················1····························1········ ; , ·1.. ··· .. ·· ·· I.. ·.... ..........1
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«
OJ
oa: _ , ··,····························1·······\\· \\
. :. :
0.. , : ; ~ ~ ;
::::::::::::::::::::::t::::. :::: I
0.01
_·····=900 ····M·I--I~-\\ll\\.··· . · , ,
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32
The maximum attenuation that will be present less than a certain
percentage of time can be read off these figures. This number can
be used for the link margin at different link reliabilities. Table
4 has the mean attenuation and its standard deviation for all three
data combinations. The means at all frequencies are greater for
the two-wall case.
6.0 CONCLUSIONS
The penetration attenuation for the Radio Building and the private
residence tend to increase with frequency. The penetration
attenuation for the storeroom decreases with increasing frequency.
The separate cases for the Radio Building and private residence
also indicate a progressively increasing amount of penetration
attenuation at all frequencies as the number of wall penetrations
increase in the building structure.
The electromagnetic energy at 11.4 and 28,,8 GHz can couple into the
storeroom building more effectively than that energy at 900 MHz.
The shielding effectiveness (ratio in dB of the power outside the
structure to the power inside the structure) of the structure is
less at the two higher frequencies and allows more energy to couple
through the walls. The shielding ef'fectiveness of a metal
structure is dependent on the size of the openings in the outer
shell of the structure. These may be windows, doors, heating
and/or air conditioning penetrations, holes, etc. When the size of
the opening in the structure is greater than or comparable to a
wavelength, then the opening in the structure provides a strong
coupling path for electromagnetic energy 1to flow into or out of the
structure. This reduces the penetrat:ion attenuation of the
structure.
33
APPENDIX: ATTENUATION PLOTS FOR ALL MEASUREMENT PATHS
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A-44
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Figure A-45. Penetration loss for storeroom path SRR2A.
A-45
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A-46
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A-47
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Figure A-48. Penetration loss for storeroom path SRR3B.
A-48
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Figure A-49. Penetration loss for storeroom path SRR4A.
A-49
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A-50
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A-51
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Figure A-52. Penetration loss for storeroom path SRR5B.
A-52
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A-53
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A-54
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A-57
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A-58
FORM NTIA-29 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
(4-80) NAT"L. TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION ADMINISTRATION
94-306
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. Publication Date
Building Penetration and Loss Measurements at May 1994
900 MHz, 11. 4 GHz, and 28.8 GHz. 6. Performing Organization Code
NTIA/ITS
7. AUTHOR(S) 9. Project/Task/Work Unit No.
325 Broadway
Boulder CO. 80101
11. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address 12. Type of Report and Period Covered
National Telecommunications & Information Administration
Institute for Telecommunication Sciences
325 Broadway 13.
Boulder, CO. 80303-3328
14. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
15. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant bibliography or literature
survey, mention it here.)
The feasibility of using radio frequencies in the super high frequency (SHF) band (3-30 GHz)
for Personal Communications Services (PCS) in buildings depends on the multipath within the
structure and the amount of attenuation experienced by the electromagnetic waves passing through
the structures. This study measured these effects to obtain a quantitative estimate of the
attenuation magnitude. This magnitude can then be used £or link margin analysis to determine
if personal communications at SHF is practical.
17. AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 18. Security Class. (This report) 20. Number of pages
101
iii UNLIMITED.
19. Security Class. (This page) 21. Price:
0 FOR OFFICIAL DISTRIBUTION.