1.

INTRO & NATURE

Charles Darwin (1809-1882) – biologist
Melville J. Herskovits (1895-1963): Culture is the man-made part of the environment.
Behaviourism (John B. Watson) – stimulus and response

Abraham H. Maslow (1908-1970) - the Pyramid
ACCULTURATION
- Modification of culture by adopting new cultural traits

- Cultural assimilation or replacement of one set of cultural traits by another

2. ANTHROPOLOGY
ETHNOLOGY – comparison and analysis of different peoples
ETHNOGRAPHY – systematic study of peoples and cultures
Thomas Hobbes - Man is SELFISH
John Locke - Man is REASONABLE
Jean-Jacques Rousseau - Man is OPPRESSED
Carolus Linneaus– classification of plants and animals
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck – adaptive force in nature
Thomas Malthus – demography, human population studies
Charles Darwin – theory of evolution
Herbert Spencer– „survival of the fittest”,
Edward B. Taylor - Mapping and distribution of elements of culture. Evolutionary anthropology
James George Frazer - similarities between various religions and symbols.
LEWIS HENRY MORGAN - Ranking of civilisations
KARL MARX - philosopher, economist, political theorist. Materialist interpretation of reality
SIGMUND FREUD - psychologist, psychoanalist. Psychosexual development
FRANZ BOAS - Against all forms of determinism and hierarchy of cultures
RUTH BENEDICT - Cultural relativism
MARGARET MEAD - sexuality in tribal societies
BRONISŁAW MALINOWSKI - Functionalist anthropology
VERE GORDON CHILDE - Neolithic revolution -> urban revolution -> industrial revolution
ÉMILE DURKHEIM - Sociologist, structuralist anthropology
CLAUDE LÉVI-STRAUSS - sociology, Humans are part of the structure
FRANKFURT SCHOOL - Neo-Marxist philosophy, Concept of hegemony
MARVIN HARRIS - Cultural materialism
CLIFFORD GEERTZ - Symbolic anthropology
PIERRE BOURDIEU - Habitus – acquired system of dispositions
Richard Rorty (1931-2007) – the linguistic turn
Michel Foucault (1926-1984) – discourse
Jacques Derrida (1930-2004) – deconstruction, the Other
Jean Baudrillard (1929-2007) – simulacra
Julia Kristeva (1941- ) – abjection
Judith Butler (1956 - ) – feminism, gender performativity, queer theory

3. ART
GÖBEKLI TEPE (TURKEY) World’s oldest known megaliths
SCARA BRAE
STONEHENGE
The White Horse (Uffington, Oxfordshire)

PERIODS IN THE ART OF BRITAIN

TUDOR ART IN BRITAIN: 1485 - 1603 - Hans Holbein
STUART ART IN BRITAIN: 1603 - 1714 - Anthony Van Dyck
ENGLISH REINASSANCE: „Hardwick Hall, more glass than wall”, Shakespeare, Newton
ENGLISH BAROQUE: GREAT FIRE OF LONDON, Rubens
GEORGIAN ART IN BRITAIN: 1714 - 1837: William Hogarth , James Gillray
ENGLISH CLASSICISM: The British Museum
THE REGENCY ERA: 1795-1837, the aftermath of the French Revolution, fancy dresses
VICTORIAN ART IN BRITAIN: 1837 - 1901: Crystal Palace, John William Waterhouse - Ophelia
MODERN AND POSTMODERN ART IN BRITAIN: FROM 1901, Francis Bacon,
Damien Hirst, For the Love of God (diamond skull) - 2007

4. EVERYDAY OBJECTS / clothes / food

DIACHRONIC ANALYSIS Analysis of something OVER A PERIOD OF TIME
SYNCHRONIC ANALYSIS Analysis of something IN DIFFERENT GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATIONS
DEVELOPMENT OF CLOTHES
1. Antiquity to 14th c. – not many changes, no national character, similar for all social groups,
usually long and draped
2. 14th to 19th c. – individual and national character, beginnings of fashion, concerned with
economy and politics, less with religion
3. 19th c. till now – less individualised, international, mechanical production. European expansion

LAVER’S LAW - fashion cycle, from indecent (nieprzyzwoity, before its time) to smart to romantic

ENGLISH FOOD
REGIONAL VARIATIONS
Full English breakfast
Sunday roast
Chicken tikka masala
Burns’s Night supper
- chip butties (burger with fries)
EVENING MEAL: DINNER, TEA, OR SUPPER?
TEA – the working class: eaten around 6.30 For other classes – tea is a 4 o’clock light meal: tea,
scones, cakes, sandwiches.
DINNER – the (lower- or middle-) middle-class: eaten around 7 o’clock
SUPPER – the upper-middle or upper class: informal family evening meal eaten around 7.30.
Dinner is a more formal meal, eaten at around 8.30.
5. BODY
Identity:
-  interiour subjective self
-  exteriour objective world 

OBSTACLES TO THE STUDY OF THE HUMAN BODY
1. Religious (puritan) legacy
2. Dualistic models of culture
3. Social construction, regulation
PROXEMICS – cultural use of space
CHRONEMICS – cultural use of time
THE ESTHETIC IDEAL OF THE BODY
ARCHETYPE – Plato: pure form that embodies fundamental characteristics
JOHN MONEY (1921-2006)
Psychologist, sexologist. Theory of sexual fluidity. Disproved. The case of David Reimer
FEMINISM
FIRST WAVE – 19th century. Educational equality, access to professions (medicine, law).
Suffragettes – voting rights for women (suffrage - 1918)
SECOND WAVE – 1960s. Social equality: cultural sexism, gender stereotypes, discrimination
THIRD WAVE – 1990s. Intersectionality (layers of oppression: class, race, health etc.),
reproductive rights
MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT (1759-1797)
Women should have the right to education, Women could be valuable members of the society
JOHN STUART MILL AND HARRIETT TAYLOR - Women’s situation compared to slavery.
SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR (1909-1986)
The Second Sex
BETTY FRIEDAN (1921-2006)
The Feminine Mystique
GERMAINE GREER (1939- )
The Female Eunuch
NAOMI WOLF (1962- )
The Beauty Myth
SUSAN FALUDI (1959- )
Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women
Judith Butler – gender preformativity
MICHEL FOUCAULT (1926-1984)
History and theory of ideas
Discourse – power relations expressed through language
The History of Sexuality
VICTORIAN FREAK SHOWS
Were „freaks” artists or victims?

6. FAMILY
ENDOGAMY – marrying within one’s group
EXOGAMY –marrying outside one’s group
MONOGAMY – one spouse exclusively and for life
SERIAL MONOGAMY – one spouse at a time, remarriage after death or
divorce
POLYGAMY – many spouses at the same time
POLYGYNY – one husband, many wives
POLYANDRY – one wife, many husbands
MATRIARCHY
JOHANN JAKOB BACHOFEN (1815-1887)
FRIEDRICH ENGELS (1820-1895)
German/English philosopher and industrialist, Best friend of Karl Marx
LAWRENCE STONE (1919-1999) The Family, Sex, and Marriage in England
COVERTURE The legal concept that the husband should provide protection for his wife:
OPEN LINEAGE FAMILY
- External influences: extended family, local community,
- Preoccupation with property and status,
- Strong class endogamy,
- Marriages arranged by families,
- Rich widows valuable,
- Remote relationships between spouses and parents and children
RESTRICTED PATRIARCHAL NUCLEAR FAMILY
- Focus on the nuclear family, distant kin less important,
- Protestant religion, especially Puritanism,
- The Civil War – divided families,
- Stronger role of the state in providing security,
- Education, humanism,
- Disciplining of children\
CLOSED DOMESTICATED NUCLEAR FAMILY
- Further withdrawal from local community,
- The compannionate marriage – free choice and friendship,
- The Enlightenment: individualism and pursuit of happiness,
- Desire for personal privacy,
- Use of words like „Mamma/Papa”, first names between spouses
VICTORIAN FAMILY
- New dominant social class – the middle class,
- The divided spheres – man at work, woman at home,
- The moral role of the mother,
- Urbanisation,
- More involvement of state: education, protection against cruelty
MODERN FAMILY
- Decline of the number of children,
- Informal cohabitation without marriage,
- Illegitimacy,
- State involvement: benafits, pensions, childcare
- Urban lifestyle,
- Religion less important,
- Women’s rights, more partnership in marriage
INTERRACIAL MARRIAGE
North America – 1691-1967
Nazi Germany - 1935-1945
South Africa – 1949-1985
GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY - MAX WERTHEIMER (1880-1943)
holistic approach to perception, productive thinking
COGNITIVIST PSYCHOLOGY - JEAN PIAGET (1896-1980) – epistemology
ERIK ERIKSON (1902-1994) - Theory of psychosocial development
ALBERT BANDURA (1925 - ) Social learning theory
JANE LOEVINGER (1918-2008) - Theory of ego development
DIANA BAUMRIND (1927 - ) - 4 Parenting styles
7. RELIGION
DEFINITION OF RELIGION
Clifford Geetrz (1993): „system of symbols which acts to establish
powerful, pervasive, and long-lasting moods and motivations in men by
formulating conceptions of a general order of existence and clothing these
conceptions with such an aura of factuality that the moods and
motivations seem uniquely realistic”.
ELEMENTS:
1. Mythology
2. Ritual
3. Ethics
Magic: participants think they can control governing forces of the universe
by performing certain rituals
Religion: participants think they can influence the conscious beings who
control the universe by performing certain rituals: prayer, bribing etc.
CARL JUNG (1875-1961)
- The collective unconsious
- Archetypes: e.g. figures
JOSEPH CAMPBELL (1904-1987)
- The Monomyth – the journey of the archetypal hero
MIRCEA ELIADE (1907-1986)
- Comparative religion
TYPES OF RELIGIOUS WORSHIP
- Individualistic – no intermediaries between human and deity
- Shamanistic – part-time religious specialists/magicians
- Communal – a group (clan, age) perform rituals (seasonal, passage)
- Ecclesiastical – hierarchy of full-time religious specialists
THE REFORMATION
- John Wycliffe (1330-1384) – Lollards – against demoralisation of the
clergy, greed of the church, selling offices, supported the English Bible,
- Jan Hus (1369-1415) – proposed the reform of the church and the
abolition of church hierarchy, burned at the stake à Hussite Wars
- the Inquisition – persecution of heretics
- the witch-hunting – from 60 000 up to 9 million victims in Europe
- 1517 – Martin Luther publishes his 95 Theses in Wittenberg
- Switzerland: Ulrich Zwingli, John Calvin
THE QUEEN IS THE HEAD OF CHURCH

8. IDEOLOGY – POLITICS - POWER

GRAND NARRATIVES (METANARRATIVES)
Jean-Francois Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition
THE ENLIGHTENMENT (THE AGE OF REASON)
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
Reaction to the political and financial crisis of Louis XVI’s policy
THE RISE OF THE MIDDLE CLASS
- the Industrial Revolution (from mid-18th century)
LIBERALISM
John Locke (1632-1704) – supported the limitation of the power of the
monarchy for the benefit of the middle classes. Social contract. Religious
tolerance.
Adam Smith (1723-1790) – father of economics. The Wealth of Nations
(1776). Free market economy. „The invisible hand” of the market.
Capitalism – capitalists motivated by profit, workers (proletariat) motivated
by the perspective of hunger. Effective production of goods, but injust
distribution.
PATERNALISM
Some capitalists moved by the dramatic situation of the workers.
Utopian socialism:
Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825)
Charles Fourier (1772-1837)
Robert Owen (1771-1858) – New Lanark – model village (schools, cultural
programme etc.) Co-operation, pacifism.
KARL MARX AND MARXISM
Capitalism is essentially bad – it should be abolished.
THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924) – the proletariat has been bribed, who is going
to do the revolution? What Is the Be Done?
THE RISE OF NATIONALISMS
New countries – Italy (1859-61), Germany (1866-71)
Greece, Serbia, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria – uprisings against Russia and
the Ottoman Empire
FASCISM
Authoritarian ideology opposed to Liberalism, Marxism, and Anarchism.
One-party state, strong charismatic leader.
Agrresive militarism – violence.
THE FRANKFURT SCHOOL
The Institute for Social Research – est. 1923 – New Marxism
MARX + FREUD
Economic repression -> psychological repression

9. MODERNITY
EMILE DURKHEIM (1858-1917)
Suicide (1897)
The West is becoming richer and more liberal -> why so many people killthemselves?
Modern capitalism creates mental distress:
1. Individualism – decline of group identity, individual blamed for failure
2. Excessive hope – opportunities, ambitions, luxury goods à envy
3. Too much freedom – decline of social norms
4. Atheism – communal side of religion lost
5. Weakening of the nation and of the family – sense of belonging
HERBERT MARCUSE
1964 – One-Dimensional Man – consumerism is a form of social control
ANTONIO GRAMSCI (1891-1937)
Cultural hegemony – domination by one class who is
able to impose its worldview as social norm.
From the 19th century – the bourgeoisie
Long march through the institutions - education
JACQUES DERRIDA (1930-2004)
Deconstruction – traditional dualities are not really stable.
Speech/writing, male/female, human/nature etc.
„There is nothing outside the text” (Il n’y a pas de hors-texte)
Hauntology (haunting+ontology) – „ghosts” of ideas
Aporia – puzzlement, impasse, confusion, doubt – sign of maturity
Logocentrism – reason over passion, IQ vs. „soft skills”
JACQUES LACAN (1901-1981) – psycholanalyst
EMMANUEL LEVINAS (1906-1995) – philosopher
MICHEL FOUCAULT (1926-1984)
Historian of ideas
Relationship between knowledge and power
ROLAND BARTHES (1915-1980)
Semiotics – the study of meaning
Mythologies (1957) – semiotic analysis of popular
culture: photography, food, fashion, sports, toys etc.
ZYGMUNT BAUMAN (1925-2017)
Sociologist and philosopher
Born in Poland – exiled in 1968 – professor of the
University of Leeds

10. ENGLISH EMPIRE

BEGINNINGS
- Queen Elizabeth I gives a patent for discovery and overseas exploration
- Roanoke colony in America (Carolina)
- the American Colonies (declared independence in 1776)
- East India Company established
- the Carribean, Jamaica: sugar, tobacco, coffee – slavery
- rivalry with Spain, the Netherlands, and France
- luxury products: tea, fabrics, china
THE 18TH CENTURY
- exploration of the Pacific
- Australia, New Zealand – pena
THE IMPERIAL AGE
- Victorianism - the moral mission („White Man’s Burden”)
- India – „The Jewel in the Crown” – the Indian Mutiny 1857
- rivalry with Russia )”the Great Game”)
- Africa: Dr Livingstone – commerce à civilisation à Christianity
THE LEGACY OF THE EMPIRE
- the bungalow
- the pyjamas
- the curry
LATE IMPERIAL AGE
- Queen Victoria – the Empress of India (1876)
- the Scramble for Africa – Cecil Rhodes
- Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness (Congo)
- the Boer War – concentration camps
THE DISSOLUTON OF THE EMPIRE
- Financial crisis after the two World Wars
- Global domination of the USA
- India – Gandhi, independence (1947), division into India and Pakistan
- the British mandate in Palestine – withdrew in 1948
- the Suez Crisis (1956)
- the Irish Troubles
- the Falklands War (1982)
- the hand-over of Hong Kong to China (1997)
WHAT REMAINED?
- infrastructure – railways
- system of education
- system of justice
- parliamentary democracy
- the Civil Service
- capitalist economy
- popularity of Protestantism
- sports: cricket, rugby
- the English language
POSTCOLONIALISM
Study of the legacy of
COLONIALISM (extending and retaining the authority over territories and
people for the benefit of the colonising country)
and IMPERIALISM (a nation extending its power by the acquisition of
lands by purchase, diplomacy or military force)
Most interested in the voices of the colonised peoples and their identity.
Suppression
Exploitation
Humiliation
Slavery
Rape
THE PROCESS OF OTHERING
Creating binary oppositions to Western ideals
- Savage
- Uncivilised
- Godless
- Stupid
- Naive
- Violent
- Sexually easy
EDWARD SAID (1935-2003)
Born in (British-occupied) Jerusalem in an „Arab Christian” family
Orientalism (1978) – how the Western world percieves the Orient
Romanticised images of Asia (esp. the Middle East).
Irrational, weak, and feminised Other
GAYATRI CHAKRAVORTY SPIVAK (1942 - )
Born in Calcutta, India „Can the Subaltern Speak?” (1983)
Subaltern – (Gramsci’s word) people outside of the hegemonic power structure of the colony
Colonised peoples are denied the right to discuss and analyse their own culture
HOMI K. BHABHA (1949 - )
Born in Mumbay, India
The Location of Culture (1994)
- Hybridity – new cultural forms emerging from
multiculturalism
- Ambivalence – culture consists of opposing
conceptions and dimensions
- Mimicry – the „mimic man” (babu)
STUART HALL (1932-2014)
Born in Jamaica
One of the founders of the Birmingham School of Cultural Studies
Reception theory – encoding and decoding of cultural meanings.
Message relies on social context. Negotiation and resistance.
Construction of prejudice in popular culture and media.