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Pump-house
University of California, Santa Barbara
http://www.library.ucsb.edu/internal/libwaves/apr04/se
pumphouse.html
2
Introduction
The flow through most pipes is turbulent. Treatment
with classical analytic techniques next to impossible.
Available techniques are basic on experimental data
and empirical formulae. The working equations are
often derived from dimensional analysis using
dimensionless forms.
Often desirable to determine the head loss, hL so
that the energy equation can be used. Pipe systems
come with valves, bends, pipe diameter changes,
elbows which also contribute to the energy (head)
loss.
The overall head loss is divided into two parts major
loss hLmajor , and minor loss hLminor . The major
loss comes from viscosity (in straight pipe) while the
minor loss is due to energy loss in the components.
The major loss can actually be smaller than the
minor loss for a pipe system containing short pipes
and many bends and valves.
3
Major Losses
The pressure loss in a pipe for turbulent flow
depends on the following
• ρ
• µ
• v , l and D
so
∆p = F (v, D, l, ε, µ, ρ)
4
Dimensional analysis
∆p = F (v, D, l, ε, µ, ρ)
Dimensions
Π1 = ∆p Da v b ρc
dim(Π1 ) = (M L−1 T −2 )La (LT −1 )b (M L−3 )c
= M 1+c L−1+a+b−3c T −2−b
Dimensional analysis
The dimensionless group for l is Π2 = Dl .
The dimensionless group for ε is Π3 = Dε . Now do
viscosity µ
Π4 = µ Da v b ρc
dim(Π4 ) = (M L−1 T −1 )La (LT −1 )b (M L−3 )c
= M 1+c L−1+a+b−3c T −1−b
∆p l ε
1 2 = φ Re, ,
2v ρ
D D
p1 v12 p2 v22
+ α1 + z1 = + α2 + z2 + hL
γ 2g γ 2g
Suppose the pipe-diameter is constant, then v1 = v2 ,
and the pipe is horizontal so z1 = z2 , and the flow is
fully developed so α1 = α2 , then
p1 p2
= + hL ⇒ ∆p = γhL
γ γ
Then
∆p 1 2ρ l v2l
hL = =f v =f
γ 2 γD 2gD
This is called the Darcy-Weisbach equation.
Although derived for z1 = z2 , it is valid for pipes
with vertical drops since the working equation is for
a change in head. Consider pressure change
ρv 2 l
p1 − p2 = γ(z2 −z1 ) + γhL = γ(z2 −z1 ) + f
2D
Part of the pressure change is due to elevation
changes while part is due to the fiction factor.
8
v2l
hLmajor =f
2gD
The friction factor was determined by comprehensive
experiments on firstly tubes with sand grain glued
inside and experiments on typical commercial pipes.
The information is summarized by
f lρv 2
∆p =
2D
0.00467 × 0.100 × 1.23 × 50.02
=
2 × 0.0040
= 179.0 Pa
Minor losses
There is more to pipe systems than pipes. Valves
(e.g. a tap head) provide a means to regulate the
flow. Bends exist to redirect the flow.
or
1 2
∆p = KL ρv
2
v2
hLminor = KL
2g
The minor losses increase as v 2 . The minor losses
increase by 20% if the flow rate increases by 10% .
18
(1)
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Pipe Expansion
1.0
A1 A2 V12
0.8 hL = KL ___
2g
0.6
KL
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
A1/A2
Pipe Contraction
0.6
V22
A1 A2 hL = KL ___
2g
0.4
KL
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
A2/A1
lim KL = 0
A2 /A1 →1
25
1.2
1.0
0.8
KL
V21 A2
0.6 hL = KL ___ ___ fixed
2g A1
0.4 V1 V2
θ
0.2
0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
θ , degrees
Pipe Bends
1.0
b b
Separated flow
0.8
a a
Secondary
D flow
0.6
90°
KL Primary
flow
0.4
∋
__
D = 0.01
0.002
0.2
0.001
0
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
/D
Valve Types
( b)
( a)
(c) (d)
Non-circular conduits
z z V = u(y,z)
A = cross-sectional
area
x
y
P = perimeter
of pipe
Dh = 4A/P = hydraulic
diameter
(a) (b)
C
The laminar friction factor is written f = Reh
where
C depends on conduit shape. The definition of Reh
is
ρDh v
Reh =
µ
where the hydraulic diameter Dh is
4A
Dh =
P
A is the cross sectional area of pipe P is the length
of the wetted perimeter
29
Non-circular conduits
Type I example
Water at 15.6 o C flow from the basement to the
second floor through a 19.0 mm -diameter copper
pipe at a rate of Q = 7.57 × 10−4 m3 /s and exits
through a faucet of 12.7 mm diameter.
KL = 2 based on
pipe
velocity
10 ft 10 ft
(7) (8)
(6) (2)
0.75-in. diameter
copper pipe
10 ft Wide open
5 ft globe valve
(4) 0.50-in.
(5) diameter
Q= 10 ft g
12.0
gal/min
(3)
(1) Threaded
15 ft 90° elbows
Pressure
loss 21.0
20 20.2
19.3
18.5
p, psi
20
Energy line with no losses, case (a)
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Distance along pipe from point (1), ft
Total length = = 20 m
(1)
Elevation z2 = 0 m
A
(2)
D
Total length = = 20 m
(1)
Elevation z2 = 0 m
A
(2)
D
Total length = = 20 m
(1)
Elevation z2 = 0 m
A
(2)
D
Q = Q1 = Q2
QT = Q1 + Q2 + Q3
Q V1
D1 (2) V2
(1)
D2
Orifice meter
Pressure taps
Q d
(1) D1 = D A0 A2 (2)
A1 D2
Orifice meter
s
2(p1 − p2 )
Q = C0 Ao
1 − β4
0.66
D D
__
2
0.64 D V
Co 0.62
d = 0.7
β = __
D
0.6
0.5
0.60 0.4
0.2
0.58 4
10 105 106 107 108
Re = ρVD/µ
Nozzle meter
The nozzle meter has a tapered orifice
D d
Pressure taps
(a) (b) (c)
s
2(p1 − p2 )
Q = Cn An
1 − β4
Cn > Co
1.00
0.2
The head loss asso- 0.6
0.4
Cn d = 0.8
β = __
smaller than orifice. 0.96
D
is smaller. 0.94 4
10 105 106 107 108
Re = ρVD/µ
49
Venturi meter
The Venturi meter measures the pressure in a
tapered pipe.
D
d
1.00
Re = ρ VD/ µ
s
2(p1 − p2 )
Q = Cv An
1 − β4
The Rotameter
The rotameter is common and inexpensive.